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First edition
Published by:
Central Veterinary Research Laboratory
Animal Resources Research Corporation
Ministry of Livestock
2016 Central Veterinary Research Laboratory
Forward
Man and his animals have been plagued by helminth parasitic diseases
that cause huge economic losses. It is well known that helminth
infections are associated with significant loss of condition in infected
hosts while others cause serious clinical diseases characterized by high
morbidity and mortality. In the Sudan the magnitude of this problem is
huge and this is reflected by the considerable amounts of antihelminthics
used that cost the country millions of dollars annually. On the other hand
Sudan is now entering a new era in the field of animal production. The
intensification of livestock farming in dairy, fattening and poultry
production and the new approaches of fish farming and bees keeping
necessitate the in-depth understanding of helminth parasitic diseases in
such fields.
This bibliography will serve as an essential reference for parasitologists
in the Sudan. It is a valuable source of information for researchers in the
field of helminthology, veterinarians and animal breeders in general. The
book is the product of huge efforts of collecting and organizing most of
the scientific work published in helminths and the diseases they cause in
the Sudan. It includes 302 summaries of published scientific papers in
local and international journals, M. Sc. and Ph. D thesis and papers
reported in workshops and conferences during the period 1958-2014.
Communications from scientists whose work is not included here will be
a very useful addition to this effort.
It is anticipated that this book will have a considerable impact on
helminthological research as it consolidated all the information about
helminth parasites in Sudan for the last fifty years, in one volume with
all the references needed in the different aspects of this topic. The
bibliography will be a gold mine for the researchers who want to learn
about the history, accomplishment and problems of helminths in the
Sudan.
It is an honor to have been asked to write these introductory remarks and
I wish the author a bright future in this field which needs synergistic
efforts to proceed forward.
Prof. Ahmed Hussein Abdelrahman
Central Veterinary Research Laboratory
Preface
This work may be regarded as an attempt to index all the reports ever
published regarding helminth parasites of domestic animals in Sudan,
dating from the earliest known records (Malek EA, 1958) to the end of
2014. The first section consists of the bibliography and contains 302
abstracts from different recognized local and international scientific
periodicals, plus references from non-periodical literature (conferences,
workshops and postgraduate qualification degrees theses). The next
section of the book is index contains parasite list (Trematodes, cestodes,
and nematodes) set out with the Latin names. A simplified author index,
alphabetically arranged, concludes this section.
Although, it is possible that some papers may have been missed because
they were not in the databases searched, it is hoped that this book will
help anyone wishing to trace any literature dealing with helminth
parasites of domestic animals in Sudan.
Phylum: Nematoda
Order:
Ascaridida Skrjabin and Schulz, 1940
Superfamily: Ascaridoidea Railliet and Henry, 1915
Family:
Ascarididae Baird, 1953
Genera: Ascaris, Parascaris, Toxascaris, Toxocara
Parascaris equorum
Toxascaris spp
Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati
Toxocara vitulorum
Superfamily: Oxyuroidea Railliet, 1916
Family: Oxyuridae Cobbold, 1864
Genera: Oxyuris, Skrjabinema.
Oxyuris equi
Skrjabinema ovis
Superfamily: Subuluroidea Travassos, 1918
Family: Heterakidae Railliet and Henry, 1914
Genera: Heterakis, Ascaridia
Heterakis gallinae
Ascaridia galli
Family: Subuluridae York and Maplestone, 1926
Genus: Subulura
Subulura brumpti
Order: Rhabditida Chitwood, 1933
Superfamily: Rhabditoidea Travassos, 1920
Family:
Strongyloididae Chitwood and McIntosh, 1934.
Genus: Strongyloides
Strongyloides papillosus
Strongyloides westeri
Order: Strongylida Molin, 1861
Superfamily: Strongyloidea Weinland, 1858.
Family: Strongylidae Baird, 1858
Genera: Strongylus, Triodontophorus
Strongylus equi
Strongylus edentatus
Strongylus vulgaris
Triodontophorus serratus
6
Cestoda
Class Eucestoda Southwell, 1930
Order: Anoplocephalidea Wardle, McLeod and Radinovsky, 1974
Family: Anoplocephalidae Blanchard, 1891
Genera: Anoplocephala, Moniezia
Anoplocephala magna
Moniezia expansa
Moniezia benedeni
Family: Thyasanosomidae Fuhrmann, 1907
Genera: Avitellina, Thysanosoma, Stilesia, Thysaniezia
Avitellina centripunctata
Avitellina woodlandi
Thysanosoma actinioides
Stilesia vittata
Stilesia hepatica
Stilesia globipunctata
Thysaniezia giardi
Order: Davaineidea Wardle, McLeod and Radinovsky, 1974
Family: Davaineidae Fuhrmann, 1907
Genera: Raillietina, Cotugnia
Raillietina cesticillus
Raillietina echinobothridia
Raillietina tetragona
Cotugnia digonopora
Order: Dilepididea Wardle, McLeod and Radinovsky, 1974
Family: Dilepididae Railliet and Henry, 1909
Genus: Amoebotaenia
Amoebotaenia sphenoides
Family: Dipylidiidae Wardle, McLeod and Radinovsky, 1974
Genera: Choanotaenia, Dipylidium
Choanotaenia infundibulum
Dipylidium caninum
Order: Hymenolepididea Wardle, McLeod and Radinovsky, 1974
Family: Hymenolepididae Railliet and Henry, 1909
Genus: Hymenolepis
Hymenolepis carioca
Order: Taeniidea Wardle, McLeod and Radinovsky, 1974
9
10
Trichuris ovis
Nematodirus spp
Setaria labiatopapillosa
Strongyloides papillosus
Cooperia pectinate
Trichostrongylus spp
Trichostrongylus axei
Dipetalonema sp
Hydatid cysts
Cestodes
Cysticercus bovis
Avitellina spp
Schistosoma bovis
Trematodes
Paramphistomum spp
Fasciola gigantica
Dicrocoelium hospes
11
Records
287
71, 215, 287
215
37, 42, 45, 75, 77, 146,
194
76, 90, 91, 92, 93, 142,
143, 144, 146, 154
212
71
75
212
287
215
287
220
4, 68, 71, 206, 210,
254,286
39,46, 63, 71, 83, 84, 85,
172, 212, 265, 266
287
6, 16, 23, 30, 53, 54, 59,
66, 70, 71, 126, 151, 188,
189, 200, 201, 203, 208,
212, 282, 287
71, 287
2, 16, 20, 65, 71, 136, 137,
139, 152, 153, 208, 212,
233, 234, 237, 257, 262,
282, 284, 287, 290
212
Nematodes
Cestodes
Haemonchus contortus
Haemonchus
longistipes
Oesophagostomum spp
Oesophagostomum
columbianum
Chabertia ovina
Trichostrongylus spp
Trichostrongylus axei
Trichostrongylus
probolurus
Trichostrongylus
colubriformis
Trichuris spp
Trichuris ovis
Trichuris globulosa
Cooperia
pectinata
Records
3, 13, 26, 71,113, 114, 115,
116, 118, 121, 122, 239, 278
79, 145
98, 99,
26, 38, 71, 121, 122, 301
99
26, 35, 122
35
122
121
26, 182
35, 71, 122
120, 121
121
Strongyloides
papilosus
Impalaia tuberculata
Skrjabinema ovis
Hydatid cysts
Monezia spp
Monezia expansa
Moniezia benedeni
Avitellina spp
Avitellina
centripunctata
Cysticercus tenuicollis
Coenurus
gaigeri
(Coenurus cerebralis)
Stilesia globipunctata
Stilesia hepatica
12
122
72
73, 124,
120, 121
69
Fasciola gigantica
Trematodes
Schistosoma bovis
Paramphistomum spp
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
13
Nematodes
Cestodes
Oesophagostomum
columbianum
Oesophagostomum
venulosum
Chabertia ovina
Cooperia pectinate
Cooperia pinctata
Trichostrongylus spp.
Trichostrongylus
probolurus
Trichuris globulosa
Strongyloides spp.
Strongyloides
papillosus
Impalaia spp.
Impalaia tuberculate
Nematodirus spp.
Nematodirus spathiger
Parapronema skrijabini
Hydatid cysts
Stilezia spp.
Stilezia hepatica
Avitellina spp
Avitellina woodland
Monezia spp
Monezia expansa
Thysanosoma actinoide
Thyzanesia giardia
Stilezia vittata
Cysticercus tenuicollis
14
Records
31, 32, 33, 34, 50, 67, 78,
79, 80, 106, 111, 145, 184,
195, 213, 214, 268, 296,
297, 301
50, 213
195
213, 296
50
213
67, 111,213, 296
50,184, 195, 213, 296
213
268, 296
111, 195
213, 296
195
184,
184
17, 60, 127, 232, 236, 238,
246, 248 , 249, 250, 254,
255, 256, 286
268
268, 269
195
213
106, 195, 268, 269
269
269
106
72
Trematodes
Fasciola gigantica
Schistosoma bovis
Paramphistomum spp
15
291
190, 195
64
Nematodes
Tetrameres Americana
Gongylonema ingluvicola
Ascaridia galli
Acuaria
(Syn:
Dispharynx) spiralis
Raillietina tetragona
Raillietina cesticilus
Cestodes
Raillietina echinopothrida
Choanotaenia
infundibulum
Cotugnia digonopora
Hymenolepis carioca
Amoebotaenia sphenoides
16
Records
7, 61, 74, 193, 222, 226,
251, 272
7, 61, 74, 222, 251
61, 74, 222, 251
7, 128, 222, 226,
272
61, 74, 222, 251
7, 61, 74, 104, 170, 216,
222, 224, 225, 226, 229,
251, 272
7, 103, 105, 129,
130, 222, 226
7, 222, 226
7, 129, 130, 222,
226, 229, 272
7, 222, 226
7, 130, 222, 226, 29
222
Nematode
Cestode
Trematode
Name of worm
Strongylus equi
Strongylus edentates
Strongylus vulgaris
Habronema megastoma
Habronema muscae
Onchocerca cervicalis
Onchocerca reticulate
Setaria equine
Oxyuris spp
Oxyuris equi
Parascaris equorum
Trichonema spp
Triodontophorus serratus
Trichostrongylus spp
Trichostrongylus axei
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
Strongyloides westeri
Gongylonema pulchrum
Anoplocephala spp
Anoplocephala magna
Cyathostomes spp
Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus
Schistosoma bovis
17
Records
64
260
260
64
64
81, 110, 211, 109
110
260
258
64
5, 260
223
264
10
264
264
5, 10, 264
64
5
64
10
192, 197
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
same source (camel) was studied. The average worm burdens in foxes
(19552) was less than in dogs (28807) and the proportion of worms with
gravid segments in foxes (24.5 31%) was also lower than in dogs (37
56%). The prepatent period was longer in foxes (69 79 days) than in
dogs (46 55 days). No significant differences in total worm length and
dimensions of scolex, hooks and suckers (P>0.05) were found between
worms harvested from dogs and foxes. This is the first record on
experimental transmission of Echinococcus granulosus to foxes in the
Sudan. The results provided evidence that foxes are potential definitive
hosts for the camel strain of E. granulosus in the Sudan although their
role in the epidemiology of hydatidosis is uncertain as none was found
naturally infected. The infectivity of E. granulosus of camel/dog strain to
local sheep and goats, and to wild gazelles (Gazella dorcas) was
investigated to monitor the possibility of their respective role in
maintenance of the parasite cycle. The results showed that 75% sheep
and 25% goats were infected with hydatid cysts. No fertile cysts were
recovered from these experimental animals. All cysts encountered were
either sterile, calcified or caseated. Most of the cysts in sheep and goats
were found in the mesentery. It is the first time to conduct experimental
transmission of Echinococcus granulosus to gazelles in the Sudan. None
of the two gazelles (Gazella dorcas) that inoculated orally with infective
eggs of E. granulosus of camel origin raised in dogs was found to
harbour hydatid cysts. This may be due to host immunity, parasite
characteristics or to the small number of animals used in the experiment.
A study on molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus
isolates encountered from different intermediate hosts (camel, cattle and
sheep) and from different localities of Darfur region were genotyped by
molecular methods. Samples of adult worms of camel, cattle and sheep
origin experimentally raised in foxes were also genotyped by the same
molecular methods. Polymerase chain Reaction-Restriction Fragments
Length Polymorphism (PCR RFLP) and mitochondrial cytochrome c
oxidase submit 1 (CO1) sequencing techniques were used to determine
the extent and distribution of Echinococcus granulosus genetic variation
in Darfur region. The findings of the study indicated that camel strain
(G6) is prevalent in Darfur region and was identified in camels, cattle
and sheep. Other strains of the parasite were not recorded in this study.
Abdalla M Ibrahim, Tamador E Angara and Ahmed A Ismail
(2011). Gastro-intestinal parasites of working donkeys in Khartoum
State. Sudan Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry,
Vol. 50 (1&2): 178-186.
20
6.
7.
The present study was undertaken during April 2009 to January 2010. A
number of 203 questionnaires and 187 faecal samples of working
donkeys in Khartoum state were investigated. Out of 187 faecal samples,
119 (63.64%) were found to be positive for gastro-intestinal parasites.
Strongyles (67.38%), Strongyloides westeri (55.46%) , Parascaris
equorum (20.17%), Anoplocephala spp. (5.88%) and Eimeria leucarti
(13.45%). Gross faecal examinations revealed only sand. About 53.78%
of infected donkeys were severely infected. 6.72% heavily, 12.61%
moderately and 26.89% were mildly infected. Mixed infections were
detected in 60.50% of the infected donkeys. There was insignificant
difference in the infection rate between the three districts. According to
the questionnaire, only 32.5% of the owners used to deworm their
animals.
