MaANVCO08Unit+Three+Algebraic+MethodsCh6 7-8-11

Math A/B, Unit Three: Algebraic Methods; Unit 5: Graphs and Transformations NV-College
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
Selected Solved Problems:

G.MaA. 6.2.2-6.2.8 G.MaA.6.3.166.3.17
V.MaA.6.5.186.5.20
G.MaA. 6.2.9-6.2.19 V.MaA.6.4.226.4.27 V.MaA.6.5.20 V.MaA.6.6.11 G.MaA.7.5.3 M.MaA.7.5.9 G.MaA.8.2.17 G.MaA.11.2.8 G.MaA.11.3.8
G.MaA. 6.2.19-6.2.26 G.MaA.6.5.36.5.7 V.MaA.6.6.1-2 M.MaA.6.6.12. G.MaA.7.5.4 V.MaA.7.5.10 G.MaA.8.2.10 M.MaA.11.2.13 G.MaA.11.3.1-3 G.MaA.11.3.9
V.MaA.6.2.27 G.MaA.6.5.86.5.10 V.MaA.6.6.3-4
G.MaA.6.3.16.3.3 V.MaA.6.5.116.5.14 V.MaA.6.6.5-6
G.MaA.6.3.46.3.15 V.MaA.6.5.15 M.MaA.6.6.7-8
M.MaA.6.6.96.6.10 G7.5.1 M.MaA.7.5.8 V.MaA.7.5.14 V.MaA.8.1.26 M.MaA.11.1.14 G.MaA.11.3.7

G.MaA.11.4.1-4
V.MaA.7.5.5 V.MaA.7.5.11 G.MaA.8.2.15 M.MaA.11.2.14 G.MaA.11.3.4 M.MaA.11.3.10 M.MaA.11.4.18
V.MaA.7.5.6 V.MaA.7.5.12
M.MaA.7.5.7 V.MaA.7.5.13
G.MaA.11.3.5 M.MaA.11.3.11 M.MaA.11.4.19
G.MaA.11.3.6 M.MaA.11.3.12 V.MaA.11.4.20
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Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
Summery: Unit Three: Algebraic Methods: Ch6 Polynomial Arithmetic and Factoring
Conjugate Binomials
( A + B )( A B ) = A2 B 2
5x 4 y3 5 12 x 5 y 3 2 = 12 x 5 x 4 2 6y y 6 4 5x 12 x 5 y 3 2 = (10 ) x 9 ( y ) = 10 x 9 y 6y
Multiplication Monomials:
To multiply two monomials, group like factors together. Then multiply the like factors
( )
Dividing Monomials:
To divide a monomial by another monomial, group the quotients of like factors together. Then divide the like factors: Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial: To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, multiply each term of the polynomial by the monomial. Dividing a Polynomial by a Monomial: To Divide a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term of the polynomial by the monomial.
15 x 4 y 3 15 x 4 y 3 = 2 7 3x 2 y 7 3 x y
15 x 4 y 3 = ( 5) x 2 2 7 3x y
5 ( ) y1 = y x
4
2 x5 y 3 5x 4 3 y 2 + 4 = = 10 x y 6 x 5 y 5 + 8 x 5 y 3 5 x(3x 2 ) = 15 x 2 10 x
9 3
)(
9 x 4 3x 3 y 3 + 6 y 4 = 3x 2 y 2 = 9x4 3x 3 y 3 6y4 2 2+ 2 2 3x 2 y 2 3x y 3x y
Multiplying a Polynomial by a Polynomial:
3x 2 2y2 xy + 2 y2 x (5 x 7 )(3 x 2 ) = 5 x(3 x 2 ) 7(3 x 2 ) = = 15 x 2 10 x 21x + 14 = 15 x 2 31x + 14 =
Factoring, Factorization Factoring the difference between two squares Quadratic Binomial
15 x 2 10 x = 5 x(3x 2)
A2 B 2 = ( A + B )( A B )
Factoring
( A + B )2 = A2 + 2 AB + B 2 ( A B )2 = A2 2 AB + B 2 2 A2 + 2 AB + B 2 = ( A + B ) 2 A 2 2 AB + B 2 = ( A B )
Finding the greatest Common Factor: GCF: Factoring a Polynomial by Removing the GCF: The greatest common factor of a 15 x 3 y 10 xy 2 + 5 xy = 5 xy (3x 2 2 y + 1) polynomial is the greatest monomials that 5 xy is the GCF of 15 x 3 y 10 xy 2 + 5 xy . all terms of the polynomial share.
Factorizing x 2 + px + q
x 2 + px + q = ( x + a )( x + b )
2
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
Think of two numbers a and b that: when multiplied together gives q . i.e.: a.b = q when added together gives p . i.e.: a+b = p
Factor Completely: A polynomial is factored completely when each of its factors cannot be factored further. Quadratic Equations: x 2 + px + q = 0 x1 and x2 are roots or solutions of the quadratic equation: x1 + x2 = p x1 .x2 = q
a.b = q a+b = p Ex.: Four different cases: x 2 x 12 = ( x 4)( x + 3) x 2 + x 12 = (x + 4 )( x 3) x 2 + 7 x + 12 = ( x + 4 )( x + 3) x 2 7 x + 12 = ( x 4 )( x 3) Ex.: 8 xy 3 72 xy = 8 xy ( y 2 1) = 8 xy ( y + 1)( y 1) x 2 + px + q = 0

p p x1 = + q 2 2 p p x2 = q 2 2
2 2
Ch 7: Operating With Algebraic Fractions Simplifying Algebraic fractions:

7.1 Writing Algebraic Fractions in Lowest Terms: 24 x 3 y 6 xy Ex. Simplify 4 x 2 + 14 x + 6 24 x 3 y 6 xy 6 xy (4 x 2 1) = 1. 4 x 2 + 14 x + 6 2(2 x 2 + 7 x + 3) / 24 x 3 y 6 xy 2 3 xy (2 x + 1)(2 x 1) = 2 / 2(2 x + 1)( x + 3) 4 x + 14 x + 6 1. Factor the numerator and denominator. 2. Cancel out any common factors that are found in the numerator and denominator. 3. Multiply the remaining factors in the numerator and denominator.
24 x 3 y 6 xy 3 xy (2 x 1) = 2. ( x + 3) 4 x 2 + 14 x + 6
3.
24 x 3 y 6 xy 6 x 2 y 3 xy = 4 x 2 + 14 x + 6 x+3 7.2 Multiplying and Dividing Algebraic Fractions: x2 + 4x + 4 x2 4 Express 2 in the 2x 3 2x 7x + 6 simplest possible terms. x2 + 4x + 4 x2 4 2 2x 3 2x 7x + 6 2 x + 4x + 4 2x 2 7 x + 6 2x 3 x2 4
1. Factor where possible. 2. Cancel out where possible. 3. Multiply the remaining factors.
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
1 1 x + 4x + 4 x2 4 2 = x+2 2x 3 2x 7 x + 6 7.3 Converting Units of Measurement:

2
(x + 2)2 (2 x 3)(x 2) (2 x 3) (x + 2)(x 2) (x + 2) 1 = x + 2
Multiplication Property of Conversion Factors. Finding a Conversion Factor.
Multiplication Property of Conversion Factors: 3600 s / 5 h = (5 h ) = 18 000 s / h Finding a Conversion Factor: / // // 10 km 1000 m 1 h / 90 km / h = 9 0 // / //// h km 3 600 s 4 100 m 90 km / h = = 25 m / s 4 s
Combining Algebraic Fractions Having the Same Denominator: 7x + 3 2x + 5 7 x + 3 (2 x + 5) = 5 xy 2 y 5 xy 2 y 5 xy 2 y 7x + 3 2x 5 7x + 3 2x 5 = 5 xy 2 y 5 xy 2 y 5 xy 2 y (5 x 2) = 1 7x + 3 2x 5 = 5 xy 2 y 5 xy 2 y y (5 x 2 ) y Combining Algebraic Fractions Having Different Denominators: 7 3 7 3 = 4 x 4 x + 8 4 x 4(x + 2) LCD = 4 x ( x + 2 ) 7 3 7 x + 2 3 x = 4x 4x + 8 4x x + 2 4x + 8 x 7 3 7( x + 2 ) 3 x = 4x 4x + 8 4 x (x + 2) 7 3 7 x + 14 3x = 4 x 4 x + 8 4 x (x + 2) 7 3 4 x + 14 2( x + 7 ) = = 4 x 4 x + 8 4 x (x + 2) 4 x (x + 2) (x + 7 ) = x + 7 7 3 = 4 x 4 x + 8 2 x (x + 2) 2 x 2 + 2 x 1 y +1 y 1 M7.5.9 Solve . = y 8 4y LCD is 8 y . Multiply both sides by LCD,
7.4 Adding and Subtracting Algebraic Fractions :
Combining Algebraic Fractions Having the Same Denominator: Just combine the numerators over the common denominator. Combining Algebraic Fractions Having Different Denominators: First determine LCD (Lowest Common Denominator) of the fractions. Then multiply and divide each fractions by LCD. Cancel out the common terms wherever possible. Finally combine (add or subtract) the numerators over LCD.
7.5 Solving Equations With Fractions:

Change the equation into an equivalent equation that does not have any fraction. To eliminate the fractions, multiply each
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
side of the equation by the LCD of all fractional terms. Simplify the equation. Solve the equation n n G7.5.1 Solve 3 = . 2 5 LCD is 10 . Multiply both sides by LCD, i.e. 10 : n n 10 10 3 = 10 2 5 5n 30 = 2n Simplify the equation: 5n 30 2n = 0 3n 30 = 0 Solve the equation: 3n = 30 30 n= Answer: n = 10 3 n n 10 10 Check: 3 = 3= 2 5 2 5 5 3 = 2 Checks!
i.e. 8 y . Simplify it y + 1 2 y 1 1 8y 8y / =8y // / // y 8 4y / / 8 y ( y + 1) = 2( y 1) 8 y2 y = 2y 2 2y 2 + y2 + y 8 = 0 y 2 + 3 y 10 = 0 Find two numbers a and b that when multiplied together gives 10 . i.e.: a.b = 10 when added together gives 3 : a + b = 3 Due to the fact that a.b = 10 , a and b must have different signs. Due to the fact that their sum is positive a + b = 3 , the larger number should be positive. Therefore: a = 5 and b = 2 y 2 + 3 y 10 = ( y + 5)( y 2 ) = 0 y + 5 = 0 y1 = 5 ; y 2 = 0 y2 = 2
Ch 8: Radicals and Right Triangles

A square root of a nonnegative number N is one of two equal numbers whose product is N :
N N =N N N =N
)(
Ex: x 2 = N x = N Ex: x 2 = 64 x = 64 = 8 x1 = 8 and x2 = 8 64 is called radicand x2 = 8 is called principal square root
Rational Numbers: A number that can be n x= is rational if both n and m are integer expressed as a fraction with an integer m numerator and a nonzer integer numerator numbers. is called a rational number. Perfect Square: Any number whose square 121 is a perfect square because 121 = 11 root is rational is called a perfect square. 625 625 25 is a perfect square because = 169 169 13 Irrational Numbers: A real number with nonrepeating decimal number that do not end re called irrational number.
2 = 1.4142135623730950488016887242097 3 = 1.7320508075688772935274463415059
13 = 3.6055512754639892931192212674705 97 = 9.8488578017961047217462114149176
5
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
Simplifying Radicals:
Simplify by factoring and cancelling. Remove any perfect squares from the radical. Factor radicand, if possible, so that one of the factors is a perfect square. Write the radical over each factor. Evaluate the square root of the perfect squares(s)
V.MaA.8.1.26. Simplify:
54 x 5 y 2 3x 3 y 6
x x 54 x 5 y 2 18 x 2 = = 2 18 = 2 9 2 3 6 4 3x y y y y x 54 x 5 y 2 =3 2 2 3 6 3x y y
169 9 Solve for x Take the square root of both sides of the Take the square root of both sides of the question. 169 13 = question. x = Do not forget the negative term: 9 3 Do not forget the negative term: 13 13 x1 = and x2 = 3 3 8.2 Arithmatics operations with 7 5 + 3 5 = 10 5 Radicals 7 5 3 5 = 4 5 Square root radicals such as 7 5 and 3 5 are called like radicals. G.MaA.8.2.15: Perform the operation and give Adding and Subtracting Radicals: the answer in the simplest possible radical A radical may be first simplified before form: 75 + 2 12 48 . it is combined with another radical Suggested solution: Like radicals may be added or 75 + 2 12 48 = 25 3 + 2 4 3 16 3 subtracted: a b + c b = (a + c ) b 75 + 2 12 48 = 5 3 + 2 2 3 4 3 a b c b = (a c ) b 75 + 2 12 48 = 5 3
2
Solving quadratic equations with no second term, no x-term:
Solve: 9 x 2 = 169 . Solve for x 2 : x 2 =
Multiplying Radicals: a x .b y = (ab ) xy
G.MaA.8.2.17: Perform the operation and give the answer in the simplest possible radical form: 2 . 3 2 8 . Suggested solution: 2 . 3 2 8 = 3 2 2 8 2 = 3 4 16
( 2 .(3
) 8)= 3 2 4 = 6 4 = 2
Dividing Radicals: a x a x = b y b y
G.MaA.8.2.10: Perform the operation and give the answer in the simplest possible radical form: 3 5 . Suggested solution:
( )
(3 5 )
= 32
( 5)
= 9 5 = 45
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
Squaring Radicals eliminates the
radical.
( N)
=N
Rationalizing Denominator: If a radical appears in the denominator a , the denominator is of a fraction, b c irrational. To rationalize the a denominator in we may multiply b c
the fraction by a b c = a b c
c : c c a c = bc c
Unit 5: Graphs and Transformations: (K4/4000 Grafer och Funktioner, K2/3000) Ch 11: Linear Equations and Their Graphs
Locating Points in the coordinate system: A point is located by writing an ordered pair of numbers of the form (a x , a y ) where a x is the x-coordinate of the point, and a y is the ya x : x-coordinate of the point gives the horizontal distance and direction from the origin. When a x is positive, the point lies to the right of the origin When a x is negative, the point lies to the left of the origin Finding Area Using Coordinates coordinate of the point a y : y-coordinate of the point gives the vertical distance and direction from the origin. When a y is positive, the point lies above the origin. When a y is negative, the point lies below the origin.
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
11.2 Midpoint and Distance Formulas

