MODEL BAHAN AJAR ( ANALISIS TEKS / GENRE )

SATUAN PENDIDIKAN
MATA PELAJARAN

:
:

SMA 1 GARUT
BAHASA INGGRIS

KELAS X
NO

JENIS TEKS

1.

Narrative (naratif,
dongeng)
To amuse, entertain
and to deal with
actual or vicarious
experience in
different ways;
Narratives deal with
problematic events
which lead to a
crisis or turning
point of some kind,
which in turn finds a
resolution
(Menghibur
pembaca yang
bertalian dengan
pengalaman nyata,
khayal, atau
peristiwa pelik yang
mengarah ke krisis,
yang pada akhirnya
menemukan suatu
penyelesaian)

STRUKTUR TEKS

CIRI KEBAHASAAN

Nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti

benda, orang, atau hewan tertentu
dalam ceritera seperti stepsisters,
housework dsb.
Adjectives yang membentuk noun
phrase misalnya long black hair,
two red apples, dsb.
Time connectives dan
conjunctions untuk mengurutkan
kejadian, misalnya then, before
that, soon, dsb.
Adverbs dan adverbial phrases
lokasi kejadian atau peristiwa,
Pengenalan tokoh, waktu
misalnya: here, in the mountain,
dan tempat (Orientation)
happily ever after, dsb.
Pengembangan konflik

Action verbs dalam past tense

(Complication)
seperti stayed, climbed, dsb.
Penyelesaian konflik
Saying verbs yang menandai
(Resolution)
ucapan seperti: said, told,
Koda: perubahan yang terjadi
promised, dan thinking verbs yang
pada tokoh dan pelajaran
menandai pikiran, persepsi atau
yang dapat dipetik dari
perasaan tokoh dalam cerita,
ceritera (Coda)
misalnya: thought, understood, felt,
Orientation: sets the scene
and introduces the
participants.
Evaluation: a stepping back
to evaluate the plight.
Complication: a crisis
arises.
Resolution: the crisis is
resolved, for better or for
worse.
Re-orientation: optional.

CONTOH TEKS
Snow White
Orientation
Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her
Aunt and Uncle because her parents were dead.
Major Complication
One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the
castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didnt have enough
money to take Snow White.
Resolution
Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would
be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt
and Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods.
Complication
She was very tired and hungry.
Resolution
Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went
inside and fell asleep.
Complication
Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside.
There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the
dwarfs. The dwarfs said, what is your name? Snow White said, My name is Snow
White.
Major Resolution
Doc said, If you wish, you may live here with us. Snow White said, Oh

dsb.
2.

3.

Procedure
(prosedur)

To describe how
something is
accomplished
through a sequence
of actions or steps
(Memberi petunjuk
tentang cara
melakukan sesuatu
melalui serangkaian
tindakan atau
langkah)

Spoof (laporan
kejadian atau
peristiwa lucu)

Pengenalan
Kejadian / Peristiwa /
Kegiatan 1
Kejadian / Peristiwa /
Kegiatan 2
Twist (akhir yang tidak
terduga atau lucu)

Goal
Materials (not required for
all Procedural texts).
Steps 1-n (i.e., Goal
followed by a series of
steps oriented to achieving
the Goal).

Tujuan kegiatan (Goal)

Bahan-bahan (Materials)
Langkah-langkah (Steps)

could(I) ?.Thankyou. Then Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow
White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after.

The Hole Game

Pola kalimat imperative misalnya
Cut, Dont mix, dsb.
Action verbs misalnya turn, put, Materials needed
Two players
dont mix, dsb.
One marble per person
Connectives untuk mengurutkan
kegiatan, misalnya then, while, dsb. A hole in ground
A line (distance) to start from
Adverbials untuk menyatakan rinci
Method (step 1-n)
waktu, tempat, cara yang akurat,
1. First you must dub (click marbles together).
misalnya for five minutes, two
2. Then you must check that the marbles are in good condition and are nearly
centimeters fromthe top , dsb.
worth the same value.
3. Next you must dig a hole in the ground and draw a line a fair distance away
from the hole.
4. The first player carefully throws his or her marble towards the hole.
5. Then the second player tries to throw his or her marble closer to the hole
than his or her opponent.
6. The player whose marble is closest to the hole tries to flick his or her marble
into the hole. If successful, this player tries to flick his or her opponents
marble into the hole.
The person flicking the last marble into the hole wins and gets to keep both marbles.
Terfokus pada orang, benda, atau
binatang tertentu.
Menggunakan action verbs
misalnya eat, run, dsb.
Menggunakan keterangan waktu
dan tempat.
Menggunakan past tense.
Disusun sesuai dengan urutan
kejadian.

