Paper 1 Revision For IB History HL

PAPER 1 REVISION
PAPER 1 ADVICE
How to structure a question 2:
Similarities 3xsimilarities + 3xdifferences or 2xsimilarities + 4xdifferences
(vice-versa)
TOTAL 6 POINTS
Separate the paragraphs between similarities and differences
Within each paragraph: the points should be separated with signposting
worlds: the source differ on, another similarity, furthermore, another
point, in addition, finally etc.
Linking sentence: both sources agreed that the treaty caused increase
tension: Source X states and Source Y agrees, stating
(Paraphrase a similar quote).
LINKING + EVIDENCE + EVIDENCE (always quote Evidence)
14 points = US President Wilsons hopes for peace and a new world order;
implementation of LoN + self-determination of nations + dearmament
Germany was hoping for:
-
Able to participate in the negotiations of the peace terms of the Treaties

Contestation of the guilt clause
No loss of armament which made it significantly weaker and vulnerable to
foreign attacks
The Big Four

France (Georges Clemenceau)
Their aims
-
Britain (David Lloyd)
Desire for revenge based on

Frances vulnerability due to the
wars effects (1.3 million dead,
2.8 million wounded)
maximum disarmament and
reparation payments on
Germany
To set up strong independent
Polish, Czech and Yugoslav
states to prevent communism
Independent Rhineland
Strong inter-allied (political and
economic) cooperation between
US, Britain and France (even
made compromises with Britain
in the Middle East by offering
Palestine oilfields)
Britain = achieved its aims such
Italy (Vittorio Emanuele Orlando)
US (Woodrow Wilson)
Common threat
as naval control, German fleet

and trade rivalry no longer a
threat, German colonial empire
destroyed
Sought territories in the Middle
East, not Europe
Peaceful, united Germany =
protection against the spread of
Communism
No desire to create long term
commitments in Europe +
annexation of minorities by the
French/Poles
Wanted reparations (influence
of Dominions) and war guilt
despite desire for peace rather
than revenge
Anxious to convince public
opinion that WW1 was worth it
territorial promises of The
Treaty of London
14 points to serve as the
Covenant for the LoN some
points were backed up e.g. selfdetermination of fallen Balkan
states but others were not e.g.
British did not like the idea of
lifting the naval blockade
failure to achieve an inter-Allied
consensus (British and French
imperialistic rivalries over
mandates/concessions in the
Middle East, USA Japan and
Britain in the Far East)
The spread of Communism as a result

of the defeat of the Central powers
(no stable governments East of the
Rhine) March 1919 = Hungary
taken over temporarily by the
Communists
The fear of the revolution intensified
by the influenza pandemic of 1919
Problems faced by the peacemakers

-
Revolutionary condition of Europe

Russian civil war
Diverging Allied claims
Competing nationalisms
Desire for revenge
Hunger, disease, economic chaos
Wilsons 14 points
- freedom of the seas
- Self-determination of nations
- International rule of law through the LoN disarmament
- Creation of a League of Nations
Peace Treaty
Versailles (June
1919)
Treaty of Saint
Germain with
Terms
- War guilt clause article
231
- Reparations (20 billion
gold marks, plus 60
billion in loans, then it
will be assessed what
they can afford later)
- Territorial changes (lost
Alsace-Lorraine and
West Prussia and a
DMZ of Rhineland, plus
special regimes of Saar
and Danzig)
- Surrender of German
colonies and
redistributed to Allies
- Disarmament (army
max 100,000 men,
navy max 15,000, no
air force, tanks, artillery
and a limit of six
battleships, cruisers, 12
destroyers and torpedo
boats, 0 submarines, 0
mines, 0 fortifications
in Baltic Seas
- Diplomatic restrictions
unable to form an
alliance with Austria
ever again
-
War guilt
Reparations (give
Reaction
- Germany =
embittered and
demanded
immediate
membership to
the LoN, Austria
and
Sudentenland
should be given
choice to annex
with Germany,
establishment of
a neutral war
commission to
assess war guilt
question
- Big Three reject
Germanys claims
- Treaty was not
ratified by the US
coalition of
isolationists led
by Senator Lodge
feared loss of
independence
through the LoN
Austria (September
1919)
Treaty of Trianon
with Hungary (June
1920)
back various
cultural and
historical
treasures, large
numbers of
livestock to
Romania,
Yugoslavia and
Italy, give Italy
control of
undersea cables,
massive loss of
industry
Territorial
changes (end of
empire, only 6
million people in
small area, lands
distributed to
Italy,
Czechoslovakia,
Yugoslavia,
Poland and
Romania)
Disarmament
(30,000 army, no
conscription, air
force or navy)
War guilt and
reparations
(TBD)
72% land loss
and 64%
population to
Romania,
Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia
and Austria
Disarmament
(35,000 max
army, no
conscription, no
navy, air force,
tanks,
flamethrowers
and all ships
surrendered
Allies
justified
harsh
terms by
terms of
LoN of selfdeterminati
on
Partition of
the country
rendered
an
impossible
task as a
result of
the
dispersion
of all
ethnic
communiti
es and
Treaty of Neuilly
with Bulgaria
(November 1919)
Treaty of the Svres