The length of the line segment that connects points A (a x , a y ) and B (bx , by ) is:
AB =
(bx a x )2 + (by a y )2
The coordinates of midpoint of the segment AB is : a + bx a y + b y M x 2 , 2
G.MaA.11.2.8: Find the area and circumference of a circle if the end points of a diameter are A ( 1, 7 ) and B (9, 17 ) . Find the coordinate of the circle. The unit length is 1.00 cm Suggested solution: The length of the diameter of the circle is
d = AB =
(bx a x )2 + (by a y )2
d = AB =
(9 ( 1))2 + ( 17 7 )2
d = AB = 10 2 + 24 2 = 26.0 cm d 26.0 r= = cm = 13.0 cm 2 2 2 Area = r 2 = (13) = 169 cm 2
Area = 169 cm 2 531 cm 2 C = d = 26 cm 81.7 cm C = 26 cm 81.7 cm a + bx a y + b y to find We may use M x 2 , 2 the coordinates of the centre of the circle:
1 + 9 7 17 O , or O (4, 5) 2 2
Ch 11: Linear Equations and Their Graphs

In the linear equation y = k x + m k is the slope of the line: y y1 k= 2 x2 x1 and m is the y-intercept, i.e. the point the graph of the function crosses the y-axes. Positive slope: If as x-increases, y-increases: y = 2 x + 5 y = 2 x 5 Negative slope: If as x-increases, y-decreases y = 2 x + 5 y = 2 x 5
11.3 Slope of a line
The gradient or slope of a line is a measure of how fast the line is rising or falling. It is defined as the rate at which y increases compared with x between any two points on the line. Example. Find the equation of the line joining the points A (2, 3) and B (5, 9 ) . The slope (gradient) of the line is y yA 9 3 6 = =2 k AB = B = xB x A 5 2 3 Note that the order of the points of no importance, as long as the coordinates of a given point are both either first or second. i.e.: 8
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
Slope of parallel lines:

Parallel lines share identical slope: Ex. y = 2 x 5 and y = 2 x + 5 are parallel. If AB CD then k AB = k CD
Slope of perpendicular lines:

Slope of perpendicular lines are negative reciprocals: 1 Ex. y = 2 x 5 and y = x + 5 are. 2 perpendicular. 1 If AB CD then k AB = kCD
Collinear Points:
Collinear Points are points that lie on the same line.
y A yB 3 9 6 =2 = = x A xB 2 5 3 The equation of the line is: y = k x + m y = 2 x + m The y-intercept of the line may be found using the fact that the line passes through both A (2, 3) and B (5, 9 ) and therefore, their coordinates must satisfy the equation of the line, i.e.: y = 2 x + m passes through A (2, 3) : 3 = 2 2 + m m = 3 4 = 1 : The equation of the line is: y = 2 x 1 The coordinates of B (5, 9 ) must satisfy the equation of the line y = 2 x 1 : 9 = 2 5 1 = 10 1 =9 k AB =
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
G.MaA.6.2.2 Find the quotient of

Suggested Solution:
26 x 4 y 2 . 13 xy
26 x 4 y 2 26 x 4 y 2 = = 2x3 y 13 xy 13 x y
G.MaA.6.2.3 Find the product of 3xy 2 and 5 x 2 y 3 Suggested Solution: 3 xy 2 5 x 2 y 3 = ( 3 5) x x 2 y 2 y 3 = 15 x 3 y 5
)(
)(
G.MaA.6.2.4 Find the product of 1.45 xy 2 and 2.6 xy 3 ?

Suggested Solution: 1.45 xy 2
3 3 6
(1.45(xy ) )(2.6 xy ) = (1.45x

2 3 3
( ) = 1.45 x y y )(2.6 xy ) = (1.45 2.6)(x x )( y

6 3 3
( )
y 3 = 3.77 x 4 y 9
G.MaA.6.2.5 Find the quotient of 14 x 3 35 x 2 + 7 x divided by 7 x where x 0 . 14 x 3 35 x 2 + 7 x 14 x 3 35 x 2 7 x Suggested Solution: = + = 2x 2 5x + 1 7x 7x 7x 7x G.MaA.6.2.6. Martin had a garden that was in the shape of a rectangle. Its length was twice its width. He decided to make a new garden that was 2 meters longer and 2 meters wider than the first garden. If x represents the original width of the garden, find the difference between the area of the new garden and the area of the original garden? Suggested Solution: Answer: Anew Aoriginal = 6 x + 4 m 2
The original width of the garden: The original length of the garden: The original area of the garden: The new width of the garden: The new length of the garden: The new area of the garden:
x m 2x m
Aoriginal = 2 x x = 2 x 2 m 2 x+2 m 2x + 2 m
Anew = (2 x + 2) ( x + 2) m 2 = 2 x ( x + 2) + 2 ( x + 2) m 2 = 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2 x + 4 = 2 x 2 + 6 x + 4
The difference between the area of the new garden and the area of the original garden: Anew Aoriginal = 2 x 2 + 6 x + 4 2 x 2 m 2 = 6 x + 4 m 2
Anew = (2 x + 2) ( x + 2) m 2
1 G.MaA.6.2.7 Find the product of a 2 b and ( 8ab 3 ) 2 1 1 Suggested Solution: a 2 b ( 8ab 3 ) = ( 8)(a 2 a )(b b 3 ) = 4 a 3 b 4 2 2 G.MaA.6.2.8 Find the product of 2 x , 3x 2 , and 4x 3 . Suggested Solution: ( 2 x )( 3x 2 )( 4 x 3 ) = 24 x x 2 x 3 = 24 x 6
10
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
G.MaA.6.2.9 Find the product of 0.4 y 3 , and 0.15 xy 2 . Suggested Solution: 0.4 y 3 0.15 xy 2 = ((0.4)( 0.15))x y 3 y 2 = 0.6 xy 5
)(
G.MaA.6.2.10 Find the quotient of xy 2 divided by x 3 y where x 0 and y 0 .

Suggested Solution:
xy 2 x y2 1 y = 3 = 2 y= 2 3 x y x y x x
G.MaA.6.2.11 Find the quotient of 3x 5 divided by 27x 4 where x 0 . x 3x 5 3 x5 1 Suggested Solution: = 4 = x = 4 27 x 27 x 9 9 G.MaA.6.2.12 Find the quotient of 8a 2 b 3 divided by 12a 2b 5 where a 0 and b 0 . 8a 2 b 3 8 a 2 b3 2 1 2 Suggested Solution: = 2 5 = 1 2 = 2 2 5 12a b 12 a b 3 b 3b G.MaA.6.2.13 Find 1.05 x 5 y 3 0.35 x 2 y 4 where x 0 and y 0 .
1.05 x 5 y 3 1.05 x 5 y 3 3x 3 3 1 = = 3 x = Suggested Solution: 1.05 x y 0.35 x y = 0.35 x 2 y 4 0.35 x 2 y 4 y y
5 3 2 4
1 1 G.MaA.6.2.14 Find 2 xy 6 x 3 y 2 where x 0 and y 0 . 1 1 6x3 y 2 6 x3 y 2 2 Suggested Solution: 2 xy 6 x 3 y 2 = 2 xy = 2 x y = 3 x y G.MaA.6.2.15 Find the product of 5 y and y 3 8 y 4 Suggested Solution: (5 y )( y 3 8 y 4 ) = 5 y y 3 5 y 8 y 5 y 4 = 5 y 4 40 y 2 20 y G.MaA.6.2.16 Find the product of 3 x + 7 , and 2 x 9 . Suggested Solution: Answer: (3x + 7 )(2 x 9 ) = 6 x 2 13x 63 (3x + 7 )(2 x 9) = 3x(2 x 9) + 7(2 x 9) = 6 x 2 27 x + 14 x 63 G.MaA.6.2.17 Find the product of 5w 8 , and 5w + 8 . 2 Suggested Solution: (5w 8)(5w + 8) = (5w) 8 2 = 25w 2 64 G.MaA.6.2.18 Find the product of 4b 3 , and b + 2 . Suggested Solution: (4b 3)(b + 2) = 4b(b + 2) 3(b + 2) = 4b 2 + 8b 3b 6 = 4b 2 + 5b 6 G.MaA.6.2.19 Find the product of 0.3 y 2 + 1 , and 0.3 y 2 1 . Suggested Solution:
(0.3 y
+ 1)(0.3 y 2 + 1) = (0.3 y 2 ) 1 = 0.09 y 4 1

2
11
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
G.MaA.6.2.19 Find the product of 0.3 y 2 + 1 , and 0.3 y 2 1 . Suggested Solution:
(0.3 y
+ 1)(0.3 y 2 + 1) = (0.3 y 2 ) 1 = 0.09 y 4 1

2
G.MaA.6.2.20. Find the product of 1 3 x , and 2 + x . Suggested Solution: (1 3x )(2 + x ) = (2 + x ) 3x(2 + x ) = 2 + x 6 x 3x 2 = 3x 2 5 x + 2 G.MaA.6.2.21. Find (2 x 3) .
2
Suggested Solution: (2 x 3) = (2 x ) 2(3)(2 x ) + 32 = 4 x 2 12 x + 9

2 2
G.MaA.6.2.22. Find the quotient
18r 4 27r 3 s 2 . 9rs 18r 4 27r 3 s 2 18r 4 27 r 3 s 2 2r 3 Suggested Solution: = = 3r 2 s 9rs 9rs 9rs s 21c 3 12c 2 + 3c . 3c 21c 3 12c 2 + 3c 21c 3 12c 2 3c Suggested Solution: = + + = 7c 2 + 4c 1 3c 3c 3c 3c 0.4a 3 1.05a 2 b . 0.7a 0.4a 3 1.05a 2b 0.4a 3 1.05a 2b 4a 2 3ab Suggested Solution: = = 0.7 a 0.7 a 0.7a 7 2 G.MaA.6.2.24. Find the quotient G.MaA.6.2.25. How does the square of a number, x , compare to the product obtained by multiplying together the two numbers obtained by increasing x by 6 and decreasing x by 6. Suggested Solution: ( x + 6 )( x 6) = x 2 36
G.MaA.6.2.23. Find the quotient
V.MaA.6.2.26. Martina claims that the sum of any five consecutive integers is always evenly divisible by 5. Explain why you agree with Martina. Suggested Solution: If the number is the middle number x , the other four consecutive numbers in the neighbourhood of x are x 2 , x 1 , x + 1 , x + 2 , and the sum of five consecutive numbers may be calculated as: S = (x 2 ) + ( x 1) + x + ( x + 1) + ( x + 2 ) = 5 x S = 5 x is always divisible by 5.
12
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
V.MaA.6.2.27. In the accompanying diagram, the width of the inner rectangle is represented by x and the length by 2 x 1 . The width of the outer rectangle is represented by x + 3 and the length by x + 5 . a) Express the area of the shaded region as a trinomial in terms of x . b) If the perimeter of the outer rectangle x x+3 is 24, what is the value of x . 2x 1 c) What is the area, in square units, of the shaded region? d) The area of the inner rectangle is what percent, correct to the nearest tenth of a percent, of the area of the outer x+5 rectangle?
Suggested Solution: a) Answer: The area of the shaded region Ashaded = x 2 + 9 x + 15 b) Answer: x = 2 .
Ashaded = ( x + 3)( x + 5) x(2 x 1) = x 2 + 8 x + 15 2 x 2 + x = x 2 + 9 x + 15 8 =2 2
P = 2( x + 3) + 2( x + 5) = 24 2 x + 6 + 2 x + 10 = 24 4 x = 24 16 = 8 x =
c) d) Answer: Ashaded = 29 au
Ashaded = x 2 + 9 x + 15 = (2 ) + 9(2 ) + 15 = 4 + 18 + 15 = 29 au
2
Answer: The area of the inner rectangle is 17% of the area of the outer rectangle. 2 Ainner = x (2 x 1) = 2 x 2 x = 2(2 ) (2 ) = 8 2 = 6 au
Aouter = ( x + 3)( x + 5) = x 2 + 8 x + 15 = (2 ) + 8(2 ) + 15 = 4 + 16 + 15 = 35 au Ainner 6 = = 0.17 = 17% Aouter 35
2
G.MaA.6.3.1. If A = p + prt , find p in terms of A, r and t. Suggested Solution: A A A = p + prt A = p (1 + rt ) p(1 + rt ) = A p = p= (1 + rt ) 1 + rt G.MaA.6.3.2. If ay c = d + by , find y in terms of a, b, c, and d. Suggested Solution: c+d c+d ay c = d + by ay by = d + c y (a b ) = c + d y = y= (a b ) a b G.MaA.6.3.3. Factor 15 x 2 6 x Suggested Solution: 15 x 2 6 x = 3x(5 x 2)
13
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
G.MaA.6.3.4. Factor 7 p 2 + 7 q 2 Suggested Solution: 7 p 2 + 7 q 2 = 7( p 2 + q 2 ) G.MaA.6.3.5. Factor x 3 + x 2 + x Suggested Solution: x 3 + x 2 + x = x x 2 + x + 1
) )
G.MaA.6.3.6. Factor 3 y 7 6 y 5 + 12 y 3 Suggested Solution: 3 y 7 6 y 5 + 12 y 3 = 3 y 3 y 4 2 y 2 + 4
G.MaA.6.3.7. Factor 4a 4b Suggested Solution: 4a 4b = 4(a + b ) G.MaA.6.3.8. Factor 8u 5 w 2 40u 2 w5 Suggested Solution: 8u 5 w 2 40u 2 w5 = 8u 2 w 2 (u 3 5w3 ) G.MaA.6.3.9. Factor y 2 144 Suggested Solution: y 2 144 = ( y 12 )( y + 12 ) G.MaA.6.3.10. Factor 0.24 x 2 0.36 xy Suggested Solution: 0.24 x 2 0.36 xy = 0.6 x(4 x 0.6 y ) 1 2 3 a b ab 3 4 4 1 2 3 1 Suggested Solution: a b ab 3 = ab a b 2 4 4 4 G.MaA.6.3.11. Factor
G.MaA.6.3.12. Factor 81 x 2 Suggested Solution: 81 x 2 = 9 2 x 2 = (9 x )(9 + x ) G.MaA.6.3.13. Factor p 2 1 9

