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in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
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Jawaharlal Nehru

IS 2131 (1981): Method for standard penetration test for

soils [CED 43: Soil and Foundation Engineering]

! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

Invent a New India Using Knowledge

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BharthariNtiatakam

Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen

IS :2131 - 1981

Indian Standard

( Reaffirmed
2002) )
( R4fiied
1997

METHOD FOR STANDARD

PENETRATION TEST FOR SOILS

( First Revision )
Third Reprint MARCH 1997

UDC

624.131.381

@ Copurigh 1982

BUREAU
MANAK

Gr

OF

INDIAN

STANDARDS

BHAVAN. 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAB MARG

NBWDELHI 1lOOLZ
February 1982

IS : 2131- 1981
( Reaffmed 1997 )

Indian Standard

METHO~D FOR STANDARD

PENETRATION TEST FOR SOILS

( First Revision )
Soil Engineering

and Rock Mechanics Sectional Committee, BDC 23

Representing

Chairman
University

DR JAODISH NARAIN

of Roorkee,

Roorkee

ADDITIONAL DIRECTOR RESEARCH Ministry of Railways

( P. E. ) RDSO
DEP&Y DIRECTOR RESEARCH
( SOIL-MEOE ) RDSO ( Alternate )
Public Works Department,
Government of Uttar
SHRI P. D. AQARWAL
Pradesh, Lucknow
DR B. L. DHAWAN ( AItcrnatc)
University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur
DR ALAX SINQE
Engine&-in-Chiefs
Branch, Army Headquarters
COL AVTAR SIN~H
LT-COL V. K. KANITXAR ( Abrnatc )
Irrigation Department,
Government
of Punjab,
CHIEF ENQINEER ( D&R )
_ Chandigarh
DR G. S. DEILLON ( Alfern& )
The Concrete Association of India, Bombay
SHRI M. C. DANDAVATE
SHRI N. %. DUQ~AL ( Alternate )
In personal capacity
(5 Hungerford Street, 12/I,
SERI A. G. DASTIDAR
Hungerford Court, Calcutta 700017 )
Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi
DB G. S. DEILLON
Irrigation
Department,
Government
of Uttar
DIRECTOR, IRI
Pradesh, Roorkee
AsiaB~~b~ations
and Construction
(P) Ltd,
SHRI A. H. DIVANJI
SHRI A. N. JANOLE (~Altcmztc)
DR GOPAL RAJAN
DR GOPAL RANJAN
SERI S. G~~PTA
.
SHRI N. V. DE SOUSA ( Alternate
SHRI G. S. JAIN
SHRI VIJAY K. JAIIU( Alternate)

Institution
University
\Cemindia
]
G. S. Jain

of Engineers ( India ), Calcutta

of Roorkee, Roorkee
Co Ltd, Bombay
& Associates, Roorkee
( Continuedm gage 2 )

BUREAU

Q Copvright 1982
OF INDIAN STANDARDS

This publication is protected under the Indian Cojyrighr Ad (XXV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.

IS : zl31-

1981

( Continued
from page 1 )

Representing
Members
Central Water Commission, New Delhi
SHRI A. B. JOSHI
DEPUTYI;IRECTOR ( CSMRS ) ( Alternate )
Ministry of Defence ( R&D )
COL M. V. KsYERKAR
SHRI V. B. GRORPADE( Altcraate)
Public Works Department, Chandigarh AdminisSHRI 0. P. MALHOTRA
tration, Chandigarh
Central Building Reztearch Institute ( CSIR ),
SHRI D. R. NARAHARI
Roorkee
SHRI B. G. RAO ( Alternate )
Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi
SHRI T. K. NATRAJAN
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
Da G. V. RAO
DR K. K. GUPTA ( Alternate )
Public Works Department, Government of
RESEAROHOFFICER( B&RRL )
Punjab, Chandigarh
Engineering Research Laboratories, Government
SH~I K. R. SA~ENA
of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad
Central Board of Irritation & Power, New Delhi
SECRETARY
DEPUTYSECBETARY( Alternate )
Shipping
and
Roads Wing
(Mmiatry of
SEW N. SIVAQURU
Transport )
SHRI D. V. SIKKA ( Alternate)
National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHBI K. S. SRINIVASAN
Snnr SUNILBERRY ( Altrrnats )
Station,
Engineering
Research
Karnataka
SEXIN. SUBRAMANYAM
~riahnarajaiagar

