Hindawi Publishing Corporation

ISRN Entomology
Volume 2014, Article ID 175827, 5 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/175827

Research Article
Composition, Repellent, and Insecticidal Activities of
Two South American Plants against the Stored Grain Pests
Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Vernica Benzi,1,2 Natalia Stefanazzi,1 Ana Paula Murray,3
Jorge O. Werdin Gonzlez,2,3 and Adriana Ferrero1
1

Laboratorio de Zoologa de Invertebrados II, Departamento de Biologa, Bioqumica y Farmacia, San Juan 670,
Universidad Nacional del Sur, B8000CPB Baha Blanca, Argentina
2
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientficas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Avenida Rivadavia 1917,
C1033AAJ Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
3
Instituto de Qumica del Sur (INQUISUR), Avenida Alem 1253, Universidad Nacional del Sur, B8000CPB Baha Blanca, Argentina
Correspondence should be addressed to Jorge O. Werdin Gonzalez; [email protected]
Received 8 November 2013; Accepted 24 December 2013; Published 20 February 2014
Academic Editors: C. Abramson and M. V. Micieli
Copyright 2014 Veronica Benzi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
As part of a screening program to evaluate the biological activity of indigenous plants, we report the composition and the bioactivity
of essential oils (EOs) extracted from Te de Burro Aloysia polystachya [(Griseb.) Moldenke] and Lemon Verbena Aloysia citriodora
[Palau] against two of the most widespread secondary pests of stored products, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum [Herbst]
and the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum [Jacqueline du Val]. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the
EOs led the identification of their major constituents and their relative proportions. EO of A. citriodora showed the highest repellent
activity against both beetles (>70%). On the other hand, both plants showed fumigant toxicity only against T. confusum, without
significant differences between them (LC50 values of 5.92 and 5.53 mg/L air for A. polystachya and A. citriodora, resp.). For contact
toxicity (topical applications) the EO of A. polystachya was more effective (LD50 = 7.35 g/insect) than the EO of A. citriodora (LD50
= 13.8 g/insect) only against T. castaneum. On the other hand, T. confusum was not susceptible by contact to any of these EOs.
These results provide important tools for the development of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program.

1. Introduction
The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and the
confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum (Duval) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) are the most widespread and destructive secondary pests of stored grains and grain-derived products. They have been reported as serious pests in Argentina.
Particularly, T. castaneum has been found as one of the most
prevalent secondary pests in port areas of Buenos Aires
province [1]. Control of these insects is primarily dependent
upon continuous application of synthetic insecticides, which
produce disturbance in the environment, increasing costs of
application, pest resurgence, pest resistance, and lethal effects

on nontarget organisms, in addition to direct toxicity to users.

Thus, the risks associated to the use of these products have led
to the growth of environmentally sustainable alternatives.
In the last couple of decades, agrochemical companies
have promoted the study of natural products for the development of new insecticides. An evidence of that is the number
of organic agriculture products that reached the market
[2, 3]. Thus, insecticides of natural origin are proposed as
rational alternatives to synthetic ones and, among the biopesticides, essential oils (EOs) are growing rapidly on the
botanical pesticide markets [4]. The diversity in their composition and mixture of compounds enhance their insecticide
efficacy and reduce the evolution of tolerance and resistance