Abdalla, M. A (2014). Schistosoma bovis Prevalence in Rural
Surrounding Areas of Duiem District, White Nile, Sudan. 3rd
International Conference on Automation, Robotics and Mechanical
Engineering (ICAMR'2014) Jan. 5-6, 2014 Dubai (UAE).
We carried out a survey to determine the infection rates of Schistosoma
bovis, endemic to the Northern parts of Duiem district, White Nile State,
Sudan. Three villages, namely, Al-Oshara, Al-Hussien and Al-Goz were
selected for the survey which was conducted during the three seasons of
summer, winter and autumn from July 2011 to June 2012. Fecal samples
were collected and examined for detecting Schistosoma bovis eggs. The
incidence rate of infection in cattle was calculated seasonally. The
overall incidence of Schistosoma bovis in the study area was 6.6%,
where 19 animals of 287 examined were infected. The highest rate of
infection was in Al-Hussien village in the summer season being 16.1%.
The incidence was high in calves (>2 years) being (13.4%), but it
decreased according to sex which it was (8.2%) in females and (5.9%) in
males. In the same study period about 2911 of Bulinus truncatus snails
the intermediate host of Schistosoma bovis were collected. The infection
rate in snails were calculated which being (4%).
Abdel Nasir Ismail Mohamed Reian (1990). Parasites of Chickens in
the Sudan. M.Sc., University of Khartoum.
Four breeds of chicken investigated for ectoparasites and endoparasites,
from Khartoum province, Shendi and Port Sudan. The survey covered
586 birds which belong to the indigenous breed (Baladi) and three
introduced ones i.e. Fayoumi, White Leghorn and New Hampshire.
Beside morphological descriptions of the parasites, other parameters
were studied. These included the association of breed, age, seasonal
21
8.
9.
10.
11.
23
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
prevalence and the intensity of S. bovis were high in bovines but tended
to decrease when the animals became older. It was also shown that
schistosomiasis was common in sheep but not to the same extent as in
cattle and it seemed that, unlike cattle, sheep exhibited no evidence of an
age-related decline in their infection rates and intensities. The highest
rates of prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis in cattle were
recorded at Umm Hani village, which lies in an irrigated area, in
comparison to the other two villages where cattle depended directly on
the river (White Nile) for drinking. Because of this and since large herds
of stable cattle were kept by villagers at Umm Hani, this 1atter site was
chosen for further investigations. The seasonal pattern of S. bovis
incidence at Umm Hani was studied by surveying populations and
cercarial infection rates of Bulinus snails at water contact points at
monthly intervals and a1so by following 'tracer' calves. The latter were
used in cohorts of 70 100 initially uninfected individuals, which were
monitored for a period of 24 months to determine their monthly
conversion rates into 'positives'. The resu1ts obtained indicated that the
incidence or schistosomiasis was high and that there was a markedly
seasonal pattern of transmission; most of the infections were acquired by
calves during the hot summer months between February and July. It was
also evident that the intensity of transmission differed significantly
between the two years during which these investigations were carried
cut. An age-profiled decrease in S. bovis infection was apparent from the
preliminary slaughter-house and field surveys; this was confirmed by
more detailed investigations at Umm Hani. A cross-sectional
examination was made on 500 cattle representing different age groups,
and checked six months 1ater in a subsanp1e of the same animals in
1976. In the following year (1977), a further similar group of 500 cattle
of different ages was investigated. The prevalence of schistosomiasis and
its intensity in these animals were determined by the faeca1 egg counting
technique. When the results were analysed, it was found that the
prevalence of the disease was consistently higher in younger cattle
reaching its maximum level (90%) in calves 1-2 years old and
subsequently declining markedly with the increasing age. Similarly, a
significant reduction was found in the intensity of infection as
determined by the faecal egg counts in older catt1e. Since the animals
seemed to follow a similar pattern of dai1y contact with water,
irrespective of their age, it appeared that this decline in the prevalence
and the intensity of S. bovis with advancing age was due to the
acquisition of natural resistance. To confirm this hypothesis, o1d cattle
34
with low faecal egg counts were selected randomly at umm Hani, and
together with similar cattle from a schistosome-free area (Kuku village,
near Khartoum). The animals were challenged with massive cercarial
dose. The groups were then compared by various clinical, patho1ogical
and parasitological parameters. It was found that whi1e cattle from the
schistosome-free area contracted overwhelming infections and
deteriorated rapidly; those from Umm Hani almost completely resisted
the challenge. Thus, while the former showed a rapid and massive rise in
their faeca1 egg counts from zero to a mean of 680 e.p.g. at 9 weeks post
challenge, the faecal egg output of the Umm Hani cattle rose to only
about 20 (average). Shortly after exposure to cercariae, the 'non-resistant'
cattle began to lose bodyweight rapidly and by the end of the
experiment, their mean bodyweight had fallen by 25%. None of the
resistant cattle lost weight. Equally, clear differences were seen in
clinica1 and pathological parameters. This study provided the first
conclusive evidence of the acquisition of resistance to S. bovis by cattle
as a result of repeated natural exposures. The recently reported success in
laboratory immunized of cattle against S. bovis and of sheep against S.
mattheei by irradiated schistosomular vaccines, coupled with the results
of epizootiological surveys and the demonstration of a strong degree of
natural resistance to the parasite encouraged the assessment of this type
of immunological control under field conditions. An experiment was,
therefore, carried out in which 30 calves were vaccinated each with a
single intramuscular inoculation of 10,000 3krd-irradiated S. bovis
schistosomula and 30 calves were used as non-vaccinated controls. The
animals were then taken to the village of Umm Heni and allowed to
graze and water in the same way as local herds for 10 months. During
this period, their faecal egg counts and bodyweights were monitored
fortnightly. At the end of the experiment, all the surviving calves were
perfused to determine their worm and tissue egg counts and compare
their pathology. The results indicated that vaccination produced an
effective degree of partial protection against natural infections; this was
evidenced by significant reductions of 82.4%, 61 - 67% and 68.5% in the
faecal egg counts, tissue egg counts and adult worm recoveries,
respectively, in vaccinated compared to non-vaccinated calves, and
consequently by reduced clinical and patho1ogica1 manifestations in the
former animals. Further evidence of the usefulness of vaccination was
shown in the higher survival rate and ability of the vaccinated calves to
withstand adverse conditions (such as harsh weather) concurrent
35
24.
25.
infections and poor grazing which prevailed in the field. This is the first
known field vaccination trial in schistosomiasis from anywhere.
Amany Abdallah Mohammed Ahmed (2003). Helminth Parasites in
the Digestive Tract of Slaughtered Sheep in OmdurmanM.V.Sc.
University of Khartoum.
This study was conducted about the year of 1999 to 2000 in Omdurman
Slaughterhouse. The sheep slaughtered were brought from different
places in Sudan. They came from ElAmiria, a place where the sheep
were kept until they were slaughtered, at (46.4%) also the sheep, which
came from Western Sudan was (14.6%), from Eastern Sudan (18.4%)
and from Central Sudan were (20.6%). We took about 500 samples. 408
of sheep were found affected by different kinds of helminthes in
different stages. The range of affection was different from one part to
another in the digestive system. Also the number of helminthes in one
sheep varied. We found in one sheep five kinds of helminthes. The
stomach showed infection with one helminth only, but the intestine had
from two to five types of worms. This research showed that the infection
rate was high in the hot season than the rainy season, whereas the rate of
infection was very low in cool dry season. Also in this research was
found six kinds of helminthes were recorded: Haemonchus (36.6%),
Strongylus (35%) and Trichostrongylus (9.8%), this is for Nematodes.
For Cestodes: Monizia (29.2%), Avitellina (8.9%) and Hydatid cyst
(4%). No Trematodes were found. There were no differences between
female and male infection because females were not slaughtered but in
special time.
Amna E. Babiker; Osman, A. Y; Azza A. Adam; Elmansory, Y. H
and Majid, A. M. Efficacy of Oxyclozanide against Fasciola
gigantica Infection in Sheep under Sudan condition. The Sudan J.
Vet. Res. (2012), 27: 43-47.
The current study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of oxyclozanide
against F. gigantica in experimentally infected desert sheep in the Sudan.
Nine desert male lambs weighting 18-24 kg were divided randomly into
three groups (each of 3 lambs). Each lamb was inoculated orally with
400 metacercariae of F. gigantica obtained from laboratory colonies of
Lemnia natalensis infected with miracidia of bovine origin obtained
from Alsahafa abattoir. Group 1was drenched with triple dose of
oxyclosanide (1mg/1 Kg B.W) 4 weeks post infection. Lambs in group 2
received the dose recommended by the manufacturer (1mg/3kg B.W) 8
weeks post infection, whereas, group 3 lambs were kept as infected
untreated controls. The lambs were slaughtered and the average number
36
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
45
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Bickle QD, Taylor MG, James ER, Nelson GS, Hussein MF,
Andrews BJ, Dobinson AR, Marshall TF. (1979). Further
observations on immunization of sheep against Schistosoma mansoni
and S. bovis using irradiation-attenuated schistosomula of
homologous and heterologous species. Parasitology;78(2):185-93.
This paper describes further characteristics of the immunization of sheep
against schistosomes using live, irradiation schistosomula. Sheep
immunized with a non-virulent strain of Schistosoma mattheei were
protected against a more virulent strain of the same species for over a
year. As there was no evidence that the irradiated parasites were able to
persist this long, it was concluded that the vaccine had induced a sterile
resistance. Heterologous vaccination, using irradiated S. mattheei
schistosomula to immunize against S. bovis or irradiated S. mansoni
schistosomula to immunize against S. mattheei, failed to induce any
protection.
Bol Kolock Manjing (1979). Survey of Helminthes of Cats in the
Sudan. M.Sc., University of Khartoum.
Fifty cats from Khartoum and Sawakin areas were examined for
helminthes. The frequencies of infection in cats were: Ancylostoma
tubaeforme, Physaloptera praeputiale, Rictularia cahirensis,
Dipylidiinae (Diplopylidium sp. and Joyeuxiella sp.) very few
representatives of Hydatigera taeniaeformis (multiceps), few Raillietina
sp. Echinopardalis lerouxi. Related works by others especially Dr. K.
Rohde on cats revealed occurrence of trematode worms in Malaya while
this survey shows their complete absence. This may be due, probably, to
fewer trematode life cycles occurring in terrestrial intermediate hosts
than in aquatic ones, whereas both cestode and nematode life cycles are
more common in terrestrial hosts.
Burger, HJ; Fadl,M; Magzoub,M (1988). Incidence of
gastrointestinal nematodes of the camels in Butana. Proc. Intr.
Symp. Develop Anim. Resour. Sudan. Khartoum. Jan.3rd -7th ,
1988.pp 54-57.
Faecal examinations and autopsy survey studies on 429 camel in Butana
area of the Central Sudan, showed the presence of 7 species of
gastrointestinal nematodes. These were, Haemonchus longistipes,
Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia pinctata, Impalia tuberculate,
Oesophagostomum columbianum and Trichuris glopulosa. C. pinctata
and O. columbianum are for the first time reported from camels in the
Sudan. Trichostrongylus spp. Were the most prevalent nematode
parasites in camels in the study area. Positive correlation between rain
47
51.
52.
fall and egg counts was established. The highest incidence of infection
was detected in the rainy season.
Bushara H. O., M. F. Husseina1, A. M. Saad, M. G. Taylor, J. D.
Dargie, T. F. De C. Marshall and G. S. Nelsona (1978).
Immunization of calves against Schistosoma bovis using irradiated
cercariae or schistosomula of S. bovis Parasitology,77(3): 303-311.
Fourteen 9-month-old zebu calves were immunized with 10000
irradiated Schistosoma bovis schistosomula given in 13 intramuscular
or subcutaneous doses, and 4 more calves were immunized with 10000
irradiated cercariae administered percutaneously in a single dose. Eight
weeks after the beginning of the experiment these calves, together with
four non-immunized controls were challenged percutaneously with
10000 normal S. bovis cercariae/calf. Comparative clinical,
parasitological, pathological and pathophysiological observations
subsequently revealed significant differences between the vaccinated and
non-vaccinated calves. The vaccinated calves showed significantly
higher growth rates, and a superior body composition as indicated by
their lower total body water content. The beneficial effects of
vaccination were also shown by significantly lower faecal egg outputs in
the vaccinated calves and by their lower tissue egg and adult worm
counts. The reduced tissue egg counts were also reflected in the milder
histopathological changes seen in the vaccinated calves. The vaccinated
calves had significantly higher packed cell and circulating red blood cell
volumes than the challenged controls, longer red blood cell half lives,
and somewhat lower blood volumes and rates of red blood cell synthesis.
No untoward clinical effects that could be attributed to vaccination were
recorded. These results indicate that zebu cattle can be effectively
protected against S. bovis by vaccination with irradiated organisms. We
are now evaluating this type of vaccine in a field trial in an enzootic area
in the Sudan.
Bushara HO, Bashir ME, Malik KH, Mukhtar MM, Trottein F,
Capron A, Taylor MG. (1993). Suppression of Schistosoma bovis egg
production in cattle by vaccination with either glutathione Stransferase or keyhole limpet haemocyanin. Parasite Immunol.
15(7):383-90.
Two of the antigens which have shown vaccine potential in animal
experiments against Schistosoma mansoni are glutathione-S-transferase
(GST) and GP38, protective epitopes of which are shared with keyhole
limpet haemocyanin (KLH). We therefore tested S. bovis GST and KLH
for vaccine efficacy against S. bovis in the natural Zebu cattle host. In a
48
53.
54.
55.
derived from the challenge were 78-100% lower than in the CC. The
WPR and MR groups had 43% and 37%, respectively, fewer worms than
the CC, and mean tissue egg densities were lower by 39-63% and 6376%, respectively, though in most cases there were no statistically
significant differences from the CC.