2 2
1 1 1 1 Suggested Solution: p = p 2 = p p + 9 3 3 3 G.MaA.6.3.14. Factor b 2 0.36 Suggested Solution: b 2 0.36 = (b 0.60 )(b + 0.60 ) G.MaA.6.3.15. Factor 4 2 c 1 9 4 2 2 2 2 c 1 = c 1 = c 1 c + 1 9 3 3 3
14
2
Suggested Solution:
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
G.MaA.6.3.16. Factor 100a 2 49b 2 Suggested Solution: 100a 2 49b 2 = (10a 7b )(10a + 7b ) V.MaA.6.3.17. Factor 4 x 2 ( x 1) 7( x 1) Suggested Solution: 4 x 2 ( x 1) 7( x 1) = ( x 1)(4 x 2 7 )
15
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
V.MaA.6.4.22 Factor completely 8 xy 3 72 xy . Suggested Solution: 8 xy 3 72 xy = 8 xy ( y 2 9 ) = 8 xy ( y + 3)( y 3) V.MaA.6.4.23 Factor completely 2 y 2 14 y 20 . Suggested Solution: 2 y 2 14 y 20 = 2( y 2 + 7 y + 10) = 2( y + 2)( y + 5) Think of two numbers a and b that: when multiplied together gives 10 . i.e.: a.b = 10 , both numbers have the same sign. when added together gives 1 . i.e.: a + b = 7 : Both numbers are positive. a = 2, b =5 V.MaA.6.4.24 Factor completely 2 x 3 + 2 x 2 112 x . Suggested Solution: 2 x 3 + 2 x 2 112 x = 2 x(x 2 + x 56) = 2 x(x + 8)( x 7 ) Think of two numbers a and b that: when multiplied together gives -56. i.e.: a.b = 56 , one is positive the other negative when added together gives 1 . i.e.: a + b = 1 : The larger one is positive. a = 8 , b = 7 V.MaA.6.4.25 Factor completely 10 y 4 + 50 y 3 500 y 2 . Suggested Solution: 10 y 4 + 50 y 3 500 y 2 = 10 y 2 y 2 + 5 y 50 = 10 y 2 ( y + 10)( y 5) Think of two numbers a and b that: when multiplied together gives 50 . i.e.: a.b = 50 , one is positive the other negative when added together gives 1 . i.e.: a + b = 5 : The larger one is positive. a = 10 , b = 5
V.MaA.6.4.26 Factor completely 18 x 3 50 xy 2 Suggested Solution: 18 x 3 50 xy 2 = 2 x(9 x 2 25 y 2 ) = 2 x(3x 5 y )(3 x + 5 y ) 1 3 x 18 x 2 1 1 1 1 Suggested Solution: x 3 18 x = 2 x x 2 9 = 2 x x 3 x + 3 2 4 2 2 V.MaA.6.4.27 Factor completely
16
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
6.5 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

G.MaA.6.5.3 If one of the roots of the equation x 2 x + q = 0 is 3, what is the other root? (a) -2 (b) 2 (c) -1 (d) -4 Suggested Solution: Answer: alternative (a): x2 = 2 If we name the other root x2 , it should satisfy the condition that: x2 + 3 = ( 1) x2 + 3 = 1 x2 = 1 3 x2 = 2 G.MaA.6.5.4 For what value(s) x is the fraction x+4 not defined? x 2x 3
2
(a) -1, 3 (b) 1, -3 (c) -3, -1 (d) -4 Suggested Solution: Answer: alternative (a): x 3 and x 1 The fraction is not defined if its denominator is zero. Therefore, first we factorize the denominator. Then cancel out all terms that could be so. Finally do not allow the denominator to be zero. i.e.: x+4 x+4 x 3 and x 1 . Therefore, alternative (a) 2 (x 3)(x + 1) x 2x 3 G.MaA.6.5.5 Solve x(2 x 1) = 0 .
Suggested Solution: Answer: x1 = 0 and x2 =
1 2
x = 0 x1 = 0 x(2 x 1) = 0 1 1 2 x 1 = 0 2 x = 1 x = 2 x 2 = 2
G.MaA.6.5.6 Solve y 2 + 3 y + 2 = 0 .
Suggested Solution: Answer: y1 = 1 and y 2 = 2
y + 1 = 0 y1 = 1 y 2 + 3 y + 2 = 0 ( y + 1)( y + 2 ) = 0 y + 2 = 0 y = 2 y 2 = 2 First we looked for two numbers a and b such that ab = 2 Then we chose those numbers that satisfied a + b = 3 These two numbers are a = 1 and b = 2
17
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
G.MaA.6.5.8 Solve x 2 = x + 12 .
Suggested Solution: Answer: x1 = 4 and x2 = 3
x 4 = 0 x1 = 4 x 2 = x + 12 x 2 x 12 = 0 (x 4 )( x + 3) = 0 x + 3 = 0 x 2 = 3 First we moved both terms x and 12 to the left hand side of the equation Then we looked for two numbers a and b such that ab = 12 Then we chose those numbers that satisfied a + b = 1 These two numbers are a = 4 and b = 3
G.MaA.6.5.9 Solve 13n n 2 = 0 .

Suggested Solution: Answer: n1 = 0 and n2 = 13 n = 0 n1 = 0 13n n 2 = 0 n(13 n ) = 0 13 n = 0 n2 = 13
G.MaA.6.5.10 Solve 5r + 3 = 2r 2 .
Suggested Solution: Answer: r1 =
1 and r2 = 3 2 1 2r + 1 = 0 2r = 1 r1 = 2 2 5r + 3 = 2r 2r 5r 3 = 0 (2r + 1)(r 3) = 0 2 r 3 = 0 r = 3 r2 = 3 First we moved both terms 5r and 3 to the right hand side of the equation (where the coefficient of the quadratic term is a positive number.) Then we looked for two numbers a and b such that ab = 3 Then we chose those numbers that satisfied a + 2b = 5 These two numbers are a = 1 and b = 3
18
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
V.MaA.6.5.11 Solve 5b 2b 2 + 18 = 0 .
Suggested Solution: Answer: b1 = 4.5 and b2 = 2 5b 2b 2 + 18 = 0 2b 2 5b 18 = 0 (2b 9 )(b + 2 ) = 0
9 2b 9 = 0 2b = 9 b1 = = 4.5 2 b + 2 = 0 b = 2 b2 = 2 First we multiplied both sides of the equation by 1 . This was necessary because we wanted the coefficient of the quadratic term to be positive. Then we looked for two numbers c and d such that cd = 3 Then we chose those numbers that satisfied c + 2d = 5 These two numbers are c = 9 and d = 2
V.MaA.6.5.12 Solve 9 x 2 12 x + 4 = 0 .
Suggested Solution: Answer: x1 = x2 =
2 3 2 2 2 2 9 x 12 x + 4 = 0 (3x ) 2(2)((3 x )) + 2 = 0 (3x 2 ) 2 3x 2 = 0 3 x = 2 x1 = x2 = 3 2 Using Quadratic Binomial: ( A + B ) = A 2 + 2 AB + B 2
x2 . 2 Suggested Solution: Answer: x1 = 0 and x2 = 6 x = 0 x1 = 0 x2 3x = 6 x = x 2 x 2 6 x = 0 x( x 6 ) = 0 2 x 6 = 0 x 2 = 6
V.MaA.6.5.13 Solve 3 x =
V.MaA.6.5.13 Solve 6t 2 = 7t + 3 .
Suggested Solution: Answer: t1 =
3 1 and t 2 = 2 3 3 2t 3 = 0 2t = 3 t1 = 2 6t 2 = 7t + 3 6t 2 7t 3 = 0 (2t 3)(3t + 1) = 0 3t + 1 = 0 3t = 1 t = 1 2 3 First we looked for two numbers a and b such that ab = 3 Then we chose those numbers that satisfied 3a + 2b = 7 These two numbers are a = 3 and b = +1
19
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
V.MaA.6.5.15 Solve 3 p 2 + 14 p = 5 .
Suggested Solution: Answer: p1 =
2 2
1 and t 2 = 5 3
1 3 p 1 = 0 3 p = 1 p1 = 3 p + 14 p = 5 3 p + 14 p 5 = 0 (3 p 1)( p + 5) = 0 3 p + 5 = 0 p = 5 p2 = 5 First we looked for two numbers a and b such that ab = 5 Then we chose those numbers that satisfied a + 3b = 14 These two numbers are a = 1 and b = 5
20
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
x3 x+3 . = x2 2x Suggested Solution: Answer: x1 = 6 and x2 = 1 LCD is 2 x ( x 2 ) Multiply both sides of the equation by LCD, i.e. by 2 x ( x 2 ) : x 3 x +3 // 2 x (x 2) = 2 x (x 2) // x2 2x 2 x ( x 3) = ( x + 3) ( x 2)
V.MaA.6.5.18 Solve the equation
2 x 2 6 x = x (x 2) + 3 (x 2) = x 2 2 x + 3x 6 2x2 6x = x2 + x 6 2x 2 x 2 6x x + 6 = 0 x2 7x + 6 = 0 Solve the equation: x 2 7 x + 6 = 0 x 2 7 x + 6 = 0 (x 6 )(x 1) = 0 x1 = 6 and x2 = 1
To solve the quadratic equation x 2 7 x + 6 = 0 think of two numbers a and b that: when multiplied together gives 6 . i.e.: a.b = 6 , both a and b have the signwhen added together gives 1. i.e.: a + b = 7 : Both a and b are negative numbers: . a = 6 , b = 1
Substitute x1 = 6 into the original equation: Checks! Substitute x2 = 1 into the original equation: Checks!
3 9 63 6+3 = = 6 2 26 4 12 1 3 1+ 3 2 4 = = 1 2 2 1 1 2
x2 x+4 . = x 3x Suggested Solution: Answer: x = 5 LCD is 3x
V.MaA.6.5.19. Solve the equation
Multiply both sides of the equation by LCD: 3x / Simplify and solve the equation: 3( x 2 ) = x + 4 3 x 6 = x + 4 3 x x = 4 + 6 10 2 x = 10 x = =5 2 Substitute x = 5 into the original equation:
x2 x+4 = 3x // x 3x // /
52 5+ 4 3 9 = = 5 35 5 15
Checks!
21
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
V.MaA.6.5.20. The perimeter of a certain rectangle is 24 cm . When the length of the rectangle is doubled and the width is tripled, the area of the rectangle is increased by 160 cm 2 : Find the dimensions of the original rectangle. Suggested Solution: Answer: w1 = 8 and l 1 = 4 cm , or w2 = 4 and l 2 = 8 cm
Lets
l cm : length of the rectangle w cm : width of the rectangle p0 cm = 24 cm : perimeter of the original rectangle
A0 cm 2 : area of the original rectangle 24 cm p0 cm = 24 cm = 2(l + w) l + w = = 12 cm 2 l + w = 12 cm and A0 cm 2 = l w

