Music Standards For ND

North Dakota
Standards and Benchmarks

Content Standards
Music
2000
North Dakota Department of Public Instruction

Dr. Wayne G. Sanstead, State Superintendent
600 E Boulevard Avenue, Dept. 201
Bismarck, North Dakota 58505-0440
www.dpi.state.nd.us
This project was made possible through funding provided for, in part, the North Dakota
Council of Arts and the U.S. Department of Education, Goals 2000: Educate America
Act, CFDA 84.276A.
2000 by the North Dakota Department of Public Instruction, 600 East Boulevard
Avenue, Bismarck, North Dakota 58505-0440
No person shall, on the basis of race, sex, color, national origin, religion, age or
handicapping condition, be exluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial
assistance.
Permission to reproduce these materials is granted for home, classroom, and workshop
use. For all other purposes, please request permission in writing from the North Dakota
Department of Public Instruction.
North Dakota Music Content Standards Writing Team

Angie Koppang
University of North Dakota
Grand Forks
Jeff Vranna
Dickinson High School
Dickinson
Linda Loe
Dakota Prairie School District
Petersburg
Sarah Hagen
Valley City State
Valley City
Scott Neumann
Wachter Middle School
Bismarck
Denese Odegaard
Discovery Jr. High
Fargo
Emilie Stordalen
Retired Music Educator
Enderlin
Project Director
Clarence A. Bina, Ph.D.
ND Department of Public Instruction
600 E. Boulevard Avenue, Dept. 201
Bismarck, North Dakota 58505-0440
Phone: 701-321-2098
Fax: 701-328-4770
Email: [email protected]
Table of Contents
Components of the Document ......................................................................................... 1
Introduction to Music Standards........................................................................................ 2
Music Content Standards.................................................................................................. 4
Summary of Grades K 4 Benchmarks............................................................................ 5
Grades K 4 Benchmarks, Specific Knowledge, Sample Activities
Standard 1......................................................................................................................... 7
Standard 2......................................................................................................................... 7
Standard 3......................................................................................................................... 8
Standard 4......................................................................................................................... 9
Standard 5......................................................................................................................... 9
Standard 6....................................................................................................................... 10
Standard 7....................................................................................................................... 11
Standard 8....................................................................................................................... 11
Standard 9....................................................................................................................... 12
Summary of Grades 5 8 Benchmarks .......................................................................... 14
Grades 5-8 Benchmarks, Specific Knowledge, Sample Activities
Standard 1....................................................................................................................... 16
Standard 2....................................................................................................................... 16
Standard 3....................................................................................................................... 17
Standard 4....................................................................................................................... 18
Standard 5....................................................................................................................... 18
Standard 6....................................................................................................................... 19
Standard 7....................................................................................................................... 20
Standard 8....................................................................................................................... 20
Standard 9....................................................................................................................... 21
Summary of Grades 9 12 Benchmarks ........................................................................ 22
Grades 9 12 Benchmarks, Specific Knowledge, Sample Activities
Standard 1....................................................................................................................... 24
Standard 2....................................................................................................................... 24
Standard 3....................................................................................................................... 25
Standard 4....................................................................................................................... 25
Standard 5....................................................................................................................... 26
Standard 6....................................................................................................................... 26
Standard 7....................................................................................................................... 27
Standard 8....................................................................................................................... 28
Standard 9....................................................................................................................... 29
Summary of Benchmarks by Standard ........................................................................... 30
References...................................................................................................................... 34
Glossary .......................................................................................................................... 35
Components of the Document

Content Standards general statements that describe what students should know and
the skills they should have in a specific content area.
Benchmarks statements of knowledge and skill that define a standard at a given
developmental level (e.g., 4th grade, 8th grade, 12th grade).
Examples of Specific Knowledge facts, vocabulary, principles, generalizations,
relationships, concepts, step-by-step procedures, strategies, or processes that describe
the specific information or skills that students should acquire to meet a standard.
Examples of Activities instructional activities that students could do to acquire the
knowledge and skills described in the standard and benchmarks.
* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

