CH 02

MQ 8 Ch 02 Page 33 Tuesday, December 5, 2000 1:48 PM
Positive and
negative
numbers
2
A group of mountain
climbers were climbing one
of the highest mountains in
the world. From their base
camp, the group travelled
506.3 m upwards. One
climber started to suffer
altitude sickness and was
escorted down by another
climber to a point 273.1 m
below the base camp. How
far apart were the two
groups?
This chapter deals with
directed numbers; that is,
numbers with a direction as
well as size.
34
Maths Quest 8 for Victoria
Integers on the number

line
Using positive and negative
numbers in our daily lives
Most people understand the concept of negative
numbers as soon as they are able to use money. Does
the following example sound familiar?
The phone rings and Deb is arranging to go to the
city with her friends. Having spent all her money on
Christmas presents, she borrows from her mother: $10
for the movies and $5 for snacks. Once she has spent
the money, she has less than $0. She owes her mother
$15, which she must pay back when she has earned
some more money.
The concept of owing money can be expressed as a
number less than zero or a negative number. The
number of dollars that Deb has after her trip to the city
is 15. If she had not spent any money on snacks and
returned the $5 to her mother, she would have had $10.
Other ways that negative numbers can be used are:
The temperature was 3C last night or 3 degrees
C
below zero.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
My bank statement
showed that I had withdrawn more than I had
deposited so I was $5
in the red. I had $5 or
I owed the bank $5.
Amount $
Deposits
250
180
Withdrawals
35
400
Balance
250
430
395
5
+10m
0m
An iceberg which extends further below

sea level than it does above sea level
may extend from 10 m to 60 m.
60m
Chapter 2 Positive and negative numbers
35
Positive and negative numbers have both size and direction, so they are often called
directed numbers.
Positive whole numbers, negative whole numbers and zero are all integers.
Integers can be represented as: 3, 2, 1, 0, +1, +2, +3.
When we write 3, we read it as negative three. When we write +2, we read it as
positive two.
WORKED Example 1
Write an integer suggested by each of the following examples.
a The temperature was 1 degree below zero.
b Kate has $500 in her bank account.
THINK
WRITE
a Below zero refers to negative.
a 1
b She actually has money so the integer is

positive.
b +500
Integers can be represented on a number line.

Value decreasing
Opposites
3
2
1
Negative integers
0
Zero
+1
+2
+3
+4
Positive integers
Value increasing
With the exception of zero, each integer has an opposite. For example, in the number
line, the integer 3 may be read as the opposite of +3 and so, (2) becomes the
opposite of negative 2, that is, positive 2.
Positive or negative direction symbols are placed to the left of the first digit of
the number and are not spaced, whereas operation symbols for addition and
subtraction are spaced between numbers. For example, 3 + 2 = +5
The number line

The number line can be used when comparing integers and when adding and subtracting integers.
Zero is neither positive nor negative. It is the basic reference value on the number line.
So +3 is three units to the right of zero and 3 is three units to the left. The further a
number is to the right on a number line, the greater the value. The further a number is
to the left on a number line, the smaller the value.
Symbols and their meanings

> means greater than
< means less than
means greater than or equal to

means less than or equal to
36
WORKED Example 2
Complete each statement by inserting the correct symbol: >, < or = .

a 2 5
b 4 1
c 0 3
d 6 2
THINK
WRITE
a 2 is to the left of 5 on the number line,

so 2 is smaller.
a 2<5
b 4 is to the left of 1 on the number

line, so 4 is smaller.
b 4 < 1
c 0 is to the right of 3 on the number

line, so 0 is larger.
c 0 > 3
d 6 is to the right of 2 on the number

line, so 6 is larger.
d 6 > 2
WORKED Example 3
Graph the following sets of integers on the number line.
a 2, 0, 1
b integers > 2
c integers 1
THINK
WRITE
a These are individual integers, so mark

each one with a solid dot.
b The symbol > means greater than or to

the right of 2, so it is an infinite list not
including 2.
c The symbol means less than or equal

to, or to the left of 1, so it is an infinite
list including 1.
d Between means not including the

boundary numbers 2 and 3.
d
2
d integers between 2 and 3
remember
remember
1. Integers are positive whole numbers, negative whole numbers and zero.
2. Integers including zero are directed numbers.
3. On a number line, positive integers are to the right of zero and negative integers
are to the left of zero.
4. Symbols and their meanings:
> which means greater than
which means greater than or equal to
< which means less than
which means less than or equal to.
2A
Example
Example
1 Write an integer suggested by each of the following

examples.
a The minimum temperature in Moscow on 1 January
2000 was 5 degrees below zero.
b The maximum temperature in Jerusalem on New
Years Day 2000 was a mild 23C.
c Naomi had no money left so she borrowed $20 to
spend at Southgate.
d Silas bank statement showed that he was in the
red by $150.
e Luis deposited $20 in his account.
f Our unit at Surfers Paradise was 11 floors above the
ground floor.
g The lift went 2 floors below ground level.
2 Which of the following are integers?
a 6
b 32
1
-e 24
f 0
c 2--5g 1000
3 Are the following true or false?

a The opposite of 4 is +4.
c Zero is not an integer.
e 5 is a negative integer.
g 0 > 5
i 4 > 1
k 5 = 5
b
d
f
h
j
l
d 0.8
h 3.4
Whole numbers are integers.

(3) = +3
2 > 2
8 < 3
0<3
3 < 0
Math
cad
WORKED
Integers on the number line
Greater
than or
less than
4 Complete each statement by inserting the correct symbol >, < or = :

a 3 8
b 61 16
c 90 500
d 110 700
e 24 26
f 30 3
g 4 20
h 9 9
i 0 2
j 5 2
k 6 0
l 100 1
5 Arrange each of the following in ascending order from smallest to largest.
a 3, 2, 0, 1, 8
b 38, 3, 6, 0, 5
c 4, 8, 21, 1, 4
6 Arrange each of the following in descending order from largest to smallest.
a 0, 5, 5, 3, 2
b 18, 20, 9, 1, 2
c 33, 22, 10, 9, 20
7 List the next 3 integers in each sequence.
a 4, 2, 0,
,
,
b 3, 6, 9,
,
,
c 64, 32, 16,
,
,
Spread
sheet
L
XCE
8 Draw a number line with 10 equal intervals marked, from 5 to +5. Mark the
following integers with a coloured dot.
The
a 3
b 0
c 2
number
d the integer 4 units to the right of 5
line
WORKED
37
38
9 multiple choice
a The whole numbers between 18 and 23 are:
A 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
B 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 C 18, 19, 20, 21, 22
D 19, 20, 21, 22
E 19, 19.5, 20, 20.5, 21, 21.5, 22
b The whole numbers greater than 5 (>5) are:
A 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, . . .
C 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
D 6, 7, 8, 9
E 6, 7, 8, 9, . . .
c The whole numbers less than or equal to 4 ( 4) are:
A 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
B 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, . . .
C 0, 1, 2, 3
D 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, . . .
E 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
10 Graph the following sets of integers on different number lines:
a 0, 3, 6
b integers > 5
3
c integers < 3
d integers 9
e integers between 8 and 12
f integers < 2
g integers 6
h integers between 8 and 2
i integers between 2 and 2
j integers > 3
k the negative integers
l the non-negative integers.
WORKED
Example
11 List the integers graphed on each number line.

a
b
1
22 21 20 19 18
(use )
3 2 1
c
0
12 11 10 9
8 7 6 5
1
2
(use )
4
3
Comparing temperatures
Consider the following temperatures:
a Ethylene glycol is used as antifreeze in car radiators. This chemical lowers the
freezing point of the coolant to 15C.
b Azizia in Libya recorded a temperature of 58C.
c Pure water freezes at 0C.
d Pure water boils at 100C.
e The average annual temperature in Antarctica is 49C.
f The worlds lowest temperature of 86.6C was recorded at Vostok in
Antarctica.
1 List the temperatures that are negative.
2 List the temperatures that are:
i greater than 20C
ii less than 20C
iii greater than 30C
iv less than 40C
v between 10C and 60C.
3 True or false? The average temperature in Antarctica is greater than the
freezing point of coolant in a car radiator with antifreeze added.
39
Locate the letter at each position on the number

lines below to find the code to answer the questions given.
What is shisk-kabob?
A
6 5 4
+1
+2 +3 +4 +5 +6
+2
+2
+2
+2
4 +2
+1
+4
+6
+3
+2
+3
+4
+5
Where
Wher
e is the Yuk
ukon?
on?
C
E
12
10
11
7 12
11 2 5
7 6
H
R
4 3
5
7
7 4 12 5 11 10 6 11 6
11
3 6
How does a cricket chirp?

