- -

www.phoenixbooks.ru


- -
www.phoenixbooks.ru


THE NOUN
, ?, ?. (
: ) .
.
, : father he,
my friend he/she, his daughter she.
, : actor () actress (), waiter () waitress
(), host () hostess (), lion ()
lioness (), tiger () tigress (), prince () princess (), poet () poetess (), man woman,
Frenchman () Frenchwoman (), Englishman
() Englishwoman ().

it:
This is a house. It is big. (..). .
This is a river. It is very long. (..). .
This is a lake. It is not very deep. (..).
.
,
, , it ( he/she): I see a monkey. It is brown. .
.
He/she ,
, ,
: she-wolf , he-wolf .
male
, female , .
ship ,
, , .. she.
.
, , : town, table, book, boy, cat, house, car, head.
/ (),
( , , ). re- - , . mis-, dis-, un- :
darkness ( dark ), misprint ( to print ), unemployment

- -
www.phoenixbooks.ru

 ( to employ ),
development ( to develop ),
disadvantage ( advantage
), scientist [`saintist] (
science [`sains] ), teacher ( to teach
, ), connection , ( to connect , ), freedom ( free ), childhood (
child ), neighbourhood (
neighbour ), friendship ( friend
).
, : bedroom , newspaper , schoolchildren , commander-in-chief , merry-go-round .
(Abstract Nouns) , , , , : wisdom , thunder , honesty [`nisti]
, bravery , dignity , honour
[`n] , smell , speech , Maths ,
History , music , power , , ,
weakness .
(Material Nouns)
: salt , water , milk , oil , , butter ,
meat , juice , glass , rubber , paper
, wool , wood .
(Collective Nouns) ( ), : family
, group , band , (),
police , crowd , herd (cattle) , .
.
. , 3, 5 7,
.

!!
.
5 , 7 , 2 , 2 , 4 , 2
, 3 , 6 , 3 ,
2 ..
.
work .
Do you have much work to do? ?
4

- -
www.phoenixbooks.ru

 ,
. money .
hair .

1. .. -s: map () maps, cat () cats, hand (,

) hands, table () tables, brother () brothers, bug () bugs.
2. -s, -se, -ss, -x, -sh,
-ch, -z, -es: class (, ) classes
[kla:siz], dress () dresses, house () houses [`hauziz], fox
() foxes, box (, ) boxes, dish (, )
dishes, match (, ) matches, horse () horses,
ash () ashes, ditch () ditches.
3. -y,
, -y -i -es: city () cities, lady () ladies, factory ()
factories.
-y , -s, : day(s)
(/), boy(s) (/), tray(s) (/).
4. -, .. -es: cargo(es) /, hero(es) , potato(es) , tomato(es) /, /,
echo [`ekou] echoes [`ekouz] , tornado [t `neidou] tornadoes
[t `neidouz] , , torpedo [t `pi:dou] torpedoes
[t `pi:douz] , .
: piano -s, photo -s, radio -s, cuckoo -s [`kuku:]
5. -f (fe)v +es -f (-fe),
-f -v + -es: leaf ( ) leaves, knife
() knives, wife () wives, wolf [wulf] () wolves, shelf
() shelves, life () lives, loaf () loaves, thief
() thieves.
: roof-s (), chief-s (, ), handkerchief-s [`hktif] ( , ), safes (), proof-s (), cliff-s (, )/
wharf [w f] (, )
.. : wharfs [w fs] wharves [w vz].
6. .
:
man (, ) men (), woman [`wumn]
() women [`wi:mn] (), Englishman

- -
www.phoenixbooks.ru

Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen. German Germans,

child () children (), person ,
people (), ox oxen ( ). bull bulls, mouse
() mice [mais] (), louse () lice (), foot [fut]
(, ) feet [:t] (, ), goose () geese (),
tooth () teeth ().
.. ..
, , (.. , )
(n),
..: a sheep () sheep (),
a deer () deer (), a swine () swine ().
pig () pigs.
fruit sh ..
. , .. . ,
.. -s (fruits, shes):
An apple is a fruit. . (
, ).
There are fruits in the vase: apples, pears, oranges, grapes and
bananas. : , , ,
.
I caught a sh yesterday. () .
He wants to catch at least 2 or 3 sh.
23 .
7. dozen, score (20), hundred, thousand,
million , : 2 dozen (of) eggs
2 (.. 24), 5 hundred people ( )
, 10 thousand books 10 .
..
(, , , , ),
: Millions of people know about that.
.
8.
, ,
.. ,
: commander-in-chief () commanders-inchief (), passer-by () passers-by (), son-in-law () sons-in-law ().
.
. -s: forget-me-not () forget-me-nots
6

- -
www.phoenixbooks.ru

(), merry-go-round () merry-go-rounds ().

, ,
.. : schoolboy () schoolboys (), housewife () housewives (), postman () postmen ().
9. ,
.., .., .. ..:
works .., .. . : There
are three works in our town. 3 .
This works is rather famous. .
means () .. ..:
He found a means to help them. (..) (), .
I will do it by all means (anyway) (..)
. ( ,
-).
gate(s) , .. ..; sledge .
..:
The gate is open. .
The gates were closed. .
:
news ,
No news is good news. . What is the news? ? ?
That is nothing new for me. . ( ,
.) The news was too unexpected. . : .
Ive got good news for you. .
. Too much news for today.
.
advice (), .
He gave me some good advice (a piece of advice).
. Their advice was of great help for me. ()
() .
information ,
Its important information. . We have too
little information on this problem. .
progress ()
You are making much progress! !
knowledge () [`nli]
Knowledge of foreign languages is very important nowadays.
( ).

