Power System Simulator PST 2200

PST 2200
Power System Simulator
Laboratory

Power System Simulator PST 2200

Contents
Introduction 4
General Information about the Power System Simulator PST 2200

Standard Configuration

Power Plant Module, PST 2210

HV Busbars, HV Outgoing System and Electronic Relay Protections

Transmission Line & Distribution Module, PST 2220

Receiving Substation Module, PST 2230

10

Load Module, PST 2240

11

The Measurement System and Logical Blocking System

12

SCADA System PST 2250

13-15

Mobile Turbine - Generator Set, PST 2270

Power Factor Control Module, PST 2280

16
17-18

Mobile Motor-Generator Unit, MV 1305-405

19

Accessories, 8785

20

Relay Tester, MV 1427

20

Laboratory Layout

21

Installation and Training

21

Technical Information

22

Weights and Dimensions

22

Protective Relays - How to order

23

Different Installations Worldwide of the Power System Simulator

24

List of Typical Experiments

25-26

Guarantee & Terms

The Guarantee is valid 24 months from delivery.
The guarantee covers repair or exchange of defective parts, due to faulty design or workmanship at our factory.
Detailed conditions of guarantee are specified in our Terms of Guarantee.
All overseas deliveries are shipped in special, madeto-order wooden crates, extremely sturdy and damageresistant.
Sets of spare parts for 23 years of normal operation are included in the modules, wherever necessary. The regular
after sales service is performed by the worldwide network of Terco representatives, with the advice and support of our
engineers.
TERCO IS ISO 9001 CERTIFIED

Terco reserves the right to make changes in the design and modifications or improvements of the products at any time
without incurring any obligations

Power System Simulator PST 2200

Introduction
Today, simulation plays an important roll in training people in various fields.
With a simulator you can train people to make correct decisions under various operating conditions. Moreover, you can demonstrate effects which earlier have been covered in theory only. You have two main simulator models: hardware and software.
The Terco Power System Simulator is a hardware simulator for hands-on training and has been designed for practical training
of power engineers and technicians in realistic conditions, close-to-life situations and in a genuine environment.
A variety of training schemes are available for:
power management staff
operators of power plants and substations
maintenance personnel
teaching of students
research in universities
The Terco Power System Simulator has been developed in close co-operation with ABB of Sweden one of the leading
suppliers of power facilities world-wide and the Swedish State Power Board. As a result, a real power system has been
designed for educational purposes.

All the Protective Relays are constituted by the ABB RELION IED SERIES which are the same protective relays as are
used in modern power installations.
IED stands for Intelligent Electronic Device and is State of the Art of protective relays. This conseqently gives the PST
the unique feature to be fully compliant with the World Wide Power Industry Standard IEC 61850 in aspect of protection.

What is the main difference between TERCO Power System Simulator and an industrial power system?
Apart from scaled down size, and much lower cost, the main difference consists of three major points:
The TERCO Power Simulator is designed to endure human errors, performed by the students during training.
The TERCO Power Simulator includes facilities to simulate typical faults, in order to drill the students in resolute and correct
reactions.
The TERCO Power Simulator enables the students to survey both functions and malfunctions in a complete power system,
from generation to utilisation.
The TERCO Simulator is successfully used for training and education in universities and power companies
in 20 different countries throughout the world. The rich experience and know-how earned by us and our customers
is now at your disposal.
The Equipment
A Terco Standard Simulator is based on five modules:

Additional Modules
PST 2270 Mobile Turbine - Generator Module
PST 2280 Power Factor Controller

PST 2210 Power Plant Module

PST 2220 Transmission Line & Distribution Module
PST 2230 Receiving Substation Module
PST 2240 Load Module
PST 2250 SCADA Module

All modules are equipedd with wheels for easy moving and
flexible set-ups

All modules can be bought and operated individually (except PST 2250) and completed later with further modules.
The Simulator is equipped with high technology state of the art protective relays from ABB.
The Terco Standard Power System Simulator comprises 4 metallic frame works. Each frame holds 2 or 3 rows of 19 inch
racks. The size and design of the frames is made to meet modern ergonomical requirements, and it corresponds to modern
industrial design.
Easy service access to inner components and wiring is gained via lockable doors, conveniently located at the rear of each unit.
Since 1890 almost all electric power and energy is produced by 3-phase synchronous generators. The generators are driven
by turbines, which are powered by different sources:
Hydro Power, Thermal Power, Diesel- and Gas Turbine Power, Wind Power or Nuclear Power.
In the Terco Power System Simulator PST 2200, turbine simulation is actuated by a DC-motor and the generator by a smallsize synchronous generator which can be delivered with either cylindrical rotor or salient pole rotor.
Two or more turbine generator sections can be delivered as option.

Power System Simulator PST 2200

GENERAL INFORMATION

The picture above shows a complete standard Power System Simulator with turbine-generator, power plant section, transmission lines, receiving substation and the load module incl. an induction motor with flywheel.

Lay out of the PST 2200 in the picture

TR 1
GEN 1

OUTGOING
SYNCH. SUBSTATION

LINE & DISTR.

MODULE

RECEIVING SUB +
TRANSFORMERS

OUTGOING
FEEDERS

DOMESTIC &
INDUSTRIAL
LOADBANKS

TERCO POWER SYSTEM SIMULATOR

MODULE 2210 G1

MODULE 2220

MODULE 2230

MODULE 2240

Lay-out of the extended PST 2200

TR 2
GEN 2

SYNCH.

MODULE 2210 G2

TR 1
GEN 1

OUTGOING
SYNCH. SUBSTATION

MODULE 2210 G1

LINE & DISTR.