0
Are
Ar
e whales fi
fish?
sh?
1
+1
4
5
6
Y
L 4
S 3
8
9
R
E 9
2
+5
+3
+4
+5
E
W
B
Y
N
R
+1
+1
2
+2
+1
4
4
5
3
+5 +5
+1
+3
+3
+1
+3 +4 4 +2 +4 2
What wer
were
e the first
wheeled vehicles?
vehicles?
T
40
Positive integers and zero on the

number plane
The number plane or Cartesian plane has 2 axes,
the horizontal or x-axis and the vertical or y-axis.
Each point on the number plane is described by
its position relative to the x- and y-axes. A pair of
coordinates or an ordered pair (x, y) fix the position of the point, where x units is the distance
along the x-axis and y units is the distance along
the y-axis. So the point marked A has coordinates
(2, 5) because the point is 2 units to the right of
zero along the x-axis and 5 units up the y-axis
from zero.
WORKED Example 4
In the number plane at right,
find the coordinates of: a A b B.
THINK
WRITE
a Point A is 1 unit to the right of zero

along the x-axis and 4 units up the y-axis
from zero.
a A (1, 4)
b Point B is on the y-axis, so is 0 units to

the right of zero along the x-axis and is 2
units up the y-axis from zero.
b B (0, 2)
WORKED Example 5
Use a letter to name the points on this number plane
which have the following coordinates.
a (3, 3) b (1, 0)
THINK
WRITE
a The point with coordinate (3, 3) is 3

units to the right of zero along the x-axis
and 3 units up the y-axis.
a (3, 3) is D
b The coordinate (1, 0) is 1 unit to the

right of zero along the x-axis and 0 units
up the y-axis.
b (1, 0) is C
y
7
6
(2, 5)
4
3
2
1
1
y
5 A
4
3
2 B
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x
y
5
E
4
D
3
B
2
1 A
C
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
8 x
41
remember
remember
1. The x-axis is the horizontal axis and the y-axis is the vertical axis.
2. An ordered pair (x, y) fixes the position of a point on the number plane, where
x units is the distance along the x-axis and y units is the distance along the
y-axis.
3. The x-coordinate indicates the number of units from zero the point is along the
x-axis and the y-coordinate indicates the number of units up the y-axis from
zero.
2B
Positive integers and zero on

the number plane
y
Questions 1 to 3 refer to the diagram shown at right.

1 Find the coordinates of the following.
a A
b B
c C
4
d D
e E
Example
(0, 0) (2, 8) (2, 0) (0, 3) (4, 6) (0, 0)
2
G
0
E
4 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GE
QUEST
EN
M AT H
Number
plane
(positive
axes)
y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
cad
2 Write a letter to name each of the points with the

following coordinates.
5
a (0, 0)
b (6, 6)
c (8, 1)
d (1, 8)
Math
Example
4 Draw axes as shown and plot the following

points in the order given, joining each point
to the next one.
WORKED
3 What do points A and B have in common?
WORKED
CH
AL
Here is a game to try with a partner! The first person chooses a number
from the list 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The second player also chooses a number
from this list and adds it to the first number chosen. The first player
chooses again (any number from the list can be used even if it has been
used before) and adds this to the total.
Players take turns selecting a number and adding it to the total until a
total of 51 is reached. The player who chose the last number to make it 51
is the winner.
Play this game a number of times. Are there any strategies you can use
to help you win the game?
42
Integers on the number plane

The axes on the number plane can be extended to include negative integers as shown.
The origin (0, 0) is the point where the two
axes intersect, dividing the plane into four
quadrants. The quadrants are numbered in an
anticlockwise direction, beginning in the top
right quadrant.
Second
quadrant
B
(3, 2)
y
4
First
quadrant
A (3, 2)
Origin
4 2 0
2 4 x
C
2
D (3, 2)
(3, 2)
4
Third
Fourth
quadrant
quadrant
2
WORKED Example 6
Write the coordinates and state the quadrant or axis of each point on this number plane.
y
2
B
2 1 0
1
2
3
1 2
3 x
THINK
WRITE
a A (2, 3)
A is 2 units to the right of the origin

along the x-axis and is 3 units down
from the origin along the y-axis.
It is in the lower right-hand corner.
B is 1 unit to the left of the origin

along the x-axis and is 0 units up or
down from the origin along the
y-axis.
It is on the x-axis.
A is in the fourth quadrant.

b B (1, 0)
B is on the x-axis.
remember
remember
1. The horizontal number line is the x-axis, and the vertical number line is the
y-axis.
2. Points are represented by ordered pairs of integers (x, y).
3. The origin is the point (0, 0), where the axes intersect.
4. Each quarter is called a quadrant and is numbered from one to four in an anticlockwise direction beginning with the top right-hand quadrant.
2C
43
Integers on the number plane
Use the diagram shown here to find the answers to questions 1 to 9.
cad
Math
y
6
B
C
4
2
A
G
6
Number
plane
K
x
2
F
H
4
6
WORKED
Example
1 Write the coordinates and state the quadrant or axis of each point.
a A
b B
c H
d F
e J
2 Name the point and give its quadrant or axis.
a (5, 2)
b (0, 5)
c (3, 3)
d (2, 5)
e (3, 0)
3 Give the x-coordinate of the following.
a A
b D
d L
4 Give the y-coordinate of the following.

a C
b J
d F
5 What is the x-value of all points on the y-axis?

6 What is the y-value of all points on the x-axis?
7 List all points lying in the third quadrant in the diagram.
8 In which quadrant do all points show the sign pattern (+ , )?
9 True or false?
a F and D have the same y-coordinate.
b A and D have the same x-coordinate.
c The origin has coordinates (0, 0).
d The point at (3, 5) is the same point as (5, 3).
e The point at (5, 4) is in the third quadrant.
f The point at (0, 2) must lie on the y-axis.
10 multiple choice
a The point (5, 2) lies:
A in the first quadrant
D in the fourth quadrant
b The point at (0, 4) lies:
D in the fourth quadrant
B in the second quadrant C in the third quadrant

E on the x-axis
B on the y-axis
E on the x-axis
C in the third quadrant
44
The point (4, 5) lies:

B in the second quadrant C in the third quadrant
D in the fourth quadrant E on the x-axis
11 Draw up a number plane with both axes scaled from 6 to 6. Plot the points listed and
join them with straight lines in the order given. Name the completed shape.
a (5, 5), (3, 2), (2, 2), (0, 5), (5, 5)
b (4, 1), (4, 5), (1, 3), (4, 1)
c (4, 4), (2, 1), (4, 5), (6, 1), (4, 4)
d (2, 1), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 1)
Work
ET
SHE
2.1
12 a Find the coordinates of a point, C, so that

ABCD is a parallelogram.
b Find the coordinates of a point, F, so that DBEF
is a kite shape.
c Show that the point (4, 1) lies on the line
through D and the origin.
d List 2 points on the line joining D to E.
e Give the coordinates of a point, T, in the third
quadrant which would complete the isosceles
triangle ADT.
y
A
4 2 0
2
1
1 True or false? The number 2.5 is called an integer.
2 True or false? 6 < 2
3 List the integers between 11 and 7.
4 Arrange these numbers in ascending order: 7, 0, 3, 10, 15
5 Describe the integers graphed on the
number line.
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 On a drawn number line with 8 equal intervals marked from 4 to +4, graph
integers 3.
Use the following number plane diagram for questions 7, 8 and 9.
7 Give the coordinates and quadrant for the point C.
8 Name the point fitting the description (2, 3).
9 True or false? Point D is in the second quadrant.
10 On a drawn number plane with both axes scaled
from 5 to +5, plot the points listed and join them
in the order given. Name the shape you have constructed.
(5, 4), (2, 3), (4, 2), (2, 3), (5, 4)
y
3
2 A
1
B
3 2 1 0
1
2
C
2 3 x
D
Addition of integers
45
Temperature in
Degrees Celsius
+5
One cold and frosty morning the temperature is

