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    Transmission Line Theory

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    Grant Heileman
    This document discusses transmission line theory, including parallel wire transmission lines, telegrapher's equations, characteristic impedance, terminated transmission lines, standing waves, and power transmission to loads. Key concepts covered include series resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacitance per unit length, as well as reflection coefficient, input impedance, standing wave ratio, and return loss.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Transmission Line Theory

    Uploaded by

    Grant Heileman
    61 views17 pages
    This document discusses transmission line theory, including parallel wire transmission lines, telegrapher's equations, characteristic impedance, terminated transmission lines, standing waves, and power transmission to loads. Key concepts covered include series resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacitance per unit length, as well as reflection coefficient, input impedance, standing wave ratio, and return loss.

    Original Description:

    Chapter2-part1

    Original Title

    Chapter2-part1

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    This document discusses transmission line theory, including parallel wire transmission lines, telegrapher's equations, characteristic impedance, terminated transmission lines, standing waves, and power transmission to loads. Key concepts covered include series resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacitance per unit length, as well as reflection coefficient, input impedance, standing wave ratio, and return loss.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    61 views17 pages

    Transmission Line Theory

    Uploaded by

    Grant Heileman
    This document discusses transmission line theory, including parallel wire transmission lines, telegrapher's equations, characteristic impedance, terminated transmission lines, standing waves, and power transmission to loads. Key concepts covered include series resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacitance per unit length, as well as reflection coefficient, input impedance, standing wave ratio, and return loss.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17

    Chapter 2

    Transmission Line Theory


    Regular circuit analysis assumes that the physical

    dimensions of the network elements are much smaller


    than
    .
    At microwave & millimeter wave frequencies a
    transmission line (T.L.) is no longer close to
    but
    several
    . It is called a distributed network.

    Parallel Wire Transmission Line


    Theory

    R = series resistance per unit length (/m), due to

    the finite conductivity of the T.L.


    L = series reactance per unit length (H/m), due to
    the self inductance of the wires.
    G = parallel conductance per unit length (S/m),
    due to the dielectric loss in the T.L.
    C = parallel capacitance per unit length(C/m), due
    to the proximity of the two conductors

    Using Kirchoffs voltage law:


    (1)
    & using Kirchoffs current law yields:
    (2)
    Dividing equations 1 and 2 by

    & letting

    we get:

    Telegraphers of T.L. equations

    in the time domain.


    (3)

    (4)
    Now, recall that:

    Using the above eqn we can transform equations 3 and 4 to:

    (5)

    (6)
    or
    (7)

    (8)

    Differentiating w.r.t.

    z and combining eqns 8 & 9 yields:


    (9)
    (10)

    Those two eqns are similar to the wave eqns in Chapter 1 with:
    (11)
    attenuation constant
    phase constant

    The solution to equations 9 & 10 are:


    (12)
    Forward traveling wave (+z direction)

    Backward traveling wave (-z direction)

    and

    (13)

    I(z) can be written in terms of V(z) as:


    (14)

    Therefore, the ration

    is:

    Characteristic impedance
    (15)

    or

    Characteristic
    impedance

    Zo varies for different T.L. because L, C, R & G have different values


    Again, here
    And, the phase velocity is:

    Lossless T.L.
    R=G=0 (no losses ohmic or dielectric)

    (16)
    Compare this to the previous chapter where:
    Compare with
    And

    (17)

    Coaxial T.L.
    Used from D.C. to 10GHz

    We know that

    (18)

    Also:

    (19)

    To find Zo we use equations 18 & 19 to get:

    (20)

    Terminated T.L.

    Since the load impedance fixes the voltage to current relationship at


    the load point, it is usually convenient to solve the transmission line
    problem from the receiving end rather than the sending end.

    Starting from the


    incident voltage and
    current waves

    (21)
    (22)

    If the ratio of the load voltage to current is the load impedance (ZL
    at z=0)
    Then:

    (23)

    by defining reflection coefficient:

    (24)

    and through rearranging the terms we get:

    (25)

    Since the impedances are usually complex so, the reflection


    coefficient is also a complex quantity.

    Where:

    Also, when the load impedance is equal to the characteristic


    impedance i.e. ZL = Z0 , then there is no reflection ( L=0).
    Let Zin be the impedance at the generator end, then

    Substituting for L and manipulating the above equation, we get


    (for a lossy line)
    (26)
    For lossless line, =0, =j and using tanh jL=j tanL, we
    get :
    (27)
    Equation 27 can be used as a general expression to find Zin at any
    point on the line (replace L by L-z).It also shows that the input
    impedance varies periodically from the load. L is also called the
    electrical length expressed in degree or radians.

    10

    Impedance and Line Length

    Z0 Line
    ZL
    The impedance will change
    as the length of the line changes.

    Special Cases
    (a)For a short circuit, ZL=0, hence
    and L= -1, or
    Thus the voltage changes sign after
    reflection and propagates along the
    line in z direction. Also Zin is
    pure reactance and could be
    capacitive (negative) or inductive
    (positive) depending on the value
    of L.

    11

    (b) For an open circuit, ZL=, hence


    and L=1, or

    (a)

    (b)

    (a) Voltage, (b) current,


    and input impedance
    (c)

    (c) For a matched line, ZL=Z0, hence

    = Z0

    and L=0, or
    hence there is no reflection and the incident wave is fully absorbed
    by the load.
    Also

    (28)

    12

    Transmission line as a circuit element


    (29)

    Thus Zin is pure reactance (inductance, capacitance),


    since
    so we can choose values for L in terms of the
    wavelength and plot tanL vs . The plot would be periodic
    with positive and negative values. The positive values
    correspond to inductance while the negative values are
    capacitance. Thus with the proper choice of length of a short
    circuit line we can make capacitance and inductance.

    Standing waves, matched line, Standing Wave Ratio


    The voltage and current equations can be written in terms of , as:
    (30)
    (31)
    which shows that the voltage and current on the line consist of a
    superposition of an incident and a reflected wave. Such waves
    are called standing waves. Standing waves result from the
    simultaneous presence of waves traveling in opposite direction
    on a transmission line.

    13

    The two components add in phase at some points and subtract in


    phase at others. The superposition is maximum when they are in
    phase, while it is minimum when they are out in phase.
    Mathematically the maximum and minimum values are given as:
    (32)

    (33)
    The standing wave ratio (SWR) is thus defined as ratio of Vmax to
    Vmin
    (34)

    Also
    Since

    1 so SWR is positive, real and never less than one.

    SWR is not defined for a lossy line because the pattern changes
    markedly from point to point. It is fairly constant for low loss line
    and is the same throughout for a lossless line.
    SWR is also a measure of mismatch of a line When the load is
    mismatched not all the power is delivered to the load and this loss
    is called the return loss (RL) and is defined in dB as:
    RL = -20log|| dB
    For short circuited and open circuited lines, SWR is infinite and
    for matched line SWR=1.

    14

    Power transmitted to load


    The average power delivered to the load is the difference between
    the incident and the reflected power

    When

    =0, maximum power is delivered to the load.

    Example
    A Certain transmission line operating at
    and

    has
    , and is 2 m

    long.
    If the line is connected to a source of
    terminated by a load of
    , determine:

    and

    (a) The input impedance


    (b) The sending-end current
    The current in the middle of the line

    15

    16

    Note that j1 is in radians and is equivalent to j 57.3


    degrees. Thus,

    mA

    17

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