Penguin In The Park

Orientation
Once a man was walking in a park when he came across a penguin.
Event 1
He took him to a policeman and said, I have just found this penguin. What should
I do? The policeman replied, take him to the zoo.
Event 2
The next day the policeman saw the same man in the same park and the man
was still carrying the penguin with him. The policeman was rather surprised and

walked up to the man and asked, Why are you still carrying that penguin about?
Didnt you take it to the zoo? I certainly did, replied the man.
Twist
and it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it, so today Im taking him to the
moviest!
Note that the twist in this particular text is related to the circumstances of place the
penguin is taken to and to the mans misinterpretation of the policemans reason for
taking the penguin to the zoo.
4.

Recount (laporan
peristiwa, kejadian
atau kegiatan masa
lampau)

To retell events for

the purpose of
informing or
entertaining
(Melaporkan
peristiwa, kejadian
atau kegiatan
dengan tujuan
memberitakan atau
menghibur

Orientation: provides the

setting and introduces
participants
Events: tell what happened,
in what sequence.
Re-orientation: optionalclosure of events

Pengenalan: pemberian
informasi tentang siapa,
dimana, dan kapan
(Orientation)
Rekaman Peristiwa: Kejadian
atau kegiatan yang terjadi
yang biasanya disampaikan
dalam urutan kronologis
(Events)
Komentar pribadi dan/atau
ungkapan penilaian
Pengenalan ulang yang
merangkum rentetan
peristiwa, kejadian atau

Nouns dan pronouns sebagai kata

ganti orang, hewan atau benda
yang terlibat, misalnya: David, the
monkey, we, they, dsb.
Action verbs atau kata kerja
tindakan misalnya go, sleep, run,
dsb.
Time connectives dan
conjunctions yang mengurutkan
peristiwa, kejadian, atau kegiatan,
misalnya then, after that, but, dsb.
Adverbs dan adverbial phrases
untuk mengungkap tempat, waktu
dan cara, misalnya: yesterday, at
my house, happily slowly, dsb.
Adjectives untuk menerangkan
nouns, misalnya beautiful, funny,
dsb.

Earthquake
Orientation
I was driving along the coast road when the car suddenly lurched to one side.
Event 1
At first I thought a tyre had gone but then I saw telegraph poles collapsing like
matchsticks.
Event 2
The rocks came tumbling across the road and I had to abandon the car.
Event 3
When I got back to town, well, as I said, there wasnt much left.
Note that young writers often indicate temporal sequence with and then, and then,
and then, Alternatives can be modelled and used when the teacher and students
jointly construct Recounts.

kegiatan (Re-orientation)

5.

6.

Report (laporan
hasil pengamatan)

To describe the way

things are, with
reference to a
range of natural,
man-made and
social phenomena
in our environment
(Laporan hasil
pengamatan)

News item (berita)

To inform readers,
listeners or viewers

General classification: tells

what the phenomenon
under discussion is.
Description tells what the
phenomenon under
discussion is like in terms of
(1) parts, (2) qualities, (3)
habits or behaviors, if living;
uses, if non-natural.

Pernyataan umum yang

menerangkan subyek
laporan, keterangan, dan
klasifikasinya (General
classification)
Deskripsi (Description)

Newsworthy Event(s):
recounts the event in
summary form

General nouns seperti Reptiles in

Comodo island, dsb.
Relating verbs untuk menjelaskan
ciri, misalnya reptiles are scaly
animals (ciri ini berlaku untuk
semua reptil), dsb.
Action verbs dalam menjelaskan
perilaku, misalnya lizards cannot
fly, dsb.
Present tense untuk menyatakan
sesuatu yang umum, misalnya
Comodo dragons usually weight
more than 160 kgs, dsb.
Istilah teknis, misalnya: water
contains oxygen and hydrogen,
dsb.
Paragraf dengan topic sentence
untuk menyusun sejumlah
informasi.
Informasi singkat tertuang dalam
headline.
Menggunakan action verbs.