3C, but by 10 am it has risen to +4C.
Addition of integers can be used to find the
temperature at 10 oclock.
In the Celsius temperature scale, pure water
freezes at 0C and boils at 100C. Human body
temperature is around 37C. Air temperatures are
between 25C and 35C on hot days and between
18C and 21C on cool days. On frosty mornings
and in snowy regions temperatures are below zero.
So let us add integers involving temperatures.
+4
+3
+2
+1
Freezing point
of pure water
0
1
2
3
Case 1: Adding positives

A rise in temperature of 3C from 2C
Starting at 2C, an increase of 3C results in a temperature of 5C.
+2 + +3 = +5
Case 2: Adding negatives

A fall in temperature of 1C from 2C
Starting at 2C, a fall of 1C results in a temperature of 3C.
2 + 1 = 3
Case 3: Mixed signs

Starting at 2C, a rise of 5C results in a temperature of +3C.
2 + +5 = +3
+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
0
1
2
3
+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
0
1
2
3
A fall in temperature of 3C from +1C

Starting at +1C, a fall of 3C results in a temperature of 2C.
+1 + 3 = 2
Case 4: Adding opposites

Starting at 3C, a rise of 3C results in a temperature of 0C.
3 + +3 = 0
Note: Adding opposites always results in zero.
Assume that the number is positive if there is no sign.
For example, 3 + +3 = 0 could be written as 3 + 3 = 0.
Use a number line or number sentences to add integers in
the same way we used the examples of temperature.
+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
0
1
2
3
+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
0
1
2
3
46
WORKED Example 7
Write number sentences to show the addition problems suggested by the following
diagrams:
a
b
6
5 4
3 2 1
2 1
THINK
WRITE
a Write the addition statement suggested

by the diagram. (The first integer is 2
units to the left of zero, so start at 2.
The second integer is 4 units to the left
of 2, finishing at 6.) Find the answer.
a 2 + 4 = 6
b Write the addition statement suggested

by the diagram. (The first integer is 2
units to the left of zero so start at 2.
The second integer is 5 units to the right
of 2, finishing at +3.) Find the answer.
b 2 + +5 = +3
+1 +2 +3
WORKED Example 8
Draw a sign model for each of the following and state the result.
a 4 + +1
b +5 + 3
THINK
a
Show 4 as four negative signs.

Show +1 as one positive sign.
Cancel out the opposite signs.
Write the answer.
1
2
WRITE
Show +5 as 5 positive signs.

Show 3 as 3 negative signs.
Cancel out the opposite signs.
Write the answer.
1
2
a
+
+
4 + +1 = 3
b +++++
+++++
+5 + 3 = +2
remember
remember
1. To add integers, use a number line, number sentences or sign models.
2. Adding opposites always results in zero.
3. Assume that the number is positive if there is no sign.
2D
47
Addition of integers
+2
+2
+1
0
1
2
+2
0
1
2
+3
+1 + +2 =
Math
cad
1 For each of the following temperature changes, write the sum suggested by the
diagram and the resulting temperature. See cases 1 to 4 on page 45 at the beginning of
Addition
this section.
and
a
b
c
subtraction
of integers
+1
0
1
2
+3
2 + 3 =
2 + +3 =
2 Write number sentences to show the addition problems suggested by the following
diagrams.
a
c
e
WORKED
Example
3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+2
+4
+6
d
f
2 1 0 +1 +2 +3
2 1 0 +1 +2 +3
3 2 1
3 Draw a sign model for each of the following and state the result.
a +2 + 3
b +3 + 4
c +4 + 4
d +3 + 2
e 4 + +2
f 5 + +3
4 Copy and complete these number sentences. (Draw a number line or other model if
you wish.)
a 5 + 2
b 3 + 4
c 2 + 2
d 6 + 5
e 5 + 5
f 4 + 6
g 5 + 7
h 6 + 9
i 4 + 6
j 3 + 3
k 8 + 2
l 0 + 6
Remember: Rules for addition of integers are.
For same signs: add and keep the sign: 3 + 5 = (3 + 5) = 8
For different signs: subtract the smaller number from the larger number and use the
sign of the number further from zero 8 + 5 = (8 5) = 3
For opposites signs: opposite integers add to zero 4 + 4 = 0
5 Write the answer for each of the following.
a 5 + 2
b 6 + 4
d 3 + 7
e 3 + 7
g 8 + 12
h 19 + 22
j 80 + 90
k 2 + 4
c
f
i
l
8 + 8
3 + 7
64 + 36
15 + 7
L Spread
XCE
Addition
of
integers
sheet
Example
WORKED
48
6 a Copy and complete the addition table shown at right:

b What pattern is shown along the leading (dotted)
diagonal?
c What pattern is shown along the other (unmarked)
diagonal?
d Is the chart symmetrical about the leading diagonal?
e Comment on any other number patterns you can see.
2 1 0
3
0
1
0
1
2
7 Copy and complete this addition table.

+ 13 5
21
18
8 Write the number that is:

a 6 more than 2
d 3 below 2C
b 5 more than 8
e 3 to the right of 4
9 Model each situation with an integer number

sentence that shows the result of the following.
a From ground level, a lift went down 2
floors, then down another 3 floors.
b From ground level, a lift went down 3
floors, then up 5 floors.
c From ground level, a lift went up 5 floors,
then down 6 floors.
d Australia was 50 runs behind, then made
another 63 runs.
e An Olympian dived down 5 metres from a
board 3 metres above water level.
f At 5.00 pm in Falls Creek the temperature
was 1C. It then fell 6 degrees by
11.00 pm.
g A submarine at sea level dived 50 metres,
then rose 26 m.
h An account with a balance of $200 had
$350 withdrawn from it.
c
f
8 above 1C
4 to the left of 3.
5m
3m
10 multiple choice
From ground level, a lift went down 2 floors,
then down another 3 floors to a level 5 floors
below the ground. The number sentence that
describes this situation is:
A 2+3=5
B 2 + 3 = 5
C 2 + 3 = 1
D 2 + 3 = 1
E 3 + 2 = 5
11 Describe a situation to fit each of the number sentences below.
a 3 + 2 = 5
b 10 + 40 = 50
c 2 + 6 = 4
d 20 + 20 = 0
e 8 + 10 = 2
49
Why
Wh
y did the teacher
Answer the questions
below to find the puzzle
wear
w
ear sunglasses?
code and my secret!
E = 6 + 8
=
E = +11 + 9
=
18
+6
14
+16
11
5
+19
+3
+2
17
+1
+4
+9
E = 12 + +7
=
F = 6 + +6
=
E = 7 + 13
=
H = +4 + 7
=
F = 5 + +3
=
I = +2 + 5 + +2
=
H = 1 + +7
=
I = 3 + 7
=
L = 2 + 1 + 5
=
J = 2 + +5 + +2
=
J = 15 + +27
=
P = 8 + +18
=
M = 5 + 10
=
O = +9 + 8
=
R = 4 + +23
=
Q = 9 + 7
=
Q = +3 + 7
=
S = +5 + 17
=
R = 7 + +11
=
S = +1 + 4 + 3
=
T = 3 + 4 + 4
=
S = +13 + 20
=
T = 21 + +3
=
T = 5 + +12
=
T = 11 + +24
=
T = +20 + 4
=
U = 8 + +5 + 10
=
V = 24 + +5
=
X = 3 + 4 + +15
=
1
2
E = +1 + +8
=
C = +20 + 5
=
F = +2 + 11
=
8
20
B = 2 + +5
=
F = 25 + +8
=
6
16 19 4 +5 15 +7 +8 0 7 9 +13 +10 +15 12 +12 3 10 13
50
Subtraction of integers
Consider the pattern:
31=2
32=1
33=0
3 4 = 1 and 3 + 4 = 1
Subtracting a number gives the same result as adding the opposite.
3 5 = 2 and 3 + 5 = 2
WORKED Example 9
Calculate the following:
a 25
c 5 3
b 3 6
d 5 4
THINK
WRITE
a 2 5 = 2 +5
Write the question.
Rewrite, changing subtraction to

addition of the opposite integer.
= 2 + 5
Add, using the addition rule for

addition of integers.
= 3
Write the question.