Anew cm 2 = A0 cm 2 + 160 cm 2 = (2l ) (3w ) = 6lw 6lw = A0 cm 2 + 160 cm 2
5lw = 160 cm 2 160 lw = cm 2 = 32 cm 2 5 lw = 32 cm 2
6lw cm 2 = lw cm 2 + 160 cm 2
Therefore, we must solve the two simultaneous equations: lw = 32 cm 2 and l + w = 12 cm . l + w = 12 cm l = 12 w cm . Substitute l = 12 w cm in lw = 32 cm 2 (12 w )w = 32 12 w w 2 = 32 w 2 12 w + 32 = 0 Solve the quadratic equation: w 2 12 w + 32 = 0 (w 8 )(w 4 ) = 0 To solve the quadratic equation w 2 12 w + 32 = 0 think of two numbers a and b that: when multiplied together gives 32 . i.e.: a.b = 32 , both a and b have the sign when added together gives 1 . i.e.: a + b = 12 : Both a and b are negative numbers: the numbers are a = 4 and b = 8 (w 8)(w 4) = 0 w1 = 8 and w2 = 4 Substitute it into l = 12 w cm w1 = 8 l 1 = 12 w1 cm = 12 8 = 4 cm l 1 = 4 cm w2 = 4 l 2 = 12 w2 cm = 12 4 = 8 cm l 2 = 8 cm Note that even though seemingly there are two sets of answers, in reality they are identical rectangles, they are just rotated by 90 degrees.
22
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
V.MaA.6.6.1 Suggested Solution: Answer: p = 54 ft Data: A = w l = 180 ft 2 , w = l 3 ft ; p min = 2(l + w) = ?

w l = 180 ft 2 (l 3) l = 180 ft 2 l 2 3l 180 = 0 (l 15)(l + 12 ) = 0 w = l 3 ft To factorize l 2 3l 180 = 0 , and therefore to find the length of the triangle, we must look for two numbers a and b in such a way that their product is a b = 180 and their sum is a + b = 3 . Due to the fact that a b = 180 is negative, one of the numbers, a is negative and the other number, b is positive. On the other hand a + b = 3 indicates that the negative number should have larger magnitude. Simultaneously due to the fact that a + b = 3 is a relatively small number, the magnitude of the numbers should be close to each other. The search results in the prediction that a = 15 and b = 12 . Checking: a b = ( 15)(12 ) = 180 OK , and a + b = ( 15) + 12 = 3 OK .
Therefore: l 2 3l 180 = 0 (l 15)(l + 12 ) = 0
l 15 = 0 l = 15 ft w = l 3 = 15 3 = 12 ft l + 12 = 0 l = 12 rejected p = 2(l + w) = 2(l + l 3) = 2(2l 3) = 2(2 15 3) = 2(30 3) = 2 27 = 54 ft Answer: p = 54 ft
V.MaA.6.6.2. Suggested Solution: Answer: w = 8 in ; l = 13 in Data: h = 2 in , l = w + 5 in ; V = 208 in 3 ; l = ? , w = ?

V = l w h = (w + 5) w 2 = 208 in 3 (w + 5) w 2 = 208 (w + 5) w =
208 = 104 2
w 2 + 5w 104 = 0 To factorize w 2 + 5w 104 = 0 , and therefore to find the width of the base of the box, we must look for two numbers a and b in such a way that their product is a b = 180 and their sum is a + b = 3 . Due to the fact that a b = 104 is negative, one of the numbers, a is positive and the other number, b is negative. On the other hand a + b = 5 indicates that the positive number should have larger magnitude. Simultaneously due to the fact that a + b = 5 is a relatively small number, the magnitude of the numbers should be close to each other. The search results in the prediction that a = 13 and b = 8 . Checking: a b = (13)( 8) = 104 OK , and a + b = 13 + ( 8) = 13 8 = 5 OK . Therefore: w 2 + 5w 104 = 0 (w + 13)(w 8) = 0 w + 13 = 0 w = 13 rejected w 8 = 0 w = 8 in l = w + 5 = 8 + 5 = 13 in Answer: w = 8 in ; l = 13 in
23
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
V.MaA.6.6.3. Suggested Solution: Answer: l new = 12 ft ; wnew = 10 ft

Data: w = 6 ft , l = 8 ft ; Anew = 48 + 72 ft 2 = 120 ft 2 ; l new = 8 + x ft = ? , wnew = 6 + x ft = ?
l new wnew = (8 + x )(6 + x ) = 120 ft 2 48 + 8 x + 6 x + x 2 120 = 0 x 2 + 14 x 72 = 0
To factorize x 2 + 14 x 72 = 0 , and therefore to find x , we must look for two numbers a and b in such a way that their product is a b = 72 and their sum is a + b = 14 . Due to the fact that a b = 72 is negative, one of the numbers, a is positive and the other number, b is negative. On the other hand a + b = 14 indicates that the positive number should have larger magnitude. Simultaneously due to the fact that a + b = 14 is a relatively large number, the magnitude of the numbers should be far from one another. The search results in the prediction that a = 18 and b = 4 . Checking: a b = (18)( 4 ) = 72 OK , and a + b = 18 + ( 4 ) = 18 4 = 14 OK . Therefore: x 2 + 14 x 72 = 0 (x + 18)(x 4 ) = 0 x + 18 = 0 x = 18 rejected x 4 = 0 x = 4 ft l new = 8 + 4 = 12 ft ; wnew = 6 + 4 = 10 ft
Answer: l new = 12 ft ; wnew = 10 ft
V.MaA.6.6.4. Suggested Solution: Answer: A flower _ garden = 81 ft 2 ; Aveg = 117 ft 2 ; Apatio = 162 ft 2
Data: Length of the flower garden x , l veg = x + 4 ft ; l patio = 2 x
Aoriginal = 360 ft 2 ;
Agarden = ? , Apatio = ?
Due to the fact that the flower garden is an square, its width is also x . x x + x ( x + 4 ) + x 2 x = 360 ft 2 x 2 + x 2 + 4 x + 2 x 2 = 360 4 x 2 + 4 x 360 = 0 Divide both sides of the equation by 4: x 2 + x 90 = 0 To factorize x 2 + x 90 = 0 , and therefore to find x , we must look for two numbers a and b in such a way that their product is a b = 90 and their sum is a + b = 1 . Due to the fact that a b = 90 is negative, one of the numbers, a is positive and the other number, b is negative. On the other hand a + b = 1 indicates that the positive number should have larger magnitude. Simultaneously due to the fact that a + b = 1 is a relatively small number, the magnitude of the numbers should be close to each other. The search results in the prediction that a = 10 and b = 9 . Checking: a b = (10 )( 9 ) = 90 OK , and a + b = 10 + ( 1) = 10 1 = 9 OK . Therefore: x 2 + x 90 = 0 (x + 10 )( x 9 ) = 0 x + 10 = 0 x = 10 rejected x 9 = 0 x = 9 ft l veg = x + 4 = 9 + 4 = 13 ft ; l patio = 2 x = 2 9 = 18 ft
Agarden = x 2 = 9 2 = 81 ft 2 ; Aveg = x( x + 4 ) = 9 (9 + 4 ) = 9 13 = 117 ft 2 ; Apatio = x 2 x = 2 x 2 = 2 9 2 = 2 81 = 162 ft 2
Answer: A flower _ garden = 81 ft 2 ; Aveg = 117 ft 2 ; Apatio = 162 ft 2

24
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
V.MaA.6.6.5. Find two consecutive positive integers such that the square of the first decreased by 25 equals three times the second. Suggested Solution: Answer: n = 7 ; n + 1 = 8 Data: n = ? , n + 1 = ? ; n > 0 ; n 2 25 = 3(n + 1)
n 2 25 = 3(n + 1) n 2 25 = 3n + 3 n 2 3n 25 3 = 0 n 2 3n 28 = 0
To factorize n 2 3n 28 = 0 , and therefore to find n , we must look for two numbers a and b in such a way that their product is a b = 28 and their sum is a + b = 3 . Due to the fact that a b = 28 is negative, one of the numbers, a is positive and the other number, b is negative. On the other hand a + b = 3 indicates that the negative number should have larger magnitude. Simultaneously due to the fact that a + b = 3 is a relatively small number, the magnitude of the numbers should be close to each other. The search results in the prediction that a = 4 and b = 7 . Checking: a b = (4 )( 7 ) = 28 OK , and a + b = 4 + ( 7 ) = 4 7 = 3 OK . Therefore: n 2 3n 28 = 0 (n + 4 )(n 7 ) = 0 n + 4 = 0 n = 4 rejected n 7 = 0 n = 7 n + 1 = 7 + 1 = 8
?
Check: n 2 25 = 3(n + 1) 7 2 25 = 3 8 49 25 = 24 24 = 24 QED Answer: n = 7 ; n + 1 = 8
V.MaA.6.6.6. If the second of three positive consecutive integers is added to the product of the first and the third, the result is 71. Find the three integers. Suggested Solution: Answer: n 1 = 7 n = 8 ; n + 1 = 9 Data: n 1 = ? , n = ? , n + 1 = ? ; n > 0 ; n + (n 1)(n + 1) = 71
n + (n 1)(n + 1) = 71 n + n 2 1 = 71 n + n 2 1 71 = 0 n 2 + n 72 = 0
To factorize n 2 + n 72 = 0 , and therefore to find n , we must look for two numbers a and b in such a way that their product is a b = 72 and their sum is a + b = 1 . Due to the fact that a b = 72 is negative, one of the numbers, a is positive and the other number, b is negative. On the other hand a + b = 1 indicates that the positive number should have larger magnitude. Simultaneously due to the fact that a + b = 1 is a relatively small number, the magnitude of the numbers should be close to each other. The search results in the prediction that a = 9 and b = 8 . Checking: a b = (9)( 8) = 72 OK , and a + b = 9 + ( 8) = 9 8 = 1 OK . Therefore: n 2 + n 72 = 0 (n + 9 )(n 8) = 0 n + 9 = 0 n = 9 rejected n 8 = 0 n = 8 n 1 = 8 1 = 7; n + 1 = 8 + 1 = 9
?
Check: n + (n 1)(n + 1) = 71 8 + (7 )(9) = 71 8 + 63 = 71 71 = 71 Answer: n 1 = 7 n = 8 ; n + 1 = 9
QED
25
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
M.MaA.6.6.7. A positive number is one more than twice another number. If the difference of their square is 40, find the larger of the two numbers. Suggested Solution: Answer: m = 3 ; n = 7 Data: m = ? , n = ? ; n > 0 ; m > 0 ; n = 2m + 1 ; n 2 m 2 = 40 n 2 m 2 = 40 2 (2m + 1) m 2 = 40 4m 2 + 4m + 1 m 2 40 = 0 3m 2 + 4m 39 = 0 n = 2m + 1 To factorize 3m 2 + 4m 39 = 0 , as 3m 2 + 4m 39 = (3m + a )(m + b ) = 0 and therefore to find m , we must look for two numbers a and b in such a way that their product is a b = 39 . Due to the fact that a b = 39 is negative, one of the numbers, a is positive and the other number, b is negative. We may try a = 13 and b = 3 . i.e.: 3m 2 + 4m 39 = (3m + 13)(m 3) = 0
Therefore: 3m 2 + 4m 39 = 0 (3m + 13)(m 3) = 0
13 rejected 3m + 13 = 0 m = 3 m 3 = 0 m = 3 n = 2 m + 1 = 2 3 + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7
Check: (3m + 13)(m 3) = 3m(m 3) + 13(m 3) = 3m 2 9m + 13m 39 = 3m 2 + 4m 39 QED
Check: n 2 m 2 = 40 7 2 32 = 40 49 9 = 40 40 = 40 QED Answer: m = 3 ; n = 7
M.MaA.6.6.8. The side of a certain square is 3 feet longer than the side of another square. If the sum of the areas of the squares is 117 ft 2 , find the length of a side of the smaller square. Suggested Solution: Answer: x = 6 Data: side of the smaller square x = ? , side of the larger square = x + 3 ft ; n > 0 ;
x 2 + ( x + 3) = 117 ft 2 x 2 + x 2 + 6 x + 9 117 = 0 2 x 2 + 6 x 108 = 0 Divide both sides of the equation by 2: x 2 + 3x 54 = 0 To factorize x 2 + 3x 54 = 0 , and therefore to find x , we must look for two numbers a and b in such a way that their product is a b = 54 and their sum is a + b = 3 . Due to the fact that a b = 54 is negative, one of the numbers, a is positive and the other number, b is negative. On the other hand a + b = 3 indicates that the positive number should have larger magnitude. Simultaneously due to the fact that a + b = 3 is a relatively small number, the magnitude of the numbers should be close to each other. The search results in the prediction that a = 9 and b = 6 . Checking: a b = (9 )( 6 ) = 54 OK , and a + b = 9 + ( 6 ) = 9 6 = 3 OK . Therefore: x 2 + 3x 54 = 0 (x + 9 )(x 6 ) = 0 x + 9 = 0 x = 9 rejected x 6 = 0 x = 6 ft x + 3 = 6 + 3 = 9 ft
2
Check: x 2 + (x + 3) = 117 ft 2 6 2 + 9 2 =117 36 + 81=117 117 = 117 QED Answer: x = 6 ;