Whales
General Classification
Whales are sea-living mammals
Description: (behaviours, qualities, parts)
They therefore breathe air but cannot survive on land. Some species are very large
indeed and the blue whale, which can exceed 30m in length, is the largest animal
to have lived on earth. Superficially, the whale looks rather like a fish, but there are
important differences in its external structure: its tail consists of a pair of broad, flat,
horizontal paddles (the tail of a fish is vertical) and it has a single nostril on top of
its large, broad head. The skin is smooth and shiny and beneath it lies a layer of
fat (blubber). This is up to 30 cm in thickness and serves to conserve heat and
body fluids.

Town Contaminated
Newsworthy Event
Moscow A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear

about events of the

day which are
considered
newsworthy or
important.
(Memberitakan
audience tentang
peristiwa atau
kejadian yang layak
untuk diberitakan)

Background Events:
elaborate what happened,
to whom, in what
circumstances.
Sources: comments by
participants in, witnesses to
and authorities expert on
the event.

Kejadian inti (Newsworthy

Event(s))
Latar belakang: elaborasi
kejadian, orang yang terlibat,
tempat kejadian, dsb.
(Background Events)
Sumber informasi: komentar
saksi kejadian, pendapat ahli,
dsb. (Sources)

Menggunakan saying verbs

seperti say, tell, dsb.
Menggunakan kata keterangan,
misalnya: badly injured, the most
beautiful bride in the world, dsb.

catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.

Background Events
Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the
explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo 22 near
Vladivostock.
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread
radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials
of the then Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the
Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a thermal and not a nuclear
explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600
tonnes of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.
Sources
A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history
of the Soviet Navy.

KELAS XI
NO
1.

JENIS TEKS
Description
(deskripsi)
To describe a
particular person,
place or thing
(menggambarkan
atau
mendeskripsikan
cirri-ciri seseorang,
benda atau tempat
tertentu)

STRUKTUR TEKS
Identification: Identifies
phenomenon to be
described.
Description: describes
parts, qualities,
characteristics.

Pengenalan subyek
(Identification)
Ciri-ciri subyek, misalnya:
penampilan fisik, kualitas,
perilaku umum, sifat-sifat,
dsb. (Description)

CIRI KEBAHASAAN
Menggunakan nouns tertentu,
misalnya teacher, house, my cat,
dsb.
Menggunakan Simple present t.
Detailed noun phrase untuk
memberikan informasi tentang
subyek, misalnya It was a large open
rawboat, a sweet young lady, dsb.
Berbagai macam adjectives yang
bersifat describing, numbering,
classifying, misalnya: two strong
legs, sharp white fang, dsb.
Relating verbs untuk memberikan
informasi tentang subyek, misalnya
My mom is really cool, It has very
thick fur, dsb.
Thinking verbs dan feeling verbs
untuk mengungkapkan pandangan
pribadi penulis tentang subyek,

CONTOH TEKS
Natural Bridge National Park
Identification
Natural Bridge National Park is a luscious tropical rainforest.
Description
It is located 110 kilometres south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific
Highway to Nerang and then by travelling through the Numinbah Valley. This scenic
roadway lies in the shadow of the Lamington National Park.
The phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural arch and the cave through
which a waterfall cascades is a short 1 kilometre walk below a dense rainforest
canopy from the main picnic area. Swimming is permitted in the rock pools. Night-time
visitors to the cave will discover the unique feature of the glow worms.
Picnic areas offer toilets, barbecues, shelter sheds, water and fireplaces; however,
overnight camping is not permitted.

2.

Narrative (naratif,
dongeng)

To amuse, entertain
and to deal with
actual or vicarious
experience in
different ways;
Narratives deal with
problematic events
which lead to a
crisis or turning
point of some kind,
which in turn finds a
resolution
(Menghibur
pembaca atau
pendengar yang
bertalian dengan
pengalaman nyata,
khayal, atau
peristiwa pelik yang
mengarah ke krisis,

Orientation: sets the

scene and introduces the
participants.
Evaluation: a stepping
back to evaluate the
plight.
Complication: a crisis
arises.
Resolution: the crisis is
resolved, for better or for
worse.
Re-orientation: optional.