Bushara HO, Hussein MF, Majid MA, Musa BE, Taylor MG.
(1983). Observations on cattle schistosomiasis in the Sudan, a study
in comparative medicine. IV. Preliminary observations on the
mechanism of naturally acquired resistance. Am J Trop Med Hyg.
32(5):1065-70.
Suppression of egg production is the main parasitological manifestation
of naturally acquired resistance to Schistosoma bovis in Sudanese cattle.
In preliminary investigations on the mechanisms involved, 700-4,000
"suppressed" adult worms were surgically transplanted from six
"resistant" donor cattle with very low fecal egg counts (0-8 eggs/g, epg)
into six normal recipients. After transplantation, large numbers of eggs
were excreted in the feces of the recipient cattle, beginning at between 5
and 16 days after operation, and reaching counts of 55-405 epg at
between 6 and 20 days post transplantation. In the cattle with the highest
egg counts, egg counts soon fell sharply from peak levels, whereas in
cattle with lower peak counts, more steady counts were maintained. All
the recipients were perfused at days 46-56, when between 0.1% and
78.5% of the transplanted worms were recovered. In the second
experiment, 1,000-ml quantities of pooled sera from "resistant" donors
were injected intraperitoneally into each of four normal recipient calves,
while another four were injected with pooled sera from uninfected cattle.
All the calves were challenged percutaneously the next day with 7,500
cercariae each, and the course of infection was followed by
parasitological and clinical measurements until perfusion 18 weeks later.
The results showed that the "immune" sera had a negligible effect on the
numbers of worms which developed, and had no significant effect on the
fecal egg counts or clinical parameters studied. There was, however,
some evidence from the tissue egg counts of a reduction in the fecundity
of the worms in calves injected with "immune" sera.
Bushara HO, Hussein MF, Majid MA, Taylor MG (1982). Effects of
praziquantel and metrifonate on Schistosoma bovis infections in
Sudanese cattle. Res Vet Sci. 33(1):125-6. Twelve nine-month-old zebu
calves were each experimentally infected with 10,000 Schistosoma bovis
cercariae. Four were treated orally with 20 mg/kg praziquantel at weeks
9 and 14 after infection, and four were treated orally three times with
50
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59.
60.
61.
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63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
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74.
75.
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burdens were low and so was the total egg output. Most of the recovered
worms were reduced in size.
El Hussein AM., Hassan N., Taha KM., and Ali SM (1991). A note
on hydatidosis in camels in Eldamer Province, Northern State,
Sudan. Sudan Journal of Veterinary Research, 10: 63-64.
No abstract.
EL Kheir Ibrahim Dafalla (1985). Studies on Onchocerca Cervicalis
(Railliet & Henry, 1910) in Sudanese Horses. MVSc theses,
University of Khartoum. Onchocerca cervicalis was found to be a
common parasite of Sudanese horses, 63% were found naturally
infected, and this percentage increased with age. The adult worms
inhabit the ligamentum muchae of infected horses, but the microfilariae
were found predominantly along the abdominal mid-line. Morphological
description of male and female worms has been studied in details.
Distinct morphological differences were found between microfilariae in
the uterus of the adult worm, and those in the skin of the host. This
suggests that development occurs during the migration from the adult
worm to the skin and it may mean that uterine microfilariae are not
infective to the vectors. The uterine microfilariae themselves are divided
into three types, representing three stages of development. The
pathological effect of adult O. cervicalis, has been studied. In heavy and
long standing condition the pathological changes are more recognized.
Small calcified or caseous nodules in moderate infection were seen.
Chronic inflammatory conditions (poll evil or fistulous withers) were not
seen in examination of over 50 infected horses. Pathological conditions
due to microfilariae, in either, the skin or the eyes of the host were also
studied in details.
El Rawda Adam Ali (1998). Gastrointestinal Parasites of Captive
Animals in Khartoum State. M.Sc., University of Khartoum.
This piece of work which is intended to study the gastrointestinal
parasites of captive animals has been carried out in 3 zoological gardens
in Khartoum state, namely Shaab Park, Gorashi Park and the Sudan
Naturai History Museum. A total of 768 samples from different animal
species including mammals, birds and reptiles were investigated through
direct faecal examination; faecal culture and post mortem examination.
The results obtained have indicated that animals under zoo conditions
are vulnerable to parasitic infection with varying degrees. Statistical
comparison of prevalence rates showed that significant differences
between some sites do occur. Overall parasitic infection in the 3 sites
(Shaab Park, Gorashi Park, and the Sudan Natural History Museum)
59
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86.
87.
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90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
103.
104.
105.
106.
and donkeys (25.8%) infected with Onchocerca spp. but less so among
those infected with both onchocerciasis and nematodes. The biochemical
proteins constituent and glucose levels were similarly affected with a
significant drop (P < 0.001). Marked eosinophilia was encountered
among horses (21.34.5) and among donkeys (21.53.1) infected with
both onchocercaiasis and nematodes. Among horses (20.85) and among
donkeys (19.83.5) infected with onchocerciasis, but less among those
with infected with nematodes. Eosinophilia was 15.74.1 among horses
and 18.22.6 among donkeys. The increase in eosinophils was mainly
substituted with a decrease in the percentage of neutrophils. The marked
obvious drop in the above measured parameters can explain the
noticeable health deterioration among infected cases induced by these
parasites. Twenty two of onchocerciasis infected horses and donkeys
received treatment subcutaneously with ivermectin at a dose rate of 10
mg/kg body weight. The result of treatment in terms of clinical,
haematological and biochemical aspects showed a significant increase
compared with infected animals before treatment. Ivermectin had broad
spectrum anthelminitic activity in horses and donkeys and their efficacy
was 97.5%.
111. Fadl M, Magzoub M, Brger HJ. (1992). Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode infection in the dromedary camel (Camelus
dromedarius) in the Butana plains, Sudan. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays
Trop. 1992;45(3-4):291-3.
The prevalence and intensity of gastro-intestinal nematode infection in
their relation to season and rainfall were investigated from 429 female
dromedary camels at Tambul market in the Butana plains (Sudan),
during 1985-1986. The investigation revealed a similar seasonal pattern
in the prevalence as well as the intensity of egg output. The seasonality
is mainly brought about by Haemonchus spp. and Impalaia spp. while
Trichostrongylus spp. seem to be present as adults throughout the year.
There is a good correlation between high egg counts and rainfall
ensuring optimal development of preparasitic stages.
112. Fatima El Sammani El Sheikh (1985). Effects of zinc deficiency,
Fasciola gigantica and Schistosoma bovis Infection in sheep and
irradiated S. bovis Cercariae on calves. M.V.Sc. University of
Khartoum.
The study was preceded by an introduction on the metabolism and
deficiency of copper, zinc and iron and on the pathological and
pathophysiological aspects of fascioliasis and schistosomiasis. Zinc
deficiency was investigated in a sheep breeding farm in Khartoum fed
71
solely on Rodes grass. Reduced appetite, skin lesions and death occurred
in sheep. Concentration of zinc in the grass, serum and liver of affected
animals was low. These findings and the favourable response to the
injection of zinc suggested that the clinical condition was due to a
deficiency of zinc in the diet of the sheep. Infection of Desert sheep with
200 or 1000 metacercariae of F. gigantica produced liver and lung
lesions characterized by damage to blood vessels and parenchymal
necrosis. Chronic lesions were confined to the bile ducts and were
present as biliary hyperplasia. In the lungs, the lesions were those of
parasitic bronchopneumonia. The damage to the liver and lung tissues
was accompanied by increased activity of GOT (AST), GD, SD, GGT
and 5NT in serum and reduced BSP excretion. Bilirubin concentration
was not affected. Infected sheep had low serum iron, copper and zinc
concentrations and their livers contained low copper and zinc amounts.
The pathological effect of S. bovis infection in Desert sheep was
investigated. Infected animals lost weight and developed a mucoid
haemorrhagic diarrhoea, inappetence and became anaemic. The damage
produced by the parasite lead to increased serum enzymes GGT and
GOT. No detectable change of GD, 5NT and bilirubin concentration was
noted. It did not affect the ability of the liver to excrete BSP. The
infection resulted in a decrease in serum iron, copper and zinc
concentrations and in liver zinc concentration. Liver copper content was
not affected. Irradiated S. bovis cercariae in calves produced the least
effect on haemoglobin, packed cell volume and body weight loss
compared with infected controls. It has no effect on liver enzymes
activity in the serum except GGT which might be of value in the
diagnosis of chronic S. bovis infection in sheep and calves.
113. Fayza A Omer., Bushara HO., Osman AY., and Majid AM, (2003).
The immune response of lambs and adult sheep infected with single
or repeated doses of Haemonchus contortus larvae. Sudan Journal
of Veterinary Research, 18:81-87.
This study shows that all lambs given single or repeated doses of the
third stage H. contortus larvae were unable to withstand the
pathophysiological consequences of the infection. Although adult sheep
that were naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes including H.
contortus and treated with Ivermectin at the dose of 200 g/kg b.wt.
were highly resistant to the infection with repeated triple dose of 300 L3
H. contort. This indicates that treatment with Ivermectin did not abolish
the acquired immunity resulting from natural infection.
72
114. Fayza A Omer., Bushara HO., Osman AY., and Majid AM, (2003).
The seasonal prevalence of adult and arrested L4 larvae of
Haemonchus contortus in naturally infected Sudanese desert sheep.
Sudan Journal of Veterinary Research, 18:89-92.
A survey was conducted at Omdurman slaughterhouse during July1993
to June 1994 to study the seasonal fluctuation of H. contortus in sheep.
One thousand and two hundred rams 1-2 year-old were examined. One
hundred and eighty abomasa, in which adult worms were residing, were
randomly selected and processed for detection of arrested L4 larvae. The
prevalence rate of H. contortus was 32% and had a definite seasonal
distinction. There was a clear seasonal variation in worm burden. Higher
worm burdens were evident during rainy season rather than dry season.
The overall prevalence of arrested L4 larvae was 43.6% with a monthly
prevalence that varied from 20 to 60%. This study revealed, for the first
time, the occurrence of arrested H. contortus L4 larvae in Sudanese
desert sheep throughout the year.
115. Fayza A. Omer; Bushara, H.O.; Osman , A.Y. and Majid, A. A.
Ivermectin against Haemonchus contortus in naturally infected
Sudanese Sheep. The Sudan J. Vet. Res. (2001), 17: 47-53.
Ten naturally parasitized rams, 1-2 year old, were used to study the
anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin against Haemonchus contortus. Five
sheep were given ivermectin (drench form) at a dosage rate of 200 g/kg
body weight. The remaining five served as infected untreated control.
The drug produced a substantial reduction in egg production after 24
hours post treatment and reached its maximum effect by 96 hours post
treatment. The postmortem finding revealed absence of the worms and
arrested larvae. No toxic effects were observed. It is concluded that
ivermectin at a dose of 200g/kg bodyweight is highly effective against
H. contortus.
116. Fayza Ahmed Omer (1999). Pathogenesis of Haemonchus contortus
in naturally and experimentally infected Sudanese desert sheep.
Ph.D. University of Khartoum.
This study was carried out on 1100 male sheep (1-2 years old)
slaughtered at Omdurman slaughterhouse during July 1993 to June 1994.
The results indicated that natural H. contortus infection was prevalent
among with an overall prevalence of 32%. Maximum worm per animal
(2592 worms) was in August and minimum (94 worms) was in March.
The highest monthly prevalence rate was in August (55%), September
(55%) and October (66%). A total of 180 sheep abomasae were
randomly selected from the positives and the mucosal scraping from
73
albumin, total cholesterol, calcium and sodium were decreased, and urea
and potassium levels were increased in the serum of H. contortus
infected goats. Faecal egg counts and numbers of the adult worms in the
abomasae of infected goats were recorded. Efficacy of levamisole and
albendazole against experimental caprine haemonchosis was
investigated. H. contortus infected goats were treated with single oral
doses of 5 and 25 mg/kg B.wt. of albendazole and the clinical,
haematological, serobiochemical and pathological changes associated
with successful therapy of caprine haemonchosis were described.
Although levamisole at single oral doses of 8 and 40 mg/kg B.wt. was
effective in eliminating H. contortus in goats, retreatment with 8 mg/kg
B.wt. of the drug in three weeks was found necessary for the most
effective therapy. Administration to H. contortus infected goats of single
oral doses of 40 mg/kg B.wt. of levamisole was accompanied within 2075 minutes of dosing with transient signs of toxicity including grinding
of teeth, salivation, tremors and dyspnoea. The animal returned to
normal within 4 hours following onset of signs of toxicity. The feed-lot
performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality attributes and
chemical composition of infected and treated goats were also studied.
119. Gameel, AA and Evans IA (1981). Phagocytic and bactericidal
activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes of Guinea pigs
experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Sudan Journal of
Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Vol.22, No. (1): 19-28.
Twenty-four guinea pigs fed on ascorbic acid-free diet were divided into
two groups, A and B. Each animal in group A was given an oral dosage
of 0.5mg ascorbic acid per day and each animal in group B was given 20
mg of ascorbic acid daily. Eight animals from each group were infected
each with 33 F. hepatica metacercariae and the remaining ones were kept
as uninfected controls. The phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils and
eosinophils were assessed by their ability to reduce the Nitroblue
Tetrazolium dye and their bactericidal activity by their ability to kill
Salmonella Dublin in-vitro. The number of neutrophils, and particulary,
eosinophils reducing the N.B.T. dye were more in infected guinea pigs
than in controls. Similarly, the efficacy to kill S. Dublin organisms invitro was significantly higher (3-4 times) in blood obtained from infected
animals than in that from uninfected controls. The results were little
affected by the high or low ascorbic acid doses given.