MODULE

MODULE 2220

RECEIVING SUB +
TRANSFORMERS

OUTGOING
FEEDERS

MODULE 2230

POWER FACTOR
CORRECTION

DOMESTIC &
INDUSTRIAL
LOADBANKS

MODULE 2280

MODULE 2240

MOBILE GENERATOR

MODULE 2270

Power System Simulator PST 2200

Standard configuration
PST 2210
POWER PLANT MODULE WITH HIGH VOLTAGE BUSBARS AND OUTGOING LINES.
Switchboard for the Power Plant Simulator including turbine + synchronous generator, rectifiers, instruments, synchronizing- and phasing devices, step-up transformer, current- and voltage transformers, protective relays, indications.
A-B-busbars, two outgoing lines (including protective relays, instruments and corresponding switchboard).
Two or more turbine-generator sections can be delivered as option.

PST 2220
TRANSMISSION LINES & DISTRIBUTION MODULE
Seven different artificial 3-phase transmission lines with possibilities to change and combine impedance elements
to constitute other OH HV-levels as well as cable models for distribution.
All models have coils, capacitors and resistors designed to withstand overload and surges for dynamic as well as static
experiments.

PST 2230
RECEIVING SUBSTATION MODULE WITH HIGH VOLTAGE SIDE
Receiving substation with two incoming lines and two outgoing lines including a complete switchboard with instruments
and corresponding protective relays. One step-down transformer including protective relays together with the corresponding
transformer. Three or more incoming lines, and three or more outgoing lines can be delivered as option.

PST 2240
LOAD MODULE
Load unit with single-phase and three-phase combinations of resistive, inductive and capacitive loads to simulate
industrial as well as domestic loads of symmetrical as well as non-symmetrical types. An induction motor with a
flywheel is also included.

GENERAL
Necessary switches, instruments, and over-load protections are included. On each module current and voltage transformers
as well as protective relay blocks are primarily connected by jumpers. Protective relays etc. may also be tested together with
external equipment.
Transmission line impedance elements can be connected in various combinations in order to simulate diverse transmissionlink
charactaristics, suitable for testing different protection settings. The possibility of configuring the impedance map structure
is very useful when programming the distance protection.

PROTECTION
All the Protective Relays are constituted by the ABB RELION IED SERIES which are the same protective relays as are
used in modern power installations.
IED stands for Intelligent Electronic Device and is State of the Art of protective relays. This conseqently gives the PST
the unique feature to be fully compliant with the World Wide Power Industry Standard IEC 61850 in aspect of protection.
All protective relays are easily accessible from the control desk where, in addition to providing indications and tripping connections, settings can easliy be made. State of the art multiple zone distance protection can be installed as option on one of
the outgoing HV-lines of the HV-substation.

EXPERIMENTS
The protective relays may also be tested in combination with individually chosen line models and loads to provide
experiment groups that do not interfere with other experiments on protective relays on the remaining main modules.
Essential measuring tranformers are accessable via outlets on the front junction plate.

Power System Simulator PST 2200

PST 2210 POWER PLANT MODULE

PST 2210, The Power Plant Simulator is a standard version IED level 2
with one turbine generator section
equipped with protective relays
and step-up transformer.

Power generation is represented by a three-phase 1.2 kVA synchronous generator driven by a separately excitated
2.0 kW DC motor as turbine.
The turbine / generator can be manually set for different kW / Hz characteristics.
The operation mode of the turbine / generator can be chosen between manual or automatic control regarding power
(frequency) and reactive power (voltage).

Digital Instruments (see instrument description on

page 10)

Transformer
A 2 kVA transformer is used as a step-up transformer. The
ratio is 1: 3. It is wound to withstand voltage surges without
saturation (thus tripping the differential protection). Built-in
external impedance elements can be added to simulate different sizes / impedances of the transformer.

Three phase instruments

Volt meters for A- and B- busbar with switches for
selecting measurements at different points
Armature (stator) current
Armature voltage
Field current
Revolutions per minute
Rotor current for turbine / DC-motor

The transformer can be given a rating of 50% or 100% by

external resistive / inductive impedance elements, which are
connected by contactor relay operation from the control-desk.
Tappings on the secondary side of the transformer make it
possible to change the voltage +/- 5 %.

Generator

The step-up main transformer supplies a double-bus system

to the outgoing HV-substation.

The reactance is referred to the nominal values of U and I.

The generator can be chosen to have the nominal power
1.2 kVA (standard) or 2.0 kVA as optional.
Both types are designed to have parameters to simulate the
real size generators.

The transformer has its windings accessible externally on

the front panel. This makes it possible to perform tests like
no-load and short-circuit test on the transformer separately.
Primary as well as secondary voltages and currents can be
read on instruments.

The 1.2 kVA generator can be delivered with cylindrical rotor (standard) or with salient poles (optional).

Relay Protection for PST 2210/2230

The field controller is a static rectifier, in which settings can

be optimised during the tests.
This can be used for automatic or manual control.

Based on selection of ABB Relion IED Series of relays Terco

offers 3 different levels of protection:
IED Level 1, Basic

More generator data on page 20.

IED Level 2, Standard

IED Level 3, Advanced
For further information please check page 20

Power System Simulator PST 2200

HV Busbars
The HV busbars comprise an A-B system with
interconnections for load transfer.
All breaker functions are operated by contactor
relays.
The busbars are equipped with the following digital
instruments (see description page 10):
Volt meters for A- and B- busbar with swit ches for selecting measurements at different
points
Synchroscope and Bargraphs (voltage and fre
quency) for synchronizing purposes between
multiple lines/operators
Three phase instruments

Synchronising panel of the Power Plant Module.

HV Outgoing Substation

Protections for HV Outgoing Substation IED level 2

The HV outgoing substation comprises two outgoing lines

which can be connected to a radial network or a grid network depending on the connections of the transmission
line module.

The Protections for HV outgoing substation are constituted by:

One Three-Phase Over Current Protection with Directional
Earth Fault Protection for Line 1
One Three-Phase Over Current Protection with Directional
Earth Fault Protection for Line 2.