= 3 + 6

= 9
Write the question.

= 5 + +3
=5+3

=8
Write the question.

= 5 + 4

= 1
b 3 6 = 3 +6
c 5 3
d 5 4 = 5 + +4
51
WORKED Example 10
Evaluate the algebraic expression a + b c, if a = 2, b = 1 and c = 5.

THINK
1
2
3
WRITE
a+bc
= 2 + 1 5
Write the expression.

Replace each pronumeral with the
appropriate integer.
Evaluate the expression.
Graphics Calculator tip!
= 1 5
= 1 + +5
=4
Entering a
negative number
To enter a negative number into a graphics

calculator, use the key marked () . On a TI-83,
this is positioned to the left of the ENTER key.
The keys to be entered for worked example 10
are: () 2 + 1 () 5 ENTER .
WORKED Example 11
A news flash in Freezonia announced that there had been a record drop in temperature
overnight. At 6 pm the temperature was 10C and by 4 am it had fallen 25. What was the
temperature at 4 am?
THINK
1
2
3
WRITE
Write the original temperature. Decide

whether the temperature rose (addition)
or fell (subtraction). Write the number
sentence.
Find the answer.
Write the answer in a sentence.
remember
remember
10 25
= 10 + 25
= 15
The temperature in Freezonia at 4 am was
15C.
1. To subtract an integer, add its opposite: a b = a + b

2. Only the number after the subtraction symbol changes to its opposite.
3 5 = 3 + 5
= 2
52
2E
Mat
d
hca
Addition and
subtraction of
integers
WORKED
Example
Spreadshe
et
EXCEL
Subtraction
of integers
WORKED
Example
10
WORKED
Example
11
Subtraction of integers
1 Copy and complete the following.

a 3 8 = 3 + 8
b 69=6+
=
=
c 2 5 = 2 +
d 9 8 = 9 +
=
=
2 Calculate the following.
a 75
b 8 2
c 4 6
d 6 8
e 1 10
f 5 5
g 8 8
h 04
i 0 3
j 10 20
k 11 3
l 5 5
3 Are these number sentences true or false?
a 7 9 = 7 + 9
b 0 8 = 8 0
c 8 12 = 12 + 8
d 0 p = p
4 Calculate the following mentally and write just the answer.
a 7 3
b 8 5
c 6 9
d 0 12
e 8 8
f 3 20
g 20 3
h 4 8
5 Show working to calculate the following.
Remember: Order of operations: brackets, or moving from left to right, + or
moving from left to right.
a 6 + 3 2
b 9 + (5 7)
c 3 (8 2)
d 6 + 8 + 5 2
e 4 + (8 + 10)
f 16 (2 6)
6 multiple choice
a 7 + 4 2 is equal to:
A 9
B 1
C 13
D 5
E 5
b 6 (2 + 3) is equal to:
A 1
B 7
C 11
D 5
E 7
7 Find the missing number in these incomplete number sentences.
a 8+
=0
b 2 +
= 8
c
+ 6 = 4
d
+ 5 = 2
e
+ 5 = 2
f
7 = 6
g 8
= 17
h 8
= 17
i
2 = 7
8 Evaluate each algebraic expression, if a = 5, b = 2, c = 8.
a a+b
b b+c
c ab
d bc
e a+b+c
f a b c g a (b + c) h c b a
i ab+c
9 The temperature in the freezer was 20C. Just before he went to bed, Dennis had a
spoonful of ice-cream and left the freezer door ajar all night. The temperature in the
front of the freezer rose 18 and the ice-cream melted. What was
the temperature in the front of the freezer when his
mother found the ice-cream in the morning?
10 Jill is climbing up a steep and slippery path
to fetch a bucket of water. When she is 6 m
above her starting point, she slips back
1 m, grasps some bushes by the side of
the path and climbs 7 m more to a flat
section. How far above her starting point
is she when she reaches the resting place?
53
Multiplication of integers
Consider the patterns in the following multiplication tables.
33=9
32=6
result
31=3
decreases
30=0
by 3 each
3 1 = 3
step
3 2 = 6
3 3 = 9
positive positive = positive
positive negative = negative
3 3 = 9
3 2 = 6
result
3 1 = 3
increases
3 0 = 0
by 3 each
3 1 = 3
step
3 2 = 6
3 3 = 9
negative positive = negative
negative negative = positive
When multiplying two integers with the same sign the answer is positive
When multiplying two integers with different signs the answer is negative.
Movies
The movie star can move either east (positive direction) or
west (negative direction). The film can be run either
forwards (positive) or backwards (negative). Fill in the
chart showing the persons resulting direction of movement
on the screen.
Direction of
the
persons
movement
Resulting
direction of the
Direction that
persons
the
movement on
film is run
the screen
1.
east (+)
forwards (+)
2.
west ()
forwards (+)
3.
east (+)
backwards ()
4.
west ()
backwards ()
54
Number pattern table

Copy and complete the table at right:
1 Fill in quadrant 2 first, by continuing the
sequences 9, 6, 3, 0, and so on.
2 Then complete the shaded products
involving 0.
3 Finally, complete quadrants 3 and 4, by
continuing the sequences.
3 2 1
1
2
3
WORKED Example 12
Evaluate: a 5 +2
b 4 6
c (9)2
d (3)3
THINK
WRITE
Write the question.

Negative positive = negative.
a 5 +2
= 10
Write the question.

Negative negative = positive.
b 4 6
= 24
Write the question.

Write in extended notation.
c (9)2
= 9 9
= 81
Write the question.

Write in extended notation.
Positive negative = negative.
d (3)3
= 3 3 3
= +9 3
= 27
Write the question.

Look for a number that when 3 lots
of this number are multiplied
together the result of 8 is obtained.
The number must be negative for the
cube of it to be negative.
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
1
2
8
2 2 2 = 8
So 3 8
= 2
remember
remember
When multiplying integers:
Same direction gives a positive result
positive positive = positive and
such as
+3 +2 = +6
Different directions give a negative result
positive negative = negative and
such as
+3 2 = 6

3 2 = +6.
3 +2 = 6.
2F
Multiplication of integers
WORKED
6 3
2 3
(6)2
(7)2
10 1
20 10
3 27
c
f
i
l
o
r
u
7 9
4 5
0 7
16
15 2
6 6
3 1
b 2 + 2 + 2 =
3 2 =
d 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 =
4 5 =
3 Simplify the following.

a 2 3 4
b (3)2 2
e 4 3 3
f 4 (1)3
c 32 2
g 8 9 2
d (2)3
h (2)4
5 Simplify each algebraic expression.

a 32p
b 3 4 t
e 3 c 5
f 2 d 7
c 2 5 b
g 6 a 2 b
d 2a4
h 5x 2g
Multiplication
of integers
L Spread
XCE
Multiplication
of integers
GAME
time
2 Copy and complete the following.

a 4 + 4 =
2 4 =
c 3 + 3 =
2 3 =
Math
b
e
h
k
n
q
t
cad
Example
sheet
1 Evaluate the following.

a 2 5
12
d 6 5
g 5 5
j 8 1
m 24 1
p 3 18
s (2)3
55
Positive and
negative
4 Formulate a rule for predicting the direction sign of any power with a negative base. numbers
Remember, in the number (2)3, 2 is the base and 3 is the power.
001
b 6
e 8
h (
= 18
=8
2
) =9
c
f
i
7 Evaluate each algebraic expression, if c = 2, d = 5.

a c+d
b c d (or cd)
c dc
cd
e 3cd
f 3c + d
g -----10
8 Six people each owe the bank $50. The combined total of the six
accounts is:
A $300
B $50
C $50
D $6/5
E $300
9 Dawn was taking her younger brother
and sister to the local pool for a swim
but she had spent all her money. It cost
$2 for each person so she borrowed the
money from her parents. How much did
she have if she swam too?
SkillS
2.1
3 = 18
8
=0
2
2 3 =
d dc
h d2 c
HEET
SkillS
6 Fill in the missing numbers.

a 6 3 =
d 8
= 8
g 1
=1
HEET
2.2
56
Division
The division operation is the inverse or opposite of multiplication.
Since
32=6
then
63=2
and
6 2 = 3.
Since 3 2 = 6
then 6 3 = 2
and 6 2 = 3.
Since 2 3 = 6
then 6 3 = 2
and
6 2 = 3.
Rules of division
1. Same directions gives a positive result:
positive positive = positive
and
such as +6 +3 = +2
and
6 3 = +2.
2. Different directions give a negative result:
and
positive negative = negative
such as
6 3 = 2
and
6 3 = 2.
3. Divide zero by any number and the answer is always zero.
WORKED Example 13
Calculate: a 10 2
b 12 4
c 20 5.
THINK
WRITE
Write the question.

