ThreePhaseTransformers

High voltage
bushing

Oil tank

Low voltage
bushing

Cooling
radiators

Three Phase Transformer

There are two different ways to make three phase transformers:
a) Connect three single phase transformers
b) Make the three phase windings on the same core.
As far as the analysis is concerned, there is no difference between the two methods

Transformer Construction
The dried and treated
transformer is placed in a
steel tank.
The tank is filled, under
vacuum, with heated
transformer oil.

Distribution Transformers

Bushing

Steel
tank

Iron core
behind the steel
bar

The end of the windings are

connected to bushings.
Winding

Insulation
Radiator

Transformer Construction

The transformer is equipped

with cooling radiators which
are cooled by forced
ventilation.

Cooling fans are installed

under the radiators.

Large bushings connect the

windings to the electrical
system.

The oil is circulated by pumps

and forced through the
radiators.

The oil temperature, pressure

are monitored to predict
transformer performance.

Power Transformers

High voltage
bushing

Oil tank

Cooling
radiators

Low voltage
bushing

Three Phase Transformer

Y-Y

Three Phase Transformer

-Y

Y-

Three Phase Transformer

Example1
A2400Vthreephasebussuppliesathreephase
transformerwhichdelivers600kVAtoabalanced
threephase240Vresistiveload.AssumingaYY
connection,determinethephasecurrentsand
voltages.

Example1,solution
The primary line current = the phase current

I A I AN

600,000
144.3 A
3 2400

The secondary line current = the phase current

I A I AN
V AN

600,000
1443 A
3 240

2400
1386 V
3

Van

and

240
138.6 V
3
600
kVA,
resis
tive
load

Phase Shift in Three Phase Transformers

IA

Ia

a
VAB

Wye / Wye connection

Y
I rate

S 3
3

Vrate

TY Y

Np
Ns

Van

VAN
N

VCN

Vbn

Vcn

VAN I a VBN I b VCN I c

Van I A Vbn I B
Vcn I C

Vab 3 Van e j 30

Vab
b

3 Vrate

VAB 3 VAN e j 30

VBN

3 VAN e j 30 VAN
VAB

Vab
Van
3 Van e j 30

Phase Shift in Three Phase Transformers

IA
A

Ia

VAB

Iba

IAB

Iac

ICA

Vab
b
c

C
Delta-Delta connection

Np

T -

Ns

I
VAB I a

ba
Vab I A I AB

Phase Shift in Three Phase Transformers

VAB
VCA

Wye / Delta connection

I rate

TY

S 3
Vrate
Np
Ns

VBC

VAN
VBN

Ia

IA

VCN

S
3 Vrate

VAN I ba

Vab
IA

VAB VAN VBN VAN VAN e j 120 3 VAN e j 30

VAB
3 VAN e j 30

Vab
Vab

Iba

Iac

Icb

Ib

Ic

a
Vab
b
Vbc
c

Vca

Phase Shift in Three Phase Transformers

Transformer Connection

Primary and Secondary Voltage Phase

Relation

Wye-Wye

VAN is in phase with Van

Zero

A and a

Wye-Delta

VAN is in phase with Vab

30

A and ab

Delta-Wye

VAB is in phase with Van

30

AB and a

Delta-Delta

VAB is in phase with Vab

Zero

AB and ab

Phase Shift*

Windings Placed on the Same

Leg

* Note:
Phase shift lead between line-to-line voltages, VAB and Vab, and line-to-neutral voltages, VAN and Van, and
line currents, IA and Ia.

Wye / Wye connection

Advantages:
The cross sectional area of both the primary and secondary
conductors is a maximum, the total quantity of insulation per
phase is minimum producing a robust winding.
Both neutrals available for giving a balanced four wire supply.
Disadvantages:
Coil construction cost is high because of the high current
requirements.

15-Feb-16

14

Wye / Delta connection

Advantages:
Third harmonic voltages are eliminated by the circulation of
third harmonic current in the secondary delta.
The primary neutral may be earthed.
Disadvantages:
No secondary neutral point is available for giving a four wire
supply.

15

15-Feb-16

Delta / Wye connection

Advantages:
Third harmonic voltages are eliminated by the circulation of
third harmonic current in the primary delta.
The secondary neutral may be earthed or may be utilized for
a giving a four wire supply.
Disadvantages:
No primary neutral point is available for earthing.