Pengenalan tokoh, waktu

dan tempat (Orientation)
Pengembangan konflik
(Complication)
Penyelesaian konflik
(Resolution)
Koda: perubahan yang
terjadi pada tokoh dan
pelajaran yang dapat

misalnya Police believe the suspect

is armed, I think it is a clever animal,
dsb.
Action verbs, misalnya Our new
puppy bites our shoes, dsb.
Adverbials untuk memberikan
informasi tambahan tentang perilaku,
misalnya fast, at the tree house, dsb.
Bahasa figurative seperti simile dan
metaphor, misalnya John is white as
chalk, sat tight, dsb.
Nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti
benda, orang, atau hewan tertentu
dalam ceritera seperti stepsisters,
housework dsb.
Adjectives yang membentuk noun
phrase misalnya long black hair, two
red apples, dsb.
Time connectives dan
conjunctions untuk mengurutkan
kejadian, misalnya then, before that,
soon, dsb.
Adverbs dan adverbial phrases
lokasi kejadian atau peristiwa,
misalnya: here, in the mountain,
happily ever after, dsb.
Action verbs dalam past tense
seperti stayed, climbed, dsb.
Saying verbs yang menandai
ucapan seperti: said, told, promised,
dan thinking verbs yang menandai
pikiran, persepsi atau perasaan tokoh
dalam cerita, misalnya: thought,

Snow White
Orientation
Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her Aunt
and Uncle because her parents were dead.
Major Complication
One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle
because they both wanted to go to America and they didnt have enough money to
take Snow White.
Resolution
Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would be
best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and
Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods.
Complication
She was very tired and hungry.
Resolution
Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside
and fell asleep.
Complication
Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There
they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs.
The dwarfs said, what is your name? Snow White said, My name is Snow White.
Major Resolution
Doc said, If you wish, you may live here with us. Snow White said, Oh

yang pada akhirnya

menemukan suatu
penyelesaian)
3.

dipetik dari ceritera (Coda)

Anecdote (cerita
lucu)

To share with
others an account
of an unusual or
amusing incident.
(Menceritakan
kejadian/peristiwa
lucu berdasarkan
khayalan atau nyata
yang bertujuan
menghibur)

Abstract: signals the

retelling of an unusual
incident.
Orientation: sets the
scene.
Crisis: provides details of
the unusual incident
Reaction: reaction to
crises
Coda: optional reflection
on or evaluation of the
incident.

understood, felt, dsb.

Menggunakan seruan/kata seru,

pertanyaan retorik dan kata-kata
seperti: Listen to this!, And do you
know what?, Its awful, isnt it? dsb.
Action verbs, seperti go, write, dsb.
Conjunctions yang berhubungan
dengan waktu, seperti: then,
afterwards, dsb.

Pembuka yang
mengisaratkan peristiwa
tidak lazim (Abstract)
Pengenalan (Orientation)
Krisis: memberikan rincian
peristiwa tidak lazim (Crisis)
Tindakan (Reaction)
Koda (Coda): akibat
(bersifat menghibur)

4.

Analytical
Exposition
(eksposisi analitis /
tanpa rekomendasi)

Thesis
Position: Introduces topic
and indicates writers
position.

could(I) ?.Thankyou. Then Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow
White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after
Snake in the Bath
Abstract
How would you like to find a snake in your bath?
A nasty one too!
Orientation
We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so long that everything
was in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided we would clean the bath first, so we set to,
and turned on the tap.
Crisis
Suddenly to my horror, a snakes head appeared in the plug-hole. Then out slithered the
rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath,
spitting and hissing at us.
Incident
For an instant I stood there quite paralysed. Then I yelled for my husband, who luckily
came running and killed the snake with the handle of a broom. Anna, who was only three
at the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of
the way or shed probably have leant over the bath to get a better look!
Coda
We found out later that it was a black mamba, a poisonous kind of snake. It had
obviously been fast asleep, curled up at the bottom of the nice warm water-pipe. It must
have had an awful shock when the cold water came trickling down! But nothing to
the shock I got! Ever since then Ive always put the plug in firmly before running the
bath water.

General nouns seperti: car,

pollution, leaded petrol car, dsb.
Abstract nouns, seperti: policy,
government,dsb.

