Interpret Technical Drawing

MEM09002B
2012
Interpret technical drawing
MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing
First Published January 2013
This work is copyright. Any inquiries about the use of this material should
be directed to the publisher.
Edition 1 January 2013

Edition 2 September 2014
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1st September 2014 Version 2
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Conditions of Use:
Unit Resource Manual
Manufacturing Skills Australia Courses
This Students Manual has been developed by BlackLine Design for use in the
Manufacturing Skills Australia Courses.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be printed or transmitted in any
form by any means without the explicit permission of BlackLine Design.
Statutory copyright restrictions apply to this material in digital and hard copy.
Copyright
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Feedback:
Your feedback is essential for improving the quality of these manuals.
This learning resource has not been technically edited. Please advise the appropriate
industry specialist of any changes, additions, deletions or anything else you believe
would improve the quality of this Student Workbook. Dont assume that someone else
will do it.
Your comments can be made by photocopying the relevant pages and
including your comments or suggestions.
Forward your comments to:
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Aims of the Competency Unit:

When you have completed this unit of competency you will have developed the
knowledge and skills to select the correct and interpret a technical drawing. As a result,
you will be able to apply these skills to interpret technical drawing.
Unit Hours:
36 Hours
Prerequisites:
None.
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Elements and Performance Criteria

1.
2.
Select correct
technical drawing
Interpret
technical drawing
1.1
Drawing is checked and

requirements or equipment.
1.2
Drawing version is checked and validated.
2.1
Components, assemblies or objects are recognised as

required.
2.2
Dimensions are identified as appropriate to field of

employment.
2.3
Instructions are identified and followed as required.
2.4
Material requirements are identified as required.
2.5
Symbols are
appropriate.
recognised
validated
in
the
against
drawing
job
as
Required Skills and Knowledge

Required skills include:
Required skills include the ability to:
checking the drawing against job requirements/related equipment in
accordance with standard operating procedures
confirming the drawing version as being current in accordance with standard
operating procedures
where appropriate, obtaining the current version of the drawing in accordance
with standard operating procedures
reading, interpreting information on the drawing, written job instructions,
specifications, standard operating procedures, charts, lists and other applicable
reference documents
checking and clarifying task related information
undertaking numerical operations, geometry and calculations/formulae within
the scope of this unit
Required knowledge includes:
Competency includes sufficient knowledge to:
application of AS1100.101 in accordance with standard operating procedures
relationship between the views contained in the drawing
objects represented in the drawing
units of measurement used in the preparation of the drawing
dimensions of the key features of the objects depicted in the drawing
understanding of the instructions contained in the drawing
the actions to be undertaken in response to those instructions
the materials from which the object(s) are made
any symbols used in the drawing as described in range statement
hazard and control measures associated with interpreting technical drawings,
including housekeeping
safe work practices and procedures
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Topic Program:
Unit hour unit and is divided into the following program.
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Contents:
Conditions of Use: ....................................................................................... 3
Unit Resource Manual ............................................................................. 3
Manufacturing Skills Australia Courses ...................................................... 3
Feedback:................................................................................................... 4
Aims of the Competency Unit: ....................................................................... 5
Unit Hours: ................................................................................................. 5
Prerequisites: .............................................................................................. 5
Elements and Performance Criteria ................................................................ 6
Required Skills and Knowledge ...................................................................... 6
Topic Program:............................................................................................ 7
Contents: ................................................................................................... 8
Topic 1 Engineering Drawings: ...................................................................... 12
Required Skills: ......................................................................................... 12
Required Knowledge: ................................................................................. 12
1.1 Introduction: ....................................................................................... 12
1.2 Standards: .......................................................................................... 13
1.3 Development of the Drawing: ................................................................ 13
1.4 Types of Drawings: .............................................................................. 13
1.5 Freehand Sketch: ................................................................................. 14
1.6 Detail Drawing:.................................................................................... 15
1.7 Assembly Drawing: .............................................................................. 15
1.8 Pictorial: ............................................................................................. 16
1.8.1
1.8.2
1.8.3
1.8.4
Isometric: ................................................................................... 17
Oblique: ...................................................................................... 17
Axonometric: ............................................................................... 17
Perspective: ................................................................................ 18
1.9 Schematic Diagram: ............................................................................. 18

Skill Practice Exercises: .............................................................................. 20
Appendix 8 Electronic Symbols: ........................................................... 27
Skill Practice Exercises: .............................................................................. 29
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Topic 1 Engineering Drawings
Topic 1 Engineering Drawings:

Required Skills:
On completion of the session, the participants will be able to:
Name AS 1100 as the drawing standards setting out the basic principles of
technical drawing practice.
Identify the various types of drawings produced by drawing offices.
Required Knowledge:
AS 1100 Drawing Standards.