Government of Tamil
SWPER~NTENDINQE N Q I N E E a Publ;Jorhz;rtment,
( P&D% )
EXECUTIVEENGINEER( SMRD ) ( Alter;:
)
Director General, IS1 ( Ex-OS& Mmber )
SHRIG. RAMAN,
Director ( Civ Engg )
secretary
S-1 K. M. MATHUR
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), BlS

The Site Exploration and Investigation for Foundation

Subcommittee, BDC 23 : 2
Members
!3xn1V.S. AWARWAL

Centr$or~elding

Research Institute ( CSIR ),

SHRI M. P. JA~N ( Altematr )

University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur
DR ALAMSINQH
DEPUTY DIREOTO~ RES~A~OR Minirtry of Railways
(PE), RDSO
ASEXSTANT
DIRECTORRESEAXOH
( SOIL MEOH) RDSO ( Alternate )
Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DIBEOTOR( CSMRS )
DEPUTYDI~EOT~~ ( CSMRS ) ( Alternatr )
( Continusd
on pa16 10 b

IS1 2131- 1981

Indian Standard
METHOD FOR STANDARD
PENETRATION TEST FOR SOlLS

( First Revision )
0.

FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 24 December 1981, after the draft finalized by
the Soil Engineering and Rock Mechanics Sectional Committee had been
approved by the Building Division Council.
0.2 Standard penetration test conducted by means of the split spoon,
specified in this standard,
furnishes data about resistance of the soils to
penetration which can be used to evaluate standard strength data, such
as .N values (number of blows per 30 cm of penetration using standard
split spoon) of the soil. Methods of calculation of bearing capacity of
For obtaining
soils based on N values are covered in IS : 6403-1981*.
dependable and reproducable samples, a standard procedure is necessary
and this code is intended to furnish necessary guidance to the soil explorer
in this regard.
0.3 This standard was first published in year 1963 and this revision has
been done so as to include a standardized split spoon sampler for which a
detailed specification has been formulated separately, besides including
the details of the correction factors which are necessary in calculation of
bearing capacity.
0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in
The number of significant places retained
accordance with IS : 2-1960t.
in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value
in this standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard specifies a standard
standard penetration test for soils.

procedure

for conducting

Code of practice for determination of bearing capacity of soils (first rmision).

tRules for rounding off numerical values ( raised ).

the

IS : 2131 - 1981
2. EQUIPMENT
2.1 Drilling

Equipment

2.1.1 The equipment used shall provide a clean borehole, 100 to 150 mm
in diameter, for insertion of the sampler to ensure that the penetration
test is performed on undisturbed soil and shall permit driving of the split
spoon sampler to obtain penetration record and the sample in accordance
with the procedure specified in 3.
NOTE -The
stiffness of the drill rod used for testing influences the N value
obtained by means of the test. A light rod whips under the blows of the hammer.
The drill rod shall preferably have a stiffness equal to A-rod (41.3 mm outer
diameter).
For depths of exploration more than 10 m, special precautions shall be
taken to keep the rod vertical by using centering spacers and/or by using stiffer rods
to minimize the whipping effect.
Spacers may be provided at every 10 m, or more
frequently~, if necessary.

2.1.2 Casing or Drilling Mud - It shall be used when drilling in sand, soft
clay or other soils in which the sides of borehole are likely to cave in. In
sandy and other non-cohesive soils, below water table it is often
preferable to use drilling mud rather than a casing.
If drilling mud
alone is not successful, casing may be used along with the drilling mud.
2.2 Split-Spoon
IS : 9640-1980*.
2.3 Drive

Sampler

Weight

The split spoon sampler shall conform

to

Assembly

2.3.1 The drive weight assembly shall consist of a driving head and a
63-5 kg weight with 75 cm free fall.
It shall be ensured that the energy
of the falling weight is not reduced by friction between the drive weight
and the guides or between rope and winch drum.