The HV outgoing substation is equipped with two three

phase instruments (one for each busbar). See description
page 10.
All switches / breakers are operated by contactor relays.
Access to L1, L2 and L3 on both busbars via 4 mm safety
sockets.

Available options:
Line Distance Protection Multiple Zon (IED level 3)
The control elements fitted are mostly of the same industrial
type as those currently used in control rooms of power plants
and substations.

Possibility to connect external equipment e.g. generator(s),

loads etc.

Circuit breakers are push-button operated with lamp indications for the breaker status. Isolators are manually operated
and the physical position indicates open or closed position.

Turbine Generator Set: Power is generated by a 3-ph synchronous generator driven by a separately excitated DC-motor as turbine. The electrical
machines set is fully connected electrically and mounted mechanically on a machine bed.
8

Power System Simulator PST 2200

PST 2220 TRANSMISSION LINE & DISTRIBUTION MODULE

PST 2220 Transmission Line
and Distribution Module.

Type

Voltage

Transmission ability

Length

Two HV pi-links

230 kV

110 MVA

100 km

One MV pi-link

70 kV

50 MVA

50 km

Two MV pi-link

35 kV

20 MVA

20 km

One distribution OH pi-link

11 kV

5 MVA

5 km

One distribution Cable pi-link

11 kV

5 MVA

5 km

All line models (artificial transmission lines) have the same ratings in the model scale: 400 V, 2 A. This means that it is easy
to compare the characteristics and typical behaviour of a high voltage, middle voltage and distribution voltage OH-line as
well as a distribution cable when, for example, running at 100 % transmission ability. The transmission models are built for
both static and dynamic experiments with overload / overvoltage ability.
Each artificial line model consists of a three-phase pi-link and an earth link. The models are set up on the line model
board of the module where the internal connections are chosen by the means of jumpers and lab.leads. All line models are
accessible not only on the line model board, but also in parallel as four + four pole blocks in the desk section to give
possibilities to arrange radius, grid or mixed networks in a very simple way.
All line models also have parallel four + four pole blocks to provide easy connection to the Receiving Substation and the
load banks of the Low Voltage Switchgear.
A fault simulator is also built-in as a separate panel in the Transmission Line and Distribution Module PST 2220.
It has push button operated contactor relays which together with built in resistors can be used to simulate faults of the
following types:
Three-phase short circuits
Two-phase short circuits
Short circuits with limited over current
Isolation earth fault with limited current.
On the transmission lines modules, the impedance elements can be connected in different ways to design other main
characteristics of other transmission links suitable e.g. to try different settings of a distance protection.

Power System Simulator PST 2200

PST 2230 RECEIVING SUBSTATION MODULE

PST 2230 Receiving Substation Module above is equipped with IED level 2 protection relays with two incoming lines, HVbusbars, step down transformer, middle voltage busbar and two outgoing lines.

The Receiving Substation comprises two incoming lines, two HV-busbars, transformer, two middle voltage busbars, and two
outgoing lines. Other combinations are optional.
L1, L2 and L3 are open on both middle voltage busbars via 4 mm safety sockets. It is then possible to connect PST 2230
directly to a network or to a generator as well as to external loads.
All breakers are operated by contactor relays.

Digital Instruments

Transformer

Three-phase instruments are situated in five positions for

measurements of:

The step-down transformer is a 2 kVA Y-Y- transformer

with tappings 100 to 105 % on the secondary side. The
-winding is used as an amp-turn balance for non-symmetrical loads.

Incoming HV power on each busbar

Outgoing MV power on each busbar
Distribution of outgoing MV power on each busbar

The transformer has its windings accessable externally to

make it possible to perform tests like no-load and short circuit
test separately.

Voltmeter instrument for measuring between busbars of incoming power. Measurement point selectable by means of
a switch.

The step down transformer can be operated individually and

all the terminals are available from the desk.

Protections (IED level 2)

Busbar Overcurrent Protection

Transformer Differential Protection
HV / MV Overcurrent Protection
Neutral Point Earth Fault Protection
Overcurrent (three-phase) and Directional Earth Fault
Protection for Outgoing Feeder 1
Overcurrent (three-phase) and Directional Earth Fault
Protection for Outgoing Feeder 2
Available options same as for PST 2210

The neutral points are available for investigating different

methods of earthing.
Possible earthing methods are:
a) solid or resistive earth
b) insulated earth
c) Petersen coil

For more information about the Protective Relays

see page 21.

Current transformers are positioned around the transformer

and the connections are available from the desk.

10

Power System Simulator PST 2200

PST 2240 LOAD MODULE

3-phase loads R, L and C
controllable in 13 steps each,
manually or by SCADA.

Low Voltage Distribution

The Low Voltage Distribution is constituted
by a busbar to which the substation can be
connected by the outgoing lines or by one or
more transmission models.
From the busbar there are 6 outgoing groups to
which loads can be connected. The outgoing
groups are equipped with manually operated
switches or operated by PC- or remote-control.
All distribution groups are available by 4 mm
safety outlets to which loads can be connected
with or without external instruments.

Optional Instruments
Voltmeter with selector switch
Frequency meters
Ammeters
kWh-meters
Module for measuring V, A, P and Q
including PC-interface and software.

PST 2240 Load Module.

Load Groups
The Load Module consists of groups of single phase and three-phase industrial and domestic loads.
The loads are of resistive, capacitive, inductive and active (motor) types: Three 3-phase groups can be varied in
small steps which together with the other loads will cover load possibilities from 0150 % of nominal power.
By jumpers and switches it is possible to create single phase loads as well as other non-symmetrical loads.
One motor with flywheel is enclosed to the load module. Several motors can be added as options to make it
possible to study the dynamics of the system as well as the mechanical load sharings between two or more generators.
The motor together with the flywheel will constitute a suitable load for the microprocessor operated motor protection
(optional) on the outgoing line of the middle-voltage substation.