120. Ghada H. Abdel Nabi; Elowni, E. E. and Abdalla, H. S. Some
helminths from the gastrointestinal tract of sheep in the Sudan. The
Sudan J. Vet. Res. (2005). 20: 87-88.
75
healthy goats occurred (11 females and 7 males, 3-6 years old). Adult
Fasciola gigantica were found in the livers of all goats and in seven of
them Cysticercus tenuicollis cysts. These organs showed necrotic and
severe histopathological changes. Clostridium novyi type B was isolated
from necrotic areas of all livers and found to be highly pathogenic and
toxigenic to laboratory animals. The disease was diagnosed as infectious
necrotic hepatitis (black disease). Faecal examination revealed the
presence of F. gigantica eggs. Lymnaea natalensis snails were found to
be prevalent in the water canals. As the Khartoum Province is regarded
as an endemic area for black disease, routine vaccination is highly
recommended for its control in goats and sheep.
126. Hamid Omer Bushara (1979). Studies on Resistance to Schistosoma
bovis in Sudanese Cattle and Sheep Ph.D., University of Khartoum.
Bovine schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma bovis constitutes a
serious veterinary problem in the Sudan, However, there are no suitable
drugs for its mass chemotherapy and it does not seem practicable to
control it by molluscicides. This is because under the prevailing nomadic
conditions, in the Sudan, cattle management is poor and animals migrate
over large areas in search of grass and/or water. Such a situation
encourages attempts towards immunological control. In the light of this,
a collaborative project between the Department of Veterinary Pathology,
Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Khartoum and the
Department of Medica1 Helminthology, London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine, University of London has been designed to
investigate the possibility of controlling bovine schistosomiasis in
Sudanese cattle through vaccination. Within the bounds of this project,
the other has carried out some experiments under laboratory and field
conditions which have shown that this type of approach may be a
practical possibility. Hence, it has been proven for the first time that
Sudanese Zebu cattle living in a hyperenzootic area of S. bovis can
acquire a striking degree of natural resistance to reinfection as
manifested by their ability to almost completely withstand a cercaria1
challenge lethe1 to previously unexposed cattle. This resistance has been
demonstrated by various clinical, parasito1ogica1, pathological and
pathophysiological techniques; it's nature is, however, unknown and may
involve some kinds of immunological mechanism e.g., lethal antibodies
capable of killing most of the invading parasites; growth inhibition
factor(s) causing stunting of the penetrating schistosomes and/or
antioogenesis factor(s). Three laboratory immunisation experiments have
also been incorporated in this thesis: these have been based exclusively
80
routine diagnosis as well as for field surveys to detect human, sheep and
camels echinococcosis (hydatidosis).
128. Hanan A.M. Karar; Abdalla, H.S and. Elowni, E. E. Prevalence
Rate of Ascaridia galli in some poultry farms in Khartoum State,
Sudan. The Sudan J. Vet. Res. (2005), 20: 55-60.
In this study, 760 intestines of slaughtered commercial exotic and
indigenous chickens were examined during the period April-October,
2000. The chickens originated from poultry farms at El Bageir, Hillat
Kuku, El Hag Yousif, El Gereif East, Shambat and El Halfaya and Bahri
market. Out of these 760 intestines, 250(32.89%) were infected with
Ascaridia galli (A. galli). The prevalence rate was 46.53% and 10.18%
in the exotic and indigenous chickens, respectively. This indicated that
the overall prevalence rate was high.
129. Hanan D. Mohammed Ahmed; EL Owni, E. E. and Susan F. Ali.
New Reports for Some Intermediate Hosts of Poultry Tapeworms in
Khartoum State. The Sudan J. Vet. Res. (2006). 21: 45-51.
A search for natural intermediate hosts for poultry cestodes was carried
out during 2000-2001 in poultry houses at Elhalfaya and Shambat
localities in Khartoum State. Four species of beetles were found carrying
cysticercoides infections. Two of them namely Alphitobius diaperinus
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Anthicus formicarius (Coleoptera:
Anthicidae) were infected with Choanotaenia infundibulum cysticercoid
whereas the other two, Carcinops troglodytes (Coleoptera: Histeridae)
and Hypocalccas praecox (Coleoptera: Histeridae), were found
harbouring Raillietina cesticillus cysticercoids. No cysticercoids were
encountered in adult Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
or Musca domestica larvae (Diptera: Muscidae). This is the first record
of Anthicus formicarius, Carcinops troglodytes and Hypocalccas praecox
as intermediate hosts for Choanotaenia infundibulum and Raillietina
cesticillus.
130. Hanan Dafalla Mohammed Ahmed (2003). Establishment Studies of
the life cycle of Raillietina cesticillus, Choanotaenia infundibulum
and Hymenolepis carioca. M.V.Sc. University of Khartoum.
Establishment of the life cycle of three cestodes Raillietina
cesticillus,Choanotaenia infundibulum and Hymenolepis carioca was
studied in three insects that act as intermediate hosts, namely Tribolium
castaneum, Alphitobius diaperinus and Musca domestica and in white
Leghorn chicks, the definitive host. Insects were experimentally infected
with gravid segments of the three cestodes. White Leghorn chicks were
reared in insect- proof cages and experimentally infected with
83
challenge controls. The former group also showed the highest serum
glutamate dehydrogenase and sorbitol dehydrogenase peaks following
challenge infections and pulmonary fascioliasis was encountered in one
of the goats of this group. Haemoglobin concentration and packed-cell
volume decreased after infection in the three groups of goats.
132. Haroun E M, George V. Hillyer. (1986). Resistance to fascioliasis. A
review. Veterinary Parasitology, 20, (13): 63-93.
Attempts to actively stimulate or passively transfer resistance to Fasciola
hepatica or F. gigantica in various laboratory and farm animals
including mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, goats and cattle have been reviewed.
These attempts comprised sensitization by primary homologous or
heterologous normal or irradiated infections per os, sensitization by
subcutaneous, intramuscular or intraperitoneal implantation with the
various fluke stages, sensitization by somatic extracts or metabolic
products of mature or immature flukes and passive transfer of resistance
by immune serum or sensitized lymphocytes.
133. Haroun E. M., Haga A/Gadir and A. A. Gameel. (1986). Studies on
naturally-occurring ovine fascioliasis in the Sudan. Journal of
Helminthology, 60 (1): 47-53.
Haematological, biochemical and pathological changes were investigated
in 214 sheep naturally infected with Fasciola gigantica in an endemic
area in the Sudan together with 82 uninfected controls. Infected animals
showed a clear decrease in erythrocyte counts, haemoglobin
concentration and packed cell volume, a normochromic, normocytic
anaemia, leucocytosis and eosinophilia. Serum concentrations of the
enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and
glutamate oxaloacetic acid transaminase were also elevated in the
infected group, indicating hepatic damage. This was confirmed by
histopathological changes, which comprised degenerative and necrotic
changes in hepatocytes associated with haemorrhage, fibrosis, increased
lobulation of the liver, mononuclear cell infiltration with haemosiderin
deposition in fluke tracks and portal areas and the formation of
granulomata around fluke eggs and fluke remnants. In the infected group
there was slight hyperglobulinaemia and a marked hypoalbuminaemia,
with a decrease in A/G ratio. A slight rise in the level of serum bilirubin
was also observed.
134. Haroun EM, Elsanhouri AA, Gameel AA. (1989). Response of goats
to repeated infections with Fasciola gigantica. Veterinary
Parasitology;30(4):287-96.
85
One or two mature primary infections with Fasciola gigantica which had
been removed by anthelmintic treatment resulted in a significant
reduction in the number of flukes recovered from challenge infection as
compared with that from controls. Characteristic lesions of fascioliasis
were seen in the livers of the 3 groups, however, goats with two primary
abbreviated infections prior to challenge showed more severe lesions
than those of animals with one primary abbreviated infection or those of
challenge controls. The former group also showed the highest serum
glutamate dehydrogenase and sorbitol dehydrogenase peaks following
challenge infections and pulmonary fascioliasis was encountered in one
of the goats of this group. Haemoglobin concentration and packed-cell
volume decreased after infection in the three groups of goats.
135. Haroun EM, Hillyer GV. (1988). Cross-resistance between
Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica in sheep. J Parasitol.;
74(5):790-5.
Five sheep were exposed to 5,000 S. mansoni cercariae percutaneously
and the stools examined for 20 wk to determine patency. The sheep were
found to be partially susceptible to a primary infection and showed great
individual variations in their pathophysiological responses. All of the
sheep acquired a patent infection with S. mansoni and eggs were first
seen in feces 9 wk postexposure with no eggs detected after 14 wk. At
necropsy 20 wk postexposure only dead S. mansoni worms were found.
KOH digests revealed that tissue egg counts were low, ranging from 0 to
133 in the liver, and 0 to 257 in the intestine. Primary infection of sheep
with S. mansoni followed by oral infection with F. hepatica
metacercariae 10 wk later resulted in a reduction of 51% in F. hepatica
worms recovered over controls infected with F. hepatica for 10 wk. All 5
of the S. mansoni-infected/F. hepatica-challenged sheep developed 71 or
less F. hepatica worms. In contrast, 3 of the 5 F. hepatica-infected sheep
developed 113-197 worms. However, although the experimental mean
worm burden was lower than the control group, the variability in the
control group was too great to obtain significance between the groups.
There was a clear tendency toward normocytic normochromic anemia
following a primary infection with S. mansoni; however, blood values
were more reduced in the F. hepatica challenge controls than in the
animals that received primary infection with S. mansoni.
136. Haroun EM, Hussein MF. (1975). Clinico-pathological studies on
naturally-occurring bovine fascioliasis in the Sudan. Journal of
Helminthology;49(3):143-52.
86
140. Haroun, E.M., Yagi, A.I., Younis, S.A., El Sanhouri, A.A., Gadir,
H.A., Gameel, A.A., Bushara, H.O. and Taylor, M.G. (1988) Use of
ionizing radiation in the developmentof vaccines against Fasciola
gigantica and Schistosoma bovis in Sudanese cattle, sheep and goats.
In: Nuclear Techniques in the Study and Control of Parasitic
Diseases of Livestock. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna,
pp. 121.
No abstract available.
141. Higazi, T.B; Younis, S.A; and Mukhtar, M.M. (1999). A
Comparative Study of Protein and Antigen Profiles of Onchocerca
gutturosa and Onchocerca volvulus Isolates from Sudan. Sudan
Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry vol. 38 (1&2):
124- 130. Fourty four isolates of Onchocerca gutturosa female worms
and one Onchocerca volvulus isolate were separately collected and
extracte by physical homogenization followed by freeze-thawing, and by
partial enzymatic digestion. The lysate were electrophoretically
separated on 12.5% SDS PAGE and stained with Commassie Brilliant
Blue to compare their protein profiles. All Onchocerca guturosa isolates
had identical protein profiles that differed from O. volvulus profile.
Twenty protein bands were detectable in the lysate with Mwt between
12.5 to 130 kd. Immunoblotting of selected lysate with human
hyperimmune sera showed identical reactions and the human sera
reacted more intensely.
142. Husna M. El Bashir; Saadia A. Younis; Zakia A.Mohammed; Fayza
A.Omer; Osman, A. Y and Elmansoury, Y. H. The Effect of
Chloroquine, Ivermectin and Artemether on some Haematological
Indices and Histopathological Changes in Zebu Calves Naturally
Infected with Onchocerca gutturosa. The Sudan J. Vet. Res. (2007).
22: 1-10.
In the present study, some haematological indices and histopathological
changes were investigated in male zebu calves naturally infected with
Onchocerca gutturosa (O.guttursosa), and medicated with either
Ivermectin, Chloroquine or Artemether. Their administration had no
significant effect on Haemoglobin concentration (Hb %), packed cell
volume (PCV) and total white blood cells (WBCs) count (P>0.05).
However, there was an increase in the circulating eosinophils due to the
death of microfilariae (mf) following treatments. Sections of skin before
treatment revealed active cellular reactions due to the presence of
microfilariae. These reactions were more intense after treatment and the
88
161.
162.
163.
164.
immune response was first detected by the second week, peaking at 4-6
weeks post vaccination. Higher ELISA results were obtained with AWA
than SEA in all vaccinated animals. The immune response of the three
challenged calves was elevated 2 weeks post challenge, peaking at 8-10
weeks post challenge and remained high throughout the experimental
period (3 months post challenge). In the second part of the study, zebu
calves were immunized with a purified 28 kilodaiton antigen (P28), from
S. mansoni, expressed in E. coli (P28-coli) and yeast (P28-yeast). The
control groups were injected with E. coli and yeast extract. The kinetics
of antibody response was monitored by western blot and ELISA. BY
western blot, antisera from calves immunized with P28-coli or P28yeast recognized a protein band at molecular weight of 28 kilodalton 3
weeks after the first immunization. Using ELISA, the antibody response
of P28-coli immunized calves against the homologous antigen was first
detected by day 21 from the first immunization, peaking by day 30,
declining, slowly and remained significantly higher than the controls
throughout the study period. A similar trend with characteristically lower
absorbance values was obtained when the heterologous antigen (P28yeast) was used. The immune response of P28-yeast vaccinated calves
detected by day 21 after the first immunization, peaking by day 52 and
remained significantly higher than the controls throughout the
experiment (day 108). Also it has been concluded that P23 has no
diagnostic potential in the ELISA for immunodiagnosis of experimental
infection with S. bovis. In the third part of the study, two groups of
calves were vaccinated with either whole eggs or adult worm antigens of
Schist soma bovis emulsified in Freunds Adjuvant. These vaccinated
calves together, with a control group were challenged with 20,000
cercariae of S. bovis percutaneously. The immune response which
developed was monitored by Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and the
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By AGID precipitin lines
were first observed at 4 weeks from the first immunization in group D
when AWA antigen was used. However, no precipitin line was observed
when sera from calves in group A or C were used. In ELISA, both AWA
and SEA produced antibody response. The results obtained showed no
significant difference between all the groups as judged by faecal and
tissue egg counts and worm recovery. This indicates failure of
vaccination with crude antigen prepared from adult worms and eggs of
S. bovis to induce resistance against S. bovis challenge. Hence the
antibody response detected in the ELISA seemed to have no correlation
with protection.