1
Introduction
As North Dakota music teachers, we believe that music is part of the core curriculum
and is essential to the comprehensive education of every child. Further, we believe that
lifelong participation in music is an integral part of a life well-lived. Therefore, all students
deserve access to a rich music education regardless of their talents, background, and
challenges. This belief guides us to an understanding that music education must go
beyond mere exposure to musical activities to a well-crafted music curriculum based
upon a set of established standards and benchmarks.
These standards are meant to focus our efforts toward common goals of excellence for
every child. These goals can enrich and broaden our current curricula while lending
consistent structure to North Dakota music programs. The standards in this document
are intended to provide every student with a set of skills that will enable him or her to
participate in lifelong leisure, a vocational, or professional music pursuits.
These standards can stimulate more creative approaches to teaching by encouraging
critical and higher-order thinking skills and imaginative interaction with music. In addition,
these standards ensure that students make connections between concepts and across
subjects by developing an integrated curriculum, mutually reinforcing and demonstrating
an underlying unity.
Standards lend instructional integrity and provide a foundation for the assessment that is
necessary for legitimate inclusion within the core curriculum. While local factors such as
time, scheduling, and student population may affect the specifics of the music program
in a district, these standards can be used by any district to develop its own curriculum for
a quality music program.
Use of the Standards Document
A group of North Dakota educators has spent considerable time and effort, drawing from
their experiences and a wide range of resources, particularly the national standards
document from the Music Educators National Conference (MENC), to develop this
document and make music standards a reality in North Dakota. This document is a tool
that should be used to evaluate, enrich and enliven music education and ensure its role
in the core curriculum. In addition, this document can, and should, develop consistency
in music education within districts and across the state.
These standards will need support from a broad range of allies to improve the
organization and delivery of arts education. To help all students achieve these
standards, we must continue to:
Ensure that all students have music instruction throughout their K-12 education
Ensure that that the focus of each and every public performance is an outgrowth of
the districts curriculum, the standards, and classroom instruction which produces a
quality product
Improve and increase professional development
Improve teacher education programs
Increase and reallocate funding to support the arts
Involve school boards, administrators, teachers, parents, and community members

2
If we join efforts across the state of North Dakota with the clear vision of common
standards, our schools will be able to make consistent growth to reach these attainable
and sustainable goals for our children and our society.
For more information about resources for implementing these standards in your school
and classroom, contact the Music Educators National Conference at:
MENC Publication Sales
1806 Robert Fulton Drive
Reston, VA 20191
Phone: 1-800-828-0229
Web address: www.menc.org

3
North Dakota Music Content Standards

Standard 1: SINGING
Students sing, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music.
Standard 2: INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMANCE
Students perform on instruments, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music.
Standard 3: IMPROVISATION
Students improvise melodies, variations, and accompaniments.
Standard 4: COMPOSITION
Students compose and arrange music with specified guidelines.
Standard 5: READING MUSIC
Students read and notate music.
Standard 6: LISTENING
Students listen to, analyze, and describe music.
Standard 7: EVALUATING MUSIC
Students evaluate music and music performances.
Standard 8: MUSIC AND OTHER DISCIPLINES
Students understand the relationship between music, other arts, and other disciplines.
Standard 9: MUSIC, HISTORY, AND CULTURE
Students understand music in relation to history and culture.

4
Summary of Grades K 4 Benchmarks

Standard 1: SINGING
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
Sing independently on pitch and in rhythm.

Sing expressively.
Sing from memory a varied repertoire of songs representing genres* and styles*
from diverse cultures.
Sing in parts.
Sing in groups.

4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
Perform independently on an instrument.

Perform expressively.
Perform in groups.
4.3.1 Improvise simple melodies, rhythmic and melodic variations, and
accompaniments.
4.4.1
4.4.2
Create and arrange music to accompany readings or dramatizations.

Create and arrange short songs and instrumental pieces within specified
guidelines.

4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
Read simple rhythms in basic meters*.

Know how to use a system to read simple pitch notation.
Know symbols and traditional terms.
Know how to use basic symbols to notate music.

5
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
4.6.5
Know simple music forms when presented aurally.

Know a variety of styles* representing diverse cultures.
Know terminology to describe music.
Know the sounds of a variety of instruments and voices from various cultures.
Understand the relationship between music and movement.

4.7.1
4.7.2
Develop appropriate criteria to evaluate performances and compositions.

Understand how to use music terminology to express personal preferences for
specific musical works and styles*.

Students understand the relationship between music, the other arts, and other
disciplines.
4.8.1
4.8.2
Understand the similarities and differences in the meanings of common terms

used in the various arts.
Understand the interrelationship of music and other disciplines.
Standard 9: MUSIC, HISTORY AND CULTURE

Students understand music in relation to history and culture
4.9.1
4.9.2
4.9.3
4.9.4
4.9.5
4.9.6
Know music from various historical periods.