Look at the directions to decide
whether the answer is positive or
negative. If they are different, the
answer is negative and if they are the
same the answer is positive. Divide.
a 10 2
= 5
Write the question.

Different directions give a negative
answer. Divide.
b 12 4
= 3
Write the question.

Divide using the kind of directions
to indicate the sign.
c 20 5
=4
1
2
1
2
1
2
Division with
negative numbers
You can check your answers with a graphics

calculator. Remember that negative numbers
are entered using the () key. The key
is used for operations on integers expressed
10
as 10 2 as well as those expressed as ------ .
2
The screen opposite shows the calculations
for worked example 13.
57
WORKED Example 14
16
Simplify: a --------+2
b 5
4
------ .
20
THINK
a
WRITE
--------- is the same as 16 +2)

Write the question. ( 16
+2
Divide using the type of directions to indicate the

sign.
Write the question.
Write the integer as a fraction with a denominator

of 1 and multiply numerators and denominators
or cancel.
Write the answer.
16
a --------+2
= 8
b 5
4
-----20
5 4 1
= ------ -------51 20
5
= -----5
= 1
remember
remember
Rules of division
1. The same directions or signs give a positive result.
2. Different directions or signs give a negative result.
3. Divide 0 by any integer and the answer is always zero.
a
4. --- is the same as a b.
b
2G
Division

a 8 2
13
d 12 3
g 90 10
j 6 1
m 184 2
p 129 3
s 0 480
WORKED
c
f
i
l
o
r
u
Math
8 2
16 8
6 1
84 4
67 1
336 6
(6)2 12
Division
of
integers
WORKED
Example
8
-----8
2
d 3 -----6
3 Fill in the missing numbers in these number sentences.

a 21
= 7
b
8 = 4
d 11
=1
e
7 = 0
g 42
= 6
h 96
=2
e
c
f
i
5
4 -----10
9 = 8
4 = 4
150 25 =
3
9 -----18
L Spread
XCE
8 2
15 5
88 11
0 4
125 5
284 4
132 11
Division
of
integers
sheet
2 Simplify the following.

6
24
14
a -----b --------8
2
b
e
h
k
n
q
t
cad
Example
58
4 multiple choice
The missing numbers in the following number sentences could be:
a 16
=
A 2, 8
B 2, 8
C 4, 4
D 2, 8
b
= 5
A 15, 3
B 15, 5
C 25, 5
D 30, 6
SkillS
HEET
2.3
5 If a = 6, b = 3, c = 2, evaluate the following.

a
a ab
b --c
bc
ab
d -----e -----a
c
a
a
g --- + c
h -----b
cb
E 1, 16
E 25, 5
abc
ab
-----bc
( a + bc )
-------------------b
6 A spider is running down the stairs from the

first floor of an old ladys house to the basement below. It stops every 5 steps to catch a
fly. If there are 26 steps above ground and
14 below, how many flies does the spider
catch?
Combined operations
When simplifying numbers, the order of operations,
BODMAS, helps us to remember the correct order in
which we should perform the various operations. This
does not show when to evaluate the exponents, so it is useful to think of BEDMAS.
B still represents Brackets, DM represents Division and Multiplication, from left to
right and AS represents Addition and Subtraction, from left to right. E represents
Exponents, indicating that terms should be squared, cubed and so on and must be
evaluated after the brackets.
If Exponents and Of are both included, the Exponents are simplified before the Of.
Order of operations
Working from left to right, calculate:
1. within grouping symbols or brackets {[( )]} first
2. powers such as xa next
3. then multiplication or division as it occurs, left to
right or
4. and finally addition or subtraction as it occurs, left
to right + or .
{
{
B rackets
E xponents
D ivisions
Multiplications
A dditions
S ubtractions
59
WORKED Example 15
Calculate 58 (2 8 + 32) using the correct order of operations.

THINK
1
2
3
4
5
WRITE
58 (2 8 + 32)
= 58 (2 8 + 9) *
Write the question.

Working inside grouping symbols,
(Brackets) simplify the squared term
(Exponent).
Multiplication within the brackets.
(Multiplication)
Addition within the brackets.
(Addition)
When brackets have been removed
work the subtraction outside the
brackets. (Subtraction)
= 58 (16 + 9)
= 58 7
= 58 + +7 *
= 65
* These steps could be omitted with practice.
Finding the square

of a number
To calculate the square of a number such as

52, enter 5 then press the x 2 key. On a
TI-83 calculator, this key is located in the far
left column of keys. The screen opposite
shows the calculation for worked example
15. Notice that you need to enter brackets so
that the correct order of operations is
applied.
WORKED Example 16
Evaluate 5a b, if a = 20 and b = 4.
THINK
1
2
WRITE
Write the expression as given.

Substitute the given value for each
pronumeral, inserting operation signs as
required.
Perform the operations as they occur
from left to right.
5a b
= 5 20 4
= 100 4
= 25
remember
remember
BEDMAS
Brackets Exponents
Divisions
Multiplications
Additions
Subtractions
60
2H
Combined operations
1 Calculate the following, using the correct order of operations.

a 6 + 3 4
b 18 12 3
c
15
d 17 3 + 8
e 6 3 9
f
g 7 + (3 4)
h (6 + 3) 9
i
j 6 5 2 6
k 4 (6 4)
l
WORKED
d
hca
Mat
Example
Combined
operations
8 + 4 10
72 8 3
3 2 + 3 1
(8 + 3) 7
2 Evaluate each of the following.

a 4 + 7 3 2
c (2)3 3 2
e 8 2 + (2)2
g (7 + 5) 24 6
i 54 6 + 8 9 4
k 7 + 7 7 7 7
b
d
f
h
j
l
6 4 + (3)2
3 + (2 8) + 6
4 8 [2 + (3)2]
15 (2 5) 10
(9 6) 5 + 8 0
9 5 (3 2) + 48 6
3 Evaluate each of the following.

a 2x + 3x, if x = 4
16
c 5b 3, if b = 7
e x3 y, if x = 4, y = 4
g 2x3, if x = 3
b
d
f
h
5 + 3d, if d = 2
a(b + c), if a = 6, b = 2, c = 4
a2 a3, if a = 2
2c2 3c3, if c = 1
WORKED
Example
4 multiple choice
The expression 6 + 2 5 10 2 is equal to:
A 15
B 35
C 60
GAM
me
E ti
Positive and
negative
numbers
002
Work
ET
SHE
2.2
D 1
E 3
5 Model each situation with integers, then find the result:

a A submarine dives 100 m from sea level, rises 60 m then dives 25 m. What is its
final position?
b Jemma has $274 in the bank, then she makes the following transactions: 2 withdrawals of $68 each, and then 3 deposits of $50 each.
c If 200 boxes of apples were each 3 short of the stated number of 40 apples, what
was the overall shortfall in the number of apples?
d A person with a mass of 108 kg wants to reduce his mass to 84 kg in 3 months.
What average mass reduction is needed per month?
e Local time in Melbourne is 3 hours ahead of Singapore time, which is 5 hours
behind Auckland (NZ) time. Auckland is 11 hours ahead of Berlin (Germany) time.
What is the time difference between:
i Melbourne and Berlin?
ii Singapore and Berlin?
f Merlin is riding his bike east at a steady 10 km/h, while Morgan is riding her bike
west at a steady 8 km/h. They pass each other on Backpedal bridge at 12 noon.
(Assume that east is the positive direction and west is negative and that time before
noon is negative and after noon is positive.)
i What is the location of each person with respect to the bridge at 9 am?
ii What are their locations with respect to the bridge at 2 pm?
iii How far apart were they at 10 am?
iv How far apart will they be at 4 pm?
61
Wet or dry reunion?