99
14.7% than peripheral (main road) areas 8.7%. Also the disease is more
prevalent in winter 15% than in summer 9.9%. 79.5% of all examined
goats were found positive for antifasciola antibodies (using crude
antigen). This prevalence was 98.1, 81.5 and 21.2% for olds, youngs and
kids respectively. It was 83.7% for inner irrigating and 71.8% for
peripheral irrigating goats. The anti fasciola antibodies were found
positively higher in winter 85% in comparison with summer 73.8%.
182. Koko W. S. , M. Gala and H. S. Abdalla (2003). Gastrointestinal
Parasites of the Gezira Goats: Central Sudan. Journal of Animal
and Veterinary Advances Vol 2 (7): 392-395.
In the present study 287 goats form the Gezira (Central State of the
Sudan) at 3 different villages resembling two different types of location
were examined parasitologically by faecal sedimentation and flotation
techniques for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites. Generally 43.6%
of the examined animals inflected a parasitical infection, this infection is
significantly higher (P<0.05) within the goats from core (inner irrigated
villages) 50.5% (32% from total) in comparison to those of road located
villages 13.1% (11% from total). 8 parasite genera were reported from
this experiment among them Dicrocoelum spp (5.6%) for the first time in
the Sudanese goats, Trichostrongyle type of egg 18%. Eimmeria ocyst
17%, Fasciola gigantica 12.5%, Monezia spp 2.1%, Schistosoma bovis
2%, Trichuris spp 1.7% and Paramphistomum spp 0.7%. For the general
parasitical infection there was no significant difference observed
between wet and dry seasons, kids, youngs and olds, male and female
goats. But some of these parasites had shown variation according to
season or age factor if they were analyzed as individuals.
183. Magda Mustafa Morgan Mohamed (1997). Incidence of
Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Cats in Khartoum State.
M.Sc., University of Khartoum.
This investigation was conducted to evaluate prevalence of
gastrointestinal helminth parasites of cats in Khartoum State to study
pathological changes caused by these parasites and to assess their
zoopotential. Eighty cats (30 males and 50 females) were trapped,
anaesthestized by Chloroform, necropsied, and then searched for
intestinal helminthes. The results revealed occurrence of 7 species of
helminthes namely Cestodes; Joyeuxiella kofend (66.7%),
Diplopylidium genettae (66.7%), D. monoophoroides (66.7%), and
Dipylidium caninum (1.25%). Nematodes: Physaloptera praeputialis
(57.5%) and Toxocara cati (1.25%). Acanthocephala; Oncicola canis
(1.25%), Alana spp. weres the only Trematode worm found with 1.25%
105
which suggest that these sheep did not develop an effective resistance to
schistosomiasis, contrasted with those previously recorded in cattle from
the same locality, studied in the same year.
189. Majid AA, Marshall TF, Hussein MF, Bushara HO, Taylor MG,
Nelson GS, Dargie JD.Observations on cattle schistosomiasis in the
Sudan, a study in comparative medicine. I. Epizootiological
observations on Schistosoma bovis in the White Nile Province. Am J
Trop Med Hyg. 1980 May;29(3):435-41.
A 2-year epizootiological study was carried out on Schistosoma bovis in
cattle in an enzootic area of the Sudan. The prevalence of infection, as
judged by the Pitchford fecal egg counting technique, was very high,
approaching 90% in 1.5-year-old animals. There was, however, a lower
prevalence in older cattle, and this trend was also seen with the fecal egg
counts. This suggests that the cattle gradually acquire resistance to
reinfection, particularly since there seems to be little age-related
variation in the amount of water contact. Monthly incidence rates,
estimated from fecal examinations of initially uninfected "tracer" calves
showed a marked seasonal pattern, being much higher in the hot summer
months, and snail infection rates showed a similar seasonal pattern. In
addition, both the monthly incidence measurements and the snail
infection rates showed that transmission was much heavier in 1976 than
in 1977. Epizootics such as those recorded previously in this area
presumably arise from exceptionally intense transmission years.
190. Majid, A.A., Ibtisam A. Goraish, Zakia,A., Elmansoury, Y.H., and
Bushara, H.O. (2002) Experimental Schistosoma bovis infection in
Sudanese camels (Camelus dromedaries).The Camel News Letter No
(19), pp 45- 54.
One-humped camels (Camelus dromedaries) aged 6-8 years were
experimentally infected with cercariae of Schistosoma bovis. Seven
weeks after infection the animals started to shed schistosome eggs in
their faeces. After three weeks from patent infection they showed clinical
symptoms manifested by diarhoea, inappetance, weakness, emaciation
and recumbency that terminated in death. At necropsy there was
congestion of the lungs, heart and mucuse of the small and large intestine
with haemohrragic lesions and enlargement of the accompanying lymph
nodes. The liver was normal in size and spotte with snbcapsular
granulomas. Histologically the most prominent lesion was ova
granuloma scattered in the lung, liver lymph nodes and intestine. The
infected animals showed loss of weight that was not compensated for till
the end of the experiment. Faecal egg output rose sharply to a eak with a
108
65.4 percent for the amphistome, and 0.3 percent for both together. The
amphistomes Paramphistomunm microbothrium and Cotylophoron
cotylophorum were collected from cattle, sheep and goats, and
Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus from equines. The identity of amphistome
cercariae from Bulinus truncatus, B. forskalii, B. (Ph.) ugandae, and
Biomnphalaria sudanica is being determined by feeding encysted
metacercariae to various hosts; sheep, goat, calf, and donkey. Cercariae
from some B. forskalii were similar to those of Gastrodiscus
aegyptiacus.
193. Malek EA. (1958). Life cycle studies on nematode Subulura brumpti
(Lopez-Neyra, 1922) Cram, 1926, and its distribution in the Sudan.
Journal of Parasitology, Vol.44, No. 4, supplement, p31.
Subulura brumpti, a ceacal nematode of poultry, reported to occur in
various area including, in Africa, the Belgian Congo, Dahomey and
Algeria (Cram,1927), is also found in the Sudan in the fowl, guinea fowl
and turkey. Naturally infected beetles were found in the neighborhood of
poultry pens. The life cycle was followed experimentally by forcefeeding grasshoppers on entire female worms, which contain fully
embryonated eggs. Morphology of the larval stages in the intermediate
host coincided with the describtion given by Cuekler and Alicata (1944)
in Hawaii. When 1-day, 1-week and 1-month-old chicks were fed on the
infective encapsulated larvae, sexually mature males and females were
recovered from the ceaca 5 to 6 weeks later. This life cycle is compared
to that of Heterakis gallinae, where no intermediate host is incriminated
and where the egs are deposited in the 1-cell stage and require an
incubation period on the soil. The distribution of both cecal worms in the
Sudan, and also in Egypt, is evidently governed by ecological and
geographical conditions. In the arid northern and central Sudan only
Subulura occurs. In the southern part of the country, with high humidity
and rainfall, both Subulura brumpti and Heterakis are found (in Malakal
and neighborhood) and Heterakis becomes more common still further
south, near the Sudan boarder, it is beleved to be the only cecal
nematode of poultry. Extention of agriculture under irrigation in the
northern and central Sudan may help in the spread of Heterakis.
194. Malek EA. (1958). Occurrence of Onchocerca armillata Railliet and
Henry, 1909, in Sudanese cattle, Bos indicus. Journal of
Parasitology, Vol.44, No. 4, supplement, p30.
The filariid, Onchocerca armillata, is very commonly found in Sudanese
cattle, Bos indicus, where it inhabits the thoracic portion of the aorta and
the brachiocephalic trunk. Originally described from Malaya, it has later
110
been recorded from Bos Taurus in Egypt, Bos indicus in India and from
the African buffalo Bubalus caffer in the Belgian Congo. Large caseous
granular nodules containing the anterior end of the female, sinuous
tracks, often calcified, containing the male and the long posterior end of
the female, and an uneven intima are characteristic of this infection.
Morphological details coincide with those reported by Railliet and Henry
(1912). The following average prevalence have been recorded by the
writer on 18 days over a period of 1 to 2 years: 94% in White Nile cattle
at the Kosti abattoir; 96% in cattle imported from Kordofan and Darfur
provinces in the west, and slaughtered at the Khartoum and Omdurman
abattoirs, and the Kosti meat factory. The prevalence is also very high in
the southern provinces. Specimens of the genetically close Elaeophora
(E. poeli), which has the same habitat as O. armillata, have not yet been
obtained from cattle in the Sudan, but are believed to be common in the
buffalo, from which Elaceophora was reported in the Belgian Congo.
The relationship between the two genera will be discussed later.
195. Malek EA. (1959). Helminth parasites of the camel, Camelus
dromedarius, in the Sudan. Journal of Parasitology, Vol.45, No. 4,
supplement, p38.
Seventeen camels from the central Sudan were examined for their
helminth-parasites, with the following results: Avitellina woodlandi
(small intestine) 70.5%; Trichuris globulosa (colon and caecum), 70.5%;
Echinococcus granulosus cysts (lungs, liver, spleen),52.9%;
Haemonchus lonistipes (4th stomach), 23.5%; Impalia sp. (small
intestine), 23.5%; Oesophagostomum venulosum (colon), 11.7%;
Schistosoma bovis (mesenteric veins), 11.7%; Moniezia expansa (small
intestine), 5.9%; Nematodirus sp. (small intestine), 5.9%; Dictyocaulus
viviparus (bronchi), 0%; and Fasciola gigantica, 0%. Further surveys
might prove the existence of D.viviparus in Sudanese camels, as it
occurs in Egypt in camels imported from the Sudan. It is possible that F.
gigantica is found occasionally in the camel in areas where fascioliasis is
common in cattle and sheep. Haemonchosis in camels is believed to be
the cause of death in some parts of the country, especially in the cases of
heavey infections. Camel hydatid cysts, which are usually improperly
disposed of, have no doubt been partly responsible for the spread of
Echinococcosis in dogs and, of a high incidence of hdatid cysts recorded
in man in cerain parts of the Sudan.
196. Malek EA. (1959). Spirocercosis in Khartoum dogs. Journal of
Parasitology, Vol.45, No. 4, supplement, p39.
111
tissue samples were taken. Twenty three of the examined samples were
taken from the camels which showed pulmonary lesions and four
samples were taken from those which did not show detectable
pulmonary lesions. The causes which led to lungs condemnation were:
pneumonia (41%), infection with hydatid cysts (19 %), emphysema
(11%), congestion (9%), fibrosis (6%), aspirated blood (3%), oedema
(3%), adhesions (3%), abscesses (2%), calcification (2%) and necrosis
(1%). The histopathological sections showed bronchopneumonia,
interstitial pneumonia, fibrinous pneumonia, necrotic pneumonia,
hydatid cysts, emphysema, congestion, fibrosis, aspiration of blood,
oedema, adhesions, abscesses and calcification. Analysis of the results of
blood examination indicated insignificant changes in the erythrocytic
indices of camels with pulmonary lesions compared with those camels
with normal lungs. The total leucocytes counts were significantly higher
in the camels that had lung lesions compared with those without lung
lesions. There were no significant differences between the counts of
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes of the
two camel groups. The neutrophils and lymphocytes counts, however,
were relatively higher in the camels with lung lesions. The results
showed that pneumonia and hydatidosis were the main causes of
condemnation of camel lungs in Tamboul abattoir . Hence the impact of
consumption of raw camel lungs in some food preparations on public
health as well as the role of camels in the epidemiology of hydatidosis in
the area warrants close investigations.
208. Mohamed Alwathig Ahmed Hassan Elnaeem (2006). Incidence of
Parasitic Infestation of Cattle in Kuku Dairy Herds, Khartoum
State, Sudan. MVSc. University of Khartoum.
This was an investigation of blood and internal parasites in different
seasons (dry cool, dry hot and wet hot seasons) in dairy herds in Kuku
area of Khartoum State. The result showed that there was a high
prevalence of blood parasites in the dry cool season (46%) compared to
dry hot and wet hot seasons with a percentage of 14.74% and 5.68%,
respectively. While the presence of internal parasite, was found to be less
than blood parasites (15%, 8.42% and 11.36 for dry cool, dry hot and
wet hot seasons, respectively). The prevalence of Theileria spp. infection
was high in the dry cool and the dry hot season (39% and 14.74,
respectively). While Babesia spp. infection was only recorded in the dry
cool season (6%). Prevalence of Schistosoma spp. infection was high in
the dry hot season (5.26%), while high prevalence of Fasciola spp.
infection and Coccidia spp. infection were (7% and 6%) both recorded in
117
cattle to dogs and cats was attempted. The infection was established in
dogs with variable number of adult worms recovered at the end of the
experiment. Cats were refractory to experimental infection, hence their
role in maintaining the cycle of the parasite be excluded. The efficacy of
serological tests as means of detection of infection in camels was
investigated.
Both
indirect
haemagglutination
(IHA)
and
immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) showed very low detection of antibodies in
camel sera. Although IEP was relatively more specific than IHA, yet the
occurrence of false positives and false negatives diminished their
efficiency in diagnosing hydrated cysts infection in camels. However,
the high specificity rate reported for IEP (88%) could be of great use
when detecting relapse after surgery in humans. The reaction of animal
tissues against the hydatid cyst was in the form of cellular infiltration of
lymphocytes and plasma cells. Eosinophilia was not observed.
