Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting: Reading: Alberts Et Al. 5th Edition 695-704, 721-727, 766-769, 779-783
Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting: Reading: Alberts Et Al. 5th Edition 695-704, 721-727, 766-769, 779-783
Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting: Reading: Alberts Et Al. 5th Edition 695-704, 721-727, 766-769, 779-783
Intracellular Compartments
Cytosol
Definition: organelle
A subcellular compartment or large macromolecular
complex, often membrane-enclosed, that has a
distinct structure, composition, and function.
Examples of membrane-enclosed organelles:
- Nucleus
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
Examples organelles that are not membrane-bound:
- Nucleolus
- Centrosomes
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(endocytosis)
(Digestive Enzymes)
(modifies proteins & lipids)
(oxidative
reactions)
(protein synthesis)
(ATP synthesis)
(ER)
(RNA, DNA synthesis)
detoxifies
secrete protein
ER usually
50%
Intracellular Compartments
are Dynamic
They exchange components:
Lipids
Proteins
A) Biosynthetic/Secretory
pathways
Biosynthesis
Proteins and lipids made
in the ER delivered to the
membranes of other
organelles
Secretion
Secreted proteins
Contents move out of the
cell (Exocytosis)
B) Endocytic Pathway
Contents move into the
cell (Endocytosis)
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A) exocytosis:
vesicle contents
delivered to extracellular space
vesicle membrane becomes part of the PM
B) Endocytosis:
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Vesicular Transport
Vesicle: small, membrane-enclosed
organelle in the cytoplasm of a
eukaryotic cell
They shuttle components back and
forth in the endomembrane system
For example:
Luminal leaflet
Cytosolic leaflet
Figure 12-7 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
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Signal sequence
cytosol
ER Lumen
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hydrophobic
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(chase time)
Golgi
Apparatus
(chase time)
Secretory
Vesicles
(chase time)
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Secretory Pathway
Constitutive Pathway:
Continual production of
secreted proteins.
e.g. collagen
Regulated Pathway:
Proteins are stored in
secretory granules ready
for export in response to
a stimulus.
e.g. Neurotransmitter
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Signal Sequences
A stretch of the amino acid sequence of a protein
that directs the protein to the correct location in
the cell.
Each signal sequence specifies a specific
destination in the cell.
Specific signal sequences direct proteins to nucleus,
mitochondria, ER, peroxisomes, etc.
Signal Sequences
Often found at the Nterminus of the protein.
Signal peptidases: can
remove the signal sequence
from the finished protein.
NH2
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
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Rhodopsin
(found in rod photoreceptor cells)
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Maintenance of
Membrane asymmetry
Each protein is inserted
into the membrane in
the ER in a specific
manner
This protein asymmetry
is maintained through
vesicular transport
a result of the process of
membrane insertion
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Definitions
The Golgi apparatus receives proteins and
lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum,
modifies them, and then dispatches them to
other destinations in the cell.
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ER
usually 4-6 stacks
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Protein Glycosylation
Actually starts in the ER: A single type of oligosaccharide is
attached to many proteins.
Golgi:
a multistage
processing unit
different enzymes
in each cisterna
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Definitions
Lysosome: a small sac of digestive enzymes
that functions in degrading worn-out
organelles, as well as macromolecules and
particles taken into the cell by endocytosis.
Endosome: membrane-bound organelle that
carries materials newly ingested by
endocytosis and passes them to lysosomes for
degradation.
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Phagocytosis/Endocytosis
food vacuole=endosome
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Lysosomes
Low pH requirement of lysosomal
enzymes protects contents of the
cytosol from digestion.
Lysosomal membrane proteins are
glycosylated to protect them from
proteases in the lumen
Transport proteins in the lysosomal
membrane transfer the products of
digestion out of the lysosome to the
cytosol
AA, sugars, nucleotides
Figure 13-37 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
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Formation of lysosomes
Lysosomal proteins from the ER and Golgi
are incorporated into endosomes at different stages.
classical lysosomes:
Majority of endocytosed
material has been digested
However lysosomal
hydrolases delivered
from the Golgi are found in
early and late endosomes
Where do the membrane lipids of lysosomes come from?
Figure 13-3b Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
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Plant Vacuoles
Occupy 30-90% of the cell volume
Diverse
Involved in:
Digestion
Nutrient storage
Waste storage
Increasing cell size
Turgor pressure
Remember how osmosis affects plant cells!
Figure 13-39 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
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A large increase in
volume of a plant cell
without increasing
the volume of the
cytosol
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Peroxisomes
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Found in
peroxisomes
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Nucleus
mRNA
ribosome
protein
synthesis
ER
membrane
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small molecules
(<5,000 daltons)
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Remember....
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transmembrane
transport
requires protein
translocators
vesicular transport
vesicles move protein
between compartments
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End
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