Marion looks out
of the window of
her castle and spies
Robin at 100 m
down the road,
riding at 2 m/s.
She immediately
starts to lower the
drawbridge.
1 If the drawbridge is 10 m high and takes 60 s to lower, what is the average
change each second, in the height of the drawbridge?
2 If Robin does not slow down as he approaches the castle, will he make it into
the castle? Give reasons.
3 If the point where the edge of the moat meets the road is taken as zero and
Robin is +100 m from the moat when Marion first sees him, how far is he from
the edge of the moat when the drawbridge hits the ground?
4 Robins horse is 2.8 m tall. If the distance from the horses head to the surface
of the water when the horse stands in the moat is 0.7 m, how far is the bottom
of the moat from the surface of the water?
2
1 Describe the integers graphed on the number
line to the right.
4 3 2 1
2 On a number line, graph the integers > 3.

Use the number plane at right for questions 3 and 4.
3 Give the coordinates and quadrant for the point, Y.

4 Name the point fitting the description (1, 0).
2
Y
W
2 1 0
1
1 Z
5 Arrange these numbers in descending order:

0, 12, 4, 5, 11.
6 List the next 3 integers in the sequence

54, 45, 36,
,
,
.
7 Describe a situation to fit the number sentence 4 + 5 = 1.
8 Find the missing numbers: 7
= 11.
9 If a = 3 and b = 4, find the value of 2a b.

2
10 Evaluate 55 5 + 7 6 2.
1
2
62
Directed numbers on the number line

Positive and negative numbers have both size and direction, so they are often called
directed numbers. Directed numbers are all values on the number line. They include
zero, positive and negative whole numbers and fractions (common and decimal).
WORKED Example 17
Graph each of the following sets of directed numbers on a number line.
a x > 2 1--2-
b x 1 3--4-
c 2 1--3- < x 3.4
THINK
WRITE
a > means greater than, so x takes on all

values to the right of 2 1--2- . Use an open
or unshaded circle to indicate that the
number itself is not included.
b means less than or equal to, so x takes

on all values to the left of and including
1 3--4- . Show all points fitting the
description. Use a closed or shaded
circle to show that the number itself is
included.
c 2 1--3- < x 3.4 means all numbers lying

between the given boundaries, and
including 3.4 itself. Use an open dot to
show that 2 1--3- is not included and a
closed dot to show that 3.4 is included.
Use estimation to locate the boundary
points.
3 1 2
2 2
0 x
1 34
2 x
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x
2 13
3.4
remember
remember
1. Symbols for directed numbers on a number line
>
means greater than or to the right
<
means less than or to the left
means less than or equal to or to the left and including
means greater than or equal to or to the right and including

<
<
means between but not including.
2. When graphing number lines an open or unshaded circle indicates that the
number is not included. A closed or shaded circle indicates that the number is
included.
63
Directed numbers on the

number line
2I
1 State true or false:

a Integers are directed numbers.
c Decimals are directed numbers.
b Fractions are directed numbers.

d 3.6 is the opposite of 3.6.
e 3--4- is a negative fraction.
WORKED
17
< 3--4-
1
--2
0 > 6 1--3-
Zero is neither negative nor positive.
h 8.2 > 2.1

j
7 1--2- < 7 1--4-
2 Graph each of the following sets of directed numbers on a number line.

a x>
3 1--2-
b x<
2 1--3-
e 2 < x < 1
1 2--3- < x
x < 1 4--5-
2 3--5- x 3.8
x 4.5
d x 6.25
g 6 3--4- x < 4 1--2-
1
--2
Math
cad
Example
Directed
numbers on
the number
line
h x 2.75
3 Describe the directed numbers graphed on each number line. Use number sentences
such as: x > 2 1--2- , x 4.8, and so on.
a
d
g
2 112 1
1
9
2
3
6 34 7
3 2 1 0
c
f
8 712 7 613 6
10
11
12
4 Arrange the following in ascending order.

a 6, 3, 0, 5.8, 4 1--2-
b 3 2--3- , 1, 4.2, 1 1--2- , 3--4-
0, 2--3- , 1--4- , 6.8, 8.6
Directed numbers on the number

plane
The four quadrants of the number plane divided by
the horizontal (x-) axis and the vertical (y-) axis can
display points with ordered pairs made up of any
directed numbers.
A in the first quadrant is the point (2 1--2- , 3 1--2- ).
4
B
(3, 2 14 )
B in the second quadrant is the point (3, 2 1--4- ).
C in the third quadrant is the point (2, 3 1--3- ).
(2, 3 1)
D in the fourth quadrant is the point (4, 4.4).
1
A
(2 12, 3 12 )
(313 , 0)
2 E 4
(4, 4.4)
D 4
E on the x-axis is the point (3 1--3- , 0).

The entire surface of the number plane can now be referred to, rather than just the
integer lattice or grid.
64
2J
Directed numbers on the

number plane
Questions 110 relate to this diagram.

y
1
0.8
C
B
0.6
D
A
0.4
0.2
J
E
L
x
0
0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0.4 K
F
G
0.6
H
I 0.8
Mat
d
hca
Directed
numbers on
the number
plane
1 Write the coordinates and state the quadrant or axis location of each point.
a A
b B
c C
d G
e I
2 Name the point on the number plane above and give its quadrant/axis.
a (0.8, 0.4)
b (0.6, 0.5)
c (0.9, 0.1)
d (0.8, 0)
e (0.9, 0.7)
f (0.2, 0.4)
3 Give the x-coordinate of the points at:
a A
b K
L.
4 Give the y-coordinate of:

a F
G.
b K
5 Comment on the location of points having the same x-coordinate.

6 Comment on the location of points having the same y-coordinate.
7 What is the x-coordinate of all points on the y-axis?
8 What is the y-coordinate of all points on the x-axis?
9 Name all points in the fourth quadrant.
10 True or false?
a (0, 1 2--3- ) must lie on the y-axis.
c (0, 2.8) must lie on the x-axis.
e (0.6, 0.4) is in the third quadrant.
b (0, 0) is the origin.

d (0.2, 0.8) is the same point as (0.8, 0.2).
f J and H have the same y-coordinate.
11 a Find the coordinates of a point, B, such that

ABCO is a square.
b Find the coordinates of a point, G, such that
ACOG is a parallelogram.
c State the coordinates of the midpoint of CA.
d State the coordinates of the midpoint of AE.
e Give the coordinates of F.
f Estimate the coordinates of the midpoint of FE.
g Estimate the coordinates of D.
y
2 A
1
C
2
E
1
F
1
2
65
Directed number operations: fractions

The rules for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of integers apply to all
directed number operations and are illustrated by the following examples.
For whole numbers

Addition
of same signs, add and keep the sign: 2 + 4 = 6
of different signs, find the difference between the signless numbers, then use the sign of
the number further from zero: 8 + 2 = 6
of opposites, 4 + 4 = 0
Subtraction
add the opposite: 6 8 = 6 + 8 = 14
Multiplication and division
of the same signs give a positive result:
of different signs give a negative result:
3 2 = 6,
5 2 = 10,
8 4 = 2
10 2 = 5
For fractions
Addition and subtraction
Write all fractions with the same denominator, then add or subtract numerators:
2
--3
1
--2
4
--6
3
--6
= 1 1--6-
7
--6
Multiplication
Cancel the common factors in numerators and denominators, then multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators.
11
1
31 41
----2- ----3- = ------------ = --2
3
6
8 9
Division
Change to then tip the divisor (times and tip), then follow the multiplication rules.
1
3
--4
1
--2
31
3
3 2
= ----- ----- = ------------ = --- = 1 1--221
2
42 1
WORKED Example 18
Calculate 1--3- + 1--2- .