- -
www.phoenixbooks.ru


THE ADVERB
, , , ( ? ? ?).
? ? here , , there , , where /
, inside /, outside /, above
, below , , somewhere/anywhere -, , nowhere , , elsewhere - (
): Do you happen to know where my glasses are?
, ? Can you see the nest above?
?
wherever , : Wherever you go.
.
: now /, when , then /, still , , already ( ),
yet ( ), today , yesterday
, tomorrow , soon , late , before , , since , recently ,
(= the other day), lately , , daily
, weekly , twice , once
(one evening /- ), -, ever , never , forever (= for good), just , usually , always , constantly ,
sometimes (from time to time ), often
, seldom , while , , so far
, long , long ago , whenever : Whenever I wake up in the morning I feel sleepy all day long.
, ; What took you so
long? ? I have already been looking for him for 2 hours,
so far without any success. 2 , .
already ,
, ( ).
: Has he done the exercise yet? ? ( ?) Has he done the exercise already? ,
? ( ?)
? well, good , great , , bad
(badly = very), carefully , , ,
thoroughly , carelessly , fast/quickly , slowly , uently , , hard /, , easily , ( ), heavily , awfully , lovely , ,
loudly/aloud /, quietly , , how ,
somehow -, - (- ): Have you slept

- -
www.phoenixbooks.ru

37


THE VERB

, ?, ?,
?, ? .. ,
.
. () , .
: un-, dis-, re-, mis-.
un- dis- , re- : to fasten [`fa:sn] (, ) to unfasten [`n`fa:sn] (, ), to appear () to disappear (), to elect
() to reelect ().
mis- , : behave
[bi`heiv] ( ) misbehave [`misbi`heiv] (
), inform () misinform (,
), hear () mishear (),
pronounce [pr`nauns] () mispronounce [`mispr`nauns]
( ).
: -fy-, -ate-, -ize-, -en-:
to simplify (simple ), to investigate (investigation ), to separate [`sepreit]
(), , to shorten (short ), to organize , to apologize .
, . (to whitewash
) ( ) : to
put on , to go up/down /, ,
. .
. . , ,
, , ,
.
.

to be (, , )
1) (Present) 3 : am, is, are.
am I: I am
, , .

- -
www.phoenixbooks.ru

61

 Perfect.
.
The Present Perfect Tense

1) ,
.
( : ? , () ? () ).
+: have has +
3- : have/has + V3.

, .
: I have (done) = Ive done, we have done = weve
done, you have done = youve done, he has done = hes done, etc.
I have done my homework. ; She has bought
new shoes. .
: have/has not + V3
: I have not done = I havent done, we have not done
= we havent done, he has not done = he hasnt done, etc.
He hasnt seen George since morning.
. They havent come home yet. .
?: (What, Where) have/has + + V3?
Have you seen George anywhere today? ? Where have you been? ? What has
she done to her hair? ?
- :
Hasnt he send the letter yet? ?
: ever
-, never , just , already
( ).
, .. have/has.
yet ( ), yet
( not), before
, , since 1997 1997 , since last year
, since morning , since last Friday
, since winter , today , this
week ( ,
), this summer , this morning ,
this month , this year , lately , , recently , .
+ Her brother has already come home. .
80

- -
www.phoenixbooks.ru


The Noun............................................................. 3
...... 5

The Possessive Case............................................................................ 9
The Article........................................................................... 11
Pronouns........................................................................ 18
Personal Pronouns.......................................... 18

...................................... 18
Demonstrative Pronouns........................ 18
Possessive Pronouns........................ 19
some, any no . ........... 20
Reflexive Pronouns................................... 23
Reciprocal Pronouns.................................... 24
Interrogative Pronouns...................... 24
Relative Pronouns............................... 24
each every............................................................... 25
all (, , , ) . ............................................. 25
other (another)............................................................. 26
one............................................................................. 26
both (, ) ............................................................ 27
either/neither.................................................................................... 28
it................................................................................. 29
The Adjective ...................................................... 30

Degrees of Comparison ..................................................................... 33
The Adverb ............................................................................ 37
The Numeral............................................................ 40
Prepositions........................................................................... 43
............................................................................. 43
............................................................... 45
............................................................................ 47
................................................... 50
There is/are...................................................... 54
.................................................................................... 55
The Verb ................................................................................... 61
................................................................ 61
to be (, , )........................................ 61
to have (, )....................................................... 64
Tenses........................................................... 66
Simple (Indefinite)........................................... 66
Progressive (Continuous). ...... 73
Perfect. ............................. 80
Perfect Progressive ( Perfect Continuous) ........... 83
The Perfect Progressive Tenses.
........................................................................................ 83
Future-in-the-Past. ................................... 85
. Irregular verbs................................. 87

94

- -
www.phoenixbooks.ru


- -
www.phoenixbooks.ru