2
26
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
M.MaA.6.6.9. A rectangular piece of cardboard is twice as long as its wide. From each of its four corners a square piece of 3 inches on a side is cut out. The flaps at each corner are then turned up to form an open box. If the volume of the box is 168 in 3 , what were the original dimensions of the piece of cardboards? Suggested Solution: Answer: w = 10 in ; l = 20 in Data: l = ? , w = ? ; If l = 2 w , V = 3 (l 6) (w 6) = 168 in 3 Divide both sides of the equation 3 (2w 6 ) (w 6 ) = 168 by 3: (2w 6) (w 6) = 56 2w (w 6) 6 (w 6) = 56 2w 2 12w 6w + 36 56 = 0 2w 2 18w 20 = 0 Divide both sides of the equation 2w 2 18w 20 = 0 by 2: w2 9w 10 = 0 To factorize w2 9w 10 = 0 , and therefore to find w , we must look for two numbers a and b in such a way that their product is a b = 10 and their sum is a + b = 9 . Due to the fact that a b = 10 is negative, one of the numbers, a is positive and the other number, b is negative. On the other hand a + b = 9 indicates that the negative number should have larger magnitude. Simultaneously due to the fact that a + b = 9 is a relatively large number, the magnitude of the numbers should be far from one another. The search results in the prediction that a = 9 and b = 6 . Checking: a b = (1)( 10 ) = 10 OK , and a + b = 1 + ( 10 ) = 1 10 = 9 OK .
Therefore: w2 9w 10 = 0 (w 10 )(w + 1) = 0 w + 1 = 0 w = 1 rejected w 10 = 0 w = 10 in ; l = 2 w = 2 10 = 20 in Check:
?
V = 3 (l 6) (w 6 ) = 168 in 3 3 (20 6) (10 6) =168 3 14 4 =168 168 = 168 QED Answer: w = 10 in ; l = 20 in M.MaA.6.6.10. If the length of one side of a square garden is increased by 3 ft , and the length of an adjacent side is increased by 2 ft , the area of the garden increases to 72 ft 2 . What is the length of a side of the original garden? Suggested Solution: Answer: x = 13.2 ft Data: side of the square garden x , (x + 3)(x + 2 ) = x 2 + 72 ft 2 ; x( x + 2) + 3( x + 2 ) = x 2 + 72 ft 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3 x + 6 = x 2 + 72 ft 2 5 x + 6 72 = 0 / / 66 5 x 66 = 0 5 x = 66 x = = 13.2 ft 5 2 Check: x 2 = (13.2 ft ) = 174.24 f Anew = ( x + 3)( x + 2) = (13.2 + 3)(13.2 + 2) = (16.2) (15.2) = 246.24 ft 2 Anew Aold = 246.24 174.24 = 72 ft 2
QED
27
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
V.MaA.6.6.11. A rectangular picture 30 cm wide and 50 cm long is surrounded by a frame having a uniform width. If the combined area of the picture and the frame is Atot = 2016 cm 2 , what is the width of the frame? Suggested Solution: Answer: x = 6 cm Data: uniform width of the frame x = ? , Atot = (30 + x )(50 + x ) = 2016 cm 2 Atot = (30 + x )(50 + x ) = 2016 cm 2 30(50 + x ) + x(50 + x ) = 2016 1500 + 30 x + 50 x + x 2 2016 = 0 x 2 + 80 x 516 = 0 To factorize x 2 + 80 x 516 = 0 , and therefore to find x , we must look for two numbers a and b in such a way that their product is a b = 516 and their sum is a + b = 80 . Due to the fact that a b = 516 is negative, one of the numbers, a is positive and the other number, b is negative. On the other hand a + b = 80 indicates that the positive number should have larger magnitude. Simultaneously due to the fact that a + b = 80 is a relatively large number, the magnitude of the numbers should be far from one another. The search results in the prediction that a = 86 and b = 6 . Checking: a b = (86 )( 6 ) = 516 OK , and a + b = 86 + ( 6 ) = 80 OK .
Therefore: x 2 + 80 x 516 = 0 (x + 86 )(x 6 ) = 0 x + 86 = 0 x = 86 cm rejected Check: Atot = (30 + 6 )(50 + 6 ) = 36 56 = 2016 cm 2 x 6 = 0 x = 6 cm Answer: x = 6 cm ;
M.MaA.6.6.12. The art staff at Central High School is determining the dimensions of paper to be used in the senior yearbook. The area of each sheet is to be 432 cm 2 . The staff has agreed on margins of 3 cm on each side and 4 cm on the top and the bottom. If the printed matter is to occupy 192 cm 2 on each page, what must be the overall length and width of the paper? Suggested Solution: Answer: w = 18 cm , and l = 24 cm Data: length of the paper l , width of each the paper w , (l 8)(w 6 ) = 192 cm 2 ; 432 l w = 432 cm 2 l = w 2 (l 8)(w 6) = 192 cm l(w 6) 8(w 6) = 192 cm 2 lw 6l 8w + 48 192 = 0
432 2592 8w 144 = 0 8w + 288 = 0 w w 2592 8w + 288 = 0 by w and First multiply both sides of the equation w then divide both sides of the new equation by 8 and then arrange the terms in decreasing order of the power: 2 2592 8w 2 + 288w = 0 w2 36w + 324 = 0 w2 2 18w + 182 = 0 (w 18) = 0 432 432 w = 18 cm , and l = = = 24 cm Answer: w = 18 cm , and l = 24 cm w 18 Check: lw 6l 8w 144 = 0 432 6 l w = 18 24 = 432 icm 2 (l 8) (w 6) =1192 (24 8) (18 6) =1192 1192 = 1192
? ?
28
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
QED
3b 2b 21 = + . 4 5 20 Suggested Solution: Answer: b = 3 3b 2b 21 = + 4 5 20 LCD is 20 Multiply both sides by LCD, i.e. 20 and simplify: 5 3b 4 2b 1 21 // // // 20 = 20 + 20 / // 4 5 20 / G.MaA.7.5.3 Solve the equation
1 1 1
15b = 8b + 21 15b 8b = 21 7b = 21 21 =3 Solve the equation: 7b = 21 b = Answer: b = 3 7 3b 2b 21 3 (3) 2 (3) 21 9 6 21 + + Check: Substitute b = 3 in = = = + 4 5 20 4 5 20 4 5 20 9 6 4 21 9 24 + 21 45 9 = + = = = checks! 4 5 4 20 4 20 20 4
y 2 2 y 1 y = . 2 20 4 19 Suggested Solution: Answer: y = : 3 y 2 2 y 1 y = 2 20 4 LCD is 20 Multiply both sides by LCD, i.e. 20 and simplify: 10 y 2 1 2y 1 5 y // // // 20 20 = 20 / // / 2 20 4 G.MaA.7.5.4 Solve the equation
10( y 2) (2 y 1) = 5 y 10 y 20 2 y + 1 = 5 y 10 y 20 2 y + 1 5 y = 0 Solve the equation: 3 y 19 = 0 19 19 3 y = 19 y = Answer: y = 3 3 19 19 19 2 2 1 19 y 2 2 y 1 y 3 3 3 = = Check: Substitute y = in 2 20 4 3 2 20 4 19 6 38 3 19 / 3 3 = 3 13 35 = 19 130 35 = 19 95 = 19 5 19 = 19 checks! 6 60 12 60 12 60 12 2 20 4 5 12 12 /
1 1 1
29
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
8 x 1 1 . = 3x 12 6x Suggested Solution: Answer: x1 = 6 , x2 = 5 : 8 x 1 1 = 3x 12 6x LCD is 12 x Multiply both sides by LCD, i.e. 12 x and simplify: 4 1 2 8 1 x 1 // // / // / 12 x 12 x = 12 x // 3x 12 6x // // V.MaA.7.5.5 Solve the equation
32 x(x 1) = 2 32 x + x = 2 x 2 x 32 + 2 = 0 x 2 x 30 = 0
1 1 1 2
Solve the equation x 2 x 30 = 0 ( x 6 )( x + 5) = 0 Using Find two numbers a and b that when multiplied: ab = 30 and when added a + b = 1 . Due to the fact that their product is negative, i.e.: ab = 30 , a and b must have different signs. Due to the fact that their sum is negative: a + b = 1 , the larger number should be negative. Therefore: a = 6 and b = 5 . x 6 = 0 x1 = 6 Answer: x1 = 6 , x2 = 5 x + 5 = 0 x2 = 5 Second Method: Using x 2 + px + q = 0 x =
2
p p q 2 2
1 1 + 30 = 0.5 5.5 2 2 x1 = 0.5 + 5.5 = 6 x1 = 6 x2 = 0.5 5.5 = 5 x2 = 5 (6) 1 = 1 8 x 1 1 8 Check: Substitute x1 = 6 in = 3 (6) 12 6(6) 3x 12 6x 16 15 1 8 5 1 8 2 5 3 1 checks! = = = 18 12 36 18 2 12 3 36 36 36 ( 5) 1 = 1 8 x 1 1 8 = Check: Substitute x2 = 5 in 3 ( 5) 12 6( 5) 3x 12 6x 8 1 8 1 1 1 8 2 1 15 1 6 16 + 15 + = + = = = 15 2 2 15 30 15 12 30 15 2 30 30 30 checks! x 2 x 30 = 0 x =
30
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
V.MaA.7.5.6 Solve the equation
4 x4 . 1 = 2 x
Suggested Solution: Answer: x1 = 4 , x2 = 2 4 x4 1 = x 2 LCD is 2 x Multiply both sides by LCD, i.e. 2 x and simplify: x4 4 / 2 x 2 x 1 = 2 x / / x 2 / 2 8 2x = x 4x x2 4x + 2x 8 = 0 x2 2x 8 = 0 Solve the equation x 2 2 x 8 = 0 ( x 4 )(x + 2 ) = 0 Using Find two numbers a and b that when multiplied: ab = 8 and when added a + b = 2 . Due to the fact that their product is negative, i.e.: ab = 8 , a and b must have different signs. Due to the fact that their sum is negative: a + b = 2 , the larger number should be negative. Therefore: a = 4 and b = 2 x 4 = 0 x1 = 4 x + 2 = 0 x2 = 2
p p Second Method: Using x + px + q = 0 x = q 2 2 2 2 x 2 2 x 8 = 0 x = (1) + 8 = 1 3 2 x1 = 1 + 3 = 4 x1 = 4 x2 = 1 3 = 2 x2 = 2 4 44 4 x4 Check: Substitute x1 = 4 in 1 = 1 = 0 = 0 checks! 2 x 4 2 4 4 24 x4 Check: Substitute x2 = 2 in 1 = 1 = 2 1 = 3 2 x 2 2 checks!
2
31
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
3x 1 x + 1 1 = + 6x 4 3 1 Suggested Solution: Answer: x1 = , x2 = 2 3 3x 1 x + 1 1 + = 6x 4 3 LCD is 12 x . Multiply both sides by LCD, i.e. 12 x and simplify: 2 4 1 3x 1 3 x + 1 // // / // 12 x = 12 x + 12 x / / 6x 4 3 // M.MaA.7.5.7 Solve the equation
2 (3 x 1) + 3 x ( x + 1) = 4 x (1) 6 x 2 + 3x 2 + 3x = 4 x 2 + 3x 2 + 9 x 4 x = 0
1 1 1
3x 2 + 5 x 2 = 0 Solve the equation 3x 2 + 5 x 2 = 0 (3x 1)( x + 2 ) = 0 Using Find two numbers a and b that when multiplied: ab = 2 . Due to the fact that the sum is positive a = 2 and b = 1 . Note that due to the fact that the coefficient of the quadratic factor is not one. The sum terms are more complicated and is no longer a + b = 5 1 3 x 1 = 0 3 x 1 = 0 3 x = 1 x1 = and x + 2 = 0 x2 = 2 3
p p Second Method: Using x + px + q = 0 x = q 2 2
2 2
5 2 5 5 2 3x + 5 x 2 = 0 x + x = 0 x = + 3 3 6 6 3
2 2
5 5 25 2 12 5 25 + 24 5 49 5 7 7 1 5 2 x1 = + + = + + = + = + = + = = 6 6 36 3 12 6 36 6 36 6 6 6 3 6 3 1 x1 = 3 5 5 7 12 5 2 x2 = + = = = 2 x2 = 2 6 6 6 6 6 3 Obviously the second method is more complicated and in most cases require a calculator. The first method, i.e. factoring method is simpler but mostly useful when the roots are integer. 1 1 3 1 +1 3x 1 x + 1 1 1 1 +3 = Check: Substitute x1 = in = 3 + 1 3 4 3 6x 4 3 6 3 4 / / 11 3 1 4 1 + = = checks! 2 4 3 12 3 3x 1 x + 1 1 3 ( 2) 1 ( 2 ) + 1 1 = + = Check: Substitute x2 = 2 in + 6 ( 2) 4 3 6x 4 3 7 1 1 73 1 7 1 3 1 + = = checks! = 12 4 3 3 12 4 3 12 3
2
32
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
3 6 + =2 x x+3 Suggested Solution: Answer: x1 = 3 , x2 = 1.5 3 6 + =2 x x+3 LCD is x ( x + 3) Multiply both sides by LCD, i.e. x ( x + 3) and simplify: 3 6 x ( x + 3) + x ( x + 3) = 2 x ( x + 3) / (x + 3) x / 3( x + 3) + 6 x = 2 x ( x + 3) 3x + 9 + 6 x = 2 x 2 + 6 x // // 2 2 x 3x 9 = 0 Solve the equation 2 x 2 3x 9 = 0 x 2 1.5 x 4.5 = 0 ( x 3)( x + 1.5) = 0 x 3 = 0 x1 = 3 x + 1.5 = 0 x2 = 1.5 M.MaA.7.5.8 Solve the equation
Second Method: Using x 2 + px + q = 0 x =
p p q 2 2
2
2 x 2 3x 9 = 0 x 2 1.5 x 4.5 = 0 x =
x1 = 0.75 +
x2 = 0.75
1.5 1.5 + 4.5 2 2