Development procedures for drawings.
1.1 Introduction:
Drawings are legal documents and are often referred to in a court of law therefore all
drawings MUST be correct BEFORE being released from the office for production or
construction.
A drawing is one method of presenting technical communication. Technical
communication is an advanced form of communication whereby people of the same trade
(profession) can convey messages to one another more accurately and precisely. To
achieve this, a technical language (and jargon), which is well standardized, is needed
(e.g. botanical names in Horticology and Latin for medical terminology, etc.).
Drawings have been used since the beginning of history for planning and producing art
objects, architectural designs and engineering works. Since the Industrial Revolution a
system for creating architectural and engineering drawings has evolved. While the pens,
pencils, tools and papers for creating drawings have changed, the basic forms for
presenting information have stayed the same. People producing technical drawings need
to be familiar with the standard ways of presenting design information.
The ability to read and understand information contained on drawings is essential to
perform most engineering-related jobs. Engineering drawings are the industry's means
of communicating detailed and accurate information on how to manufacture/fabricate,
assemble, troubleshoot, repair, and operate a piece of equipment or a system. To
understand how to "read" a drawing it is necessary to be familiar with the standard
conventions, rules, and basic symbols used on the various types of drawings. Before
learning how to read the actual "drawing," an understanding of the information contained
in the various non-drawing areas of a print is also necessary.
Draftspersons will inevitably be
required
to
communicate
with
different people for different reasons
as represented in Figure 1.1. In
some situations, communications
will be sufficiently taken care of by
use of plain text. However in other
situations, text alone may not
suffice and a more specialized form
of communication by a technical
engineering drawing may prove
irreplaceably useful.
Figure 1.1
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12th September 2013 Version 1
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1.2 Standards:
Standardization is the process of formulating and applying rules for an orderly approach
to a specific activity for the benefit and with the cooperation of all concerned, and in
particular for the promotion of optimum overall economy taking due account of functional
conditions and safety requirements. (International Organization for Standardization).
ISO or International Standards ensure that products and services are safe, reliable and of
good quality. For business, they are strategic tools that reduce costs by minimizing
waste and errors and increasing productivity. A standard is a document that provides
requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used consistently to
ensure that the materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose.
In Australia, AS1100 Australian Drawing Standards sets out the basic principles of
technical drawing practice and covers:
The use of abbreviations.
Materials, sizes, and layout of drawing sheets.
The types and minimum thicknesses of lines to be used.
The requirements for distinct uniform letters, numerals and symbols.
Recommended scales and their application.
Methods of projection and of indicating the various views of an object.
Methods of sectioning.
Recommendations for dimensioning including size and geometrical tolerancing.
Conventions used for the representation of components and repetitive features of
components.
Some the major industry disciplines include mechanical, automotive, architectural, civil
and aeronautical.
1.3 Development of the Drawing:

Interpreting information from drawings is an important skill. Engineers and architects
must be able to look at a set of plans and mentally picture the shapes of objects. Skilled
workers must have the same abilities. Reading a drawing involves a highly developed
ability to look at lines on the page and convert the shapes from several pictures to form
a three-dimensional mental image. A product basically passes through three main
stages; The Concept, then the Drawing Production, and finally manufacture; other stages
such as estimating, costing and testing are involved but are supplementary to the main
design and production.
Concept Stage
Design/Detail Stage
Manufacture Stage
During the Design/Detail stage, the components and assemblies are constantly being
modified and redrawn or edited and passed between designer, detailer and engineer.
The drawings once completed and passed, are forwarded to the workshops for
manufacture by the trades and production workers.
1.4 Types of Drawings:

Drawing is one of the basic forms of visual communication and is used to record objects
and actions of everyday life in an easily recognizable manner. There are two major types
of drawings: artistic drawings and technical drawings.
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Artistic drawings are a form of freehand representation that makes use of pictures to
provide a general impression of the object being drawn. There are no hard rules or
standards in the preparation of artistic drawings.
Artistic drawings are simply drawn by artists, based more or less on ones talent and
skills. Although these drawings are often very attractive, they find very limited use in
engineering disciplines.
Technical Drawings are detailed drawings drawn accurately and precisely; they are views
of objects that have been prepared with the aid of computer programs or technical
drawing/drafting instruments in order to record and transmit technical information. The
drawings provide an exact and complete description of things that are to be built or
manufactured.
Technical drawings do not portray the objects the way they directly appear to the
eye.
They make use of many specialized symbols and conventions in order to transmit
technical information clearly and exactly.
To understand and correctly interpret technical drawings, one needs to acquaint
oneself with the fundamentals of technical drawing; hence the purpose of this unit
of competency.
The presentation of engineering or technical drawings is accomplished through several
varying types of drawings including Freehand Sketches, Detail Drawings, Assembly
Drawings, Pictorial, Schematic Diagrams and Circuit Diagrams.
1.5 Freehand Sketch:

Sketching is the creation of graphic images that are graphical representations or models
of objects drawn in proportion but to no particular scale. Freehand sketching is manual
sketching with the minimum of tools such as paper and pencil. Technical sketching is the
art of creating a technical drawing using freehand without special instruments. Technical
sketching requires correct shape or form and more so correct size indication. Generally,
drawing tools refer to the materials used as aids when creating drawings and they vary
from simple to complex instruments and equipment. However, modern drawing needs
have changed dramatically due to the availability of computers. Traditional design and
drafting has largely given way to computer design drafting but design sketches will
always be needed.
Sketches are helpful in capturing design ideas and trying out different solutions in a fast
and inexpensive way; sketches are also useful for recording details of a job on-site
which will be drawn correctly at a later date in the Drawing Office. Technical sketching is
used as aid in conceptualization, spatial visualization and translating imagination into
visual models. It could also be used as a means to amplify, clarify and record verbal
explanations. Freehand sketching is an economic and effective means of formulating
alternate solutions to a given problem so that a choice can be made on the best solution.
Preliminary design studies are usually done with freehand sketches because accurate and
detailed drawing of design options is expensive and time wasting at the initial stages of a
project.
Artistic ability is an asset but anyone can learn to sketch
by following basic techniques.
Draftspersons and
Engineers frequently use special sketching grids which
help keep lines straight and in proportion.
Words and notes on sketches must be readable and
placed using uppercase characters to assure clarity.
Cursive or script writing is never used as it is often
unreadable after sketches and memos are duplicated,
emailed or faxed to another location. Vertical capital
block form letters are preferred.
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Figure 1.2
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Figure 1.2 shows a freehand sketch of a Plumber Block Base; the sketch would normally
include dimensions and notations but not the shading.
1.6 Detail Drawing:

A detail drawing is a print that shows a single component or part. It includes a complete
and exact description of the parts shape and dimensions, and how it is made. A
complete detail drawing will show in a direct and simple manner the shape, exact size,
type of material, finish for each part, tolerance, necessary shop operations,
number of parts required, and special notes for the manufacture or treatment after
manufacture. A detail drawing is not the same as a detail view. A detail view shows part
of a drawing in the same plane and in the same arrangement, but in greater detail to a
larger scale than in the principal view.
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.3 shows a detail drawing of the Plumber Block Base sketched in Figure 1.2.
Three views have been provided to describe the shape while all dimensions, surface
finish, general and geometric tolerances, and notations have been included on a
completed drawing sheet.
1.7 Assembly Drawing:

An assembly working-drawing indicates how the individual parts of a machine or
mechanism are assembled to make a complete unit. An assembly drawing serves the
following purposes:
Describes the shape of the assembled unit.
Indicates how the parts of the assembled unit are positioned in relation to each
other.
Identifies each component that forms part of the assembled unit.
Provides a parts list that describes and lists essential data concerning each part of
the assembled unit.
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Provides, when necessary, reference information concerning the physical or