2.3.2 The rods to which the sampler is attached for driving should be
straight, tightly coupled and straight in alignment.
For driving the
casing, a hammer heavier than 63.5 kg may be used.
2.4 Lifting

Rail, Tongs,

Rope,

Screw

jack

etc

~3. PROCEDURE
the Casing - Where casing is used, it shall not be driven
In the
below the level at which the test is made or soil sample is taken.
case of cohesionless soils which cannot stand without casing, the
advancement of the casing pipe should be such that it does not disturb the
soil to be tested or sampled; the casing shall preferably be advanced by
3.1 Driving

*Specification for split spoon sampler.

4

IS :2131-

1981

slowly turning the casing rather than by driving, as the vibration caused
by driving may alter the density of such deposits immediately below the
bottom of the borehole.
3.2 Cleaning

the Borehole

3.2.1 In case wash boring is adopted for cleaning

the borehole,
side-discharge bits are permissible, but in no case shall a bottom-discharge
bit be permitted.
The process of jotting through an open tube sampler,
and then testing and sampling when the desired depth is reached shall
not be permitted.

3.2.2 While boring through soils, such as sands that may be disturbed
by the flow of water into the drill hole, no water shall be added to the
borehole while boring above the water table.
While boring below water
table, the water in the borehole shall be maintained at least I.5 m above
the level of the water table.
Bentonite slurry of appropriate consistency
-may be required to help the water level to be maintained above the
water table.
The raised level of the water in the borehole should be
maintained even if casing is used to stabilize the borehole.
3.2.2.1 While boring through sand using casing to stabilize the sides
of the borehole, the outer diameter of the shell shall be at least 25 mm
smaller than the inner diameter of the casing. The distance between the
end of the casing and the bottom of the borehole should be as close as
possible and in any case not exceed 150 mm, if only water is used to
stabilize the borehole; in case bentonite is used, this distance may be up
to 300 mm.
3.2.3 The borehole shall be cleaned up to testing or,sampling elevation,
using suitable tools, such as augers, that will ensure that there is minimum
mixing up of the soil from the bottom of the borehole.
In cohesive soils,
the borehole may be cleaned with bailer with a f-lap valve.
This should
not be used in sands.
3.3 Obtaining

the Samples

3.3.1 Tests shall be made at every change in stratum

or at intervals of
not more than l-5 m whichever is less. Tests may be made at lesser
intervals if specified or considered necessary.
The intervals be increased
to 3 m if in between vane shear test is performed.
3.3.2 The sampler shall be lowered to the bottomof the borehole.
following information shall be noted and recorded:

The

a) Depth of bottom of borehole below ground level,

b) Penetration of the sampler into the soil under the combined
weight of sampler and rods (to be noted from readings of the
scale over the drill rod at the top),
5

IS : 2131 - 1981
c) Water level in the borehole or casing, and
d) Depth of bottom of casing below ground level.
3.3.3 The split spoon sampler resting on the bottom of borehole should
be allowed to sink under its own weight; then the split spoon sampler
shall be seated 15 cm with the blows of the hammer falling through
75 cm. Thereafter,
the split spoon sampler shall be further driven by
30 cm or 50 blows (except that driving shall cease before the split spoon
The number of blows required to effect each 15 cm of
sampler is full).
The first 15 cm of drive may be
penetration
shall be recorded.
The total blows required for the second
considered to be seating drive.
and third 15 cm of penetration shall be termed the penetration-resistance
Jv; if the split spoon sampler is driven less than 45 cm (total), then the
penetration resistance shall be for the last 30 cm of penetration (if less
than 30 cm is penetrated, the logs should state the number of blows and
the depth penetrated).
3.3.3.1 The entire sampler
when very soft sub-soil stratum
it may not be necessary to give
SPT value should be indicated

may sometimes sink under its own weight

is encountered.
Under such conditions,
any blow to the split spoon sampler and
as zero.