2
to these products. For this purpose, biological activities of
diverse plants have been recorded by several authors [59].
EOs and their constituents exert insecticidal effects, repel
or deter insect food consumption, or reduce and disrupt
insect growth. Several species of Verbenaceae have such EOs
with biological properties [1012]. In particular, the genus
Aloysia includes approximately 200 species of herbs, shrubs,
and small trees. Aloysia polystachya (Griseb.) Moldenke, and
Aloysia citriodora (Palau) are native from Argentina and
are distributed throughout South and Central America and
tropical Africa. The EOs and extracts from these species are
valued medicinally, and also their aromatic properties in culinary and cosmetic industries, due to the presence of phenolic
compounds (flavonoids) [13]. Moreover, terpenes extracted
from these plants have been shown to have important ecological roles in plant defense and attract pollinators, and they
have been reported as repellents and insecticides against
several pests [4, 14].
As part of a screening program to evaluate the bioactivity
of native plants as insect control agents, we report the composition, repellent activity, and fumigant and contact toxicity
of EOs of A. polystachya and A. citriodora against adults of T.
confusum and T. castaneum.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Insects. T. castaneum and T. confusum are both insecticide-susceptible strains that have been reared in laboratory
culture since 1995 and 2005, respectively. Adults of both
species were reared in incubators at 28 1 C and 7080% R.H.
in the dark and fed on a mixture of wheat, yeast, and milk in
dust (13 : 1 : 1 w : ww), in glass containers of 500 cm3 .
2.2. Extraction and Analysis of the Composition of Essential
Oils. Young fresh leaves from A. polystachya were collected
from wild plants, during the summer period at Lamarque city,
Rio Negro Province, Argentina (39 24 S. 65 42 W.). Young
fresh leaves from A. citriodora were collected from wild plants
in Baha Blanca, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina (38 44 S.
62 16 W.) Leaves from both plants were collected into plastic
bags and kept in the freezer until the extraction. EOs were
extracted using a Clevenger-type apparatus by hydro-distillation for 4 h. After the extraction, the EOs were dried using
anhydrous sodium sulphate and stored in the dark at 4 C.
Plant oils yields were 0.54% (mg g1 ) for A. polystachya and
0.34% (mg g1 ) for A. citriodora.
The essential oils composition was determined by
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using a
Hewlett-Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph, equipped
with a HP-5972 (EI-70 eV) mass selective detector and a
25 m 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 m film thickness HP-5MS capillary
column with the injection block set 250 C. The GC oven
temperature was held at 50 C for 2 min, programmed at 5 C
min1 to 200 C, and then held at this temperature for 10 min.
The FID detector temperature was set at 300 C. The carrier
gas was He (1 mL min1 , split ratio 1 : 50). Aliquots of the
essential oils were dissolved in diethyl ether (injection of
2 L) for the analysis. Oil components were identified by

ISRN Entomology
Table 1: Repellency scale from the less to the most repellent = 0 to
V.
Class
0
I
II
III
IV
V

DC (%)
<0.1
0.1 to 20
20.1 to 40
40.1 to 60
60.1 to 80
80.1 to 100

DC: average distribution coefficient.

Table 2: Major identified constituents of Aloysia polystachya and

Aloysia citriodora essential oils and their relative proportion in the
oils.
A. citriodora
Constituents
corr.%
Citronellal
51.29
Sabinene
22.93
-curcumene
9.57
Limonene
7.44
Caryophyllene
2.37
-pinene
2.28
-cedrene
2.27
p-cymene
1.82

A. polystachya
Constituents
corr.%
Carvone
83.5
Limonene
16.5

comparison of their Kobats retention indices with those of

known compounds and also by comparison of their mass
spectra with those stored in the NBS75K.LMS 86 database.
2.3. Bioassays. All bioassays were set up in laboratory under
natural light and controlled temperature and humidity (28
1 C and 7080% R.H). Ten Adults of each species of 3
5 days old were used for each treatment and control. Five
independent replicates were conducted, and all the experimental units were placed at 28 1 C and 7080% R.H., in
the dark.
2.4. Repellency. Repellency test was conducted according to
Talukder and Howse [15]. Filter papers (Whatman N 1,
diameter 9 cm) were divided into two halves. One half was
impregnated with 0.5 mL of either EO diluted in n-hexane
(treatment) or n-hexane (control). The concentrations evaluated were 90, 120, and 314 g/cm2 . Paper disks were air dried,
and then placed inside a Petri dish. Ten adult insects were
released in the middle of each disk and covered with plastic
tape with some holes to prevent insects from escaping. The
number of insects on each half of the paper was counted at
hourly intervals for 5 h. The distribution coefficient (DC) was
calculated using the formula DC = [( )/( + )]100,
where and are the number of insects found on the
control and treated zone, respectively [16]. The average values
were then categorized according to the scale in Table 1.
2.5. Fumigant Toxicity. To determine the fumigant toxicity,
filter papers (5 cm2 area) were impregnated with EOs diluted