functional characteristics of the assembled unit.
Assembly drawings may show one, two or three views to describe the assembled
components; they must contain a Parts List (may also be called Material or Cutting List
depending on the engineering discipline), cross-referencing (in balloons or circles), and
General Notes pertaining to the assembly. The drawings normally show the over
dimensions and centre-to-centre distances for specific assemblies.
Figure 1.4
Figure 1.4 shows a completed assembly drawing with the Plumber Block Base, Plumber
Block Top and Bushes drawn in place and secured with the Hexagonal Head Screws.
Most designs are commenced with an assembly drawing and when the concept of the
design is finalised, the separate components can be broken out and detailed accordingly.
1.8 Pictorial:
Pictorial drawings are wrongly referred to as 3-D drawings. Pictorial drawings represent
the shape of an object to show the three principal dimensions (length, width and height);
it depicts the way people are used to viewing the object in everyday life but is drawn in
2-D. Characteristics of pictorial drawings are:
The shapes are easier to visualise and intersections of surfaces can be seen.
Used for advertising, technical and repair manuals, and for general information.
Pictorials can distort the lengths of lines and angles at corners; due the distortion
factor, pictorial drawings are rarely used for production drawings.
Pictorial drawings are 2-D drawings where the length along the Z-axis is 0 (zero).
The majority of pictorial drawings are produced as Isometric, Oblique, Axonometric or
Perspective drawings.
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1.8.1 Isometric:
Isometric drawings show three sides in dimensional

proportion, but none are shown as a true shape with
90 corners.
All the vertical lines are drawn
vertically but all horizontal lines are drawn at 30 to
the base line. All entities are drawn to scale. Circles
and arcs are drawn as ellipses. Isometric is an easy
method for presenting 3-D shapes.
Figure 1.5
1.8.2 Oblique:
Oblique drawings are also designed to show a three dimensional view of an object. The
widths of the object are drawn as horizontal lines, but the depth is drawn back at a 45
angle. Three types of oblique drawings can be used to depict the object, normal, cavalier
and cabinet obliques.
Cavalier drawings display the depth using the full measurement.
Normal drawings display the depth using of the measurement.
Cabinet drawings display the depth using of the measurement.
Circles are easier to draw in oblique as the circles can be drawn using a compass.
Figure 1.6 - Cavalier
Figure 1.7 - Normal
Figure 1.8 - Cabinet
Of the three images above only Figure 1.7 - Normal appears similar to the real-life object
when viewed in oblique, Figure 1.6 - Cavalier appears too elongated while Figure 1.8 Cabinet is too short or stubby.
1.8.3 Axonometric:
In Axonometric drawings, the object's vertical lines are

drawn vertically, while the horizontal lines in the width and
depth planes are shown at 30-60 to the horizontal; in
other words the Plan or Top View is rotated through 30 or
60.
Many kitchen manufacturers utilise axonometric in
conveying the proposed arrangement of a new kitchen to a
client.
Figure 1.9
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1.8.4 Perspective:
Perspective excels over all other types of projection in the pictorial representation of
objects because it more closely approximates the view obtained by the human eye.
Geometrically, a photograph is in perspective because the camera captures the same
data an eye sees. Perspective is an important tool to designers, architects and engineers
however is seldom used apart from architectural applications.
The elements required to produce perspective drawings can become quite daunting;
these elements include Picture Planes, Station Points, Left & Right Vanishing Points and
Horizon Plane.
Three types of perspective drawings are available, One-point, Two-point and Three point
Perspective.
1.8.4.1 One-Point Perspective:
In one-point perspective, the object is placed so that two sets of its principal edges are
parallel to the Picture Plane, and the third set is perpendicular to the Picture Plane. The
third set of parallel lines will converge toward a single vanishing point in perspective.
1.8.4.2 Two-Point Perspective:
In two-point perspective, the object is placed so that one set of parallel edges is vertical
and has no vanishing point, while the other two sets each have vanishing points. Twopoint perspective is the most common type used and is especially suitable for displaying
houses and large engineering structures.
1.8.4.3 Three-Point Perspective:
In three-point perspective, the object is placed so that none of its principal edges are
parallel to the Picture Plane, therefore, each of the three sets of parallel edges will have a
separate Vanishing Point. The Picture Plane is assumed approximately perpendicular to
the centreline of the cone of rays.
Figure 1.10 One-Point
Figure 1.11 Two-Point
Figure 1.12 Three-Point
1.9 Schematic Diagram:

A schematic diagram represents the elements of a system using graphical symbols rather
than realistic and detailed drawings. A schematic usually omits all details that are not
relevant to the information the schematic is intended to convey, and may add unrealistic
elements that aid comprehension. For example, a suburban bus map intended for
passengers may represent a bus stop with a dot; the dot doesn't resemble the actual
station at all but gives the viewer information without unnecessary visual clutter. A
schematic diagram of a chemical process uses symbols to represent the vessels, piping,
valves, pumps, and other equipment of the system, emphasizing their interconnection
paths and suppressing physical details. In an electronic circuit diagram, the layout of the
symbols may not resemble the layout in the physical circuit. In the schematic diagram,
the symbolic elements are arranged to be more easily interpreted by the viewer.
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Figure 1.13
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Skill Practice Exercises:

Skill Practice Exercise MEM09002-RQ-0101:
Identify the following drawing types:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
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G.
H.
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J.
K.
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L.
M.
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N.
O.
Name:
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________________________________
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Answers
require sectioning. Although the parts may appear inside an assembled view, the parts
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12th September 2013 Version 1
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Miscellaneous Apparatus and Appliances:
Thermal Fire Alarm Detector
Head
Motor
Generator
Ceiling Fan
Rectifying Unit DC Power

Supply
Electric Bell
Electric Buzzer
Siren
Horn
Clock
Cable Codes:
Electric Power
Telephony
Data Circuit
Video Circuit
Audio Circuit
Lighting
Street Lighting
SL
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Appendix 8 Electronic Symbols:
Indicating Instruments:
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Frequency Meter
Contacts for Switches & Relays:
Make Contact
Break Contact
Switchgear:
Circuit Breaker
Make Contactor
Break Contactor
Contactor with Coil Type

Blow-Out Device
Coils for Telephone Type Relays:

General Symbol Relay Coil
Relay Coil with 1300 ohm

Winding
Contact Units for Telephone:

Make Contact Unit
Break Contact Unit
Changeover Contact Unit

(break before make)
Changeover Contact Unit

(make before break)
Diode Devices:
General Symbol Preferred
General Symbol Alternate
Tunnel Diode
Thyristor
Reverse Blocking Triode

Thyristor n gate, Anode
controlled
Reverse Blocking Triode

Thyristor p gate, Cathode
controlled
pnp Transistor (also pnip

transistor if omission of the
intrinsic region will not result
in ambiguity)
npn Transistor with collector

connected to envelope
Unijunction Transistor with p

type base
Earth and Frame Connections:
General Symbol Earth or
Ground
Noiseless or Clean Earth
Connection
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Protective Earth
Earth Connection
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Miscellaneous:
Direct Current or Steady
Current Preferred
Direct Current or Steady

Current Alternative
Alternating Current
Conductor or Group of
Condensors
Positive Polarity
Negative Polarity
Flexible Conductor
Unconnected Cable or
Conductor
Unconnected Cable or
Conductor Especially Insulated
Jumper
Two Conductors
or
Three Conductors
n Conductors
Envelope (Tank)
Boundary Line
Permanent Magnet
Fault
Indicator
Hot Cathode Preferred
Hot Cathode Alternate
Photoelectric Cathode
Anode (Plate) or Collector
Brush on Slip-Ring
Brush on Communicator
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or
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Skill Practice Exercises:

Skill Practice Exercise MEM09002-RQ-0901
Refer to drawing STPL-12H-36 and answer the following questions:
1. What grid zone is the Detail of the Oil Grove located?
__________________________________________________________________
2. What dimension and grid zone is the dimension drawn Not to Scale?
__________________________________________________________________
3. What type of section is shown in the right side view?
__________________________________________________________________
4. What are the overall dimensions of the Body?
__________________________________________________________________
5. How many surfaces are to be machined?
__________________________________________________________________
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MEM09002B

Interpret technical drawing

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

First Published January 2013

Edition 1 January 2013

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

Manufacturing Skills Australia Courses

BlackLine Design 2014

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

Aims of the Competency Unit:

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

Elements and Performance Criteria

Drawing is checked and

Drawing version is checked and validated.

Components, assemblies or objects are recognised as

Dimensions are identified as appropriate to field of

Instructions are identified and followed as required.

Material requirements are identified as required.

Required Skills and Knowledge

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

1.9 Schematic Diagram: ............................................................................. 18

Skill Practice Exercises: .............................................................................. 29

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

Topic 1 Engineering Drawings:

AS 1100 Drawing Standards.

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

1.3 Development of the Drawing:

1.4 Types of Drawings:

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

1.5 Freehand Sketch:

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

1.6 Detail Drawing:

1.7 Assembly Drawing:

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

Provides, when necessary, reference information concerning the physical or

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

Isometric drawings show three sides in dimensional

Figure 1.6 - Cavalier

Figure 1.7 - Normal

Figure 1.8 - Cabinet

In Axonometric drawings, the object's vertical lines are

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

Figure 1.10 One-Point

Figure 1.11 Two-Point

Figure 1.12 Three-Point

1.9 Schematic Diagram:

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

Skill Practice Exercises:

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing

MEM09002B Interpret technical drawing