Thesis: Position
In Australia there are three levels of government, the federal government, state
governments and local governments. All of these levels of government are

To persuade the
reader or listener
that something s
the case
(Memaparkan dan
mempengaruhi
audience bahwa
ada masalah yang
tentunya perlu
mendapat
perhatian)

Preview: Outlines the

main arguments to be
presented.
Arguments
Point: restates main
arguments outlined in
Preview.
Elaboration: develops and
supports each
Point/argument
Reiteration: restates
writers position.

Pernyataan pendapat:
dimulai dengan pengenalan
topik dan posisi
penulis/pembicara diikuti
dengan garis besar
pendapat yang akan
disampaikan (Thesis)
Argumen (Arguments):
menyatakan argumen
utama dan mengelaborasinya dengan
pengembangan dan
dukungan terhadap setiap
poin yang dikemukakan
Penguatan pernyataan
pendapat (Reiteration)
5.

Hortatory

Exposition
(eksposisi hortatori /

Thesis: announcement of
issue concern.

Technical verbs, misalnya: species

of animals, dsb.
Relating verbs, misalnya: It is
important, dsb.
Action verbs, misalnya: She must
save, dsb.
Thinking verbs, misalnya Many
people believe, dsb.
Modal verbs, misalnya We must
preserve, dsb.
Modal adverbs, misalnya Certainly,
dsb.
Connectives, misalnya: firstly,
secondly, dsb.
Bahasa evaluatif, misalnya:
important, valuable, trustworthy, dsb.
Passive voice.

necessary. This is so for a number of reasons.

Argument 1
Point
First, the federal government is necessary for the big things.
Elaboration
They keep the economy in order and look after things like defence.
Argument 2
Point
Similarly, the state governments look after the middle sized things.
Elaboration
For example they look after law and order, preventing things like vandalism in
schools.
Argument 3
Point
Finally, local governments look after the small things.
Elaboration
They look after things like collecting rubbish, otherwise everyone would have
diseases.
Conclusion
Thus, for the reasons above we can conclude that the three levels of government are
necessary

Abstract nouns, seperti: policy,

government,dsb.

Country Concern
Thesis
In all the discussion over the removal of lead from petrol (and the atmosphere) there

dengan
rekomendasi)

To persuade the
reader or listener
that something
should or should
not be the case
(Memaparkan dan
mempengaruhi
audience bahwa
seharusnya
demikian atau tidak
demikian)

Arguments: reasons for

concern, leading to
recommendation.
Recommendation:
statement of what ought
or ought not to happen.

Pernyataan isu yang

dipersoalkan (Thesis)
Argumen (Arguments):
alasan atas keprihatinan
yang mengarah pada
rekomendasi
Rekomendasi
(Recommendation):
pernyataan tentang
bagaimana seharusnya
atau tidak seharusnya

Technical verbs, misalnya: species

of animals, dsb.
Relating verbs, misalnya: It is
important, dsb.
Action verbs, misalnya: She must
save, dsb.
Thinking verbs, misalnya Many
people believe, dsb.
Modal verbs, misalnya We must
preserve, dsb.
Modal ad verbs, misalnya Certainly,
dsb.
Connectives, misalnya: firstly,
secondly, dsb.
Bahasa evaluatif, misalnya:
important, valuable, trustworthy, dsb.
Passive voice.
Simple present tense.

doesnt seem to have been any mention of the difference between driving in the city and
the country.
Argument
While I realise my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when
you travel through the country, where you only see another car every five to ten
minutes, the problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.
Argument
Those who want to penalise older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners dont seem
to appreciate that, in the country, there is no public transport to fall back upon and
ones own vehicle is the only way to get about.
Recommendation
I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town
and who already spend a great deal of money on petrol, should be treated differently to
the people who live in the city.

10

KELAS XII
NO
1.

JENIS TEKS
Narrative (naratif,
dongeng)
To amuse, entertain
and to deal with
actual or vicarious
experience in
different ways;
Narratives deal with
problematic events
which lead to a crisis
or turning point of
some kind, which in
turn finds a
resolution
(Menghibur
pembaca atau
pendengar yang
bertalian dengan

STRUKTUR TEKS
Orientation: sets the
scene and introduces the
participants.
Evaluation: a stepping
back to evaluate the
plight.
Complication: a crisis
arises.
Resolution: the crisis is
resolved, for better or for
worse.
Re-orientation: optional.

