UPSC Civil Services Main 1990 - Mathematics Algebra: Sunder Lal

UPSC Civil Services Main 1990 - Mathematics
Algebra
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics
Panjab University
Chandigarh
October 28, 2008

Question 1(a) Let G be a group having no proper subgroup. Show that G should be a finite
group of order which is a prime, or unity.
Solution. See question 1(a), 1991. Once we have proved that G is finite, then we observe
that G has exactly one element if and only if the order of G is 1. If the order of G > 1, then
we show that it is a prime number.
Question 1(b) If the order of a group is 20, show that its 5-Sylow subgroup is a normal
subgroup. Also prove that a group of order 16 has a proper normal subgroup.
Solution. We know from various Sylow theorems that the numbr of 5-Sylow subgroups
1 mod 5 and is a divisor of 20 and therefore 4. Thus G, a group of order 20, has exactly
one Sylow subgroup of order 5, say H. Now aHa1 for any a G is also a subgroup of order
5, therefore by uniqueness, aHa1 = H. Thus H is normal in G.
For the second part, we prove a general theorem of which this is a special case.
Theorem. Let G be a group of order pr , p a prime, then G has a normal subgroup of
order ps for every s, 0 s < r.
Proof: By induction on r. If r = 1, then G is cyclic of prime order, hence the result
is true. Assume true for groups of order pm , m < r. Since G is a group of order pr , the
power of a prime, its center is non-trivial. Since the order of the center is pn , n 1, the
center has an element, say a, of order p (Cauchys theorem, Theorem 2.11.3 of Algebra
by Herstein). Let H = hai be the group generated by a. Since a center of G, H is a
normal subgroup of G. Now G/H is a group of order pr1 . Using the induction hypothesis,
we see that G/H has a normal subgroup N of order ps1 , 0 s 1 < r 1. Let :
G G/H be the natural homomorphism. Set N = 1 (N ), we show that N is a
normal subgroup of G of order ps . 1 (N ) 6= . If x, y N , then (x), (y) N ,
1
then (x)((y))1 N (xy 1 ) N xy 1 N , so N is a subgroup of G. For

x N, a G, (x) N (a)(x)(a)1 = (axa1 ) N as N is a normal subgroup
of G/H. Thus axa1 N , so N is a normal subgroup of G. N H is immediate as
h H.(h) = H, the identity element of G/H. Consider : N N , then is a
homomorphism with kernel H N/H ' N o(N ) = o(N )o(H) = ps .
Now for a group of order 16, p = 2, r = 4, and the above theorem shows that it has
normal groups of order 2, 4, and 8.
Question 1(c) If C is the center of a group G, and G/C is cyclic, prove that G is abelian.
Solution. See question 1(c), 1991.
Question 2(a) Show that the set of Gaussian integers is a Euclidean ring. Find an HCF
of 5i and 3 + i.
Solution. Z[i] = {a + bi | a, b Z} is an integral domain as it is a subring of the field of
complex numbers.
An integral domain R is said to be a Euclidean domain if there exists a function N :
R Z (the ring of integers) such that
1. N (a) 0
2. N (ab) N (a) where a, b 6= 0
3. Given a, b R, b 6= 0, there exist q, r R such that a = bq + r where r = 0 or
N (r) < N (b).
For Z[i], let N () = N (a + ib) = a2 + b2 . Clearly
1. N () 0 for every Z[i].
2. N () N () for all , Z[i] because N () = N ()N () and N () 1 if 6= 0.
a+ib
= x + iy, x Q, y Q.
3. Let = a + ib, = m + ni, 6= 0. Then f rac = m+ni
1
1
Determine p, q Z such that |xp| 2 , |yq| 2 (take p = [x] if x = [x]+, 0 12
and p = [x] + 1 if x = [x] + , 21 < < 1).
Now
(p + qi) = x p + i(y q). Thus N ( (p + qi)) = (x p)2 + (y q)2 < 1.
Now = (p + qi)(m + ni) + where = (x p + i(y q))(m + ni). Clearly Z[i]