x1 = 3
x2 = 1.5 3 6 3 6 =2 + = 2 checks! Check: Substitute x1 = 3 in + x x+3 3 3+3 3 6 3 6 =2 + = 2 2+4 = 2 Check: Substitute x2 = 1.5 in + x x+3 1.5 1.5 + 3 checks!
(0.75)2 + 4.5 = 0.75 + 2.25 = 3.0 (0.75)2 + 4.5 = 0.75 2.25 = 1.5
33
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
1 is added to the reciprocal of a number, the result is 1 less than twice the 2 reciprocal of the original number. Find the number. 2 Suggested Solution: Answer: x = 3 1 1 2 The task is to solve + = 1 if x is the original number. 2 x x LCD is 2 x . Multiply both sides by LCD, i.e. 2 x and simplify: 1 1 1 2 / 2 x + 2 x = 2 x 2 x 1 / / / 2 x x / / V.MaA.7.5.10. If
1
x + 2 = 4 2 x x + 2 x = 4 2 3x = 2 2 2 Solve the equation 3 x = 2 x = Answer: x = 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 / Substitute x = in + = 1 + = 2 1 2 = 2 1 Checks! / 2 2 2 2 3 2 x x
V.MaA.7.5.11. If the reciprocal of a number is multiplied by 3, the result exceeds the 1 reciprocal of the original number by . Find the number. 3 Suggested Solution: Answer: x = 6 2 1 1 1 1 The task is to solve 3 = + or to solve = if x is the original number x x 3 x 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 = + 3 = = x 3 x x 3 x x 3 LCD is 3 x .Multiply both sides by LCD, i.e. 3 x simplify, and solve: 2 1 3x = 3x 6 = x / Answer: x = 6 / x 3 / / 1 1+ 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 Substitute x = 6 in 3 = + = + = Checks! = = x x 3 6 6 3 2 6 6 2 V.MaA.7.5.12. If the reciprocal of a number is multiplied by 1 less than the original number, 1 5 the result exceeds the reciprocal of the original number by . 2 8 10 Suggested Solution: Answer: x = 3 1 1 1 5 x 1 1 5 The task is to solve (x 1) = + = + x 2 x 8 x 2x 8 LCD is 8 x .Multiply both sides by LCD, i.e. 8 x simplify, and solve: 2 1 (x 1) = 8 x 1 + 8 x 5 8(x 1) = 2 + 5 x 8 x 8 = 2 + 5 x 8 x 5 x = 2 + 8 8x // / / // x 2x 8 / /
1 1
10 10 3x = 10 x = Answer: x = 3 3 10 1 1+ 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 = = Substitute x = in 3 = + = + = Checks! x x 3 3 6 6 3 2 6 6 2

34
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
a b , solve for a in terms of b and x . + 2 2 a b a b2 1 Suggested Solution: Answer: a = + b x (a + b ) x = 1 a b a+b x= 2 + 2 x= 2 = 2 2 2 (a + b )(a b ) a b a b a b a b 1 Multiply both sides of x = by a b a b 1 x (a b ) = (a b ) x (a b ) = 1 (a b) Expand it: x a x b = 1 x a = 1 + x b Divide both sides of the equation by x : 1+ x b 1 1 x a = 1+ x b a = or a = + b Answer: a = + b x x x Alternative method 1 1 1 x= a b = a = +b x a b x V.MaA.7.5.13. If x =
2
V.MaA.7.5.14. On Tuesday, CityEx delivered 7 less than two times the number of packages it had delivered on Monday. The number of packages delivered on Wednesday was equal to 10 more than the average number of packages delivered on Monday and Tuesday. If the total number of packages that were delivered over the 3 days was 661, how many packages were delivered on Monday?
Suggested Solution: Answer: x = 147 was delivered on Monday. If the number of packages delivered on Monday is denoted by x the problem may be translated to the mathematical equation: Packages delivered on Monday: Packages delivered on Tuesday: Packages delivered on Wednesday: Total number of Packages delivered:
x 2x 7 x + (2 x 7 ) + 10 2 x + (2 x 7 ) x + (2 x 7 ) + + 10 = 661 2
The task is to solve the linear equation: 3x 7 x + 2x 7 + + 10 = 661 2 3x 7 3x + = 661 3 = 658 2 Multiply both sides of the equation by 2: 3x 7 1323 / 2 3x + 2 = 2 658 6 x + 3 x 7 = 1316 9 x = 1316 + 7 = 1323 x = = 147 / 2 9 Answer: x = 147
35
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
V.MaA.7.5.15. A student got 75% of the questions on a test correct. If he answered 11 of the first 13 questions correctly, and two-third of the remaining questions correctly, how many questions were on the test?
Suggested Solution: Answer: Total number of question on the test were x = 28 . If the number of questions on the test is taken to be x the problem may be translated to the mathematical equation: Total number of questions on test: Number of questions that were answered correctly:
x
0.75 x 2 11 + ( x 13) Number of questions that were answered correctly: 3 (x 13) = 3x 2 2 2 3 Therefore: 11 + ( x 13) = 0.75 x 11 + ( x 13) = x 11 + 3 4 3 3 4 To solve this equation we may, first, multiply both sides of the equation by LCD that is 12: 4 2(x 13) 3 3x // // 12 11 + 1 2 = 12 / / 3 4
132 + 8( x 13) = 9 x 132 + 8 x 104 = 9 x 132 104 = 9 x 8 x = x x = 28 Answer: Total number of question on the test were x = 28 .
36
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
M.MaA.11.1.14. Find the area, in square units, of the quadrilateral whose vertices are A ( 4, 2 ) , B (0, 5) , C (9, 3) and D (7, 4 ) . A B C D E F G H
Suggested Solution: Answer: AABCD = 76 au To solve the problem we may plot the quadrilateral on a coordinate system as illustrated below. The area of the quadrilateral may be calculated indirectly by constructing a rectangle EFGH , and calculating the area of the four rectangles AEH , AFB , BGC and CHD
Area of AEH may be calculated using AE = 2 ( 4 ) = 2 + 4 = 2 and AE ED 2 11 = = 11 au . ED = 7 ( 4 ) = 7 + 4 = 11 . AAEH = 2 2 Area of AFB may be calculated using AF = 5 ( 2 ) = 5 + 2 = 7 and AF FB 7 4 = = 14 au . FB = 0 ( 4 ) = 4 . AAFB = 2 2 Area of BGC may be calculated using BG = 9 and GC = 5 3 = 2 . BG GC 9 2 ABGC = = = 9 au . 2 2 Area of CHD may be calculated using CH = 3 ( 4 ) = 3 + 4 = 7 and CH HD 7 2 = = 7 au . HD = 9 7 = 2 . ACHD = 2 2 AABCD = AEFGH Atriangles = 117 (11 + 14 + 9 + 7 ) au = 117 41 = 76 au Answer: AABCD = 76 au
Area of EFGH may be calculated using HE = 9 ( 4 ) = 9 + 4 = 13 and FE = 5 ( 4 ) = 5 + 4 = 9 . AEFGH = HE EF = 13 9 = 117 au .
37
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
M.MaA.11.2.13: The vertices of right triangle RGA with hypotenuse AG are R ( 2.0, 4.0 ) , A (7.0, 4.0 ) and G (G x , G y ) . If mRGA = 45 , and the unit length is centimetre. What are possible coordinates of G ? Plot the triangle in a properly scaled coordinate system. What are the possible area of the triangle? What are the possible perimeter of the triangle? Suggested solution: Answer: G ( 2.0, 5.0 ) or G ( 2.0, 13.) , Area = 40.5 cm 2 41 cm 2 , P = 18.0 + 9 2 cm 31 cm Due to the fact that the triangle is right triangle and one of the angles is mRGA = 45 cm , the triangle is isosceles and RG = RA . Therefore:
RA =
the same as that of R ( 2.0, 4.0 ) , i.e. Gx = 2.0 cm , but its y-coordinate is
RG = RA = 9.0 cm implies that the x-coordinate of the point G (G x , G y ) is RG = 9.0 cm above or below R ( 2.0, 4.0 ) , i.e.: G y = 9.0 + 4.0 = 13 cm or
(Rx a x )2 + (R y a y )2
( 2 7 )2 + (4 4)2
= 9.0 cm RG = RA = 9.0 cm
Answer: The possible coordinates of the point G (G x , G y ) are

G
G y = 9.0 + 4.0 = 5 cm as illustrated in the figure below:
( 2.0,
5.0 ) or G
( 2.0,
13.)
RG = RA = 9.0 cm Area =
AG =
( Ax G x )2 + (Ay G y )2
hb RG RA 9.0 9.0 = = cm 2 = 40.5 cm 2 41 cm 2 2 2 2

=
(7 ( 2))2 + (13 4)2
= 9 2 + 9 2 = 9 2 cm = 12.7 cm
Instead we could use Pythagoras theorem AG = 9 2 + 9 2 = 9 2 cm = 12.7 cm .
perimeter P = 9.0 + 9.0 + 9 2 = 18.0 + 9 2 cm = 30.7 cm 31 cm Answer: Area 41 cm 2 ; P 31 cm

38
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
M.MaA.11.2.14: The coordinates of the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD are A (2.0, 9.0 ) , B (11.0, 4.0 ) , C (6.0, 1.0 ) , and D ( 5.0, 4.0 ) . Using graph paper, graph the quadrilateral A (2.0, 9.0 ) on a properly scaled coordinate system. Determine whether diagonals AC and BD bisect each other. Give a reason for your answer. Calculate the area of the quadrilateral ABCD . Calculate the perimeter of the quadrilateral ABCD .
Suggested solution: Answer: Diagonals AC and BD do not bisect each other Area = 80. cm 2 , PABCD 37 cm
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
A (2.0, 9.0 )
y (cm)
( 5.0,
4.0)
E
F
B (11.0, 4.0)
(6.0,
7 8
1 .0 )
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
9 10 11 12
x (cm)
To determine whether diagonals AC and BD bisect each other, we may find midpoints of AC and BD . If the midpoints are identical they bisect each other, otherwise they do not bisect each other: a + cy 2 + 6 9 1 a +c = M AC x x , y , = (4, 4 ) 2 2 2 2
d + by 5 + 11 4 + 4 d +b = M DB x x , y , = (3, 4) 2 2 2 2 Answer: Therefore, due to the fact that M AC (4, 4) and M DB
(3,
4 ) are
not identical, diagonals AC and BD do not bisect each other. This is evident in the figure above. The area of the quadrilateral ABCD may be calculated directly: It is the area of two triangles ADB and CDB . They share the same base DB = 11 ( 5) = 11 + 5 = 16. cm . The height of ADB is AE = 9 4 = 5.0 cm , and the altitude of CDB is CF = 4 ( 1) = 5.0 cm . Therefore the area of the 16 5 16 5 = 80. cm 2 . Answer: Area = 80. cm 2 quadrilateral ABCD is: Area = + 2 2
39
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
The perimeter of the quadrilateral ABCD is: PABCD = AB + BC + CD + DA : A (2.0, 9.0 ) , B (11.0, 4.0 ) , C (6.0, 1.0 ) , and D ( 5.0, 4.0 ) .
AB = BC = CD = DA =
(2 11)2 + (9 11)2 = 9 2 + 2 2 = 9.22 cm (11 6)2 + (4 ( 1))2 = 52 + 52 = 5 2 cm 7.07 (6 ( 5))2 + ( 1 4)2 = 112 + 52 = 12.08 cm ( 5 2)2 + (4 9)2 = 7 2 + 5 2 = 8.60 cm
cm
PABCD = AB + BC + CD + DA = 9.22 + 7.07 + 12.08 + 8.60 = 36.98 cm 37 cm
Answer: PABCD 37 cm
40
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
G.MaA.11.3.1. What is the slope of a line through A ( 4, 2 ) and B (6, 8) (1) 3 5 (2) 3 5 (3) 5 3 (4) 5 3
Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative (2) y yA 82 6 3 = k AB = B = = xB x A 6 ( 4) 10 5
G.MaA.11.3.2. Which pairs of points determine a line that is parallel to the y-axis? (1) (1, 1) and (2, 3) (2) (1, 1) and (3, 3) (4) (2, 5) and (4, 5) (3) (2, 3) and (2, 5)
Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative (3) The points on a line parallel to the y-axis have all the same x-coordinates but different y-coordinates. Therefore (2, 3) and (2, 5) are pair of points that are on a line parallel to the y-axis: x = 2
G.MaA.11.3.3. Which pairs of points determine a line that is parallel to the x-axis? (1) (1, 3) and ( 2, 3) (2) (1, 1) and ( 1, 1) (4) (1, 1) and ( 3, 3) (3) (1, 3) and (1, 1)
Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative (1) The points on a line parallel to the x-axis have all the identical ycoordinates but different y-coordinates. Therefore (1, 3) and ( 2, 3) are pair of points that are on a line parallel to the x-axis: y = 3
41
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
G.MaA.11.3.4. The points A (3, 2 ) , and B ( x, 5) lie on a line whose slope is 7 . Which one of the following alternatives is the correct value of x . 2 15 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) (4) 4 7 Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative (1) x = 5 , B (5, 5) Data: A (3, 2 ) , B ( x, 5) 7 We may first write the equation of the line AB whose slope is k = and 2 passes through A (3, 2 ) . The equation of the line may be written as 7 y = kx + m = x + m . The y-intercept of the line may be determined using 2 the fact that coordinates of A (3, 2 ) must satisfy the equation of the line 7 y = x + m . i.e.: 2 7 25 7 7 21 4 + 21 25 = = 12.5 y = x + y = x + m 3+ m = 2 m = 2 + = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 7 25 y = x+ must pass B ( x, 5) , therefore the coordinates of B ( x, 5) 2 2 7 25 must satisfy the equation y = x + 2 2 7 25 7 25 7 25 35 35 y = x+ x= +5= 7 x = 35 x = =5 x=5 5 = x + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 7
20 16 12 8 4 y 0 -4 -8 -12 -16 -2 -1 0
7 25 y = x+ 2 2
A (3, 2)
B (5, 5)
2 x
42
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
G.MaA.11.3.5. Given points A (0, 0 ) , B (3, 2 ) , C (1) AB AC

(2) AB AC
( 2, 3) , which statement is true?