ISRN Entomology

Table 3: Average repellency of EOs of A. polystachya and A. citriodora against T. castaneum and T. confusum.

Plant

Insect

T. castaneum
A. polystachya
T. confusum

T. castaneum
A. citriodora
T. confusum

Average distribution coefficient (DC%)1

Hours after treatment
a
1
2
3
4
90
13a
20a
13a
40a
46a
60a
66a
120
6a
a
a
a
33
66
53a
314
46
a
a
a
86
73
93a
90
93
a
a
a
40
40
20ab
120
86
a
a
a
60
53
46b
314
80
90
80a
93a
93a
80a
a
a
a
86
73
100a
120
93
a
a
a
80
66
93a
314
80
a
a
a
100
100
100a
90
93
a
a
b
100
93
100a
120
80
a
a
b
86
80
80a
314
93

5
20a
80a
46a
93a
33a
46b
100a
80a
93a
86a
100a
67a

MRc
16
51.6
48.8
87.6
43.8
57
89.2
74.4
82.4
95.8
94.6
81.2

RCb
I
0
III
V
III
III
V
IV
V
V
V
V

DC% = [( )/( + )] 100; a : concentration (g cm2 ); b RC: repellency class; c MR: mean rate.
Numbers in the same column of each plant followed by the same letters do not differ significantly in ANOVA test.

Table 4: Fumigant activity of EOs of A. polystachya and A. citriodora against T. confusum.

Essential oil
A. polystachya
A. citriodora

LC50 a
5.92a
5.53a

95% CIc
(5.26.5)
(2.66.8)

LC95 b
11.9
13.2

95% CIc
(10.0815.9)
(10.530.6)

Slope SEd
5.37 0.75
4.35 1.39

2
2.75
0.12

LC50 : lethal concentration 50 (mg litre1 air); b LC95 : lethal concentration 95 (mg liter1 air); c CI 95%: confidence interval of 95%; d SE: standard error. Numbers
in the same column followed by the same letters do not differ significantly.

in n-hexane and controls with n-hexane alone. Each filter

paper was attached to a glass vial, covered with a fine mesh
cloth. These vials were then introduced inside a glass flask of
40 mL. Ten adults of each species were placed inside the flask.
Concentrations evaluated were from 1 to 12 mg/Lair . Mortality
was evaluated 72 h after treatment [17].
2.6. Contact Toxicity. For topical applications, aliquots
(0.2 L per insect) were applied ventrally to the thorax of
adults using a microapplicator. Controls were determined
using n-hexane. Both treated and control insects were then
transferred to glass vials (10 insects per vial). Ten insects were
used for each concentration and control. Concentrations
evaluated were from 4 to 18 g/insect. Five independent
replicates were conducted. Mortality was registered after 72 h.
2.7. Statistical Analysis. Data from repellency assays (DC)
were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and
minimum significant difference (MSD). Probit analysis was
used to estimate LC50 and DL50 values by MicroProbit 3.0.
Mortality values were corrected with Abbotts formula [18] to
eliminate natural mortality of control.