Hyalinization focal necrosis and calcification occurred in the connective
tissue capsule of old sterile cysts. The connective tissue was dense and
diffuse in fertile cysts. Oedema, atelactasis and emphysema were
observed in infected lungs. Atrophy of liver tissue around the capsule
and the hyperplasia of the bile ducts were also observed In the spleen,
extensive haemorrhages were seen in the trabeculi and in their inner
fibrous layer.
211. Mohamed E Hamid., Fadia Y Ali., and Adam D Abakar
(2000).Haematological and blood chemical changes in donkeys
naturally infected with Onchocerca cervicalis and Strongylus spp.,
Sudan Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Vol.
39: 111-115. Selected haematological and blood chemical parameters
were investigated in donkeys naturally infected with Onchocerca
cervcalis in Nyala area, western Sudan. The results were compared with
non-infected controls and with donkeys infected with gastrointestinal
nematodes notably Strongylus spp. And with donkeys harbouring both
infections. A significant drop in haemoglobin level (8.32.3) and in
Paced Cell Volume (PCV) (25.8 6.4) was noticed among donkeys
infected with Onchocerca spp. Infection, was noticed among donkeys
with the concurrent parasitic infection and among those with Strongylus
spp. Infections. Marked increase (p<0.001) in eosinophils count occurred
in donkeys with the three types of infections. A significant decrease in
total protein and glucose levels, (p<0.001) was noticed among
Onchocerca spp. Infection and Strongylus spp. infections, however the
effect induced by concurrent infection was profound.
119
cysts from goats were recovered. The size of cysts, volume of cystic
fluid and number of the protoscolices were recorded. Hydatid cysts from
camels measured each 9.5 cm. for the maximum length of diameter and
1.3 for the minimum. The total volume of fluid, which was aspirated
from the cyst, was 6 to 150 milliliters. Hydatid cysts from cattle were
0.5-10cm. The maximum volume of the fluid inside the cyst was 60
milliliters. The size of the hydatid cyst obtained from sheep ranged
between 0.9 cm. to 3.0 cm. but the fluid was mostly too little to be
measured. The biological status of the cysts was evaluated visually and
microscopically as fertile, sterile, caseated, or calcified. Out of 149 cysts
from camels, 96.4% were found to be fertile. As for cattle, out of 26
hydatid cysts examined only 23.1% were fertile. In case of sheep,
hydatid cysts 91.7% were sterile. Official records obtained showed the
presence of hydatid cysts in slaughtered camels, cattle, sheep and goats
in Khartoum state during the period 1995-2008. The highest infection
with the cysts occurred in camels followed by cattle and the lowest was
found in sheep; however, goats showed no infection. Information sources
regarding human hydatidosis showed, sixteen cases of patients, as
intermediate hosts, were infected in Khartoum state during the period
2000- 2009. The maximum size of the diameter of the cyst was 12 cm.
and the minimum size was 2 cm. The ages of the patients involved,
ranged between 6 and 55 years old.
222. Nadia Ahmed Ali Mohamed. (1995). Helminth parasites of chickens
in the Sudan, with special reference to Raillietina tetragona
infections. M.V.Sc, theses., U. of K.
This study was carried out to identify the species of helminths found in
local and foreign breeds of chickens, their prevalence and intensity in
relation to chicken breeds and their geographic distribution in different
localities in the Sudan. The survey was followed by experimental
infection of Raillietina tetragona cysticercoids in chickens of different
age-groups. Seven species of cestodes were found in the viscera of the
local and foreign breeds of chickens in the five localities. These were
Raillietina tetragona, R. echinobothrida, R. cesticillus, Cotugnia
digonopora, Choanotaenia infundibulum, Amoebotaenia sphenoides and
Hymenolepis carioca. Five species of nematodes were recovered,
namely, Gongylonema ingluvicola, Acuaria spiralis, Tetrameres
americana, Ascaridia galli and Subulura brumpti. No trematodes were
found in the viscera examined. Out of 425 viscera, 379 (89.18%)
harboured one or more species of helminth parasites. The prevalence of
helminth infection at the five localities was 103 (71.03%) in Khartoum,
127
cercariae, both the number of worms reaching maturity and the tissue
egg counts tended to be higher in sheep than in goats. On the other hand,
goats had significantly higher faecal egg counts than sheep and it is
suggested that this was the reason for the generally more severe disease
in the former species.
241. Saad A. M., and M. F. Hussein (1984). Observations on the
infectivity and fecundity of a Sudanese isolate of Schistosoma bovis
in albino mice. J. of Helminthol, 58(3) 267-270.
A Sudanese isolate of Schistosoma bovis from experimentally infected
sheep was found to be highly pathogenic to albino mice. Eggs were first
found in the livers 42 days after exposure. The distribution of eggs in the
liver and small and large intestines changed little during the course of
infection. Results arc compared with others using an Iranian isolate of S.
bovis, which causes only a mild infection, and S. mattheci.
242. Saad A.M., M.F. Hussein, H.O. Bushara, J.D. Dargie, M.G. Taylor
(1984) . Erythrokinetics and albumin metabolism in primary
experimental Schistosoma bovis infections in Zebu calves. J. Comp.
Path 94: 249-262.
Red cell kinetics and albumin metabolism were studied in calves
infected with either 100 or 200 Schistosoma bovis cercariae per kg body
weight, by the use of 59Fe-labelled transferrin, 51Cr-labelled
erythrocytes and 125I-labelled albumin; a third group of worm-free
animals acted as controls. The anaemia which developed in the infected
calves was shown to be due basically to an accelerated rate of red cell
loss from the circulation, and became evident around the seventh week
of infection, increased in severity during the following two months, and
subsequently subsided. In view of its close similarity to the pattern of
faecal egg excretion, it was concluded that haemorrhage into the
intestine caused by the exit of eggs was the principal aetiological factor:
haemolysis was excluded by the absence of both splenomegaly and
hyperferraemia. Erythropoiesis was also accelerated in infected animals,
but could not keep pace with the rate of red cell breakdown to which the
animals were concurrently subjected. Haemodilution was involved, but
not to a significant extent. The hypoalbuminaemia associated with
infection was caused by an increased rate of albumin catabolism, and a
plasma volume expansion, and was accompanied by marked depletion of
all albumin pools, but particularly the extravascular pool. The pattern of
albumin catabolism closely followed that of red cell loss, suggesting that
passage of plasma as whole blood into the intestine was the basic cause
of hypoalbuminaemia. Red cell losses and albumin hypercatabolism
142
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
were more severe in the more heavily infected group, and although both
subsided as egg counts fell, they remained evident even 1 year after
infection. This may partly explain the failure of infected animals to
regain the weight lost during earlier stages of disease.
Saad AM, Hussein MF (1984). Observations on the infectivity and
fecundity of a Sudanese isolate of Schistosoma bovis in albino mice.
J. Helminthol. 58(3):267-70.
A Sudanese isolate of Schistosoma bovis from experimentally infected
sheep was found to be highly pathogenic to albino mice. Eggs were first
found in the livers 42 days after exposure. The distribution of eggs in the
liver and small and large intestines changed little during the course of
infection. Results are compared with others using an Iranian isolate of S.
bovis, which causes only a mild infection, and S. mattheei.
Saad AM; Abdel Majid, BY; and Aradaib, IE (1996). Immunization
of calves with adult worm antigens of Schistosoma bovis. Sudan
Journal of Veterinary Research, 14: 73-77.
No abstract.
Saad MB (1983). A note on the presence of Echinococcus granulosus
in 3 dogs in Tabool area. Sudan Journal of Veterinary Research Vol
4:
No abstract.
Saad MB, Hassan AK (1989). Indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and
immunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of hydatidosis in Sudanese
camels. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop.;42(1):41-4.
The efficiency of indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and
immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) as means of detection of cystic hydatid
infection in camels was investigated. Both IHA and IEP showed very
low detection rates of antibody in camel sera. The IEP showed 84 p. 100
specificity and 36 p. 100 sensitivity while the IHA showed 69 p. 100
specificity and 43 p. 100 sensitivity. These results are discussed.
Saad MB, Magzoub M (1986). Echinococcus granulosus infection in
dogs in Tambool, Sudan. J Helminthol. ;60(4):299-300.
In the Tambool area (Central eastern Sudan) a survey was made of the
infection rate of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs. From the total of 49
dogs shot by the police authority, 25 (51%) had E. granulosus in their
intestines. The range of worm recovery was 7 to 28,400. These high
infection and recovery rates could be explained by the rate of infection in
the intermediate host (camel) slaughtered in the area.
143
144
253. Saad, M. B., & Magzoub, M. (1989). Hydatidosis in Sheep and Goats
in the Sudan. Sudan Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal
Husbandry.28 (1):33-37.
Examination of 1576 sheep and 159 goats for the presence of hydatid
cysts in slaughterhouse in different regions of the Sudan, revealed an
overall infection rate of 12.9% and 4.4% in sheep and goats respectively,
size, number and stage of cysts encountered were also shown.
254. Saad, M. B., & Magzoub, M. (1989). Hydatidosis in Camels and
Cattle in the Sudan. Sudan Journal of Veterinary Science and
Animal Husbandry.28(1): 27-32.
Out of 1169 cattle and 191 camels examined, 45(3.84%) and
93(48.69%) respectively wer found to harbor hydatid cysts. Fertility rate
of cysts were found to be high in camels (42.4%) and exceptionally high
in catle (29%). The lung was found to be a favourite site for cysts in
camels. The liver was found to be a preferable site for cysts in cattle. The
important role of camels and cattle in the cycle of the parasite is
elucidate.
255. Saad, M. B., Zein El Abdin, E. A. (1983). The survival rate of
protoscolices from hydatid fluid kept at constant temperatures.
Sudan Journal of Veterinary Research. 4: 157.
In this study protoscoleces collected from camel hydatid cyst were tested
for survival in differnent tempratures and time intervals, 83.45% of
protoscolices were alive after 5 days/storage at 4c. At 50c only 18%of
the protoscolices survived after 4h storage.
256. Saad, MB (1983). Hydatidosis in camels in Gedarif (Eastern Region).
Sudan Journal of Veterinary Research Vol 4:156.
No abstract available.
257. Saadia Ahmed Younis (1984). Studies on Resistance to Fascicla
gigantica in Cattle. Ph.D. University of Khartoum.
A review of literature on the immunology of fascioliasis was followed by
a series of experiments' described to study various methods of
stimulating resistance against the disease, with main emphasis on
stimulation by irradiated larvae. A single dose of 3 krad or 20 krads
gamma-irradiated Fasciola gigantica metacercariae was used to sensitize
calves against homologues challenge. In both cases resistance was
reflected in considerable decrease in the number of established worms
from the challenge infection and in marked reduction in the size of
individual worms as compared with a control group. However,
protection was more marked in the group sensitized with 20 krads
irradiated cysts of F. gigantica. Mean values of serum enzymes Sorbitol
145
parasites was found higher in town animals (58%) than in animals kept
in nomadic areas (22%).
259. Salma Ali Ragab (1990). Susceptibility of Bulinus truncatus Snails
and Mice to Various Concentrations of Balanites aegyptiaca and
Trigonella foenum graecum Saponins. M.V.Sc. University of
Khartoum.
The experiments described in this thesis were carried out to study some
biological aspects of Bulinus truncatus snails and to evaluate the
molluscicidal activity of the saponins extracted from the fruit of
Balanites aegyptiaca (Higlig tree) and from the seeds of Trigonella
foenum graecum (Hilba) against these snails. The toxic effects on mice
of B. aegyptiaca fruit and saponins were examined. The results showed
that the hatchability rate increased following a rise in temperature (3033C) and that the snails fed on lettuce grew faster and reached maturity
earlier than those fed on Vicia faba. Infection of B. truncatus with
miracidia of Schistosoma bovis resulted in a decrease in the growth rate
of snails maintained on lettuce or V. faba. Water change had no effect on
the egg-laying capacity of B. truncatus. The prepatent period of B.
truncatus and B. umblicatus to emerge infective S. bovis cercariae was
prolonged when temperature was low (25.5-28C) and it was shortened
when the temperature was high (30-33C). Aqueous concentrations of B.
aegyptiaca and T. foenum graecum saponins at 500, 250, 50, 25, 15 and
5 ppm were used for testing the molluscicidal activity against B.
truncatus snails obtained from the White and Blue Nile regions and
allotted to three age groups. LD100 was recorded 18 hours after
exposure to B. aegyptiaca saponin and 108 hours post-exposure to T.
foenum graecus saponin at 500 and 250 ppm. Mortality was high (80%)
when aqueous solutions of B. aegyptiaca saponins were used at 50 ppm
and was low (10-45%) when aqueous solutions of T. foenum graecum
saponin were used at 25 and 50 ppm. Neither B. aegyptiaca nor T.
foenum graecum saponin at 15 and 5 ppm had lethal effects on B.
truncatus snails. Eggs of S. bovis did not hatch when aqueous
concentrations of B. aegyptiaca saponin at 10,000 ppm were used. All
aqueous concentrations of B. aegyptiaca saponin which were toxic to
snails were found to induce lethal effects on miracidia and cerceriae of S.
bovis within 2-110 minutes of exposure. The mortality rates and
pathological changes in albino mice fed with various levels of dietary B.
aegyptiaca fruit or given saponins by oral or intraperitoneal routes were
studied. Lesions in mice consuming 20% B. aegyptiaca were more
severe than in those fed 5 or 1% B. aegyptiaca. The lesions comprised
147
265.
266.
267.
268.
papillosus, 20% with Avitellina spp and 8.6% with Stiliezia spp. The
results revealed that 34.3% harboured a single infection, 51.4% double
infection and 14.3% triple infection. Faecal examination results showed
the occurrence of helminth ova in 12 cases (36.5%).