Pengenalan tokoh, waktu

dan tempat (Orientation)
Pengembangan konflik
(Complication)

CIRI KEBAHASAAN
Nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti
benda, orang, atau hewan tertentu
dalam ceritera seperti stepsisters,
housework dsb.
Adjectives yang membentuk noun
phrase misalnya long black hair, two
red apples, dsb.
Time connectives dan
conjunctions untuk mengurutkan
kejadian, misalnya then, before that,
soon, dsb.
Adverbs dan adverbial phrases
lokasi kejadian atau peristiwa,
misalnya: here, in the mountain,
happily ever after, dsb.
Action verbs dalam past tense
seperti stayed, climbed, dsb.

CONTOH TEKS
Snow White
Orientation
Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her Aunt
and Uncle because her parents were dead.
Major Complication
One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the
castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didnt have enough
money to take Snow White.
Resolution
Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would be
best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and
Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods.
Complication
She was very tired and hungry.
Resolution
Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside
and fell asleep.
Complication

11

2.

pengalaman nyata,
khayal, atau
peristiwa pelik yang
mengarah ke krisis,
yang pada akhirnya
menemukan suatu
penyelesaian)

Penyelesaian konflik
(Resolution)
Koda: perubahan yang
terjadi pada tokoh dan
pelajaran yang dapat
dipetik dari ceritera (Coda)

Saying verbs yang menandai

ucapan seperti: said, told, promised,
dan thinking verbs yang menandai
pikiran, persepsi atau perasaan
tokoh dalam cerita, misalnya:
thought, understood, felt, dsb.

Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There
they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs.
The dwarfs said, what is your name? Snow White said, My name is Snow White.
Major Resolution
Doc said, If you wish, you may live here with us. Snow White said, Oh
could(I) ?.Thankyou. Then Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow
White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after

Explanation
(penjelasan)

General dan Abstract nouns,

seperti: word chopping,
earthquakes, dsb.
Action verbs.
Passive voice.
Simple present tense.
Conjunctions of time dan cause.
Noun phrase, misalnya: the large
cloud, dsb.
Abstract nouns, misalnya:
temperature.
Adverbial phrases.
Complex sentences.
Bahasa teknis.

A brief Summary of Speech Production

General Statement to Position the Reader
Speech production is made possible by the specialised movements of our vocal
organs that generate speech sounds waves.
Explanation
Like all sound production, speech production reguires a source of energy. The
source of energy for speech production is the steady stream of air that comes from the
lungs as we exhale. When we breathe normally, the air stream is inaudible. To become
audible, the air stream must vibrate rapidly. The vocal cords cause the air stream to
vibrate.
Explanation
As we talk, the vocal cords open and close rapidly, chopping up the steady air
stream into a series of puffs. These puffs are heard as a buzz. But this buzz is still not
speech.

To explain the
processes involved
in the formation or
workings of natural
or sociocultural
phenomena
(Menerangkan
proses yang terjadi
dalam pembentukan
atau kegiatan yang
terkait dengan alam,
ilmiah, social dsb)

A general statement to
position the reader.
A sequenced explanation
of why or how something
occurs.

Penjelasan umum (general

statement)
Penjelasan proses:
menjelaskan mengapa dan
bagaimana sesuatu terjadi
Penutup

Explanation
To produce speech sounds, the vocal tract must change shape. During speech we
continually alter the shape of the vocal track by moving the tongue and lips,etc. These
movements change the acoustic properties of the vocal tract, which in turn produce
the different sounds of speech.

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3.

4.

Discussion
(pembahasan)

To present (at least)

two points of view
about an issue
(Mengetengahkan
suatu masalah/isu
yang ditinjau paling
tidak dari 2 sudut
pandang, sebelum
sampai pada suatu
kesimpulan atau
rekomendasi)

Review (ulasan atau

tinjauan)

Issue:
- Statement
- Preview
Arguments for and
against or Statement of
differing points of view.
- Point
- Ellaboration
Conclusion or
Recommendation.