(4) BC CA
(3) AB > BC
Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative (2) i.e. AB AC Data: A (0, 0 ) , B (3, 2 ) , C ( 2, 3) We may first write the equation of the lines AB , AC , BC and calculate the length of AB and BC .
AB A (0, 0 ) B (3, 2 )
AC A (0, 0 ) C ( 2, 3) BC B (3, 2 ) C ( 2, 3)
2 yB y A 2 0 2 = = y = x+m 3 xB x A 3 0 3 The line passes A (0, 0 ) , therefore m = 0 3 y yA 30 3 = k AC = C = y = x+m 2 xC x A 2 0 2 The line passes A (0, 0 ) , therefore m = 0 y yB 1 3 2 1 = k BC = C = y = x+m 5 xC x B 2 3 5 The line passes B (3, 2 ) , therefore 1 3 13 1 13 2 = 3+ m m = 2+ = y = x+ 5 5 5 5 5
k AB =
AB =
y=
2 x 3
3 y= x 2 1 13 y = x+ 5 5
Length of AB A (0, 0 ) B (3, 2 ) Length of BC B (3, 2 ) C ( 2, 3)
( y B y A )2 + (xB x A )2
= 2 2 + 32 = 13
E (7, 0 ) does not lie on the line. E (7, 0 ) does not lie on the line.
BC =
( y B yC )2 + (xB xC )2
(2 3)2 + (3 ( 2))2
BC = 12 + 5 2 = 26
As illustrated in the table above AB AC . This is due to the fact that the slope of AB and AC are reciprocals: 3 2 2 1 1 k AB = and k AC = and therefore: k AB = = = 3 3 2 k AC 3 2 None of the other alternatives are correct!
43
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
G.MaA.11.3.6. The point whose coordinates are A (4, 2 ) , lies on aline whose slope is
3 . 2
The coordinates of another point on this line could be (1) B (1, 0 ) (2) C (2, 1) (3) D (6, 1) (4) E (7, 0 ) Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative (3), i.e. D (6, 1) lies on the line 3 y = x 8 2 3 Data: A (4, 2 ) , k = 2 We may first write the equation of the line that passes A (4, 2 ) and 3 whose slope is k = . The equation of the line may be written as 2 3 y = kx + m = x + m . The y-intercept of the line may be determined using the 2 fact that coordinates of A (4, 2 ) must satisfy the equation of the line 3 y = x + m . i.e.: 2 3 3 3 y = x + m 2 = 4 + m = 6 + m m = 2 6 = 8 y = x 8 2 2 2 3 If any of the points given as the alternative lies on the line y = x 8 , their 2 coordinates must satisfy the equation of the line: 3 3 B (1, 0 ) B (1, 0 ) does not y = x 8 y = 1 8 = 6.5 2 2 lie on the line. 3 3 C (2, 1) C (2, 1) does not y = x 8 y = 2 8 = 3 8 = 5 . 2 2 lie on the line. 3 3 D (6, 1) D (6, 1) lies on y = x 8 y = 6 8 = 9 8 =1. 2 2 the line. 3 3 E (7, 0 ) E (7, 0 ) does not y = x 8 y = 7 8 = 10.5 8 = 2.5 0 . 2 2 lie on the line.
6 4 2 0 -2 y -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 x 4 5 6 7 8
D (6, 1)
A (4, 2)
3 y = x 8 2
44
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
G.MaA.11.3.7. In the accompanying diagram, if the slope of the line l is coordinates of the point P (a, b ) ? Suggested solution: Answer: a = 12 , b = 5 , i.e.: P (12, 5)
Data: A ( 1, 5) , B (0, 2 ) P (a, b ) and A ( 1, 5) lie on a horizontal line parallel to the xaxis and therefore, they must share the identical y-coordinates, i.e. b = 5 . On the other hand the
1 . What are the 4

l
A (1 5) ,
P (a, b )
B (0, 2)
equation of line l may be written based on the fact that its slope is
1 and 4
its y-intercept is 2 : 1 y = x+2 Equation of the line l . 4 P (a, 5) lies on the line l and therefore, its coordinates may satisfy the equation of the line, i.e.: 1 1 1 5 = a + 2 a = 5 2 a = 3 a = 3 4 = 12 a = 12 4 4 4
A (1, 5)
5 4 3 2 1 0 -2 0 2 4 6 x 8 10 12
P (12, 5)
y= 1 x+2 4
B (0, 2)
14
16
45
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
G.MaA.11.3.8. If C value of x ?
( x,
14 ) lies on the same lie as A (6, 1) and B (2, 5) , what is the
3 Suggested solution: Answer: y = x + 8 ; x = 4 ; C 2 Data: C ( x, 14 ) , A (6, 1) , B (2, 5)

If C
( 4,
14 )
( x,
14 ) lies on the line AB , its coordinates must satisfy the equation of
the line. Therefore, first we may find the equation of the line AB and require the condition of satisfaction: y y A 5 ( 1) 5 + 1 6 3 = = = = The slope of the line AB is: k AB = B 4 xB x A 26 4 2 3 3 y = k AB x + m = x + m y = x + m 2 2 To calculate the y-intercept m of the line AB , we may use the fact that 3 y = x + m passes through A (6, 1) and therefore the coordinates of the 2 point must satisfy the equation of the line. 3 3 3 y = x + m 1 = 6 + m 1 = 9 + m m = 9 1 = 8 y = x + 8 2 2 2 If C ( x, 14 ) lies on the line AB , its coordinates must satisfy the equation of the line: 12 3 3 3 3 y = x + 8 14 = x + 8 x = 8 14 x = 6 3 x = 12 x = 3 2 2 2 2 x = 4
15 13 11 9 7 y 5 3 1 -1 -3 -5
C ( 4, 14)
B (2, 5)
A (6, 1)
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 x 2 3 4 5 6 7
46
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
G.MaA.11.3.9. In the accompanying diagram, lines AB and CD intersect at E . a) Find the slope of AB and the slope of CD . b) Is AED a right angle? Give a reason for your answer.
8 6 4 2 0 y -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -1 0 1 2 x
Suggested solution: Answer: k AB = 1 , k CD = 2 ; AED 90 . Data: According to the figure: B C (0, 8) .
A
E
C
3 4 5 6
(0, 7 ) ,
A (3, 4 ) , E
(5, 2) ,
(2,
4) ,
a) The slope of the line AB and CD may be determined as: y yA 7 4 3 = = = 1 k AB = B xB x A 0 3 3 y yC 4 ( 8) 4 + 8 4 = = =2 k CD = D = 20 2 2 x D xC b) AED is not a right angle this is due to the fact that 1 , i.e. the slopes of k AB k CD = 1 2 = 2 1 . In another word k AB k CD
AB and CD are not negative reciprocals. If AED was right angle AB would be perpendicular to CD and therefore we would have k AB k CD = 1
which is not the case!
47
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
M.MaA.11.3.10. The coordinates of the vertices of the triangle PQR are P (1.0, 2.0 ) ,
Q ( 3.0, 6.0 ) , and R (4.0, 8.0 ) . A line through Q ( 3.0, 6.0 ) is parallel to PR and passes through S (s, 14.0 ) . What is the value of s ?
Suggested solution: Answer: s = 1 If the line through Q ( 3.0, 6.0 ) is parallel to PR and passes through
S
(s ,
14.0 ) , the slope of the line QS must be identical to that of the line
PR . Therefore, to determine s , we may first find the slope of the line PR and equate it to the slope of the line QS which is found in terms of s : y yP 8 2 6 = = =2 k PR = R xR xP 4 1 3 y S yQ 14 6 8 Q ( 3.0, 6.0 ) S (s, 14.0 ) kQS = = = xS xQ s ( 3) s + 3 8 4 =2 =1 s + 3 = 4 s = 1 s+3 s+3 The triangle PQR and the line QS are illustrated in the figure below: k QS = k PR = 2
14 12 10 8 y 6 4 2 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1
S (1, 14)
R (4, 8)
Q ( 3, 6) P (1, 2)
2 3 4 5
48
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
M.MaA.11.3.11. The coordinates of the vertices of the triangle ABC are A B (4.0, 8.0 ) , and C (14.0, 3.0 ) . c) If M
( 2.0,
1.0 ) ,
(h,
0.0 ) lies on AC , what is the value of h .
d) Show that BM AC . e) Find, to the nearest degree, the measure of angle A .

Suggested solution: Answer: h = 2.0 , M therefore BM AC , A = 63 a) If M
(2.0,
0.0 ) , k BM k AC = 1 and
(h,
0.0 ) lies on AC , the coordinates of M
(h,
0.0 ) should satisfy
the equation of the line AC . Therefore, we may first find the equation of the line AC , and then determine h by requiring that the coordinates of M (h, 0.0 ) should satisfy the equation of the line: A ( 2.0, 1.0 ) and C (14.0, 3.0 ) y yA 4 3 1 4 = = 0.25 k AC = C = = xC x A 14 ( 2) 14 + 2 16 And the y-intercept of the line AC , i.e. m may be found by using the fact that the coordinates of A ( 2.0, 1.0 ) must satisfy y = k AC x + m = 0.25 x + m : 1 = 0.25 ( 2 ) + m = 0.5 + m m = 1 0.5 = 0.5 Therefore, the equation of the line AC is: y = 0.25 x + 0.5 If M
(h,
0.0 ) lies on AC , the coordinates of M
(h,
0.0 ) should satisfy
the equation of the line AC . Therefore:
y = 0.25 x + 0.5 0 = 0.25 h + 0.5 0.25 h = 0.5 h =

8 y 6 4
B (4, 8)
0.5 h = 2.0 0.25
A ( 2, 1)
0
A = 63
M
-2 -4 -4 -2 0
(2, 0)
C (14, 3)
2 4 6 8 10 12 x 14 16
49
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
b) To show that BM AC , we may show that k BM k AC = 1 The slope of the line BM is: y yB 0 8 8 = = 4. k BM = M = xM xB 2 4 2 k BM k AC = 4 ( 0.25) = 1
QED
Therefore due to the fact that k BM k AC = 1 , BM AC . c) To determine the measure of angle A , we may use the fact that BM AC , and therefore, the triangle ABM is a right-triangle. Therefore: BM sin A = BA
BM = BA =
( yM
y B ) + (xM x B ) =
2 2
( y A y B )2 + (x A xB )2
(0 8)2 + (2 4)2 = 82 + 2 2 (1 8)2 + ( 2 4)2 = 7 2 + 6 2 =
= 64 + 4 = 68
49 + 36 = 85
A = 63
sin A =
68 68 68 BM = = A = sin 1 85 A = 63 85 BA 85
50
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
M.MaA.11.3.12. The coordinates of the vertices of quadrilateral TEAM are T ( 2.0, 3.0 ) , E (1.0, 0.0 ) , A (7.0, 6.0 ) and M (0.0, 5.0 ) . d) Show that quadrilateral TEAM is or not a trapezoid. e) Points E (1.0, 0.0 ) , F (h, f ) and A (7.0, 6.0 ) are on the same line. If T ( 2.0, 3.0 ) , E (1.0, 0.0 ) , F (h, f ) , and A (2.0, 9.0 ) are on the vertices of a square, what are the values of h , and f ?
Suggested solution: Answer: TEAM is a trapezoid; F (3.0, 2.0 ) : h = 3.0 , f = 2.0 a) If the quadrilateral TEAM is a trapezoid two sides of it must be parallel to each other, and other two sides are not parallel to one another. We may plot the quadrilateral TEAM first to visualize it. As illustrated in the figure below TM seems to be parallel to EA . To investigate if they are or not, we may find the slope of the lines TM and EA . If the equation of these straight lines have identical slope, they are parallel, otherwise, they are not: TM passes through the points T ( 2.0, 3.0 ) , and M (0.0, 5.0 ) , therefore y yT 53 2 = = 1.0 . On the other hand = the slope of the line is kTM = M xM xT 0 ( 2) 2 EA . passes through the points E (1.0, 0.0 ) , and A (7.0, 6.0 ) therefore the y yE 6 0 6 = = 1.0 . Therefore, due to the fact slope of the line is k EA = A = 7 1 6 x A xE that kTM = k EA = 1.0 , TM is parallel to EA , and therefore TEAM is a trapezoid.
Quadrilateral (Trapezoid) TEAM- Square TEFM