Know how elements of music* are used in music examples from various
cultures.
Know various uses of music in daily experiences.
Know characteristics that make certain music suitable for its use.
Understand the role of musicians in various music settings and cultures.
Know appropriate audience behavior for the context and style* of music
performed.

6
Standard 1: SINGING
Benchmarks
4.1.1 Sing independently on pitch and in rhythm.
4.1.2 Sing expressively.
4.1.3 Sing from memory a varied repertoire of songs representing genres* and styles*
4.1.4 Sing in parts.
4.1.5 Sing in groups.
Examples of Specific Knowledge that Support the Standard and Benchmarks
4.1.1 timbre*, diction, posture, steady tempo, intervals
4.1.2 dynamics*, phrasing, interpretation
4.1.3 genres* (e.g., marches, work songs, folk songs, patriotic songs, lullabies),
examples of style* from various composers and cultures
4.1.4 ostinatos*, partner songs, rounds
4.1.5 blending vocal timbres*, matching dynamic* levels, responding to the conductor,
listening, responsibility, cooperation
Examples of Activities that Support the Standard and Benchmarks
4.1.1 Students echo/sing rhythms and melodic patterns.
4.1.1 Students sing a familiar song without accompaniment in a comfortable key.
4.1.2 The teacher or a student demonstrates several interpretations of a familiar song
(e.g., a lullaby) by singing it loudly, then softly, or fast then slow, etc. Students
describe the interpretation and perform the song using their choice of
interpretation.
4.1.3 Students sing a song, such as a lullaby or work song, and create the mood and
style through vocal and physical expression*.
4.1.4 Students learn a round in unison. They progress to singing it in two parts and
then three parts.
4.1.5 Students sing together varying tempo, style and dynamics from the directors
cues.
Benchmarks
4.2.1 Perform independently on an instrument.
4.2.2 Perform expressively.
4.2.3 Perform in groups.
4.2.1 timbre*, articulation*, posture, steady tempo
4.2.2 dynamics*, phrasing, interpretation
4.2.3 blending instrumental timbres*, matching dynamic* levels, responding to the
conductor, listening, accepting responsibility, cooperating

7

4.2.1 Students echo a series of four rhythmic patterns, each consisting of two
measures in 4/4 meter* on a rhythmic or melodic instrument. The patterns
contain combinations of half, quarter, eighth and dotted rhythms. Students play
immediately, following the pattern played by the teacher, with no interruption of
the beat.
4.2.1 Students echo on the recorder, or on another melodic instrument, a series of four
simple four-beat melodic patterns played by the teacher. The starting tone is
given and the student may sound the tone. The patterns contain combinations of
half, quarter, eighth notes and dotted rhythms moving stepwise. Students play
immediately following the teacher with no interruption of the beat.
4.2.2 Students choose an appropriate classroom instrument to perform a familiar song
including expressive elements such as dynamics, phrasing and interpretation.
4.2.3 The teacher chooses familiar pieces written in at least two parts. (The pieces
should contrast in tempo and style*.) The scores contain few or no indication of
dynamics, tempo, or style*. Students play the pieces on the recorder or other
melodic instruments as the teacher conducts. Occasionally, by means of
conducting gestures, the teacher calls for unrehearsed changes in dynamics*,
tempo, and style* (e.g., staccato or legato).
Benchmarks
accompaniments.
4.3.1 pitch patterns, rhythmic patterns, phrase length, tempo, style*; variation
techniques (e.g., rhythmic variations, simple melodic embellishments, tempo
change); simple rhythmic and melodic ostinatos*, chords
[Note: In the first three activities, the students could improvise rhythmic responses.]
4.3.1
4.3.1
4.3.1
4.3.1
4.3.1
Students improvise a melodic answer to a question sung by the teacher. The