The Load Module comprises

Six resistive 1-phase load groups connectable by switches

Six capacitive 1-phase load groups connectable by switches
Six inductive 1-phase load groups connectable by switches
One 13 step 3-phase resistive load bank controlled by increase/decrease switch or PC (SCADA)
One 13 step 3-phase capacitive load bank controlled by increase/decrease switch or PC (SCADA)
One 13 step 3-phase inductive load bank controlled by increase/decrease switch or PC (SCADA)
One induction motor with flywheel and mechanical brake, 0.25 kW

One induction motor Dahlander with flywheel and mechanical brake, 0.25/0.12kW (optional).
Other optional machines are available on request.

11

Power System Simulator PST 2200

THE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

The complete PST 2200 System utilizes 19 highly advanced microprocessor-controlled measurent devices enabling effortless
and comprehensive monitoring of the entire system.
All measurement transducers include a distinct display presenting the measurement in five digits. The microprocessor- based
technology enables several important parameters in each unit, where 3-phase units hold a capability to visualize 20
power energy quantities divided into selectable pages (each page displaying 4-parameters at a time).
Two digital bargraphs, each with dual graphs (one for each busbar) comprises the ability to monitor essential parameters in
the synchronization process.
The units perform all neccesary operations in independent enclosures, from measuring (directly without transformers etc) to
presentation on the display and data acqusition. All units connected together on a databus for instrumentation (optional in
SCADA applications).

3-phase Instruments
Three 3-phase power network parameter analyzers displaying 20 power energy
quantities divided into five selectable pages (each page displaying 4-parameters
at a time), featuring for instance:
Average 3-ph voltage/current
Visualization of non symmetrical loads
Both phase-phase and phase-earth voltages
Independent phase currents
Average 3-ph active, reactive and apparent power
Independent phase active, reactive and apparent powers
Average 3-ph power factor
Independent phase power factors
Active, reactive and apparent energy
Power Network Parameter Analyzer

Bargraphs
Digital bargraphs, each with dual graphs (one for each busbar) comprise the ability to monitor
essential parameters in synchronization purposes.
Voltage - both busbars displayed with LEDs and bargraphs (380-420VAC)
Frequency - both busbars displayed with LEDs and bargraphs (45-55Hz)
Display levels selectable in three different colours for highlighting of significant values.

Single Parameter Analyzer

Single Parameter Analyzer

Generated voltage
Generated current
Two instruments for voltages on A- and B-busbars
Phase-phase and phase-earth by means of selector switch
Generator speed
DC Machine current
Generator magnetizing

THE LOGICAL BLOCKING SYSTEM

The TERCO Logical Blocking System comprises a network of PLCs. This provides an indespensible protection/support
feature by distinctly indicating and blocking forbidden maneuvres, ultimately preventing severe damage to the system.
The PLC network acts as a control mechanism for the operator, regardless of operation directly on the PST or remotely
from the SCADA system. The PLCs perform the following key functions:
Keep track of allowed combinations of isolators and circuit breakers
Gather protection trips and control suitable actions
Control from SCADA/iFIX reflecting the real environment
Control of DC Machine speed
Control of generator magnetizing level
R, L, C independent load control (each in thirteen levels)

12

Power System Simulator PST 2200

PST 2250 SCADA System for Power System Simulator

WHAT IS SCADA

TERCO SCADA SYSTEM

SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) is the

general term for a large group of computer systems with
special capabilities.
SCADA systems are typically used in industrial applications
to control and supervise real-time processes.

TERCO SCADA System is designed to be used for the

Terco Power System Simulator (PST 2200). The Terco
SCADA system provides students with the opportunity to
remotly control and monitor the system in a control room
environment. The teacher has full control, independent of
student actions and can also override the student to show
how to use and control the PST2200 system.

HOW DOES SCADA WORK

SCADA gives personnel the ability to closely follow and
to enter data into the process. Actual measurements are
presented in real time on the computer screen. The system
can be controlled remotely through local networks. For the
Terco SCADA system this means that any school, institute,
university or industry connected to the net can maintain
distance learning on the Terco PST 2200 system.

All breakers and isolators belonging to the simulated power

system can be operated from the PC. Faulty operations
are prevented/blocked by means of the Logical Blocking
System regardless of operation made directly on the PST
2200 or from the SCADA system.

With Terco SCADA system, synchronization can be performed from SCADA where frequencies and voltages together
with synchronization pulses enable synchronization in four different points of the PST 2200 system.
All instruments, isolators and breakers are indicated on screen even when operated from front panels. This facilitates
for the teacher to study the work of the students without interferance.
It is also possible to connect up to 16 students that can individually control the whole PST through the SCADA system.

Terco reserves the right to make changes in the design and modifications or improvements of the products at any time
without incurring any obligations

13

Power System Simulator PST 2200

TERCO SCADA System comprises:

Examples of the TERCO SCADA application

Master computer using Ethernet for communicating

with the PST and the PLCs together with the instruments.

The TERCO SCADA application is constituted by several

control views, for instance the Power Plant View (below) where
it is possible to control and monitor for example:

All necessary hardware for communication integrated

in the PST.

Motor speed

SCADA software with development possibilities for the

Master computer.

Generator voltage

SCADA client enabler software on the Master computer

for enabling clients to login to the SCADA application
from Internet Explorer.

Control and status of isolators

Chosen number of clients for starting sessions with the

SCADA application from remote sessions simply by
means of Internet Explorer. (Number of simultaneously
connected clients depends on Master computer hardware
specification. Each client is enabled by a license retreaved
in Master computer dongle ).