and N () = N ()((x p)2 + (y q)2 ) < N (), which is what we wanted to prove.
Thus Z[i] is a Euclidean ring.
Now 5i = (3 + i)(2i) + (2 i), and 3 + i = (2 i)(1 + i) (5i, 3 + i) = 2 i.
Note: In this case writing the division algorithm was easy, otherwise N (5) = 25, N (3 +
i) = 10 GCD is a factor of 5 = (25, 10). Thus the GCD can be 1, 2 i, 2 + i, 5. We rule
out 2 + i, 5 by showing that 2 + i 6 | 3 + i. 2 i then fits the bill.
2
Question 2(b) If K is a finite extension of a field F of degree n, prove taht any element
of K is algebraic over F with degree m where m divides n.
Solution. Let K, then the n + 1 elements 1, , 2 , . . . , n are linearly dependent over
F , because (K : F ) = degree of K over F = n. Thus there exist aP
0 , a1 , . . . , an F , not all
0, such that a0 + a1 + . . . + an n = 0 is a root of f (x) = ni=0 ai xi F [x] is
algebraic over F .
Let p(x) be the minimal polynomial of over F , deg p(x) = m. Then (F () : F ) = m
first of all 1, , . . . , m1 are linearly independent over F , because otherwise will be
the root of a non-zero polynomial of degree less than m. We know that algebraic over F
implies F () = F [] as F () is the smallest field containing F and , and F [] is a field1 .
Now any element of F [] is a linear combination of 1, , . . . m1 . Take f () again.
f (x) = q(x)p(x) + r(x) where r(x) = 0 or deg r(x) < m. Thus f () = r(), hence (F () :
F ) = m. We also know that (K : F ) = (K : F ())(F () : F ) (See 2(c), 1993 if
{v1 , . . . , vr } is a basis of K over F (), and {w1 , . . . , wm } is a basis of F () over F , then
{vi wj | 1 i r, 1 j m} is a basis for K over F ).
Thus m divides n.
p
Question
2(c)
Find
the
minimum
polynomial
over
Q
(the
field
of
rationals)
of
5
and i + 3.
Solution. Let x = i + 3, then (x i)2 = 3 x2 2ix + i2 = 3 x2 4 = 2ix

(x2 4)2 = 4x2 x4 4x2 + 16 = 0. We shall show that x4 4x2 + 16 is irreducible over
Q. If possible, let x4 4x2 + 16 = (x2 + ax + b)(x2 + cx + d), then a + c = 0, ac + b + d =
4, ad + bc = 0, db = 16. Using a + c = 0, ac + bd = 0, we get c(b d) = 0. If c = 0, then
a = 0, so b + d = 4, bd = 16 so b, d are roots of x2 + 4x + 16, thus b, d are not real numbers.
Thus b = d b = d = 4 ac = 12 or ac = 0 (not possible). Thus a, c are roots of
x2 12 = 0, thus are not rationals. Hence x4 4x2 + 16 is not reducible.
A simpler way of seeing the above is that t2 4t+16 has non-real roots, hence is irreducible
4
over Q, so xp
4x2 + 16 is not reducible over Q.
2
4
10x2 + 23 = 0 is a polynomial satisfied by
p Letx = 5 2. Then x 5 = 2
p x
5 2. It is the minimal polynomial of 5 2 because it is irreducible over Q, since
2
t 10t + 23 has non real
p roots.
Hence the degree of 5 2 and i + 3 is 4.
Let f () = a0 + a1 + . . . + ar r be any non-zero element of F []. Then the polynomial p(x) 6 | f (x)
(f (x), p(x)) = 1 there exist b(x), c(x) F [x] such that p(x)b(x) + f (x)c(x) = 1 f ()c() = 1 f ()
is invertible

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UPSC Civil Services Main 1990 - Mathematics

October 28, 2008

then (x)((y))1 N (xy 1 ) N xy 1 N , so N is a subgroup of G. For

(p + qi) = x p + i(y q). Thus N ( (p + qi)) = (x p)2 + (y q)2 < 1.

Now = (p + qi)(m + ni) + where = (x p + i(y q))(m + ni). Clearly Z[i]

Solution. Let x = i + 3, then (x i)2 = 3 x2 2ix + i2 = 3 x2 4 = 2ix

Hence the degree of 5 2 and i + 3 is 4.

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