THINK
1
Write both fractions with the same denominator.
Write as one fraction.
Add the numerators. Different signs, so find the

difference and use the sign of the number further
from zero.
WRITE
1--3- +
=
1
--2
2--6-
+ 3--62+3
= ---------------6
1
= --6-
66
WORKED Example 19
Calculate 3--4- 1--6- .

THINK
WRITE
3--4-
1
--6
3--4- + 1--69
2
- + ----- ----12
12
To subtract, add the opposite or inverse.
Write both fractions with the same

denominator.
Add the numerators. (They are the

same sign so add and keep the sign.)
-----= 11
12
WORKED Example 20
Simplify
2
--5
5--8- .
THINK
1
Write the expression and cancel the

common factors in numerators and
denominators.
Then multiply numerators and multiply

denominators.
WRITE
2 1 5 1
----1- ---------5
84
1 1
= --------------14
= 1--4-
WORKED Example 21
Evaluate 3--4- 1 1--2- .

THINK
1
2
Write the expression using a division

sign.
Change the divisor to an improper
fraction.
Change to , tip the divisor (times
and tip) and cancel common factors in
numerators and denominators.
Multiply numerators and denominators.
WRITE
3--4- 1 1--2= 3--4- 3--231
21
= ----2- ----14
3
1
1
= --- --2
1
= 1--2-
67
Directed number operations

with fractions
Mixed numbers are entered into a graphics calculator by separately adding the whole number
and fraction parts. It is a good idea to place
brackets around this addition, particularly if you
want to enter a negative mixed number.
Remember that to obtain a fraction answer press
MATH , select 1: Frac then press ENTER . (You
will need to convert an improper fraction answer
to a mixed number yourself.)
The screen above right shows the calculation for worked example 21.
remember
remember
Addition
Write all fractions with the same denominator, then add numerators. If the sign is
the same, add and keep the sign. If the sign is different, then find the difference
between the signless numbers and use the sign furthest from zero.
Opposites add to zero.
Subtraction
Write all fractions with the same denominator, then subtract numerators by adding
the opposite.
Multiplication
Cancel common factors in numerators and denominators then multiply numerators
and multiply denominators. If the signs are the same, the result is positive. If the
signs are different, the result is negative.
Division
Change to and invert the divisor, then follow the rules for multiplication.
If mixed numbers are involved in multiplication and division of fractions, change
them to improper fractions.
2K
Example
18
L Spread
XCE
a 3--5- +
1
--5
1 Calculate.
b 3--8- + 5--8-
1
--4
+ 1--2-
1
--2
+ 3--8-
1--2- + 1--3-
g 3--5- +
2 1--2- + 1 3--4-
1 2--3- + 2 3--5-
k 2 1--2- 3 1--3-
2 Calculate.
a 1--2- 3--419
d 3--4- 2--5-
1
--2
+ 1--3-
3
--4
3 1--4- + 1 3--5-
WORKED
Example
b 1--2-
1
--3
e 2 1--2- 3 1--4-
1--3-
3 3--5- 1 1--3-
2
--5
Four
operations
with
fractions
Math
cad
d 1--6- + 2--3-
sheet
WORKED
Directed number operations:

fractions
Directed
number
operations:
fractions
68
WORKED
3 Simplify.
20
a 1--2-
Example
b 3--4- 1--5-
1
--3
2--3- 7
e 3--4-
5
--6
g 8--9- 1 3--4i
WORKED
Example
21
2 1--2-
3--4-
1
--3
5--6-
3
-----10
h 3 1--7- 7--8-
4
--5

a 1--5-
c
1
--2
7--4- 2--1-
e 1--8-
3
--4
g 2 1--4- 1--2i
2
--3
3--4-
3
--2
1 4--5- 6
h 2 2--3- 1 1--9-
3--5- 2 5--8-

a 2--3- +
1
--6
2--5-
7--8- 1 3--4-
1 1
--
2
b 1 1--2- 5--6-
1
--2
3 4--5-
3
--5
6
2
--- ---
5 7
9
-----10
4
--7
3 1--3-
5--3- 1 2--7- 2 1--2-
Directed number operations: decimals

The rules for operations with decimals are illustrated by the following examples.
Positive decimals
Addition
3.28
+1.50
Method 1
Subtraction
Method 2
6. 8
0. 9
or
6 .18
01. 9
4.78
5. 9
5. 9
Check the answer by rounding: 3.28 + 1.5 3 + 2 = 5 and 6.8 0.9 7 1 = 6.
Multiplication
6.4 0.03
64 1 decimal place
3 2 decimal places
192 (1 + 2) = 3 decimal places
6.4 0.03 = 0.192
Division
Change the divisor to a whole number.
0.018 0.04 = (0.018 100) (0.04 100)
= 1.8 4
= 0.45
Apply the directed number rules to decimals.
WORKED Example 22
Calculate: a 3.64 + 2.9
b 5.7 + 2.4 and check each answer by using estimation.
THINK
WRITE
They have the same sign, so add and

keep the sign.
3.64
+ 2.90
6.54
Check the answer by using

estimation.
Different signs, so subtract the

smaller number from the larger
number and use the sign of the
number further from zero.
Check the answer by using

estimation.
4 + 3 = 7
5.7
2.4
3.3
5.7 + 2.4 = 3.3
6 + 2 = 4
WORKED Example 23
Calculate 5.307 0.62 and check the answer by using estimation.

THINK
1
2
3
Write the question.

Change to addition of the opposite.
Calculate.
WRITE
5.307 0.62
= 5.307 + 0.62
5.307
+ 0.620
5.927
69
Check the answer by using estimation.
5 1 = 6
WORKED Example 24
Simplify 3.8 0.05.

THINK
WRITE
Multiply as for whole numbers.

Count the number of decimal places in the
question and insert the decimal point. The
signs are different so insert a negative sign
in the answer.
348
5
190
3.8 0.05 = 0.190
= 0.19
70
WORKED Example 25
Find the quotient of 0.015 0.4 giving an exact answer.

THINK
WRITE
0.015 0.4
Write the question.
Multiply both parts by 10 to produce a

whole number divisor.
Divide until an exact answer is

achieved or until a recurring pattern is
evident.
The signs are the same so the answer is

positive.
2L
2.4
SkillS
HEET
1 Calculate the following and check each answer by using estimation.

a 0.4 + 0.5
b 0.2 + 0.9
22
c 0.8 + 0.23
d 0.021 + 0.97
e 13.69 + 6.084
f 0.0037 + 0.638
Example
2 Calculate the following and check each answer by using estimation.

a 0.8 1.5
b 0.6 0.72
23
c 3 6.4
d 2.6 1.7
e 3.2 0.65
f 0.084 0.902
3 Simplify each of the following.
a 0.3 0.2
24
c 0.4 0.06
e (0.3)2
g 4000 0.5
i (0.05)2
k (0.2)2 40
WORKED
Mat
SkillS
2.5
SkillS
2.6
2.3
b
d
f
h
j
l
0.8 0.9
(0.6)2
0.004 40
0.02 0.4
4.9 0.06
(1.2)2 (0.3)2
4 Find the quotient of each of the following, giving an exact answer.