TERCO SCADA used for the operation of the PST 2200

is built up on the professional GE FANUC iFIX software
which is used in power plants across the world.

Control and status of circuit breakers

Alarm indication/logging and resetting
Single parameter instruments

Three-phase instruments:
Each displaying 20 parameters distributed over five pages,
where current, voltage, active and reactive power in mean
values as well as in phase to phase and phase to neutral
which makes it possible to study for example nonsymmetrical behaviour.

PST Overview Window

PST Generator Station Window

The Synchroscope Window integrates the view of the

bargraphs for frequency and voltage together with the
controls for speed/voltage setpoint and the synchroscope.

PST Mobile Generator Window

14

Power System Simulator PST 2200

ABB Web HMI enables parameter setting/configuration of the protection units directly from the TERCO
SCADA application or by means of Internet Explorer
The protection units can be addressed and configured directly from the TERCO SCADA Application by
means of the implemented ABB WHMI application.
Also available by means of Internet Explorer. (Example
shown in picture above).

The PST Load Control Window enables the possibilty

to control the three phase loads (R,L and C) independly, each in thirteen different levels.

PST2280 Power Factor Controller Window including essential configurations and parameter settings of the ABB
RVT module.

PST Protection Unit Window where selection of desired unit for parameter setting/configuration can be
performed by means of the ABB WHMI.

Technical Specification

SCADA system is fully connected to the measuring system as well as to all PLCs within the PST system including
Development Version Licence (not only run time)
Indication Modules:
Isolator, circuit breaker and flag relays status
Monitoring of three-phase instruments, each comprising 20 parameters such as:
- Voltage (ph-ph, ph-N, mean ph-ph, mean ph-N)
- Current ( phase and mean enables the possibility to monitor non-symmetrical - behaviour)
- Active, reactive and apparent power(phases and mean)
Monitoring of all single phase instruments including generator voltage and current, generator speed,DC motor cur rent, generator magnetizing current, voltage meters for busbars
Remotely controlled modules:
Motor turbine speed
Generator speed
Synchronization
Loads
Circuit breakers
Isolators
Alarm resetting

Other features
Replicates all PST 2200 System main
module configurations
Easily customized monitor images
(visualization)
Easily customized schematics
Digital virtual instrumentation
Event logging (alarm history)

15

Also included:
Suitabel high specification computer
with flat screen
Colour printer
Installation/commmissioning and
basic teacher training at site by
Terco Engineer.

Power System Simulator PST 2200

PST 2270 Mobile Turbine Module with Generator Set

This module includes:
Control panel
Turbine
Generator
Step-up transformer
A-B-busbars
Synchronizing- and phasing device
Current and voltage transformers
Outgoing lines.
Power plant with the turbine simulated by a
rectifier controlled DC-motor together with a
synchronous generator.
Manual or automatic control both for the
frequency (=active power) and the voltage
(=reactive power).
One-line mimic diagrams together with breakers,
isolators and groups of digital instruments ar
ranged as in real plants.
Indications as well as interlockings for the ope-
ration of breakers and isolators are designed as
in existing plants.

Technical specifications

Cubicle :
Dim.:
1045 x 1060 x 1900 mm
(corresponds in size to PST 2220)
Weight :
280 kg (approx.)

The Turbine / Generator / Step-up Transformer :

DC-machine 2.0 kW, simulating turbine

4-pole synchronous generator, 1.2 kVA, cos phi 0.8
Static rectifier for speed / W control
Static rectifier for voltage / VAr control
Step-up transformer 230 / 400 V, 2.0 kVA

Turbine-Generator Set :
Dim.:
1500 x 300 x 500 mm
Weight :
140 kg

Generator Data :

Voltage : 3 x 230 V
Nominal current : 3.5 A
Frequency : 50 Hz / 60 Hz
Speed : 1500 rpm / 1800 rpm
Synchronous reactance 97 %
Transient reactance 17 %
Subtransient reactance 8 %

Digital Instruments
(see instrument description page 10):
Three-phase instruments
Armature (stator) current
Armature voltage
Field current
Revolutions per minute
Rotor current for turbine (DC-motor)
Volt meters for A- and B- busbar with switches for
selecting measurements at different points
Synchroscope
Bargraphs for voltage and frequency

16

Power System Simulator PST 2200

PST 2280 Power Factor Control Module

Power Factor Controller (PFC)
With the PFC you can minimize the currents caused by reactive losses of power, thereby optimizing
the transfer of energy between generation and loading. This is becoming more and more important
today when Saving energy is vital in a world with
focus on pollution and shortage of energy.

Field of Application
Capacitive, inductive or mixed inductive and
resistive networks in need of compensation, for example when starting and running induction motors
or for compensating long high voltage power lines.

Principles of Operation
Depending on the power factor of the loading
network a microprocessor will connect groups of
capacitors.
By measuring phase voltages and current the
microprocessor will calculate how many capacitor
groups need to be connected and do this in accordance with user configured parameters.

Typical Experiments:

Technical Specifications
Number of 3-ph groups

12 capacitive for control and

2 for inductive default setting.

The concept of active power, apparent power

and reactive power

Power factor setting

Nominal voltage
Nominal power

0.7 inductive to 0.7 capacitive

3 x 400 V 50 60 Hz
0 2 kVAr cap., 0 - 2 kVAr ind.

The concept of power factor and cos

PF-Controller

Automatic or manual
Adjustable delay times, swit-
ching sequences and strategies.
Programmable to 12 steps

Monitoring and
Measurement

Voltage
Current
Power factor

Switching modes

Linear and circular

The concept of measuring methods

Start current settings (C/k)
Delay times
Efficiency and losses
Linear and circular switching modes
PF-Controller design and schematics
Configuring the controller
PF-Controller and resistive/inductive loads

Indication lamps
For the capacitor groups.

For default of inductive load
compensating banks.