15-Feb-16

16

Delta / Delta connection

Advantages:
If one phase on either side becomes faulty, the remaining two
phases can be operated in open delta to give a three phase
output equal to 1 / 3 of the total normal output.
Most economical connection for high current, low voltage
transformers.
Third harmonic voltages are eliminated by circulation of third
harmonic currents in the delta.
Disadvantages:
No neutral point is available and hence a four wire supply
cant be given.
The cross sectional area of both the primary and secondary
conductors is a minimum, total quantity of coil insulation is
maximum and hence producing a mechanically
weak coil.
17
15-Feb-16

PROBLEM:
Draw the single-line diagram of a three phase power system.
Bus
1

Bus
2

T1
#1 #2

90MVA
22 kV
18%

#2 #1

X=48.4 ohm

Vab2

#2 #1

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

T3

#2 #1

65.43 ohm

Vab2
#1 #2

#2 #1

#1 #2

Vab1

Vab2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

#2 #1

Bus
5

57 MVA,
0.6 pf
lag.

T4

110 kV TL2

#1 #2

40MVA
220/11 kV
6%

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

Bus
6

40MVA
110/11 kV
8%

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

66.5MVA
10.45kV
18.5%

#2 #1

50MVA
22/220 kV
10%

40MVA
22/110 kV
6.4%

Vab1

Vab2

#1 #2

Vab1

Bus
4

T2

220 kV TL1

#1 #2
Vab1

Bus
3

Solution:

Bus
1

Bus
2

T1
#1 #2
Vab1

#2 #1

#1 #2

65.43 ohm

Vab2

#2 #1

T1

Vab1

Vab2
#2 #1

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

#1 #2

57 MVA,
0.6 pf
lag.

T4

110 kV TL2

#1 #2

40MVA
220/11 kV
6%

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

#1 #2

40MVA
22/110 kV
6.4%

66.5MVA
10.45kV
18.5%

#2 #1

T3
Vab1

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Vab1

Vab2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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50MVA
22/220 kV
10%

Bus
4

T2
#2 #1

X=48.4 ohm

Vab2
#1 #2

90MVA
22 kV
18%

Bus
3
220 kV TL1

#2 #1

Bus
5

Bus
6

40MVA
110/11 kV
8%

T2

220 kV Transmission Line 1

X=48.4 ohm

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

T3

T4

110 kV Transmission Line 2

X= 65.43 ohm

6
Load

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

57 MVA, 0.6 pf
lag.

T.L.

THE PER UNIT SYSTEM

T
M

Transformer equivalent
circuit as reflected into
primary and secondary
sides.

Equivalent circuit reflecting

into primary

10

T.L.

T.L.

Analyzing interconnected three-phase

power systems having different voltage
levels require huge transformation of all
impedances to a single voltage level.
NOTE:

Equivalent circuit reflecting

into secondary

This large mathematical work can be avoided by utilizing the per unit system.
Various physical quantities such as power, voltage, current and impedance are
expressed as a decimal fraction of base quantities.

The numerical per unit value of

any quantity is its ratio to a chosen
base quantity of the same
dimension. Thus a per unit
quantity is a normalized quantity
with respect to the chosen base
value. The per unit value of a
quantity is thus defined as:

T.L.
T

G
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAEU, ELEC472

T.L.

T.L.

p.u. value

Actual Value
Base Value

Note:
The nominal voltage of lines and equipment is almost always known as
well as the apparent (complex) power in megavolt-amperes, so these two
quantities are usually chosen for base value calculation. A minimum of four
base quantities are required to complete the per unit system: volt-ampere,
voltage, current and impedance. Usually three phase MVA and line-toline voltages are selected for as:

( S Base ) 3 The base complex power in mega-volt-amperes (MVA)

(V Base ) LL the base voltage in kilovolts

NOTE

| S Base |3 3 | I base || V Base | LL

The base current in kiloamperes

| I base | L

11

| S Base |3
3 | V Base | LL

MVA
( S Base )1

( S Base )3

| S Base |1 | I base
| V Base |1

3
| | VBase |

| VBase |3
3

The base impedance will also be given by

| V Base |
| V Base |2
| Z Base |

ohms
| I base |
| S base |
| V Base | LL 2
]
[ | V Base | LL ]2
3
| Z base |

| S Base |3
[ | S Base |3 ]
[
]
3
Actual Value
From the definition of per unit values:
p.u. value
Base Value
[

S p.u.