1919-23 for Turkey
No war guilt
100,000 million
in reparations,
land lost to
Yugoslavia,
Greece, but
gained some of
Turkey
War guilt
Territory
(mandates of
Syria,
Mesopotamia
and Trans-Jordan,
DMZ of Greece
border
Disarmament
(max 50,000
men, no AF or
Navy, some
ships, no
torpedos, no
fortresses
Reparations
(Allies control
banking)
inability for
any to be a
geographic
al majority
Desire to
reward
Yugoslavia
and other
allied
successor
states
Irredentism
of Hungary
Allies
desire to
reward
successor
states
AngloFrench
compromis
e to
weaken
Turkey
(surrender
of all nonethnic
majority
populated
regions)
Britain
manages
to claim
Palestine
through
Zionist
promises =
backing of
the US
Mustapha
Kemal
rejects
Treaty
signed on
August
1920 and
destroys all
Allies aims
at 1923
conference
in
Lausanne
League of Nations
Members
Non-members (reasons for this)
Responsibilities
Weaknesses
Britain, France, Japan (until 1931)

Russia, Germany (Treaty of Rapallo
1922)
USA
To ensure negotiation and peaceful
cooperation between members of the
LoN who are obliged to help each
other out when in need.
-
Successes
Failures
Effective altruism
Non-presence of certain
major powers
No actual military force
Disarmament not desired
by all countries
500,000 POWs returned

home
Helped refugees in
Turkey 1922
Attacked slave traders
Aalen Islands dispute
settled in
1921
Greek invasion of
Bulgaria in 1925
Unable to stop Italy in
Corfu in 1923
Germanys re-armament
Washington Naval Conference 1921-22

- Attended by 9 powers (US, Japan, China, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium,
Netherlands and Portugal
- Resulted in 3 treaties four-power, five-power and nine-power, plus a
few smaller agreements
- Fixed ratios of battleships 5:5:3 (US, Britain, Japan)
- Battleships could not be larger than 25,000 tons
- Allowed aircraft carriers
- Limited the naval race, but did assist Japan in becoming a major naval
power
Ruhr Crisis 1923

- Germany asks for 3 year moratorium
on reparations at the same time as
US demanded repayment of war
loans from Britain, who loaned
money to France
- French PM Poincare ordered
occupation of Ruhr to force
reparations, Britain adopted
neutrality policy
- Germans adopt passive resistance
by striking for nine months, with the
German gov paying wages and
benefits, but made no money off the
industry
- This resulted in hyperinflation when
German gov decide to print more
money to pay for the strike
- France was also financially
exhausted , plus Brit/France relations
were strained
Who benefited/did not?

- Middle Class + public
servants = worst-off
- Farmers, industrial
productions = value of
commodities could be
used to barter + power to
determine price
- Those with debts could
repay it all
- Investors = profit from rise
in interest etc.
Dawes Plan 1924
Locarno Conference 1925

- Key players: Foreign ministers Austen Chamberlain (Brit), Aristede
Briand (Fr) and Stresemann (Ger)
- Aim: Reassurance of peace from all parties
- Outcome: 7 signed treaties, most notable was the inviolability of FrancoGerman and Belgian-German borders and restoration of Rhineland
- Germany could also become a member of LoN
- Beginning of reconciliation between Germany and France, but also
Britain and France
- But, the Eastern boundaries were not protected, which meant that
Germany could possibly take them without much hassle
- Overall, Dtente was achieved and was received enthusiastically and
there was a feeling that peace had finally been achieved
- Locarno Spring is in reference to the feeling of optimism and renewal

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PAPER 1 REVISION

Able to participate in the negotiations of the peace terms of the Treaties

The Big Four

Britain (David Lloyd)

Desire for revenge based on

Italy (Vittorio Emanuele Orlando)

as naval control, German fleet

The spread of Communism as a result

Problems faced by the peacemakers

Revolutionary condition of Europe

Treaty of the Svres

Britain, France, Japan (until 1931)

500,000 POWs returned

Washington Naval Conference 1921-22

Ruhr Crisis 1923

Who benefited/did not?

Dawes Plan 1924

Locarno Conference 1925

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