PF-Controller and induction motor loads

Control range limits

Power supply

Dimensions WxHxD

Weight

1-ph 220 - 240 V AC,

50 - 60 Hz (internally supplied)
1045x1800x1060 mm
(corresponds in size to PST 2220
210 kg

17

Power System Simulator PST 2200

Physical Design
The PFC is made to work together with the Terco PST 2200 Power Simulator System but can also be used as a stand alone unit.
The PFC is hosed in a PST double cabinet with a clear mimic diagram explaining how to connect the supplying net
to the network in need of power factor compensation. Lamps on the front panel indicate which contactor relay is in
operation together with the corresponding reactive load bank.
Measured values, parameters and sub-parameters are indicated on the front of the control unit, which can easily be
configured to achieve the desired switching behaviour. Contactor relay combinations may be programmed on a terminal board to simulate the methods of optimising the life time for circuit breakers in reality. The electronically displayed quantities are also indicated by classic analogue instruments regarding power factor, voltage and currents.

PST 2280 Power Factor Control

Block structure alternative arrangements

Power
source

Cbank

Transmission
Lines

PF
Controller

Load

Transmission
Lines

Load

Cbank

Power
source

PF
Controller

Lbank

Terco reserves the right to make changes in the design and modifications or improvements of the products at any time
without incurring any obligations

18

Power System Simulator PST 2200

MV 1305 Mobile Motor / Generator Unit

A standard laboratory for power transmission normally consists of one or two generators, connected to one or more transmission links which finally reach transformers, distribution units and loads.
Energy transfer, load shedding, static and dynamic stability as well as sophisticated protection schemes can be studied under
realistic forms. Not to forget compensation possibilities.
Power- and current- paths in grid networks are complicated. The TERCO system will give understanding for these problems.
The mobile generator station / synchronous alternator (compensator) MV 1305 provides a flexible solution for mobile power
generation simulation.
The MV 1305 can operate as described or work in parallel with the Power System Simulator PST 2200. In this case mechanical
and electrical parameters might be changed by using e.g. flywheel (MV 1010) and different electrical connections.

Modes of Operation
A. Control of active power (frequency): DC-machine (tur
bine) + synchronous machine (generator) in closed loop

connection regarding frequency.
B. Control of active power (frequency) and reactive pow
er (voltage): Two closed loops regarding frequency and
voltage.
C. Synchronous compensating: DC-machine (turbine)

idling, electrically disconnected or mechanically discon
nected, synchronous machine in closed loop connection

for voltage (=reactive power) control.

Instruments:
DC-machine:
(Turbine simulator)

Technical Specification MV 1305-405

Power Supply


Turbine/DC-machine





Synchronous
generator




Speed control/
Active power control

Feedback systems

Field current supply
Voltage control/
Reactive power control

Feedback systems

Voltage 380-415 V AC 3-ph

Frequency
50 Hz *)
Max current
16 A
Armature Volt
0-240 V DC
Field Volt
190 V DC
Armature current 12 A
Field current
0.8 A
Power
2.0 kW
Speed
0-1800 rpm

Dimensions
Weight

1550 x 800 x 1200 mm

200 kg (approx.)

Armature volt 0-240 / 415 V AC

Power
1.2 kVA
Cos
0.8
Field volt
0-230 V DC
Speed
0-1800 rpm
SCR-converter, electronic current
limit setting, start- and stop ramps.
Manual frequency setting
Automatic/Constant setting
Integrated

Armature voltage
Armature current
Indication lamp for field voltage
Speed control potentiometer (=frequency control)
Control method selector
AC-machine:
Armature voltage
Voltage selector switch
Armature current
Voltage control potentiometer
Control method selector
Field current ammeter
Synchronizing devices:
Synchronizing instrument
Double voltmeter
Double frequency meter
Synchronizing switch

MV 1010 Flywheel
The flywheel is dynamically balanced and has a protective
casing with 2 couplings.
Moment of inertia:
J = 0.406 kgm2.

PWM min. ripple-converter,

electronic current limit setting
Manual voltage setting
Automatic/Constant setting
Separate voltage feedback

*)MV 1305-406 for 60 Hz

19

Dim:

400 x 300 x 300 mm

Weight:

56 kg

Power System Simulator PST 2200

8785 Accessories
MV 1100 Load Resistor
3-phase 3.3 kW, continuously adjustable.
Star connection
400 / 230 V 0.8-5 A
Star connection
230 / 133 V 0.5-5 A
Delta connection
400 / 230 V 2.4-8.7 A
Delta connection
230 / 133 V 1.3-8.7 A
DC parallel connection
220 V 2.3-15 A
Dimensions
630 x 250 x 890 mm
Weight
46 kg
MV 1100-235 Cooling fan supply 230 V AC 50 - 60 Hz
MV 1100-116 Cooling fan supply 110 V AC 60 Hz

MV 1101 Load Reactor

2.5 kVAr, 50-60 Hz. 12 step regulation.
V Connection Hz A
230 star
230 delta
400 star
230 star
230 delta
400 star
Dimensions
Weight

50 0.2-2.2
50 0.6-6.6
50 0.4-3.8
60 0.2-1.9
60 0.5-5.6
60 0.3-3.3
510 x 220 x 320 mm
40 kg

MV 1102 Load Capacitor

2.8 kVAr at 50 Hz, 3.3 kVAr at 60 Hz. 6 step regulation.
V Connection Hz A
230 star
230 delta
400 star
230 III
230 star
230 delta
400 star
230 III
Dimensions
Weight

50 0.4-2.4
50 1.2-7.2
50 0.7-4.2
50 2.1-12.6
60 0.5-2.8
60 1.4-8.6
60 0.8-5.0
60 2.5-15
185 x 370 x 170 mm
7 kg

