Vedic Mathematics | Paravartya-yojayet

PARVARTYA YOJAYET
Paravartya Yojayet means 'transpose and apply'
(i) Consider the division by divisors of more than one digit, and when the
divisors are slightly greater than powers of 10.
Example 1 : Divide 1225 by 12.
Step 1 : (From left to right ) write the Divisor leaving the first digit, write the
other digit or digits using negative (-) sign and place them below the divisor as
shown.
12
-2

Step 2 : Write down the dividend to the right. Set apart the last digit for the
remainder.
i.e.,,

12

122

5
2

Step 3 : Write the 1st digit below the horizontal line drawn under the dividend.
Multiply the digit by 2, write the product below the 2nd digit and add.
i.e.,,

12

10
Since

122

-2

-2

and

5
-2

(-2)

Step 4 : We get second digits sum as 0. Multiply the second digits sum thus
obtained by 2 and writes the product under 3rd digit and add.
-

12

Step

Continue

the

i.e.,
-

122

102
process

12
2

102

-20

to

the

last

122
-20

digit.

5
-4

Step 6: The sum of the last digit is the Remainder and the result to its left is

Quotient.
Thus Q = 102 and R = 1
Example

Divide
14

1697

by

7
-484

by

123.

14.

Q = 121, R = 3.
Example
of

Divide

2598

Note that the divisor has 3 digits. So we have to set up the last two digits
the
dividend
for
the
remainder.
1 2 3

25

Step ( 1 ) & Step ( 2 )

-2-3

Now proceed the sequence of steps write 2 and 3 as follows :

1

98

-2-3

-6
-23

1
5

Since

2
X
(-2,
-3)=
-4
and (1 X (-2,-3); 9 6
Hence Q = 21 and R = 15.

8
-4

-6;
5
2 = 1;

4
=
3 =

1
5.

Example 4 : Divide 239479 by 11213. The divisor has 5 digits. So the last 4
digits
of
the
dividend
are
to
be
set
up
for
Remainder.
1
1
2
-1-2-1-3

2
3
-4-2-6
-1-2-1-3

-2

4
7
9
with
2
with
1

0
0
6

Hence Q = 21, R = 4006.

Example

:
1

Divide
2

13456

3
-123

1 2 02

by
4

1123
5

6
-1-2-3
-2-4
6

Note that the remainder portion contains 20, i.e.,, a negative quantity. To
over come this situation, take 1 over from the quotient column, i.e.,, 1123 over
to the right side, subtract the remainder portion 20 to get the actual remainder.
Thus Q = 12 1 = 11, and R = 1123 - 20 = 1103.

Find the Quotient and Remainder for the problems using paravartya
yojayet
method.
1)
1234

112
2)
11329

1132
3) 12349 133
4) 239479 1203

Now let us consider the application of paravartya yojayet in algebra.

Example

Divide
X

6x2

Divide
X

x3
5

3x2
x3

by

+
4

6
+
11

Thus Q = 6x+11, R=15.

6x + 11 + 15
2

6x2

Example

5x

10x
3x2

5x

by

10x

+
10
100

x2 + 2x + 20, + 96
Thus Q= x2 + 2x + 20, R = 96.
The procedure as a mental exercise comes as follows :
i)

x3

gives

x2

i.e.,,

the

first

coefficient

in

the

Quotient.

ii) Multiply 1 by + 5,(obtained after reversing the sign of second term in the
Quotient) and add to the next coefficient in the dividend. It gives 1 X( +5) = +5,
adding to the next coefficient, i.e.,, 3 + 5 = 2. This is next coefficient in
Quotient.
iii) Continue the process : multiply 2 by +5, i.e.,, 2 X +5 =10, add to the next
coefficient 10 + 10 = 20. This is next coefficient in Quotient. Thus Quotient is x 2
+
2x
+
20
iv) Now multiply 20 by + 5 i.e.,, 20 x 5 = 100. Add to the next (last) term,
100 + (-4) = 96, which becomes R, i.e.,, R =9.

Example

x4

3x3

3:
7x2
+
5x
+
7

+
4

Now thinking the method as in example ( 1 ), we proceed as follows.

x

x4

-4

3x3

x3 - 7x2 + 35x - 135

Thus

x3

7x2

547

35x

28
140
+
540

7x2

5x

135

and

547.

or we proceed orally as follows:

x4 / x gives 1 as first coefficient.
i) -4 X 1 = - 4 : add to next coefficient 4 + (-3) = - 7 which gives next
coefficient
in
Q.
ii) 7 X - 4 = 28 : then 28 + 7 = 35, the next coefficient in Q.
iii) 35 X - 4 = - 140 : then 140 + 5 = - 135, the next coefficient in Q.
iv) - 135 X - 4 = 540 : then 540 + 7 = 547 becomes R.
Thus Q = x3 7x2 + 35x 135 , R = 547.
Note :
1. We can follow the same procedure even the number of terms is more.
2. If any term is missing, we have to take the coefficient of the term as zero and
proceed.
Now consider the divisors of second degree or more as in the following
example.
Example
the

:4

2x4

3x3

3x

by

x2

1.