V p.u.

S Base

V
VBase

I p.u.

The per unit impedance:

Z p .u .

I
I Base
NOTE

Z |S
|
Z

Base p.u.
Z Base
| V Base |2

The impedance could

be presented in
pu or %
0.2 pu 20%

Base Conversions
If

( Z p. u. ) old

and

an impedance in per unit on a given old base

( I Base ) old
(VBase ) old

the base current in kiloamperes

the base voltage in kilovolts

It is sometimes required to obtain the per unit

value referred to a new base set.

30kVA
240/480V
Xeq 0. 10 pu
Source

G
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

The conversion expression is obtained as:

UAEU, ELEC472

( Z p.u. ) new ( Z p.u. ) old

| ( S Base ) new | | (VBase ) old |2

.
p.u.
| ( S Base ) old | | (VBase ) new |2

If the volt bases are the same, then

( Z p. u. ) new ( Z p.u. ) old

12

| ( S Base ) new |
p.u.
| ( S Base ) old |

40kVA
240/480V
Xeq 0. 20 pu

Example 1:
Consider a transmission line with an impedance Z= 3.346+j77.299 ohm. Assume that
Base MAV is 100 and Base kV is 735. What is the pu impedance.
Solution:

Z p .u .

Z p .u .

Z | MVA, S Base |

| kV , V Base |

Z |S
|
Z
Base p.u.
Z Base
| V Base |2

p .u .

Z | 100 |
| 735 |

( Z ) * (1.85108 10 4 )

Example 2: Convert the impedance of the previous example using a new base of
200 MVA and 345 kV.

( Z p.u. ) old 6.19372 10 4 j1.430867 10 2

The old base is: 100 MVA and 735 kV. & The new base is: 200 MVA and 345 kV.

( Z p.u. ) new ( Z p.u. ) old

| ( S Base ) new | | (VBase ) old |2

p.u.
.
| ( S Base ) old | | (VBase ) new |2

( Z pu ) new ( Z p. u. ) old [ 200 ] [ 735 ]2 p.u.

100 345

( Z pu ) new 9.0775( Z pu ) old

11.8kV

11.8/141kV

G
Zone 1

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Zone
2
UAEU,
ELEC472

132kV
OH Line

132/11kV
Zone 3

11kV
Dist . Sys .

Wrong Selection of Voltage Bases

11.8kV

132kV

Right Selection of Voltage Bases

11.8kV

13

141kV

11kV
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAEU, ELEC472

141
(11)kV
132

NOTE: kV Base Selection

The base voltages in the three
circuits (zones) are related by the
turns ratios of the intervening
transformers. The transformers
quoted may be different from the
turns ratios for example a 220/33kV
(nominal) transformer may have a
turns ratio of 220/34.5kV.

Example 3:
Generators G1 and G2 have a sub-transient reactance of 26% on 66.6MVA
rating at 11kV, and transformers T1 and T2 a voltage ratio of 11/145kV and
an impedance of 12.5% on 75MVA. Choosing 100MVA as base MVA and
132kV as base voltage, find the percentage impedances to new base
quantities.

75MVA
11/145kV
0.125pu

66.5MVA
11kV
0.26pu

G1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAEU, ELEC472

G2
66.5MVA
11kV
0.26pu

75MVA
11/145kV
0.125pu

132 kV Lines

Example 3: Generators G1 and G2 have a sub-transient reactance of 26% on

66.6MVA rating at 11kV, and transformers T1 and T2 a voltage ratio of 11/145kV
and an impedance of 12.5% on 75MVA. Choosing 100MVA as base MVA and
132kV as base voltage, find the percentage impedances to new base quantities.
Solution: S
Base 100 MAV