MV 1429 Terminal Board

The connection box is equipped with miniature circuit
breakers for 20 A.
Dimensions
Weight

250 x 240 x 75 mm
2 kg

MV 1103 Variable Transformer 3-phase

Input
Output

3 x 400 V, 8 A, 50-60 Hz
3 x 0-450 V, 8 A

Dimensions
Weight

490 x 275 350 mm

36.5 kg

MV 1427 Relay Tester

Range of application
Testing of current, voltage, time and power-relays.
Start-up operations where variable current and voltage are required.
Testing of current transformers, ratio tests and plotting of magnetisation
curves.
In electrical and measuring departments or in laboratories
and technical schools.
Dimensions
Weight

280 x 178 x 178 + 63 mm

15 kg
20

Power System Simulator PST 2200

Laboratory Layout
The layout is a significant factor to consider when designing a functional laboratory. It is of great importance that equipment
and furniture are taken into account early in the planning stage. A preliminary solution for planning a Power System Laboratory for approx. 16 students can be seen below. If the space of the laboratory has been determined already, the standard
solution may not be applicable.
Our engineers will be pleased to advise on any individual requirements.
See also our brochures Power Distribution System and Furniture for Laboratories and "Transmission Line, Transformer and
Protection Laboratory".

Suggested Laboratory Size: 10 x 10 m2

1. Power System Simulator
2. Power Factor Controller
3. SCADA
4. Universal Relay Trainer
5. Distance Relay Trainer
6. Differential Relay Trainer
7. Line Models
8. Transformers
9. Different loads

PST 2200 - two generators

PST 2280
PST 2250
MV 1431 with accessories
MV 1434 with accessories
MV 1435 with accessories

Installation and Training

The complete Power System Simulator is normally supplied on turn-key basis with installation, commissioning and on-site
training to be performed by Terco engineers.
Further training can be arranged on request in Sweden or on site, subject to a separate agreement.
Individual items specified in this catalogue, can also be delivered on request.
It is our belief that a good result in training power people is only achieved by well trained teachers / instructors, good curricula with sufficient time for hands-on training and relevant equipment.
21

Power System Simulator PST 2200

TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Supply voltage:

Standards
All Protective Relay Units included in the Terco Power System Simulator are fully compliant to IEC 61850 standard.

3-phase 380 - 415 / 220 - 240 V, 16A, 50 & 60 Hz

Other supply voltages available on request.
The Turbine / Generator / Step-up Transformer

Generator Data

DC-machine 2.0 kW, simulating turbine

Voltage
Nominal current
Frequency
Speed
Synchronous reactance
Transient reactance
Subtransient reactance

4-pole synchronous generator, 1.2 kVA, cos phi 0.8

Static rectifier for speed / W control
Static rectifier for voltage / VAr control
Step-up transformer 230 / 400 V, 2.0 kVA

Transmission Line Data

3 x 230 V
3.5 A
50 Hz/60Hz
1500 rpm / 1800 rpm
97 %
17 %
8%

Load Module data

Resistive
Capacitive
Inductive

6x200 W
6x200 VAr
6x200 VAr

3-phase Loadbanks
Resistive
Capacitive
Inductive

2x3-ph 0900 W
2x3-ph 0900 VAr
2x3-ph 0900 VAr

Type

Voltage

Transmission
ability

Length

Two HV pilinks

230 kV

110 MVA

100 km

One MV pi-link 70 kV

50 MVA

50 km

Two MV pi-link 35 kV

20 MVA

20 km

One distribution OH pi-link

11 kV

5 MVA

5 km

One induction motor with flywheel and mechanical

brake 0.25 kW

One distribution Cable

pi-link

11 kV

5 MVA

5 km

Optional
One induction motor Dahlander with flywheel and
mechanical brake 0.25 / 0.12 kW

Weights and Dimensions

PST 2210
340kg

Approx. net weights

1555mm

PST 2230

PST 2220
240kg

1045mm

PST 2240

330kg

240kg

1555mm

1045mm

Turbine-Generator set: dim 1500 x 300 x 400 mm, netweight 130 kg

Approx net weights

PST 2210

PST 2220

400 kg

240 kg

Each rack is delivered with a PVCcoated polyester fabric.

1800

700
1000

22

1060

1045

1045

104

52

Power System Simulator PST 2200

PROTECTIVE RELAYS - HOW TO ORDER

Receiving Substation Module PST 2230
lED Level 1
Transformer Differential Protection
Voltage Protection
Frequency Protection
Neutral Point Earth Fault Protection
HV / MV Over Current Protection

Power Plant Module PST 2210

lED Level 1
All Over Differential Protection
Generator /HV O/C Protection
Voltage Protection
Frequency Protection
lED Level 2
Same as level 1 but also including:
Three-phase O/C and
Directional Earth Fault Protection Line 1
Three-phase O/C and
Directional Earth Fault Protection Line 2

lED Level 2
Same as Level 1 but also including:
Busbar Over Current Protection
Three-phase O/C and Directional Earth
Fault Protection Feeder 1
Three-phase O/C and Directional Earth
Fault Protection Feeder 2

lED Level 3
Same as lED Level 2 but also including:
Differential Generator Protection
Rotor Earth Fault Protection
95% Stator Earth Fault Protection

lED Level 3
Same as Level 2 but also including:
Line Distance Protection, Multiple Zone Protection with
individual settings. The distance protection can be programmed for different HV-levels and characteristics and operates
for three-phase short circuits, fault R-S, S-T, T-R, R-earth,
S-earth, T-earth and with underimpedance start. There are
separate time settings for each zone.
Each or all zones can be programmed for sensing in forward
or reverse direction.

Protection of PST Module 2220, 2240, 2270 and 2280 can be equipped independently of each other.