Here x2 term is missing in the dividend. Hence treat it as 0 . x 2 or 0 . And

x term in divisor is also absent we treat it as 0 . x. Now
x2

+
+
0

1
0

2x4
x

.
-

- 3x3 +
+
1

x2

- 3x + 2
0
2

0
+
3
0
+
2

-3

-2

0
4

Thus Q = 2x2 - 3x - 2 and R = 0 . x + 4 = 4.

Example 5 :

2x5 5x4 + 3x2 4x + 7 by x 3 2x2 + 3.

We treat the dividend as 2x 5 5x4 + 0. x3 + 3x2 4x + 7 and divisor as x 3

2x2
+
0
.
x
+
3
and
proceed
as
follows
:
x3 2x2 + 0 . x + 3
2

2x5 5x4 +

0.x3 + 3x2 4x + 7

3
4
0
6
-2
0
+
3
- 4
0
+
6

- 1
- 2
- 7 - 1 +13

Thus Q = 2x2 x 2, R = - 7 x2 x + 13.

You may observe a very close relation of the method paravartya in this
aspect with regard to REMAINDER THEOREM and HORNER PROCESS of Synthetic
division. And yet paravartya goes much farther and is capable of numerous
applications in other directions also.

Apply paravartya yojayet to find out the Quotient and Remainder in

each
of
the
following
problems.
1)

(4x2
+
3x
+
5)

(x+1)
2)
(x

4x2
+
7x
+
6)

(x

2)
4
3
2
2
3) (x
x
+ x
+ 2x + 4) (x
- x 1)
4)
(2x5
+
x3

3x
+
7)

(x3
+
2x

3)
5) (7x6 + 6x5 5x4 + 4x3 3x2 + 2x 1) (x-1)
3

Paravartya in solving simple equations :

Recall that 'paravartya yojayet' means 'transpose and apply'. The rule
relating to transposition enjoins invariable change of sign with every change of
side. i.e., + becomes - and conversely ; and X becomes and conversely.
Further it can be extended to the transposition of terms from left to right and
conversely and from numerator to denominator and conversely in the concerned
problems.
Type

(
Consider

i
the

)
:
problem
7x

5
=
5x
+
7x

5x
=
1
+
5
i.e.,, 2x = 6 x = 6 2 = 3.

by

Observe that the problem is of the type ax + b = cx + d from which we get

transpose
(d

b),
(a

c)
and
d
=

x
a-c

b.

In this example a = 7, b = - 5, c = 5, d = 1
Hence

(5)
=
_______
=
75
7-5

Example

2:

Solve
x

for

x,

____
2
3x

d
b
=
_____
=
a-c
3-2

1+5
=

6
_____
1

6
__

=
=

2x
__

+
=

6
2

Type ( ii ) : Consider problems of the type (x + a) (x+b) = (x+c) (x+d). By

paravartya, we get
cd
=
(a + b) (c + d)

ab
______________

It is trivial form the following steps

(x +
+ bx
bx
+
x( a + b c

x2

a) (x + b) = (x + c) (x + d)
+ ax + ab
= x2 + dx + cx + cd
ax

dx

cx
=
cd

ab
d) = cd ab

cd

ab
=
____________
a+bcd

cd
ab
=
_________________
( a + b ) (c + d.)

Example 1 : (x 3) (x 2 ) = (x + 1 ) (x + 2 ).
By
x

cd
=
a +
=
-8

Example 2 :

ab
__________
c d

6
_______
-8

1
=
-

(2)
3

paravartya

(-3)
(-2)
______________
2 1 2

___

=
2

(x + 7) (x 6) = (x +3) (x 4).

1
__

Now

=
a +

cd

- ab
___________
b c d

(3)
7

12
=
____________
763+4
2

(-4) (7) (-6)

________________
+ (-6) 3 - (-4)
42
___

30
15

Note that if cd - ab = 0 i.e.,, cd = ab, i.e.,, if the product of the absolute

terms be the same on both sides, the numerator becomes zero giving x = 0.
For the problem (x + 4) (x + 3) = (x 2 ) ( x 6 )
Solution is x = 0 since 4 X 3 = - 2 X - 6. = 12
Type ( iii) :
Consider

the

problems

By

of

the

type ax
______
cx + d
n

b
=

m
__

cross

multiplication,
n
(
ax
+
b)
=
m
(cx
+
d)
nax
+
nb
=
mcx
+
md
nax
mcx
=
md

nb
x(
na

mc
)
=
md

nb
md

x
na - mc.