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU,
Zone
1 ELEC472
T1

Zone 2

V Base 132 kV

At overhead Lines

G1
A.M.
Gaouda
Dr.Dr.
A.M.
Gaouda
UAEU,
ELEC472
UAEU,
ELEC472

Zone 1

[VT 1 ] Primary
[VBase ]Gen
11

Zone 2
[V Base ]OHL [VT 1 ] Secondary 145
Zone 1

[V Base ]Gen

G2

T2

11
( 132 ) 10.01kV
145

( Z p.u. ) new ( Z p.u. ) old

| ( S Base ) new | | (VBase ) old |2

.
p.u.
| ( S Base ) old | | (VBase ) new |2

a. Generator reactance to new bases is:

( Z )new 26

100
( 11 )2
.
47.24% 0.4724 pu
66.6 ( 10.01 )2

b. Transformer reactance to new bases is:

( Z )new 12.5

14

Zone 2

100 ( 145 )2
.
20.1% 0.201 pu
75 ( 132 )2

132 kV Lines

T1 & T2
rating
75MVA
11/145kV
NOTE
Z = 26%
Is equivalent to
Z = 0.26pu

NOTE 1: Consider a part of a network with:

Three Phase Power = 18000kW
Working With Three Phase Values

&

Line-to-Line Voltage= 108kV

Working With Single Phase Values

The Current is (assuming p.f. =1):

IL

S 3
3V LL

18000
3 (108 )

96 .23 A

IL

S 1

V LN

6000
96 .3 A
( 62 .3 )

Selecting the Base Values as:

Base kVA = 30000kVA
Base kVLL = 120kV
Base A
= 144.34A calculated

Base kVA = 10000kVA

Base kVLN = 69.28kV
Base A = 144.34A calculated

The per unit Values are (Actual/Base):

Per Unit Power =18000/ 30000= 0.6
Per Unit voltage =108/120= 0.92
Per Unit Current = 96.23/144.34=0.65

Per Unit Power =(6000)/ 10000= 0.6

Per Unit voltage =62.3/69.28= 0.92
Per Unit Current = 96.3/144.34=0.65

OR
Per Unit Current = 0.6/0.92=0.65

OR
Per Unit Current = 0.6/0.92=0.65

Therefore, the current (in pu) could be calculated using per unit voltage and per unit power without
dividing by 3 or 3

Example 4:
For the system shown in the figure. Selecting the base values of 30KVA and
240 V at the generator side.

T1
Source

G
220 0 o V
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAEU, ELEC472

30kVA
240/480V
X eq 0.10 pu

X line 2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAEU, ELEC472

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

T2

20kVA
460/115V
X eq 0.10 pu

Load

Z Load 0.9 j0.2

Reminder
1. Find all the bases for the system.
S Base , V Base , I Base and Z Base
2. Draw the per unit reactance circuit.
3. Find the actual value of the load current

How many zones do we

have in this system?
Do you think the selected base
voltages in the system zones are
related by to the transformers and
generator voltages.
Do we have impedances in pu, %
or in ohms?

15

Zone 2

Zone 1
T1

X line 2

Source

G
2200 o V

Zone 3
T2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

30kVA
240/480V
X eq 0.10 pu

20kVA
460/115V
X eq 0.10 pu

S Base 30 kVA

Load

Z Load 0.9 j0.2

The bases for the system:

Z Base 1

S Base 30 kVA

VBase 22
S Base 2

240
1.92
30000

I Base 1 S Base 1 30000 72.2 A

3VBase 1
3 240

VBase 1 240V
VBase 2
VBase 1

S Base 1
V Base 12

480V
240V

Z Base 2

VBase 2 VBase 1 480V

240V
VBase 3 115V

VBase 2 460V

480V

VBase 3 VBase 2 115V

120V

460V

I Base 2 S Base 2
3 VBase 2
Z Base 3

I Base 3

VBase 23
S Base 3

480 2
7.68
30000

30000
36.2 A
3 480
120 2
0.48
30000

S Base 3 30000

144.3 A
3 VBase 3
3120

Zone 2

Zone 1
T1
Source

Zone 3
T2

X line 2

G
2200 o V

30kVA
240/480V
X eq 0.10 pu

20kVA
460/115V
X eq 0.10 pu

S Base 30 kVA

Load

Z Load 0.9 j0.2

Draw the per unit circuit

Zone 1

Zone 1
S Base 30 kVA

| V Base |2
| S base |

X line

X T 1 j 0.10 pu

V Source pu

T2
Z Load

T1 Rating

ohms

Z Base 1 1.92

16

T1

0.9167 0 o
pu

VBase 1 240V
| Z Base |

j0.10 pu

Selected Bases

30kVA

S Base 30 kVA

240/480V

V Base 1 240V

Vsource actual
VBase 1

2200
0.9167 0 o pu
240

Zone 2

Zone 1
T1

Zone 3
T2

X line 2

Source

G
2200 o V

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

30kVA
240/480V
X eq 0.10 pu

20kVA
460/115V
X eq 0.10 pu

S Base 30 kVA

Load

Z Load 0.9 j0.2

Draw the per unit circuit

j0.10 pu

Zone 2

Zone 2
S Base 30 kVA

VBase 2 480V
| Z Base |

| V Base |2
| S base |

j 0.26 pu

T1

0.9167 0 o
pu

T2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

Z Load

X line 2

ohms

X line pu

Z Base 2 7.68

Z Base 2

2
7.68

X line pu 0.26 pu

Zone 2

Zone 1
T1

X line 2

Source

G
2200 o V

Zone 3
T2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

30kVA
240/480V
X eq 0.10 pu

20kVA
460/115V
X eq 0.10 pu

S Base 30 kVA

Load

Z Load 0.9 j0.2

Draw the per unit circuit

Zone 3
S Base 30 kVA

VBase 2
VBase 3

460
115

VBase 2 480V
480

VBase 3

460

115

VBase 3 120V

17

X
T2

New

pu

X Old pu

T2 Rating

Selected Bases

20kVA

SBase 30 kVA

460/115V

VBase 3 120V

T2

New

2
S Base New VBase Old
S Base Old VBase 2New

pu

| Z Base |

0.10

( 30000 ) 115
0.1378 pu
( 20000 ) 120 2

| V Base |2
| S base |

Zone 3

ohms

Z Base 3 0.48
Z load pu 0.9 j0.2
0.48
Z load pu 1.875 j0.4167 pu

j0.10 pu

T1
0.9167 0 o
pu

j 0.1378 pu

j 0.26 pu

T2

2. The per unit reactance circuit.

T1

j 0.10 pu

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

T2

Xline 2

Source

G
2200oV
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAEU, ELEC472

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

30kVA
240/480V
Xeq 0.10pu

20kVA
460/115V
Xeq 0.10pu

A.M. Gaouda
j 0.26 pu Dr.
UAEU, ELEC472

Load

ZLoad 0.9 j0.2

I pu

( Z Total )

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

0.9167 0
pu

3. The actual load current

V pu

j 0.1378 pu

1.875 j 0.4167 pu

Reminder

0.9167 0
j 0.1 j 0.26 j 0.1378 1.875 j 0.4167
o

The same pu current is

running in the circuit. To
get the actual value for
the current we have to
select the right base
current

I pu 0.4395 26.01o pu

[ I actual ]Load I pu * I Base (0.4395 26.01o pu )(144.3 A)

[ I actual ]Load I pu * I Base 63.3 26.01o A

I Base 1 72.2 A
I Base 2 36.2 A
I Base 3 144.3 A

Example 5:

The single-line diagram of a three phase power system is

shown in the Figure. Select a common base of 100 MVA and
22 kV on the generator side.
1

T1

T2

220 kV Transmission Line 1

X=48.4 ohm

T4

T3

110 kV Transmission Line 2

X= 65.43 ohm

6
Load
57 MVA, 0.6 pf
lag.

1. Draw an impedance diagram of the system.

2. If the motor operates at full load and 0.8 pf leading, determine
the source and load currents and generator terminal voltage.

18

T1

T2

3
220 kV Transmission Line 1
X=48.4 ohm

T4

T3

110 kV Transmission Line 2

X= 65.43 ohm

6
MVA

Voltage

90

T1

50

22/220 kV

10 %

T2

40

220/11 kV

06 %
6.4 %

22 kV

40

T4

40

110/11 kV

08 %

66.5

10.45kV

18.5 %

Think about this:

57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

18 %

22/110 kV

T3

Load

Note:
X% is calculated
according to MVA
and kV of each part
of the network.

What are the Voltage and Power bases?

Make sure that the base voltages in the system zones are related by the turns
ratios of the intervening transformers.
1

How many
zones do we
have in this
system?