A (7.0, 6.0)
6 5 4
T ( 2.0, 3.0)
M
(0.0,
5.0)
3 2
(3.0,
2.0)
1 0 -2 -1 0
E (1.0, 0.0 )
2 x
51
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
b) If the points E (1.0, 0.0 ) , F (h, f ) and A (7.0, 6.0 ) are on the same line, and if T ( 2.0, 3.0 ) , E (1.0, 0.0 ) , F (h, f ) , and A (2.0, 9.0 ) are on the vertices of a square, TM = EF , TM EF which is equivalent to
kTM = k EF = 1.0 , TM EF which is equivalent to 1 1 = = 1.0 , and finally TM TE which is kTM k FM = 1 k FM = 1 kTM 1 1 = = 1.0 : equivalent to kTM kTE = 1 kTE = 1 kTM TM =
( yM
yT ) + ( xM xT ) =
2 2
(5 3)2 + (0 ( 2))2 (f
0 ) + (h 1) =
2 2
= 22 + 22 = 8 f 2 + (h 1)
2
and
( y F y E )2 + (xF xE )2 2 TM = EF f 2 + (h 1) =
EF =
8 f 2 + (h 1) = 8
2
k EF =
yF yE f 0 f = = xF xE h 1 h 1
Using the fact that the sides TM and EF of the square must be parallel: f f kTM = k EF = 1.0 k EF = = 1.0 = 1.0 f = 1.0 (h 1) f = h 1 h 1 h 1 2 Substituting f = h 1 in f 2 + (h 1) = 8 results in:
f 2 + (h 1) = 8 (h 1) + (h 1) = 8 2(h 1) = 8 (h 1) = 4 h 1 = 2 h = 2 + 1 h = 3 f = h 1 = 3 1 = 2 h 1 = 2 h = 2 + 1 = 1 Nonphysical results. Rejected! Answer: F (3.0, 2.0 ) : h = 3.0 , f = 2.0 1 1 = = 1.0 : We may check also if TM EF by checking if k FM = 1 kTM y yM 2 5 3 = = = 1 k FM = F QED! (Checks!) xF xM 3 0 3
2 2 2 2 2
52
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
11.4 Equation of Lines
G.MaA.11.4.1. What is an equation of a line that is parallel to the y-axis and contains point A ( 3, 1) ? (1) x = 3 (2) x = 1 (3) y = 3 (4) y = 1
Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative (1) x = 3 The points on a line parallel to the y-axis have all the same x-coordinates but different y-coordinates. Therefore the line that is parall to y-axis and contain A ( 3, 1) should be x = 3
G.MaA.11.4.2. Which point does not lie on the graph 3x y = 7 ? (2) C (3, 2 ) (3) D ( 1, 4 ) (1) B (2, 1)
(4) E (1, 4 )
Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative (3) D ( 1, 4 ) does not lie on the line 3x y = 7 . If a point lies on a graph of a function, its coordinates must satisfy the equation of the graph. B (2, 1) 3x y = 7 3 2 ( 1) = 6 + 1 = 7 yes! Lies on the line C (3, 2 ) 3x y = 7 3 3 2 = 9 2 = 7 No! Lies on the line D ( 1, 4 ) 3x y = 7 3 ( 1) 4 = 3 4 = 7 7 Does not lie on the line No! E (1, 4 ) 3x y = 7 3 1 ( 4 ) = 3 + 4 = 7 = 7 yes! Lies on the line
53
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
M.MaA.11.4.18. Kevin knows that 40C = 40 F and 20C = 68 F and that the conversion relationship between Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature is linear. a) What is an equation of the line that contains all paired conversion temperatures of the form (C , F ) ? b) Use the equation to find the number of degrees Fahrenheit that is equivalent to 35C
9 Suggested solution: Answer: T F = TC + 32 ; T F = 95 5 Data: 40C = 40 F , 20C = 68 F ; 35C If we take the x-axis as C and y-axis as F , then we may reorganize and rearrange the points as A ( 40C , 40 F ) and B (20C , 68 F ) The equation of the line that passes through A ( 40C , 40 F ) and B (20C , 68 F ) may then be expressed as: T F = k TC + m
The slope of the line may be calculate as: y y A 68 ( 40) 108 9 9 = = = 1.80 T F = TC + m k AB = B = 5 x B x A 20 ( 40) 60 5 The y-intercept of the line is found using the fact that the coordinates of the points must satisfy the equation: 9 A ( 40C , 40 F ) lies on 40 = ( 40 ) + m m = 40 + 72 = 32 m = 32 5 9 T F = TC + 32 5 9 T F = 95 T F = 35 + 32 = 63 + 32 = 95 5
54
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
M.MaA.11.4.19. Determine the distance between A (4, 1) and B equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB
Suggested solution: Answer: AB = 10 Data: A (4, 1) , B ( 2, 7 ) The distance between the points A (4, 1) and B as:
( 2,
7 ) . Write an
( 2,
7 ) may be found
y= 4 13 x 3 3
AB =
(bx a x )2 + (by a y )2
2 2
2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 y
A (4, 1)
AB = ( 2 4 ) + ( 7 1) = 6 2 + 8 2 AB = 10
M (1, 3)
3 13 -5 The perpendicular bisector of y = x 4 4 -6 AB has two properties: -7 B ( 2, 7 ) -8 It divides AB to two equal -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 parts. x It is perpendicular to AB and therefore, its slope is the negative reciprocal of the equation of AB . The coordinates of midpoint of the segment AB is : a + bx a y + b y 4 + ( 2) 1 + ( 7 ) M , M x M (1, 3) 2 , 2 2 2 In order to find the slope of the bisector, first we may find that of the slope of the line AB : y yA 7 1 8 4 k AB = B = = = xB x A 2 4 6 3 4 The equation of AB is y = x + m that must pass through A (4, 1) . 3 Therefore its coordinates must satisfy the equation: 16 3 16 13 4 13 4 3 1 1 = 4 + m m = 1 = = y = x k AB = = 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 The slope of the perpendicular bisector of the line AB is the negative 3 reciprocal of that of AB, i.e.: k AB = 4 3 The equation of the bisector is y = x + m . The y-intercept of the line is 4 determined by using the fact that it must pass the midpoint of the AB , i.e. M (1, 3) is a point on the bisector. 3 3 3 y = x + m 3 = 1 + m m = 3 + = 2.25 y = 0.75 x 2.25 or: 4 4 4 3 13 y = x 100 y + 75 x + 225 = 0 4 y + 3 x + 9 = 0 4 4
55
Ch 6, 7, 8, 11
V.MaA.11.4.20. Camilla graphed the line represented by the equation y + 6 = 2 x ?. a) Write an equation of a line that is parallel to the given line. b) Write an equation of a line that is perpendicular to the given line and contains point A (0, 3) . c) Write an equation of a line that is identical to the given line but has different numerical coefficients. 1 Suggested solution: Answer: Alternative y = 2 x + 5 , y = x + 3 , 2 5 y 10 x + 30 = 0 Data: y + 6 = 2 x y = 2 x 6 a) The lines parallel to y = 2 x 6 share the identical slope k = 2 . Therefore y = 2 x + m where m is any real number is parallel to y = 2 x 6 . An example is y = 2 x + 5 1 b) The lines perpendicular to y = 2 x 6 share the identical slope k = , 2 1 that is negative reciprocal of the slope of the line. Therefore y = x + m 2 1 where m is any real number is perpendicular to y = 2 x 6 . If y = x + m 2 should contain the point A (0, 3) , its coordinates must satisfy the equation of the line: 1 1 y = x + m 3 = 0 + m m = 3 2 2 Note that by definition A (0, 3) is the y-intercept of the function, i.e. without any calculation we could write the equation of the line as: 1 y = x+3 2
c) If we multiply both sides of the equation by the same real number, the equation may seem quit 9 different from that of y = 2 x 6 but is identical 6 1 to it. For example if y = x+3 A (0, 3) 2 multiply both sides of the 3 y = 2 x 6 by 5 equation 0 and move all the terms to the left side of the -3 equality we may get: y = 2x + 5 5 y 10 x + 30 = 0 y = 2x 6
-6 -10 -5 0 5 10
56

MaANVCO08Unit+Three+Algebraic+MethodsCh6 7-8-11

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Math A/B, Unit Three: Algebraic Methods; Unit 5: Graphs and Transformations NV-College

Selected Solved Problems:

V.MaA.6.2.27 G.MaA.6.5.86.5.10 V.MaA.6.6.3-4

G.MaA.6.3.16.3.3 V.MaA.6.5.116.5.14 V.MaA.6.6.5-6

G.MaA.6.3.46.3.15 V.MaA.6.5.15 M.MaA.6.6.7-8

M.MaA.6.6.96.6.10 G7.5.1 M.MaA.7.5.8 V.MaA.7.5.14 V.MaA.8.1.26 M.MaA.11.1.14 G.MaA.11.3.7

V.MaA.7.5.5 V.MaA.7.5.11 G.MaA.8.2.15 M.MaA.11.2.14 G.MaA.11.3.4 M.MaA.11.3.10 M.MaA.11.4.18

G.MaA.11.3.5 M.MaA.11.3.11 M.MaA.11.4.19

G.MaA.11.3.6 M.MaA.11.3.12 V.MaA.11.4.20

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Multiplying a Polynomial by a Polynomial:

3x 2 2y2 xy + 2 y2 x (5 x 7 )(3 x 2 ) = 5 x(3 x 2 ) 7(3 x 2 ) = = 15 x 2 10 x 21x + 14 = 15 x 2 31x + 14 =

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a.b = q a+b = p Ex.: Four different cases: x 2 x 12 = ( x 4)( x + 3) x 2 + x 12 = (x + 4 )( x 3) x 2 + 7 x + 12 = ( x + 4 )( x + 3) x 2 7 x + 12 = ( x 4 )( x 3) Ex.: 8 xy 3 72 xy = 8 xy ( y 2 1) = 8 xy ( y + 1)( y 1) x 2 + px + q = 0

Ch 7: Operating With Algebraic Fractions Simplifying Algebraic fractions:

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1 1 x + 4x + 4 x2 4 2 = x+2 2x 3 2x 7 x + 6 7.3 Converting Units of Measurement:

(x + 2)2 (2 x 3)(x 2) (2 x 3) (x + 2)(x 2) (x + 2) 1 = x + 2

Multiplication Property of Conversion Factors. Finding a Conversion Factor.

7.4 Adding and Subtracting Algebraic Fractions :

7.5 Solving Equations With Fractions:

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Ch 8: Radicals and Right Triangles

Ex: x 2 = N x = N Ex: x 2 = 64 x = 64 = 8 x1 = 8 and x2 = 8 64 is called radicand x2 = 8 is called principal square root

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Solving quadratic equations with no second term, no x-term:

Solve: 9 x 2 = 169 . Solve for x 2 : x 2 =

Multiplying Radicals: a x .b y = (ab ) xy

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Squaring Radicals eliminates the

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11.2 Midpoint and Distance Formulas

The coordinates of midpoint of the segment AB is : a + bx a y + b y M x 2 , 2

d = AB = 10 2 + 24 2 = 26.0 cm d 26.0 r= = cm = 13.0 cm 2 2 2 Area = r 2 = (13) = 169 cm 2

Ch 11: Linear Equations and Their Graphs

11.3 Slope of a line

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Slope of parallel lines:

Slope of perpendicular lines:

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G.MaA.6.2.2 Find the quotient of

G.MaA.6.2.3 Find the product of 3xy 2 and 5 x 2 y 3 Suggested Solution: 3 xy 2 5 x 2 y 3 = ( 3 5) x x 2 y 2 y 3 = 15 x 3 y 5

G.MaA.6.2.4 Find the product of 1.45 xy 2 and 2.6 xy 3 ?

(1.45(xy ) )(2.6 xy ) = (1.45x

( ) = 1.45 x y y )(2.6 xy ) = (1.45 2.6)(x x )( y

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G.MaA.6.2.10 Find the quotient of xy 2 divided by x 3 y where x 0 and y 0 .

+ 1)(0.3 y 2 + 1) = (0.3 y 2 ) 1 = 0.09 y 4 1

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G.MaA.6.2.19 Find the product of 0.3 y 2 + 1 , and 0.3 y 2 1 . Suggested Solution:

+ 1)(0.3 y 2 + 1) = (0.3 y 2 ) 1 = 0.09 y 4 1

Suggested Solution: (2 x 3) = (2 x ) 2(3)(2 x ) + 32 = 4 x 2 12 x + 9

G.MaA.6.2.22. Find the quotient

G.MaA.6.2.23. Find the quotient

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Ashaded = ( x + 3)( x + 5) x(2 x 1) = x 2 + 8 x + 15 2 x 2 + x = x 2 + 9 x + 15 8 =2 2

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G.MaA.6.3.4. Factor 7 p 2 + 7 q 2 Suggested Solution: 7 p 2 + 7 q 2 = 7( p 2 + q 2 ) G.MaA.6.3.5. Factor x 3 + x 2 + x Suggested Solution: x 3 + x 2 + x = x x 2 + x + 1

G.MaA.6.3.6. Factor 3 y 7 6 y 5 + 12 y 3 Suggested Solution: 3 y 7 6 y 5 + 12 y 3 = 3 y 3 y 4 2 y 2 + 4

G.MaA.6.3.12. Factor 81 x 2 Suggested Solution: 81 x 2 = 9 2 x 2 = (9 x )(9 + x ) G.MaA.6.3.13. Factor p 2 1 9