269. Sijoud Fadl Elmoula Ahmed Alhassan (2013). Prevalence of
Intestinal Cestodes in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) at Tumbool
Slaughterhouse. MVSc, Sudan Academy for Sciences. This study was
conducted during December 2008 to November 2009 to determine the
prevalence, classification and identification of small intestinal cestodes
in camels in Butana area, Central Sudan. Intestinal content samples (215)
were taken immediately after camel slaughtered at slaughter house.
Measurements were taken (length and width of worms) from collected
adult worm, examined macro and microscopically for the identifications.
The results revealed that 69.3% of the total investigated camels were
infected with the intestinal cestodes. The infection percentage of camels
located in Butana, Kassala, Saied and western Sudan were 70%, 73.7%,
70% and 64% respectively. Among the worm burden of 1180 small
intestinal cestodes, seven species were detected; M.expansa, M. benedi,
Avitellina spp, Stilesia spp Thysansona actinoide, thyzanesia girdi and
Mesocestoides. spp. The study observed that the mean worm burden per
animal in Butana, Kassala, Saied and western Sudan were 6-7, 9-10, 15
and 7 respectively. Moreover, the results indicated that, the infection
percentage among the age group ranged from 11-15 years was 68.8%
with worm burden mean of 11per head. While, among the age group
ranged from 6-10 years recorded 70.8% with the worm burden mean of 6
per head. The age group ranged from 1-5 years recorded the lowest
percentage of infection 67.8% with the worm burden of 8 per head.
Infection of camels during all seasons does not record any statistically
differences. However, samples collected during winter recorded
comparatively high infection with worm in the small intestine 81% with
the worm burden mean of 7 per head, followed by autumn 69.6% with
worm burden mean of 1-9 per head, while in summer recorded low
infection percentage 61% with worm burden mean of 7-8 per head. The
results indicated that the infection rate of animals by one species of the
cestodes 63.3% was more than that infected by two 29.5% or three 7.3%
species. To my knowledge, this is the first survey that detected the
prevalence of Mesocestoides. spp, Thysansona actinoide and thyzanesia
girdi in the small intestine of camels in Butana area, Central Sudan.
152
dogs, 183 faeca1 and 2701 small intestine specimens were collected and
examined. It was shown that all faecal specimens were devoid from
taeniid eggs but some of the small intestines contained the adult tapeworm of E. granulosus. However, the overall percentage of incidence of
E. granulosus in the three towns was 17.51% with 11.49% in Khartoum,
20% in Khartoum North and 18.46% in Omdurman. In addition, a higher
percentage of incidence was found at the outskirts rather than in the
centers of threes three towns. A study of the contents and compartments
of hydatid cysts collected from livers and lungs of sheep, goats, cattle
and camels as well as from muscles of sheep was also made. However,
hydatidosis was shown to be very common among food animals in
Khartoum Province. It also showed that hydatid cysts assumed various
predilection sites and lodgments upon the animal carcasses, and also
assumed various morphological characteristics. These results also
revealed an interesting case of hydatidosis which was found in a camel
slaughtered at Omdurman National Abattoir. In this case, the tissues of
the lungs were nearly replaced by a mass of hydatid nodules, with the
presence of 136 cysts in one lobe. This indicated the danger and the
degree of potential hazard that could be induced by camel lungs
harboring hydatid cysts in the Sudan. Information was also provided as
to the viability, Sterility and fertility of the hydatid cysts and their
daughters and also to the criteria affecting viability and death of scolices.
Diameters (D) of the hydatid cysts were determined by using the formula
of Pi (`0;) law: Diameter = circumference \8; Where Pi (`0;) is a constant
representing the ratio of circumference to the diameter and it is equal to
3.14. In addition, the area of the balls, of the hydatid cysts were obtained
by applying the equation: X (D/2)2. Statistical calculations carried out
in this study can concentrated mainly on the number of worms, eggs,
solaces and diameters of the hydatid cysts. Experimental infectivity trials
were carried out in 74 dogs, 25 cats and 2 goats which were reared in
infection free conditions. Eight experiments were conducted in dogs
which were either fed protoscolices or eggs or kept in association with
infected dogs. In addition, one experiment in cats and another one in
goats involving feeding of E. granulosus eggs were also performed. The
results indicted that anal smears from experimental dogs and cats
revealed neither E. granulosus worm nor its eggs, but E. granulosus was
established in some individual puppies (78.26%) In addition, 33.33% of
infected puppies harboured over 1000 worms and the lowest number of
worms recovered was five. On the other hand, the range of the prepatent
periods in the experimentally infected puppies was found to be 45 53
162
belonged were: Western Sudan, White Nile State and Khartoum State.
Faecal samples were collected from the White Nile cattle at El-Sahafa
abattoir while samples from Western Sudan cattle were collected from
animals arriving at the same abattoir beside those in Koukou abattoir.
Samples from cattle raised in Khartoum State were collected from
various dairy farms. All gastrointestinal tracts were collected from ElSahafa abattoir. Faecal examination revealed a high prevalence of
strongylid/trichostrongylid eggs in the three areas. In most cases there
was mixed infections with oocysts of Eimeria spp. Other eggs
encountered were those of Fasciola gigantica, Schistosoma bovis,
Paramphistomum spp., Trichuris spp. and Moniezia spp. Based on faecal
cultures, Haemonchus spp. and Cooperia spp. were the most
predominant, followed by Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum
spp. Strongyloides papillosus was sporadically encountered during the
whole study period. In this study Impalaia spp. was reported for the first
time in cattle in the Sudan. It was shown from the examination of
gastrointestinal tracts that nematodes were the predominant with highest
prevalence of Haemonchus contortus and Cooperia pectinata, followed
by Trichostrongylus axei and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Trichuris
was the least encountered species. Cooperia spp. was detected for the
first time in Sudan in the abomasum instead of its previous exclusive
presence in the small intestine. Regarding Oesophagostomum radiatum,
it has been observed that its nodules were apparent in so many animals.
Tapeworms were low in their prevalence represented by Moniezia spp.
and Avitellina spp. while light trematodes infection in cattle was due to
Paramphistomum spp. Mixed infections were more common than single
infection. A distinct seasonality in parasite prevalence was evident,
peaking during the wet season coinciding with the maximum rainfall and
with significant negative correlation with temperature (P<0.01) and
positive one with relative humidity (P<0.001). There was considerable
numbers of 4th stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus in cattle raised in
Khartoum during summer which may be hypobiotic larvae. The study
also demonstrated a great variation in geographic prevalence. This was
influenced by local climatic conditions, presence or absence of watering
points and differences in livestock management practices. It was
particularly evident in both Western Sudan and White Nile cattle. The
study revealed that infection with helminths was significantly negatively
correlated with age in Western Sudan cattle (P < 0.05) and White Nile
cattle (P < 0.01). Regarding infection with coccidia, it was significantly
negatively correlated with age in cattle raised in Khartoum (P<0.05).
164
288. Younis SA, Yagi AI, Haroun EM, Gameel AA, Taylor MG (1986).
Immunization of zebu calves against Fasciola gigantica, using
irradiated metacercariae. J. Helminthol.60(2):123-34.
The pathogenesis of unirradiated, 3 krad-irradiated and 20 kradirradiated metacercarial infections was compared in zebu calves studied
over a 10-week period. Calves exposed to 1000 unirradiated
metacercariae (mc) became hypoalbuminaemic, and showed elevated
serum concentrations of liver enzymes, whereas neither of the other
groups was significantly affected. At slaughter, a mean of 332 flukes was
recovered from the 0 krad group, while only 23% and 12% of this
number were recovered from the 3 krad and and 20 krad groups,
respectively. All the worms recovered from the 20 krad group were
stunted, and found in biliary ductules, but a mean of 13% of the flukes
recovered from the 3 krad group were large, and dwelling in main bileducts. Liver lesions typical of acute fascioliasis were present in the 0
krad group, but lesions in the other groups, and particularly the 20 krad
group, were far less severe. Judged on clinico-pathological criteria, a
single vaccination of calves with 1000 3 krad-irradiated mc induced
partial resistance to a challenge with 1000 normal mc eight weeks later,
but the reduction in worm recovery was not statistically significant.
There was less evidence of protection when two vaccinating doses of 3
krad mc were given within four weeks, with challenge at week 8, and a
single vaccination was ineffective against a challenge four weeks later.
However, when the irradiation dose was increased to 20 krad, a hgh level
of resistance (69% worm reduction) was induced by a single vaccination,
given eight weeks before challenge, and liver pathology was strikingly
reduced in the vaccinated animals.
289. Yousif Ahmed Mohamed Elamin (1988). The Effect of Experimental
Fasciola gigantica Infection on the Performance of Male Nubian
Goats. M.V.Sc. University of Khartoum.
The effect of experimental Fasciola gigantica infection on the clinical
health and performance was investigated in male Nubian goats. Eight (67 months old) bucks were infected with 200 F. gigantica metacercariae
and kept for 14 weeks for clinical observation and evaluation of feed lot
performance, feed digestibility and semen quality. Four uninfected bucks
of the same age and breed were also kept for the same period of time as
controls. Infected and control bucks were all slaughtered by the end of
the experiment (14 weeks) for assessment of carcass quality, liver
pathology, and worm recovery. Infected bucks developed noticeable
clinical changes 4 weeks post-infection. These included reduction in
165
mean weight of offals including the lung and trachea, liver, pancreas,
empty stomach, intestine and kidney were significantly higher in
infected animals.
290. Yousif Mohamed Abdel Razig (1984). Studies on the Epidemiology
of Bovine Fascioliasis in Darfur Region. M. V. Sc., University of
Khartoum.
This thesis comprises some epizootiological and experimental studies on
bovine fascioliasis in Dnrfur region conducted in Gabel Marra and Bahr
El Arab areas. The first chapter is a general introduction about the
Sudan, its topography, climate, Animal resources, human population,
tribes and systems of animal husbandry practiced by livestock owners,
and the chapter ends with a background about various animal diseases
with emphasis on fascioliasis. In the second chapter, a literature review
on fascioliasis was given, covering various aspects with special reference
to the epizootiology of the disease. Chapter 3 comprises two parts. The
first part is information about the study area; its geographical location,
climate, topography, tribes, types of animals, centres of veterinary
services, etc. The end of this part shows the reasons for selection of this
area for conducting epizootiological studies. The second part comprises
general materials and methods used in the study. Chapters I to 6 deal
with the epizootiological studies. Chapter 7 deals with the experimental
studies and chapter 8 is a general discussion and conclusions, with
suggestions for further work. The epizootiological studies showed that
prevalence rate among cattle in the study area was inversely proportional
to the age of the animal because of the natural resistance as well as the
resistance acquired by old animals as a result of successive reinfections
in the field. The lower prevalence rate in calves is related to the systems
of calf husbandry. When this prevalence rate was compared with the rate
in the slaughterhouses in different localities correlation was found to
exist between the two. In both cases. prevalence rate increases with
higher altitudes. These rates in other parts of South Darfur Province
showed marked variations from one locality to another. Snail and tracer
calves surveys showed that snail populations and also infection rates of
snails follow a seasonal pattern, with peaks in the summer months,
particularly May and June. Therefore, it was expected that cercardial
shedding also occurred in the summer months, with the resultant onset of
the diseases in the rainy season. This was confirmed by the results
obtained from the tracer calves surveys. In Gebel Marra area, the water is
available in the "wadis" throughout the year, unlike the White Nile area
where the smaller Canals dry up in late summer. Hence the conditions in
167
G. Marra area are favourable for breeding of the snails the year round
with expected decrease in snail population in the rainy season because of
the swift current and flooding of the Wadis, and also in the winter season
because of the effect of cold weather. The results of the laboratory
investigations confirmed the epizootiologioal studies and also other
studies from different parts in and outside the Sudan. These included
pathological, biochemical and haematological changes in naturally
infected cattle. The pathological changes were mainly encountered in the
liver and associated lymph nodes. Some parts showed only congestion.
The livers showed change in colour and were enlarged. The hepatic
lymph rodes were also enlarged. Some livers were atrophied and
fibrosed with wrinkled liver capsules and others had nodules (advanced
stages). On cutting, thickening of bile ducts was noticed. Detailed
information was given in chapter 7. Serum analysis showed a slight
decrease in the total protein concentrations and increased activities of the
enzymes which were used in diagnosis of liver damage such as sorbitol
dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Haematological changes
showed a decrease in the RBC counts, an increase in WBC counts and
variable changes in other blood indices such as PCV, mean corpuscular
volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. The
differential counts showed also variable changes, decrease neutrophil,
lymphocyte and monocyte counts and increased eosinophil counts. Thus,
it is clear that fascioliasis is endemic in the Southern parts of Darfur
region especially in the western District of South Darfur Province where
the disease is locally known as "Um Dalilil.
291. Zakia, A Mohamed; Musa T Musa., Ali Y Osman and Abd El Malik
M Osman (1990). Cholangiocarcoma associated with Fascioliasis in
camel. Sudan Journal of Veterinary Research, 10: 57-61.
Cholangiocarcoma associated with Fasciola gigantica infection was
diagnosed in a liver of a camel slaughtered in an abattoir at Nyala,
Sudan. The histopathology of the intrahepatic neoplasm was described
and the aetiological relationship between the tumour and liver fluke
infection was discussed. Karib., A. A., and Hussein ., M. F, (1970).
Massive Cysticercus tenuicollis infection in a sheep. The Sudan Journal
of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry., Vol. 11(2), 77- 79. The
Authors reported on a massive infection of a sheep with Cysticercus
tenuicollis (98 cysts), involved the whole of the part of the peritoneum
surrounding the intestines. Evidence of inflammation was neither seen in
the intestines nor in the peritoneal membrane. They concluded that the
168
292-
293-
294-
295-
296-
297298-
299-
300-
tissues and organs of goats orally infected with 2500-3000 3rd stage
larvae of Haemonchus contortus was studied. Emaciation, inappetence,
soft faeces, dullness, rough coat and prominent anaemia were observed.