T1

T2

220 kV Transmission Line 1

X=48.4 ohm

T4

T3

110 kV Transmission Line 2

X= 65.43 ohm

6
Load
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

MVA

19

Voltage

90

T1

50

22/220 kV

22 kV

X
18 %
10 %

T2

40

220/11 kV

06 %

T3

40

22/110 kV

6.4 %

T4

40

110/11 kV

08 %

66.5

10.45kV kV

18.5 %

Do we have impedances in pu, % or in ohms?

Is there any difference between system voltages
and selected bases?
Is there any difference between system Rated
MVA and Base MVA?
Is there any difference between system Rated kV
and Operating kV?

The base voltages in the system zones are

related by the turns ratios of the transformers.

Solution:

Voltage bases must be determined for all sections of the network.

A common base of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side is selected.
The voltage levels that exist in the system are 11kV, 22kV, 110kV and 220kV.
Select the voltage bases as:

VBase 22 kV

VBase 11kV

T2

220 kV Transmission Line 1

X=48.4

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

22/220 kV

VBase 220kV

T1

220/11 kV

T4

T3

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

110 kV Transmission Line 2

X= 65.43

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472

22/110 kV

VBase 110kV

110/11 kV
Load
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

For transformers and generator

( Z p. u. ) new ( Z p.u. ) old

| ( S Base ) new | | (VBase ) old |2

.
p.u.
| ( S Base ) old | | (VBase ) new |2

Since the volt bases are the same for transformers and generator, then
VBase 22 kV

VBase 11kV

T1

VBase 220kV

M
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAEU, ELEC472

110 kV Transmission Line 2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAEU, ELEC472

X= 65.43

VBase 110kV

6
Load
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

MVA

| ( S Base ) new |
| ( S Base ) old |

X=48.4

T4

T3
5

20

( Z p. u. ) new ( Z p.u. ) old

220 kV Transmission Line 1

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAEU, ELEC472

T2

Voltage

90

T1

50

22/220 kV

10 %

T2

40

220/11 kV

06 %

T3

40

22/110 kV

6.4 %

T4

40

110/11 kV

08 %

22 kV

18 %

100
0.20 pu
90
100
X T 1 0.10
0.20 pu
50
100
X T 2 0.06
0.15 pu
40
100
X T 3 0.064
0.16 pu
40
100
X T 4 0.08
0.20 pu
40
X G 0.18

For the motor

MVA

Voltage

66.5

10.45kV

18.5 %

VBase 11kV

T2

( Z p.u. ) new ( Z p.u. ) old

| ( S Base ) new | | (V Base ) old |2

.
p .u .
| ( S Base ) old | | (V Base ) new |2

T4

X M 0.185

100 10.45

0.25 pu
66.5 11
Load
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

For the Transmission Lines

T1

VBase 220kV

T2

220 kV Transmission Line 1

X Line 1 = 48.4 ohm

X=48.4 ohm

X Line 2 = 65.43 ohm

T4

T3
Z
Z p .u .
Z Base

X= 65.43 ohm

| VBase |2
| Z Base |
| Sbase |
Z p .u .

X line 1

21

48.4(100)
( 220)

110 kV Transmission Line 2

VBase 110kV

Z | MVA, S Base |
p .u .
| kV , V Base |2

0.10 p.u.

X line 2

65.43(100)
(110) 2

0.54 p.u.

For the Load

S 3 3 (V LL )( I L )* 3 (V LL )(
3 (V LL )(

V LL
( 3Z L )

Z Load

L ( 3 )

)*

(V L L ) 2
S *L ( 3 )

V
(Z L )

)*

| V LL |2
ZL *

T4

ohm
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

V L L 10.45 kV

(10.45) 2

1.1495 j1.53267 ohm

57 53.13

( Z Load ) pu

T2

Load

5753.13 MVA

Z Load

VBase 11kV

Load = 57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

Z Load ( MVA, 100)

( kV , 11) 2

Z p .u .

| kV , V Base |2

p . u.

0.95 j1.2667 p.u.