nb
________

Now look at the problem once again

ax
cx + d
paravartya

Example

gives

md

1:

md - nb
______
na - mc

3x
_______
19

4x + 3

x =

b
=

_____
n
nb,

na

md
x
=
na - mc
+

13 (3) - 19(1)
____________
19 (3) - 13(4)

1
=

m
__

mc
-

and
nb
_______

13
___

39 - 19
20
_______
=
__
57 - 52
5

=
Example

2:

4x
________
3x

5
=
13/2

(7)
x
(8) (4) - (7)(3)

(13/2)
=

(91/2) - 40
__________
32 21

7
__
8

(8)(5)
_______________

(91 - 80)/2
_________
32 21

11
=
______
2 X 11
2

Type (iv) : Consider the problems of the type

m
_____
+
____
x+a
x+b

1
__

Take L.C.M and proceed.

m(x+b)
+
______________
(x + a) (x +b)
mx

+
mb
________________
(x + a)(x + b)
(m + n)x + mb + na

nx

Thus

x
(m + n)
Example

1
x+4

na
________

problem
____
x+b

:
____
x6

gives
-mb

0,

n
by paravartya process

directly
=

na

3
+

na
0

(m + n)x = - mb - na

the
____
x+a

+
=

-mb
(m + n)

(x+a)
0

____

________

4
0

x =

gives
________

-mb
na
Note that m = 3, n = 4, a = 4, b = - 6
(m
+
n)

-(3)(-6)

(4)
(4)
_______________
( 3 + 4)
7

Example
____
x
gives

2
5

16

_____

-(5) (-21) - (6)

________________
5+6

18
______
7

2
__

:
6
0
21

(1)
105
=
______
11
11

- 6
= __

99
9

I . Solve the following problems using the sutra Paravartya yojayet.

1) 3x + 5 = 5x 3

6) (x + 1) ( x + 2) = ( x 3) (x 4)

2) (2x/3) + 1 = x - 1

7) (x 7) (x 9) = (x 3) (x 22)

3) 7x + 2

______

3x
4)

x+3

8) (x + 7) (x + 9) = (x + 3 ) (x + 21)
=
__
5
8

x
_______
3x

5)
____
x4

=
-

5
____

3
1
1
2
0

II)
1.

Show

____
x+a

that
m
+
____
x+b

for

the

n
+
____
x+c

type
=

mbc

________________________
m(b + c) + n(c+a) + p(a + b)

of
0,

equations
p
the solution is

nca

pab
, if m + n + p =0.

2. Apply the above formula to set the solution for the problem
Problem

____
x+4

some

3
+
x+6

more

x+a
Now

m
____
x+b
this

+
x+c

solutions

____

be
____
x+c

m
____
x+a
x+c

____
x+c

n
=
x+c
m

n
_____

as,
n
_____

n
_____

n
_____

=
x+b

+ mc mx ma
nx
________________
=
(x + a) (x + c)
(x +c ) (x + b)

b) n(x + c)
________________

nb nx nc
_______________

a)

n
=

x+b

mx

x +a

5
0

m
_____

+c) m(x + a)
n(x
________________
=
(x + a) (x + c)
(x + c) (x + b)

(c

____________

written

m(x

____

simple

can

m
____
+
x+a
x+b

____
x+5

(b
c)
___________

m (c - a).x + m (c - a).b
=
n (b - c). x + n(b - c).a
x [ m(c - a) - n(b - c) ]
=
na(b - c) mb (c - a)
or x [ m(c - a) + n(c - b) ]
= na(b - c) + mb (a - c)
Thus

mb(a

x
=
m(c-a) + n(c-b).

c)

na
(b
c)
___________________

By paravartya rule we can easily remember the formula.

Example

solve
3
____
+
x+1
x+2

4
_____
x+3

7
____

In

the

usual

procedure,

____
x+2

x+1

we

3x

+
6
+
_____________
x2 + 2x + x + 2
x+3

10)
21x

(x

7
= ____

7
_____

7
____

7
____

3)

10x

31x

30

21

1)
=

10

31

4x

7x
+
_________
x2 + 3x + 2
x+3

7x2

follows.

x+3

+
2)
+
4(x
________________
(x + 1) (x + 2)
x+3

as

4
____

3(x

(7x

proceed

i.e.,,

30

7(x2

7x 2
=

10x

+
+

3x
21x

21x
=
=

+
+

14

2)
14.
14
30
16

x = - 16 / 10 = - 8 / 5
Now
____
x+1

3
____
x+2

Paravartya
=

____
x+3

mb(
a

c
)
_____________________
m(ca)+n(cb)
3

by

process

4
7
( ... N1 + N2 = 3+4 = 7 = N3)

+
na
(
b

c
)
here N1 = m = 3 , N2 = n = 4 ;
a = 1, b = 2, c = 3

2 ( 1 3 ) + 4 . 1 . ( 2 3)
=
__________________________
3(31)+4(32)

6 ( -2)+ 4 (-1)
- 12 4
_____________
=
_______
=
3 (2) + 4(1)
6+4
10

- 16
____
=
5

- 8
___

Example

2
____
x-2

+ ____
x6

:
5
8
Here N1 + N2 = 3 + 5 = 8.

