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    Milu 1476810831224

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    Mayank Patel
    1. The Sohio process converts propylene, oxygen, and ammonia into acrylonitrile using a fluidized bed reactor at 400-500°C and 0.3-2 bar. 2. The main reaction is the ammoxidation of propylene and ammonia to produce acrylonitrile and water. Side reactions produce hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, and carbon oxides. 3. The product stream is purified through absorption and distillation to obtain 99% pure acrylonitrile, while byproducts like hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile are usually incinerated.

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    Milu 1476810831224

    Uploaded by

    Mayank Patel
    39 views7 pages
    1. The Sohio process converts propylene, oxygen, and ammonia into acrylonitrile using a fluidized bed reactor at 400-500°C and 0.3-2 bar. 2. The main reaction is the ammoxidation of propylene and ammonia to produce acrylonitrile and water. Side reactions produce hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, and carbon oxides. 3. The product stream is purified through absorption and distillation to obtain 99% pure acrylonitrile, while byproducts like hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile are usually incinerated.

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    1. The Sohio process converts propylene, oxygen, and ammonia into acrylonitrile using a fluidized bed reactor at 400-500°C and 0.3-2 bar. 2. The main reaction is the ammoxidation of propylene and ammonia to produce acrylonitrile and water. Side reactions produce hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, and carbon oxides. 3. The product stream is purified through absorption and distillation to obtain 99% pure acrylonitrile, while byproducts like hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile are usually incinerated.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    39 views7 pages

    Milu 1476810831224

    Uploaded by

    Mayank Patel
    1. The Sohio process converts propylene, oxygen, and ammonia into acrylonitrile using a fluidized bed reactor at 400-500°C and 0.3-2 bar. 2. The main reaction is the ammoxidation of propylene and ammonia to produce acrylonitrile and water. Side reactions produce hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, and carbon oxides. 3. The product stream is purified through absorption and distillation to obtain 99% pure acrylonitrile, while byproducts like hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile are usually incinerated.

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    of 7

    MANUFACTURE OF ACRYLONITRILE FROM

    SOHIO PROCESS

    INTRODUCTION OF SOHIO PROCESS : In the Sohio process propene, oxygen (as air), and ammonia are
    catalytically converted directly to acrylonitrile using a fluidizedbed reactor operated at temperatures of 400 500 C and gauge
    pressures of 30 200 kPa (0.3 2 bar):

    2CH2=CH-CH3 + 2NH3 + 3O2 2CH2=CH-CN + 6H2O

    RAW MATERIALS:1. Ammonia ( NH3 )


    2. Air
    3. Propylene ( C3 H6 )

    FEED RATIO OF RAW MATERIALS :-

    Propylene / Ammonia / Air :- 1 / 1.2 / 9.5

    PROCESS BLOCK DIAGRAM :

    PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM :-

    ( Manufecture of Acrylonitrile by Sohio Process )

    PROCESS DESCRIPTION : Due to the broad expanse and complexity of the chemical manufacturing
    industry, acrylonitrile manufacturing has been selected as being
    representative of it; however, process procedures may vary somewhat
    between different chemical industries.
    Nearly all of the acrylonitrile (ACN) produced in the world today is
    produced using the SOHIO process for ammoxidation of propylene and
    ammonia. The overall reaction takes place in the vapour phase in the
    presence of a catalyst. The primary by-products of the process are hydrogen
    cyanide, acetonitrile, and carbon oxides.
    The recovery of these by-products depends on factors such as market
    conditions, plant location, and energy costs. Hydrogen cyanide and
    acetonitrile, although they carry a market value, are usually incinerated,
    indicating that the production of these by-products has little effect on the
    economics of producing ACN.
    Variations within the SOHIO process may provide for purification, storage,
    and loading facilities for these recoverable by-products. Other variations of
    the SOHIO process include the recovery of ammonium sulfate from the
    reactor effluent to allow for biological treatment of a wastewater stream and
    variations in catalysts and reactor conditions.
    In the standard SOHIO process, as given Appendix II, air, ammonia, and
    propylene are introduced into a fluid-bed catalytic reactor operating at 0.3
    2 and 400 510 (750 950). Ammonia and air are fed to
    the reactor in slight excess of stoichiometric proportions because excess
    ammonia drives the reaction closer to completion and air continually
    regenerates the catalyst. An important feature of the process is the high
    conversion of reactants on a once-through basis with only a few seconds
    residence time. The heat generated from the exothermic reaction is
    recovered via a waste-heat-recovery boiler.
    In the reactor following reaction take place:

    Main Reaction : -

    2C3H6 + 2NH3
    + 3O2
    (Propylene) (Ammonia) (Oxygen)

    2C3H3N +
    (Acrylonitrile)

    6H2O
    (Water)

    Side Reactions :4C3H6

    C3H6

    + 3NH3

    2C3H6

    6NH3

    + 3O2

    6C2H3N
    (Acetonitrile)

    6H2O

    3O2

    3HCN
    +
    (Hydrogen Cyanide)

    6H2O

    3O2

    6CO2
    +
    (Carbon dioxide)

    6H2O

    The product stream then flows through a counter current water absorberstripper to reject inert gases and recover reaction products. The operation
    yields a mixture of ACN, acetonitrile, and water and then is sent to a
    fractionator to remove hydrogen cyanide.
    The final two steps involve the drying of the ACN stream and the final
    distillation to remove heavy ends. The fiber-grade ACN obtained from the
    process is 99+% pure.
    Several fluid-bed catalysts have been used since the inception of the SOHIO
    ammoxidation process. Catalyst 49, which represents the fourth major level
    of improvement, is currently recommended in the process. Emissions of
    ACN during start-up are substantially higher than during normal operation.
    During start-up, the reactor is heated to operating temperature before the
    reactants (propylene and ammonia) are introduced. Effluent from the reactor
    during start-up begins as oxygen-rich, then passes through the explosive
    range before reaching the fuel-rich zone that is maintained during normal
    plant operation. To prevent explosions in the line to the absorber, the reactor
    effluent is vented to the atmosphere until the fuel-rich effluent mixture can
    be achieved. The absorber vent gas contains nitrogen and unconverted
    oxygen from the air fed to the reactor, propane and unconverted propylene
    from the propylene feed, product ACN, by-product hydrogen cyanide and

    acetonitrile, other organics not recovered from the absorber, and some water
    vapour.
    The ACN content of the combined column purge vent gases is relatively
    high, about 50% of the total VOCs emitted from the recovery, acetonitrile,
    light ends, and product columns. The rest of the vent gases consist of noncondensibles that are dissolved in the feed to the columns, the VOCs that are
    not condensed, and, for the columns operating under vacuum, the air that
    leaks into the column and is removed by the vacuum jet systems.
    For the ACN process illustrated in Exhibit 1, by-product hydrogen cyanide
    and acetonitrile are incinerated along with product column bottoms. The
    primary pollutant problem related to the incinerator stack is the formation of
    NOx from the fuel nitrogen of the acetonitrile stream and hydrogen cyanide.
    Carbon dioxide and lesser amounts of CO are emitted from the incinerator
    stack gas.
    Other emission sources involve the volatilization of hydrocarbons through
    process leaks (fugitive emissions) and from the deep well ponds, breathing
    and working losses from product storage tanks, and losses during product
    loading operations. The fugitive and deep well/pond emissions consist
    primarily of propane and propylene, while the storage tank and product
    loading emissions consist primarily of ACN.

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