The main pathological lesions were abomasitis petechial haemorrhages,
surface ulceration, hepatorenal fatty changes, hydropericardium and
hydroperitoneum. There was a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs) count,
haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, packed cell volume (PCV). The
differential cell count revealed eosinophilia and neutrophilia with
moderate increases in lymphocytes. Iron, calcium, sodium levels, total
protein and albumin were decreased. Faecal egg counts and numbers of
the adult worms in the abomasae of infected goats were recorded. The
results showed that Cydectin and Ivermectin at a single dose of 1
ml/50kg body weight caused improvement in the haematological and
biochemical parameters as well as clinical and pathological changes. The
results also showed complete absence of egg production and adult
worms. Studies were also conducted to evaluate immunity in Cydectin
challenged animals. The challenged animals developed immunity
compared to infected groups as the clinical signs became mild,
haematological and biochemical parameters became normal.
301- Abdelnabi, Ghada H.; Elowni, El Sayed E.; Abdalla, Hamid S (2014).
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Sheep from White Nile
State, Sudan. U of K Graduate college and Scientific Research. The
5th Annual Conference- Agricultural and Veterinary Research,
Conference Proceedings, Vol. (2.): 353-364.
This study was carried out during November 1997 to October 1998 to
determine the species and prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths from
White Nile State, which is a major sheep production area in the Sudan.
These sheep were slaughtered at Omdurman Central Abattoir and were
designated for export. A total of 507 faecal samples and 30
gastrointestinal tracts were collected at random and processed, using
microscopic coprological examination, faecal culture and postmortem
examination. Mixed helminth infections were found common in 93.3%
of gastrointestinal tracts examined. Nematode infections were the
commonest, reaching 90.0% of the examined animals. Trichostrongylus
colubriformis was the predominant nematode species with an infection
rate of 86.7% followed by Haemonchus contortus with a prevalence of
76.6%. Other identified nematode species were Cooperia pectinata,
Oesophagostomum columbianum, Strongyloide spapillosus, Trichuris
globulosa and Skrjabinema ovis with frequencies of 50%, 36.7%, 66.7%,
26.7% and 6.7%, respectively. Cestodes were recovered in 80% of the
171
172
Subject index
Acuaria spiralis
Alaria spp.
Amoebotaenia sphenoides
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
Anoplocephala spp
Ascaridia galli
Ascaris suum
Avitellina spp
Avitellina centripunctata
Avitellina woodlandi
B. forskalii
B. globosus
B. pfeifferi
B. sudanica
B. ugandae
Bulinus truncatus
Ceneurus gaigeri
Chabertia ovina
Choanotaenia infundibulum
Cooperia pectinata
Cooperia pinctata
Cotugnia digonopora
Cotylophoron cotylophorum
Cyathostomes spp
Cysticercosis
Cysticercus bovis
Cysticercus tenuicollis
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Dicrocoelium hospes
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
Dictyocaulus viviparous
Dipetalonema spp
Diplopylidium genettae
Diplopylidium
monoophoroides
Diplopylidium sp
Dipylidium caninum
Echinococcus canadensis
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus ortleppi
Echinopardalis lerouxi
Fasciola gigantica
Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus
Gongylonema ingluvicola
Gongylonema pulchrum
Haemonchus contortus
Haemonchus longistipes
Haemonchus spp
Heterakis gallinae
Hydatidosis, Echinococcosis
Hydatigera
taeniaeformis
(multiceps)
Hymenolepis carioca
Impalaia spp
Impalaia tuberculata
Joyeuxiella kofend
Joyeuxiella sp
Lymnea natalensis
Mesocestoides spp
Moniezia spp
Moniezia benedeni
Moniezia expansa
Nematodirus spathiger
Nematodirus spp
183, 217, 62
17, 228
4,60, 78, 101, 102,195, 206, 221, 232,
235, 236, 238, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249,
250, 253, 254, 255, 256, 271
17, 60, 238
49
1, 2, 9, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 25, 41, 71, 86, 88,
107, 108, 112, 119, 123, 131, 132, 133, 134,
136, 137, 138,139, 140, 152, 153, 160, 161, 162,
163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 177, 181, 192, 195,
204, 208, 212, 233, 234, 237, 257, 262, 280,
282, 284, 288, 289, 290, 291.
192, 197
61,74, 222, 251.
64
3,13, 26, 71, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117,
118, 121, 122, 239, 261, 278, 287.
31, 32, 33, 34, 50, 67, 78, 79, 106, 145,
184, 195, 213, 214, 268.
9, 24, 98, 111.
193
127, 221, 227, 228, 232, 235, 236, 238,
245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 253, 254,
255, 256, 285, 286
49
7, 130, 222, 226, 229.
111, 195
50, 122, 213
12, 183, 217
49
44, 173, 192, 274
269
9, 26, 213, 287
121, 269
35, 71, 106, 121, 195, 268, 269.
184
9, 71, 195
174
Oesophagostomum
columbianum
Oesophagostomum radiatum
Oesophagostomum
venulosum
Oesophagostumum spp
Onchocerca armillata
Onchocerca cervicalis
Onchocerca gutturosa
Onchocerca raillieti
Onchocerca reticulate
Onchocerca volvulus
Oncicola canis
Oxyuris equi
Paramphistomum spp
Paramphistomum
microbothrium
Parapronema skrijabini
Parascaris equorum
Physaloptera canis
Physaloptera praeputialis
Pterygodermatites
Raillietina cesticillus
Raillietina echinobothrida
Raillietina sp.
Raillietina tetragona
184
5, 260, 264
62
12, 49, 183, 217
12
7, 103, 105, 129, 130, 222, 226
7, 222, 226
49
7, 61, 74, 104, 170, 174, 175, 216, 222,
224, 225, 226, 229, 251, 272
Schistosoma bovis
Schistosoma mansoni
Setaria labiatopapillosa
Skrjabinema ovis
Spirocerca lupi
175
Stilesia globipunctata
Stilesia hepatica
Stilezia vittata
Strongyloides papillosus
Strongyloides westeri
Strongyloides spp.
Strongylus spp.
Subulura brumpti
Taenia hydatigena
Tetrameres Americana
Thysanosoma actinioides
Thyzaniazia giardia
Toxascaris leonine
Toxocara canis
Toxocara cati
Trichonema spp.
Trichostrongylus axei
Trichostrongylus
colubriformis
Trichostrongylus probolurus
Trichostrongylus spp
Trichuris globulosa
Trichuris Trichuria
Trichuris ovis
Trichuris spp
Immunology, Vaccines and
Immunodiagnosis
Anthelmintic
120, 121
69
106
26, 35, 98, 122, 212, 268, 287
5, 264
26, 213, 258
5, 223, 258, 264
7, 61, 74, 193, 222, 226, 251, 272
36, 62
7, 61, 74, 222, 251
269
269
12
62
183, 217
64, 223
264, 287
121
67, 122, 213
9, 26, 35, 98, 213, 215, 287
50, 120, 121, 184, 195, 213
9
35, 71, 122, 212
26, 182, 258, 287
1, 88, 89, 112,126, 127, 135, 140, 149,
19, 21, 25, 26, 96, 104, 107, 108, 113,
118, 122, 142, 174, 237
176
Authors index
Author
A/Gadir H,
Abakar AD
Abbakar Adam
Abdalla HS
Abdalla, M. A
Abdel Nasir Ismail
Mohamed
Abdel Rahman, M.
B
Abu Samra MT
Abu sarra Hassan
Yaggob
Adam A. A
Adam SE
Adanan Ibrahim
Ahmed Abd El
Rahman Ismail
Ahmed El Tahir
Ahmed
Ahmed ME
Ahmed Sid Ahmed
El Sawi
Ali Abdel Razig Ali
Lutfi
Ali Babiker Osman
Ali BH
Ali EA
Amany
Abdallah
Mohammed
Amna E. Babiker
Anwor Magzoub
Aradaib I E
Arzoun I H
Atif E Abdelgadir
Atta El Mannan
AM
Abstract No
1, 123, 133
3, 109, 211, 264
4
38, 39, 120, 128, 172, 181, 182, 235, 236, 252
5
7
2, 8
21, 124, 125
9
10
11
12
13
15
17
18
19
20
21, 107, 108
22, 82
24
25
26
17, 27, 28, 29, 30, 169, 228, 244
31, 32, 33, 34, 145
43
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 90, 146
177
Babiker HA
Bashir M
Bickle Q
Bol Kolock
Burger HJ
Bushara HO
Dargie JD
Dinkel A
Eisa AM
El Awad Mohamed
El Hassan
El
Gezuli
AY
(Osman AY)
El Hussein AM
EL Kheir Ibrahim
Dafalla
El Rawda Adam Ali
El Sadig A Zain El
Din
El Sammani SE
El Sanhouri AA
El Sayed Ishag El
Shafea
El Sinnary K
El-Badawi ES
Elbihari S
Elham
Abdalla
Ahmed
Elham
Elsayed
Kardman
Elmahdi IE
Elowni EE
Elsheikh HA
Fadia Yagoub Ali
Hamid
2, 46
47, 52
47, 48, 275, 277
49
51, 185
22, 27, 29, 41, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
58, 88, 113, 114, 115, 126, 150, 155, 187, 189,
190, 203, 242, 282
51, 56, 59, 157, 187, 189, 240, 242, 276
60, 228
61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 95, 96,
292, 293, 294
67
3, 8, 13, 14, 15, 64, 71, 72, 73, 95, 96, 142,
143, 144, 231, 283, 291
80, 236, 268
81
82
36, 83, 84, 85, 249, 255, 266
87, 147, 148
14, 88, 131, 134
89, 231
37, 90, 91, 92, 93, 143, 144, 146, 231
39, 61, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 95, 96,
274, 283, 284
75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 299
97, 98, 99
100
60, 101, 102
103, 104, 105, 106, 120, 128, 216, 224, 225
107, 108
109, 110, 211
178
Fadl M
Fatima El Sammani
El Sheikh
Fayza A Omer
Galal El Tayeb
Osman Ali
Gameel AA
Ghada H. Abdel
Nabi
Gundi
Suliman
Gasmir
Hago, B.E.D
Hamid ME
Hamza Mohamed
Tola
Hanan A.M. Karar
Hanan Dafaalla
Haroun E M
Hassan T
Higazi TB
Husna M El Bashir
Hussein HS
Hussein MF
Ibrahim K
Ibtisam A Goraish
Idris A
Inas A E
Intisar A Badawi
Intisar Elfadil Saeed
Ishraga S Abdel
Hafiz,
Islim, MW
Karib, EA
Karoum KO
Khalid Adam Ali
Musa
Kheir HSM
Khitma H Elmalik
Koko WS
Mackenstedt
Magzoub M
Mahmoud M
Majid AA
Malek EA
Marshall TF
Mazahir M Kheir
Mc Cauley EH,
McGarry JW,
Misk El Yemen
Abdel Atti
Mohamed AA
Mohamed Alwathig
Ahmed
Mohamed AS
Mohamed El Amir
Sid Ahmed
Mohamed
Sadig
Saleem
Mohamed IM
Mohammed OB,
Morghan M.M.,
Mukhtar MM
Muna
Mahmoud
Salih
Musa El Nur Beshir
Mustafa MB
Nadia Ahmed Ali
Mohamed
175, 177
298
178
179, 180, 274, 283, 284
29, 43, 47, 52, 53, 57, 58, 97, 98, 206
181, 182, 280
60, 228
11, 37, 42, 50, 101, 171, 184, 185, 247, 248,
253, 254
23, 25, 41, 43, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 113, 114,
115, 164, 165, 187, 188 189, 190, 191, 201,
202, 203, 236
192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200
51, 56, 187
300
201, 202, 203
164, 165, 204
205
206
208
209
212
214
215
216
183, 217
52, 141, 164, 165
218
219
220
221, 222
180
Najat
Abdalla
Mohamed
Nelson GS
Nurelhuda IE,
Ohood Abd El
Salam Salim
Omer RA,
Osama
Badri
Mohamed
Osama
Hassan
Omer
Osman O.M
Ramadan OR
Rogia
Osman
Elhassan.
Romig T
Saad A M
Saad MB
Saadia A
Saleem MS
Salah M Kheir
Salma Ali Ragab
Saida A Younis
Sara Ali Ibrahim
Sawsan
Hassan
Taha
Sayda Ahmed Omer
Sayid ASA.,
Seri H. I
Sheiba H. A.
Shommein AM
Siddig AM
Sijoud
Fadl
Elmoula
Sirag B Sirag
Slepnov NK
Somia
Abbas
Khidir Abbas
223
51, 187, 189, 275, 276
104, 170, 224, 225
226
158, 159, 227, 228, 238
229
230
232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237
295
239
60, 101, 159, 227, 228
51, 56, 66, 187, 217, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244
61, 64, 101, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251,
252, 253, 254, 255, 256
302
297
258
259
141, 142, 143, 144
260
261
262
263
10, 264
265, 266
267
268
269
270
68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 271
272
181
Suhair
Sayed
Mohamed
Suliman MZ
Taylor MG
Um El Alim Abakar
Idris.
Wafaa
Mohamed
Kheir
Woodruff AW,
Yagi AI,
Yagoub IA,
Yaguob Adam Idris
Yahya Musa Osman
Yasmin
Ibrahim
Mahgoub
Younis SA,
Yousif
Ahmed
Mohamed
Yousif Mohamed
Abdel Razig
Zakia, A Mohamed
273
231, 274
27, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 157, 187,
188, 189, 240, 242, 275, 276, 277, 282, 288
278
279
281
16, 282, 288
283, 284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
182