= _____
x+3

mb
(
a

c
)
+
na
(
b

x
=
_____________________
m(ca)+n(cb)

c)

3 . ( -6 ) ( - 2 - 3 ) + 5 .( -2 ) ( -6 3 )
=
__________________________________
3 ( 3 ( -2 ) ) + 5 ( 3 ( - 6 ) )
3

(
=

( - 5 ) + 5 ( - 2 ) ( ____________________________
3( 3 + 2 ) + 5 ( 3 + 6 )

=
_______
15 + 45

Solve

the

problems
1)

x
2)
x

____
+
____
+

3)
____
x
-

using

x
4
+

1
5
+

3
+

+
/

180

methods
____
+
3
____
+
3

the

2
+

4)
_____
2x + 1
3x + 2

Note :

90

___
-

60

explained

_____

above.

10
____
+
4
3

x
=

90
3.

5
____
+
5

=
2

____

15
_____

3x + 1

The problem ( 4 ) appears to be not in the model said above.

But

3
(4)
2
(9)
________
+
________
=
3(2x + 1)
2( 3x + 2)
2(3x + 1)

_______

2(15)
gives

_____
6x + 3

12
+
6x + 4

_____
6x + 2

18
_____

Now

30
proceed.

Simultaneous simple equations:

By applying Paravartya sutra we can derive the values of x and y which are
given by two simultaneous equations. The values of x and y are given by ration
form. The method to find out the numerator and denominator of the ratio is
given below.
Example 1:

2x + 3y = 13, 4x + 5y = 23.

i) To get x, start with y coefficients and the independent terms and crossmultiply forward, i.e.,, right ward. Start from the upper row and multiply across
by the lower one, and conversely, the connecting link between the two crossproducts
being
a
minus.
This
becomes
numerator.
i.e.,,
2x
+
3y
=
13
4x
+
5y
=
23
Numerator of the x value is 3 x 23 5 x 13 = 69 65 = 4
ii) Go from the upper row across to the lower one, i.e.,, the x- coefficient but
backward,
i.e.,,
leftward.
Denominator of the x value is 3 x 4 2 x 5 = 12 10 = 2
Hence
value
of
x
=
4

2
=
2.
iii) To get y, follow the cyclic system, i.e.,, start with the independent term on
the upper row towards the xcoefficient on the lower row. So numerator of the
yvalue
is
13
x
4

23
x
2
=
52

46
=
6.
iv) The denominator is the same as obtained in Step(ii) i.e.,, 2. Hence value of y
is
62=3.
Thus the solution to the given equation is x = 2 and y = 3.
Example

Now

2:
6x 5y = 09

3y

11

Nr. of x is (-3) (9) (5) (11) = - 27 + 55 = 28

Dr. of x is (-3) (6) (5) (-5) = - 18 + 25 = 07
x

and

5x

for

y,

=
Nr

Nr
is

(11) (6)
Dr

Hence y = 21 7 = 3.

Dr

=
(9)(5)

28
=

66
is

45

=
=

4
21

Example

3:

solve
4x y = 9

3x

Now we can straight away write the values as follows:

(1)(9)

(-1)(5)
=
_____________
=
(1)(4) (3)(-1)
4+3

(5)(4)

(9)(3)
=
____________
=
(1)(4) (3)(-1)
4+3

9
_____
7

+
=

20
_______
7

5
___

27
___

14
2

-7
-1

Hence x = 2 and y = -1 is the solution.

Algebraic

ax
+
by
=
cx + dy = n . ( ii )

Multiply

by

and

adx

ii

cbx

Multiply

by

and

acx

cax

mc

subtract

bn

ii

by

a,

bcy

m.d

______

then
=

md

subtract
m.c

day
=
n.a
_____________________

( bc ad ) . y = mc - na

then

Proof:
)

dby
=
n.b
____________________

nb
= ______
bc - ad

x
ad - cb

b,

bdy

( ad cb ) .x = md nb
md

by

______

na

bc - ad
You feel comfort in the Paravartya process because it avoids the confusion in
multiplication, change of sign and such other processes.

Find the values of x and y in each of the following problems using

Paravartya
process.
1.

2x + y
3x 4y

3.

4x + 3y
6x - y = 1

=
=
=

5
2
8

2.

3x
5x +

4.
x
2x + 5y = 11

34

4y =
y
=

7
4

3y