3. Results and Discussion

Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the
steam distilled oils showed that the major components of
A. polystachya were carvone (83.5%) and limonene (16.5%),

while A. citriodora was mainly made up of citronellal (51.29%)

and sabinene (22.93%) (Table 2).
Both EOs had repellent effects against T. castaneum and
T. confusum (Table 3). However, based on the repellency
scale, the activity was stronger with A. citriodora, and it was
higher than 70% to all concentrations evaluated (Table 3).
The repellent effect of A. citriodora is possibly due to the
presence of citronellal, which is one of the main constituents
(>50%) and is a botanical compound use in commercial
insect repellents [19]. Similar results were found by OliveroVerbel et al. [20] when tested the repellent effect of Eucalyptus
citriodora against T. castaneum, which main component is
citronellal (40%). Indeed, the repellent effect of these plants
has been also tested against other insects; for instance, Gillij et
al. [11] found A. citriodora as one of the most promising EO
of the fourteen plants test against Aedes aegypti. Moreover,
Gleiser et al. [21] showed a dose-dependent activity of the EO
of A. polystachya against the same mosquito. Considering that
the EO of A. citriodora contains also other compounds such
as limonene (7.4%) with potential repellent effects, synergistic
phenomena should not be discarded [22].
For fumigant assay, both EOs were toxic against T.
confusum but there were no significant differences ( > 0.05)
between them. However, there were not lethal effects against
T. castaneum (Table 4). More studies must be undertaken to
elucidate the differences found between the susceptibility of
both beetles, but a possible explanation can be based on the
differences in the respiration rates of insects. T. castaneum

ISRN Entomology
Table 5: Contact activity of EOs of Aloysia polystachya, and Aloysia citriodora determined by topical application to T. castaneum.

Essential oil
A. polystachya
A. citriodora

LD50 a
7.35a
13.8b

95% CIc
(6.388.5)
(9.543.7)

LD95 b
21.95
124

95% CIc
(16.634.5)
(41158.2)

Slope SEd
3.46 0.47
1.71 0.59

2
7.37
0.4

LD50 : lethal dose 50 (g insect1 ); b LD95 : lethal dose 95 (g insect1 ); c CI 95%: confidence interval of 95%; d SE: standard error. Numbers in the same column
followed by the same letters do not differ significantly.

has a lower rate of air exchange and consequently a smaller

diffusion of toxic compounds into the insect [23, 24].
For contact toxicity, no lethal effects were found against
adults of T. confusum. However, significant differences were
found between EOs, against T. castaneum ( < 0.05). A.
polystachya showed the highest toxicity (Table 5). Carvone,
the main compound of A. polystachya, has been found to
be toxic against diverse insects, for example, Fang et al.
[25] found strong contact toxicity of carvone and limonene,
against Sitophilus zeamais and T. castaneum. Moreover, carvone caused the highest mortality against larvae of T. castaneum among the several monoterpenes evaluated (LC50 =
19.8 g/cm2 ) [26]. On the other hand, the concentration of
these products has been found as an important factor that
determines their toxicity, and it is directly proportional to the
rate of penetration of a substance [2729]. Carvone found in
A. polystachya is denser than citronellal found in A. citriodora,
thus this can be related with the differences found in the
contact activity of both EOs. Similar results were found earlier
with the EOs of A. polystachya against R. dominica (Fabricius)
and Nezara viridula (L.) [12, 30].

4. Conclusions
This is the first report on the repellent and insecticidal activities of EOs of A. citriodora and A. polystachya (Verbenaceae)
against T. castaneum and T. confusum, two of the most
widespread secondary pests in the world. The results present
herein indicate that EOs extracted from these indigenous
plants showed repellent and bioinsecticides properties. The
EO of A. polystachya had the greatest contact toxicity against
T. castaneum. Both EOs had the same fumigant activity
against T. confusum.
In summary, these EOs are good options for the control
of stored grain pests but they need to be studied under
commercial storage conditions.

Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment
Financial assistance was provided by SECYT-UNS CONICET.

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International
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com

Volume 2014

Advances in

Bioinformatics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com

Volume 2014

Journal of

Marine Biology
Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

http://www.hindawi.com

Volume 2014