a 8.4 0.2
b 0.15 0.5
25
c 0.0405 0.3
d 15 0.5
e 0.049 0.07
f 3.2 0.008
g 0.0036 0.06
h 270 0.03
i 0.04 800
j 0.8 0.16
2
l (1.5)2 0.05
k (1.2) 0.04
WORKED
Example
Work
Directed number operations:

decimals
WORKED
Example
ET
SHE
0.015 0.4 = 0.0375
Example
Directed
number
operations:
decimals
HEET
0.03 7 5
4 0.153020
WORKED
d
hca
HEET
= 0.15 4
71
QUEST
GE
EN
M AT H
CH
AL
1 Give an example of two numbers that fit each of the descriptions which
follow. If no numbers fit the description, explain why.
a Both the sum and the product of two numbers are negative.
b The sum of two numbers is positive and the quotient is negative.
c The sum of two numbers is 0 and the product is positive.
2 On a test, each correct answer scores 5 points, each incorrect answer
scores 2 points, and each question left unanswered scores 0 points.
a Suppose a student answers 16 questions on the test correctly, 3 incorrectly and does not answer 1 question. Write an expression for the
students score and find the score.
b Suppose you answer all 20 questions on the test. What is the greatest
number of questions you can answer incorrectly and still get a
positive score? Explain your reasoning.
Mountain climbing
Remember the description of the mountain climbers from page 33? From their base
camp, the group travelled 506.3 m upwards. One climber started to suffer altitude
sickness and was escorted down by another climber to a point 273.1 m below the
base camp.
1 Show the relative positions of the two groups on a vertical number line.
2 How far apart were the two groups?
3 How far would the smaller group need to travel to catch up with the main group
if the main group has climbed a further 89.8 m?
4 If the smaller group takes 5.5 hours to reach the base camp, how many hours of
climbing time will be needed to reach the main group who are waiting for
them? Assume they are climbing at a constant rate.
72
summary
1
2
3
4
5
6
Copy the sentences below. Fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word or
expression from the word list that follows.
Integers are
and negative whole numbers, together with zero.
They have both size and
.
Negative two (2) is the
of positive two (+2). Values increase as
we move to the
of the number line. 6 < 2 and 1 > 8
The number line at right shows the integers which
are
than 7.
7 6
5 4
The number line at right shows integers
2 and 1.
2
1
0
1
Ascending order means from smallest to largest;
the reverse is
order.
This integer number lattice has a
axis
y
2
1
called the x-axis and a
axis called the
4
y-axis. The point (0, 0) is called the
. Four
A
2
quarters or
make up the grid. Each point
B
(3, 2)
(3, 1)
is located by two
in the order (x, y).
x
0
2 4
Directed numbers include the
together 4 2
2 C
with positive and negative common fractions and
(0, 3)
4
.
3
4
Rules of operation are:
Example
+ the same sign, keep the sign and
add:
7 + 3 = 10
signs, find the
difference and use the sign of
the number further from zero: 7 + 3 = 4
Add
Subtract add the opposite:

Multiply
Divide
WORD
right
descending
decimal numbers
vertical
3 7 = 3 + 7 = 4
sign gives a
positive result:
different signs give a negative
result:
as for multiplication:
3 2 = 6
3 2 = 6
6 3 = 2; 6 3 = 2
LIST
direction
quadrants
horizontal
different
greater
integers
same
positive
coordinates
opposite
origin
between
73
CHAPTER
review
1 Which of the following are integers?
a 2 1--2b 0.45
c
2A
d 201
2 Complete each statement by inserting the correct symbol >, < or =.

a 6 2
b 7 7
c 0 5
d 100 9
2A
3 List the integers between 21 and 15.
2A
2A
2A
4 Arrange in descending order: 3, 2, 0, 15.

5 Describe the integers graphed on each number line:
a
b
c
12
11
10
6 Graph each set of integers on a number line:

a integers between 7 and 2
b integers > 3
c integers 4.
2A
7 State whether the following points are on the x-axis, the y-axis, both axes or in the first
quadrant.
a (0, 0)
b (0, 5)
c (3, 0)
d (3, 2)
2B
8 Draw and label appropriately a set of axes. Plot the following points in the order given,
joining each point to the next one. Name the shape that has been drawn.
(2, 3), (1, 3), (2, 2), (1, 2), (2, 3)
2C
9 In which quadrant or on which axes do the following points lie?

a (2, 3)
b (3, 1)
c (4, 1) d (0, 2)
e (1, 0)
2C
10 Calculate the following:.

a 12 + 7
b 9 + 8
18 + 10
d 5+1
(7, 9)
2D
11 Write the number that is 2 more than each of the following integers.
a 4
b 5
c 1
d 0
e 2
2D
12 A snail begins to climb up the side of a bucket. It climbs 3 cm and slips

back 2 cm, then climbs a further 4 cm and slips back 1 cm. Write a number
sentence to help you find how far the snail is from the bottom of the bucket.
2D

a 5 3
b 17 9
2E
6 9
d 68
74

a 6 7
b 4 8
2 5
d (8)2
2G

a 36 3
b 21 7
45 9
18
d --------2
2H

a 10 6 2
d (2)3
f 2c + 3c, if c = 4
2H
17 Model this situation with

integers, then find the result:
A scuba diver at 52 metres
below sea level made his ascent
in 3 stages of 15 metres each.
At what level was he then?
2F
b 7 8 2
c 3 5 6 2
e (3 12) (10 + 7)
g 2x(x + 5), if x = 2
2I
18 Write the next 3 numbers of the sequence.

3.6, 2.4, 1.2,
,
,
2I
19 Describe the directed numbers graphed on each number line.

a
11 x
10
2I
20 Graph the directed numbers x > 2 3--4- on a number line.
2J
21 Give the coordinates and quadrant or axis for each point.

a A
b B
c C
Questions 21 to 24 relate to the figure below right.
2J
22 Name the point for each set of coordinate pairs.

a ( 1--2- , 1)
b (1 1--2- , 0) c (0.5, 1.5)
2J
2J
23 Give the coordinates of the midpoint of interval BD.
2K
2L
CHAPTER
test
yourself
24 Give the coordinates of a point, G, which would form a

parallelogram with B, D and E.
25 Calculate.
------ +
a 1 19
60
1
--4
b 3--5-
7
-----10
26 Calculate, giving an exact answer.

a 2.48 + 1.903 b 1.63 2.54 c
7--8-
5
-----14
0.08 0.4
y
2
C
A
1
2
D
1
0
1
F
d 2 3--4- 3--8d 1.02 0.5
1
E

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MQ 8 Ch 02 Page 33 Tuesday, December 5, 2000 1:48 PM

MQ 8 Ch 02 Page 34 Tuesday, December 5, 2000 1:48 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Integers on the number

An iceberg which extends further below

MQ 8 Ch 02 Page 35 Tuesday, December 5, 2000 1:48 PM

Chapter 2 Positive and negative numbers

a Below zero refers to negative.

b She actually has money so the integer is

Integers can be represented on a number line.

The number line

Symbols and their meanings

means greater than or equal to

MQ 8 Ch 02 Page 36 Tuesday, December 5, 2000 1:48 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Complete each statement by inserting the correct symbol: >, < or = .

a 2 is to the left of 5 on the number line,

b 4 is to the left of 1 on the number

c 0 is to the right of 3 on the number

d 6 is to the right of 2 on the number

a These are individual integers, so mark

b The symbol > means greater than or to

c The symbol means less than or equal

d Between means not including the

d integers between 2 and 3

MQ 8 Ch 02 Page 37 Tuesday, December 5, 2000 1:48 PM

Chapter 2 Positive and negative numbers

1 Write an integer suggested by each of the following

3 Are the following true or false?

Whole numbers are integers.

Integers on the number line

4 Complete each statement by inserting the correct symbol >, < or = :

MQ 8 Ch 02 Page 38 Tuesday, December 5, 2000 1:48 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

11 List the integers graphed on each number line.

MQ 8 Ch 02 Page 39 Tuesday, December 5, 2000 1:48 PM

Chapter 2 Positive and negative numbers

Locate the letter at each position on the number

How does a cricket chirp?

MQ 8 Ch 02 Page 40 Tuesday, December 5, 2000 1:48 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Positive integers and zero on the

a Point A is 1 unit to the right of zero

b Point B is on the y-axis, so is 0 units to

a The point with coordinate (3, 3) is 3

b The coordinate (1, 0) is 1 unit to the

MQ 8 Ch 02 Page 41 Tuesday, December 5, 2000 1:48 PM

Chapter 2 Positive and negative numbers

Positive integers and zero on

Questions 1 to 3 refer to the diagram shown at right.

(0, 0) (2, 8) (2, 0) (0, 3) (4, 6) (0, 0)

2 Write a letter to name each of the points with the

4 Draw axes as shown and plot the following

3 What do points A and B have in common?

MQ 8 Ch 02 Page 42 Tuesday, December 5, 2000 1:48 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Integers on the number plane

A is 2 units to the right of the origin