State of the art protections

based on ABB RELION SERIES compliant to
IEC 61850 standard
ABB IED Protection provides you with a future-proof concept based on application flexibility, which makes them an
excellent choice. The integration of the main protection and
a wide range of back-up protection functions within these
IEDs improve your power system performance. It also reduces engineering and installation time as well as space and
spare parts requirements.

ABB REF 615 Line Feeder Protection Relay

Terco reserves the right to make changes in the design and modifications or improvements of the products at any time
without incurring any obligations

23

Power System Simulator PST 2200

Some of the worldwide PST 2200 Installations

24

Power System Simulator PST 2200

LIST OF SOME EXPERIMENTS

Under normal conditions:

Under fault conditions:

Setting of field control parameters, setting of turbine

control rectifier parameters, setting of start- and stop ramps
(=intake gate opening and closing).

Checking AC-supply, DC supply, alarm indications, ack nowledge and cancelling procedures, status indications of
isolators and breakers. Start order.

Different types of system earthing methods can be studied:

isolated, high resistance, low resistance and Petersen coil.

All performance diagrams of the generator can be studied.

Connecting the infinite busbar system in different parts

of the network. Influence on fault currents and short circuit
currents.

Vector group of system transformer is checked together

with no load tests and short circuit tests for both step-up- and
substation transformers.

Influence on fault currents and short circuit currents and relay

protections. Settings of relays. Selectivity.

Differential relays can be tested by resistive faults or trim

faults caused inside the protective zones.

The reactances and time constant of the synchronous

generator are of decisive importance for its transient behaviour. This can easily be studied in several ways. Also
symmetrical and asymmetrical faults can be studied.

Transient behaviour of generator can be shown when it is not

correctly synchronized with the system.

Load distribution can be varied using auxiliary transformers

to keep the currents within certain limits. This can also be
studied by use of parallel lines where the line parameters are
different. (Arranged for example by connectors in the transmission module).

Single-phase and three-phase fault interruptions can be

demonstrated for different lengths of transmission lines and
different values of power transmitted.

Generator performance under steady state and dynamic

conditions can be studied for different types of loads.

The generator protection scheme is checked under condi

tions of deliberate maloperation of the generator and especially
introduced faults.

Difference between manual and automatic control of voltage

= reactive power control.

Signalling, indications warnings, trippings, actions in the fault

announciator system.

Difference between manual and automatic control of speed

= active power control.

Regional fault in a small industrial area and / or domestic

living area. A fault is simulated somewhere in the load module
and the protection on a feeder from outgoing lines would
trip. The fault has to be located, reset and indicated. The energy
supply would then normally be transferred back.

Fault simulation in a section of a medium size city. A fault

is simulated somewhere in the substation or on the outgoing
lines. The protection relays for the incoming line or transformer or busbar would then trip. The fault has to be located,
the relays reset and indicated. The energy supply would then
normally be transferred back.

Fault in a medium city region. A fault is simulated somewhere

in the power plant module on the HV side or on the outgoing lines from the power plant. The protection relays for
the line should be tripping. Even the protection for the generator may be able to trip. The fault has to be located, the relays reset and indicated. The energy supply would then normaly
be transferred back.

Rapidity of field control v.s. stability. Optimizing gain and

time constants of voltage and current controllers.
Feedback systems.
Voltage differences, frequency differences, phase difference,
timing, instruments, blockings (synchronising).
The dynamic characteristics of the controller can be
examined.

All protective relays can be tested separately with or without

load by a built-in 18-pole terminal (test unit) which will make
individual testing of each protection possible, also when the
complete simulator is under normal operation.

Characteristics of overcurrent and underimpedance star ting elements can be obtained by means of loads and system
feed provided underimpedance protection is included.
Impedance maps can be calculated easily to give informa
tion for an optimised selectivity plan of protection.

By means of a ring main feed from one end various methods of protection can be studied, e.g. employing directional
overcurrent relays or non-directional relays with instantaneous opening of the main grid.

The tripping characteristics of a modified impedance relay

can be determined by experiment (optional choice).

25

Power System Simulator PST 2200

Fault in a region of a country. A fault is simulated somewhere in a part of a country implicating nationwide consequences.
Everything is to be disconnected : Generator 1, (possibly Generator 2), infinite bus and other possible sources. A load
shedding scheme is to be performed. The fault(s) have to be found and isolated. The generator(s) need to be started,
synchronized and connected. Load sharing is to be studied carefully. The energy supply would then normally be
transferred back.

Overcurrent and under-voltage relays for motor protection operating in conjunction with the system relays can also be
studied.
The preceeding experiments are merely a selection from an extensive list of possible experiments.

Protective Relay Functions

Overcurrent protection
Overcurrent protection with time lag characteristics
relays
Over and under voltage protections
Neutral point protection
Independent time characteristics

Negative sequential over current protection

Earth fault protection
Directional earth fault protection
Differential protections
Design principles
Frequency protection
A typical feeder protection.

Terco reserves the right to make changes in the design and modifications or improvements of the products at any time
without incurring any obligations

26

terco Headoffice
Terco Headoffice

terco headoffice and factory outside stockholm, sweden.

Terco headoffice and factory outside Stockholm, Sweden.

scan drive

TERCO AB P.O. Box 5014 SE-141 05 HUDDINGE STOCKHOLM SwEDEN

Telephone: +46 8 506 855 00 Telefax +46 8 506 855 01 http://www.terco.se e-mail [email protected]
TERCO AB
P.O. Box 5014
SE-141 05 HUDDINGE
Sweden

Office/Works: Pyramidbacken 6
SE-141 75 Kungens Kurva
Stockholm

Phone: +46 8 506 855 00

Fax
+46 8 506 855 01
e-mail [email protected]
www.terco.se

stertlje
Tryckeri AB, Sdertlje
2011.02/2.000/2007.03/4.000/
stertlje Tryckeri
AB, Sdertlje

system sd 2000