1
T1

Z | MVA, S Base |

T2

220 kV Transmission Line 1

X=48.4 ohm

1. The per unit

impedance
diagram of the
system is:

T4

T3
110 kV Transmission Line 2
X= 65.43 ohm

6
Load
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

j 0.20

j 0.10

j 0.15

j 0.16

j 0.54

j 0.20

j 0.25

j 0.20

0.95
j1.2667

22

2.
If the motor operates at full load and 0.8 pf leading, determine the
source and load currents.
bus 1

j 0.20

j 0.10

bus 4

j 0.15

IG

IM

j 0.16

j 0.20

j 0.54

j 0.20

j 0.25

0.95

j1.2667

M
I Load

Per unit voltage at bus 4 is taken as a reference.

V4

bus 1

10 .45
0.95 0 pu
11

j 0 . 20

j 0 . 10

j 0 . 15

All values are in

per unit

bus 4

IG

IM

j 0 . 16

j 0 . 20

j 0 . 54

j 0 . 20

j 0 . 25

0 . 95

G
j 1 . 2667

M
I Load

The motor operates at full load (66.5MVA) and 0.8 pf leading, therefore,

SM

66 .5
36 .87 pu
100

The per unit current drawn by the motor is:

IM

23

S *M
V 4*

0.665 36 .87
0.56 j 0.42 pu
0.95 0

NOTE
From the previous Note 1 ,
the current (in pu) could be
calculated using per unit
voltage and per unit power
without dividing by 3 or 3

bus 1

j 0 . 20

j 0 . 10

j 0 . 15

bus 4

IG

IM

j 0 . 20

j 0 . 16

j 0 . 54

j 0 . 20

j 0 . 25

0 . 95

G
j 1 . 2667

M
I Load

The current drawn by the load is:

V4
0.95 0
I Load

0.36 j 0.48 pu
0.95 j 1.2667
Z Load
The current drawn from the generator is:

I G I M I Load 0.92 j 0.06 pu

The generator terminal voltage is:

VG V 1 I G ( j 45 // j 90 ) V 4 0.968 j 0.276 pu 1.0 15 .91 pu

VGactual ( V Base )VGpu ( 22 kV )1.0 15 .91 22 .0 15 .91 o kV

PerUnitForAThreeWindingTransformer

24

25

26

VoltageControlofTransformers
Voltagecontrolintransformersisrequiredto
compensateforvaryingvoltagedropsinthe
systemandtocontrolreactivepowerflow.
Also,theymaybeusedtocontrolthephase
angleandhencetheactivepowerflow.
Thetwocommonlyusedmethodsaretap
changingtransformersandregulating
transformers.

TapChangingTransformers
Therearetwotypesoftapchanging
transformers:
Offloadtapchangertransformers
Onloadtapchangertransformers.

Tappingonbothendsofaradialtransmission
linecanbeadjustedtocompensateforthe
voltagedropintheline.

27

TapChangingTransformers

VS VR ( R jX ) I
The phasor diagram will be as follows:
The phase shift between the two ends of the
line is usually small, so the vertical component
of Vs can be neglected.

VS VR I R cos I X sin

VS VR ab de

TapChangingTransformers
Substituting for I with P and Q

VS VR
Since Vs = tsV1 and VR = tRV2

t s V1' t R V2'

Assuming ts tR = 1

t R V2'
V2'

ts

28

RP XQ

V1'
RP XQ
V2' V1'

RP XQ
VR

Regulating Transformers or Boosters

This figure shows a single phase of a regulating transformer for
voltage magnitude control. Phase b and c will be similar
It consists of an exciting transformer and a series transformer.
The output voltage can be adjusted by changing the excitation
transformers taps.

Van Van Van

VoltageMagnitudeControl

29

Phase Angle Control

Phase shifting is used to control active power flow.
This can be shown in the following example:
Two voltage sources V1 = 120 -5 V and V2 = 100 0 V are
connected by a short line of impedance Z = 1+j7 ohm. Find the real and
reactive power flow direction.

Solution
I1 2

120 5 1000
3.135 110 A
1 j7

I 21

1000 120 5
3.13569.98 A
1 j7

S1 2 V1 I1 2 97.5 j 363.3 MVA

S 21 V2 I 21 107.3 j 294.5 MVA

7:34 PM

30

Phase Angle Control

A single phase of phase shift transformer is shown below:
The series transformer of phase a is
supplied from the secondary of the exciting
transformer bc.

Van Van Vbc

The amount of phase shift can be adjusted
by changing the excitation transformer taps
as shown below:

PhaseAngleControl

31