Identifikasi isu
(Identification)
Pendapat yang
mendukung:
o Gagasan pokok 1
o Elaborasi (uraian)
o Gagasan pokok 2
o Elaborasi (uraian)
Pendapat yang
menentang:
o Gagasan pokok
o Elaborasi (uraian)
Kesimpulan

Orientation: places the

work in its general and
particular context, often

General nouns, untuk menyatakan

kategori, seperti: Uniform, alcohol,
dsb.
Relating verbs, untuk memberi
informasi tentang isu yang
didiskusikan, misalnya: Smoking is
harmful, dsb.
Action verbs, misalnya: She must
save, dsb.
Thinking verbs, untuk
mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi
penulis, misalnya feel, believe, dsb.
Additives, contrastives, dan
causal connectives, untuk
menghubungkan argumen, misalnya
similarly, on the hand, however, dsb.
Detailed noun groups, untuk
memberikan informasi secara padu,
misalnya The dumping of unwanted
kittens, dsb.
Modalities, seperti: perhaps, must,
should, should have been, could be,
dsb.
Adverbials of manner, misalnya:
deliberately, hopefully, dsb.

Gene Splicing
Issue
Genetic research has produced both exciting and frightening possibilities.
Scientists are now able to create new forms of life in the laboratory due to the
development of gene splicing.
Arguments for
Point
On the one hand, the ability to create life in the laboratory could greatly benefit
mankind.
Elaboration
For example, because it is very expensive to obtain insulin from natural sources,
scientists have developed a method to manufacture it inexpensively in the laboratory.
Point
Another beneficial application of gene splicing is in a agriculture.
Elaboration
Scientists foresee the day when new plants will be developed using nitrogen from the
air instead of from fertilizer. Therefore food production could be increased. In addition,
entirely new plants could be developed to feed the worlds hungry people.
Argument against
Point
Not everyone is excited about gene splicing, however. Some people feel that it could
have terrible consequences.
Elaboration
A laboratory accident, for example, might cause an epidemic of an unknown disease
that could wipe out humanity.
Conclusion
As a result of this controversy, the government has made rules to control genetic
experiments. While some members of the scientific community feel that these rules
are too strict, many other people feel that they are still not strict enough.

Terfokus pada partisipan tertentu.

Menggunakan adjectives yang
menunjukkan sikap, seperti: bad,

Private Lives Sparkle

Orientation
Since the first production of Private Lives in 1930, with the theatres two leading

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To critique an art
work, event for a
public audience.
Such works of art
include movies, TV
shows, books, plays,
operas, recordings,
exhibitions, concerts
and ballets.
(Melakukan kritik
terhadap peristiwa
karya seni untuk
pembaca/pendenga
n)

by comparing it with
others of its kind or
through analogue with a
non-art object or event.
Interpretive Recount:
summaries the plot and/or
provides an account of
how the reviewed
rendition of the work
came into being; is
optional, but if present,
often recursive.
Evaluation: provides an
evaluation of the work
and/or its performance or
production; is usually
recursive.
Evaluative Summation:
provides a kind of
punchline which sums up
the reviewers opinion of
the art event as a whole;
is optional.

good, dsb.
Menggunakan klausa yang panjang
dan kompleks.
Menggunakan metafora.

sophisticates Noel Coward and Gertrude Lawrence in the leads, the play has tended
to be seen as a vehicle for stars.
Evaluation
QUT Academy of the Arts production boasted no stars, but certainly fielded potential
stars in a sparkling performance that brought out just how fine a piece of craftsmanship
Cowards play is.
Evaluation
More than 60 years later, what new could be deduced from so familiar a theme?
Director Rod Wisslers highly perceptive approach went beyond the glittery surface of
Witty banter to the darker implications beneath.
Interpretative Recount
With the shifting of attitudes to social values, it became clear that Victor and Sibyl were
potentially the more admirable of the couples, with standards better adjusted than the
volatile and self-indulgent Elyot and Amanda.
Evaluation
The wit was there, dexterously ping-ponged to and fro by a vibrant Amanda (Catherine
Jones) and a suave Elyot (Daniel Kealy).
Evaluation
Julie Eckersleys Sibyl was a delightful creation, and Phillip Cameron-Smiths more
serious playing was just right for Victor. Jodie Levesconte was a superb French maid.
James Macleans set captured the Thirties atmosphere with many subtle touches.
Evaluative Summation
All involved deserve the highest praise.

Pengenalan: menempatkan
sebuah karya dalam
konteks umum dan khusus
(Orientation)
Evaluasi 1
Evaluasi 2
Penafsiran (Interpretive
Recount)
Evaluasi 3

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 Evaluasi 4, dst jika ada.

Rangkuman (Evaluative
Summation)

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