3.3.4 If on lowering the sampler by means of a string of rods it is

found to rest at a level above the bottom of the casing, the penetration
test and sampling should not be carried out at that stratum.
3.4 Removal

of Sampler and Labelling

3.4.1 The sampler shall be raised to the surface and opened. A typical
sample or samples of soil from the opened split spoon shall be put into
The jars shall have a self-sealing top, or shall be
jars without ramming.
sealed with wax to prevent evaporation of the soil moisture. Jars shall be
of such a size that they can be filled without deforming the sample.
Typical samples shall be cut to such a size as to fill the jars and thereby
reduce the water loss to the air in the jars.
If packing as specified is not
available, liner may be used in the sampling spoon. In such a case, the
internal diameter of the sampling spoon should be SO adjusted that the
total internal diameter after incorporating
the liner is 35 mm.
The
sample in the liner shall be waxed properly at both the ends to keep up
the natural moisture content during transit.
3.4.2 Labels shall be fixed to the jar or notations shall be written on
the covers ( or .both ) with the following information:
a) Origin of sample,
b) Job designation,
6

c) Boring number,
d) Sample number,
e) Depth of sampling,
f ) Penetration

record,

g) Length of recovery,
h) Date of sampling.

and

3.4.3 The jars containing samples shall be stored in suitable

for shipment.
Samples shall not be placed in the sun.
3.5 Field

containers

Observations

3.5.1 Information
with regard to water table, elevations at which the
drilling water was lost or elevations at which water under excess pressure
was encountered shall be recorded.on the field logs. Water levels before
In sands,
and after putting the casing, where used, shall be measured.
the level shall be determined as the casing is pulled and then measured
at least 30 min after the casing is pulled; in silts, at least 24 h after the
casing is pulled; in clays, no accurate water level determination is possible
unless pervious seams are present. However, the 24 h level shall be
recorded for clays.
When drilling x&d is used and the water level is
desired, casing perforated at the lower end shall be lowered into the
borehole and the borehole bailed down. Ground water levels shall be
determined after bailing at time intervals of 30 min and 24 h until all
traces of drilling mud are removed from inside the casing.

3.6 Corrections
N value ior cohesionless soil shall be
as per Fig. 1 (Jv ).

3.6.1 Due to Overburden-The

corrected

for overburden

3.6.2 Due to Dilatancy - The value obtained in 3.6.1 shall be corrected

for dilatancy if the stratum consists of fine sand and silt below water table
for values of N greater than 15, as under ( x ):
N =15f$(JV-l5)
4. REPORT
4.1 Data

obtained in borings shall be recorded

include the following:
a) Date of boring,
b) Reference

datum,

c) Job identification,
7

in the field

and

shall

X5:2131-1981
d) Boring

number,

e) Sample
f) Type

number,
ofsampler,

g) Drilling

method,

h) Sample

elevation

j)

Limits

k) Water
m)

and recovery

ratio,

of stratuin,
table

information

Soil identification,

n) Penetration
p) Casing
q) Weather

(see 3.5),

including

condition

of samples,

records,

used, and
data.

CORRECTION
OF
N-VALUE
COHESlONLESS
SOIL FOR

FIG. 1

IN
OVERBURDEN

CORRECTION DUE TO OVERBURDEN

8

IS : 2131- 1981
4.2 The data obtairlecl shall be prepared in a final
to show the nature and extent of the soil strata
consideration.

form
over

as a soil profile
the area under

IS :2131 - 1981
( Continuedfrom

page 2

Members

Representing

Public Works Department,

Govr rnmrnt of Uttar
Pradesh,. Lucknow
Central Public Works Department, New Dt,lhi
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER ( DESIGN )V
Public Works Department, Government of Tamil
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER ( SMRD )
Nadu, Madras
EXECUTIVE ENQINEER (CD) ( Alternate )
Associated Instruments
Manufacturers
( India 1
SRRI M. D. NAIR
Private Ltd, New Delhi
PROF T. S. NA~ARAJ ( Alternafe )
Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi
SHRI T. K. NATRAJAN
Engineer-in-Chiefs
Branch, New Delhi
LT-COL K. M. S. SAHASI
SRLEIA. K. CHATURVEDI ( Altetnate )
Geological Survey of India, Calcutta
SERr S. K. SHOD
SHRI P. N. MEHTA ( Alternnte )
Roads Wing, Ministry of Transport
SHRI N. SIVAXJnU
SHRI P. K. THOMAS ( Alternate )
Government
of
Department,
SU;~~;~~DINO
ENGINEER (IP),
Irrigation
Maharashtra, Bombay

DIRECTOR, PWDRI

10

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