teacher sings a four-measure pattern; the student sings an answer of the same
length and in the same tempo. Students sing immediately following the teacher,
with no interruption of the beat.
Students improvise a melodic ostinato* to a familiar selection on a suitable
instrument. The teacher chooses an instrumental selection familiar to the student
and plays it. The student is given a brief period of time to devise an ostinato* and
then performs it with the teacher.
Students play Hot Cross Buns or another simple, familiar four-measure tune on
a recorder, mallet percussion instrument, or other melodic instrument. The
teacher asks students to do something different with the rhythm while keeping
the melody the same.
Given a variety of classroom instruments* and electronic instruments from which
to choose, students improvise a short piece in ABA form in which the B section is
as different as possible from the A section with respect to timbre*. Vocal sounds,
body sounds, and nontraditional sounds available in the classroom may be used.
Students play a simple accompaniment or simple song on an autoharp, guitar or
ukulele given the key of the song. They find the chords through experimentation
and then accompany students singing the song.
8
Benchmarks
4.4.1 Create and arrange music to accompany readings or dramatizations.
4.4.2 Create and arrange short songs and instrumental pieces within specified
guidelines.
accompaniments.
4.4.1 mood, content relationships, context clues, poetic images, dramatic interpretation
4.4.2 style, form, instrumentation, compositional technique
4.4.1 Students create original music/sounds or adapt existing music to accompany a
short story. The story may be about a haunted house, a trip to Planet X, a visit to
the zoo, or any other topic selected by the student. Students may tell the story
while performing the accompaniment, record the story on tape, or use an existing
tape by another speaker in order to be able to devote more attention to the
accompaniment. Written notes or notation are expected.
4.4.2 Given access to a variety of classroom instruments* and electronic instruments,
students compose a short piece using at least three distinctive sounds, including
at least one electronic sound and at least one vocal sound. A written score
should be created.
Benchmarks
4.5.1 Read simple rhythms in basic meters*.
4.5.2 Know how to use a system to read simple pitch notation.
4.5.3 Know symbols and traditional terms.
4.5.4 Know how to use basic symbols to notate music.
4.5.1 2/4, whole, half, dotted half, quarter, eighth notes and rests
4.5.2 syllables, numbers, letters in the treble clef with major keys
4.5.3 relating to dynamics* (e.g., pianissimo, piano, mezzoforte, forte, crescendo,
decrescendo), tempo (e.g., largo, adagio, andante, moderato, allegro, ritard,
accelerando), articulation* (e.g., legato and staccato)
4.5.4 simple patterns incorporating meter*, rhythm, pitch, and dynamics

9

4.5.1 Students read a simple rhythm in a basic meter* and use a classroom rhythm
instrument or clap to produce the rhythm.
4.5.2 Students sight sing simple but unfamiliar unaccompanied melodies, using
syllables, numbers, or letters. The melodies are folk-song like and most are eight
measures in length. All are in major keys and in treble clef. They consist largely
of stepwise motion. Most leaps are thirds, there are no accidentals, and the
rhythms are simple. The tempo is approximately MM=60.
4.5.3 Given a series of (1) music terms relating to dynamics*, tempo, and articulation*
and (2) symbols or abbreviations for those terms, students name or define each
term, symbol, or abbreviation and, when appropriate, illustrate it in a
performance of a phrase from a familiar song.
4.5.4 Students write on a staff, using standard notation, a series of four simple melodic
patterns of four measures each, played by the teacher on a keyboard instrument.
Students indicate the dynamic* level and the meter*, which will be either 3/4 or
4/4, and insert bar lines as needed. The starting pitch and beat note are given for
each pattern. The patterns contain half, quarter, and eighth notes moving
stepwise.
Benchmarks
4.6.1 Know simple music forms when presented aurally.
4.6.2 Know a variety of styles representing diverse cultures.
4.6.3 Know terminology to describe music.
4.6.4 Know the sounds of a variety of instruments and voices from various cultures.
4.6.5 Understand the relationship between music and movement.
4.6.1 canon, AB, ABA, call and response rondo
4.6.2 sound sources, instrumentation, styles, pitch patterns, rhythms
4.6.3 terms relating to elements of music (e.g., tempo, timbre*, dynamics*)
4.6.4 timbres*, instrument families, voice ranges, folk instruments
4.6.5 finding the beat, meter* changes, dynamic* changes, contrasting sections, style*
4.6.1 Students identify the form of examples that are provided by the teacher. Forms
may include ABA, AABA, ABACA, other forms involving not more than three
sections (not counting repetitions), or call and response. Both instrumental and
vocal examples are included.
4.6.2 Students compare and contrast the elements of two pieces of music from
different cultures.
4.6.3 Students listen to music and describe it in everyday terminology and then in
music terminology (e.g., smooth/legato).
4.6.4 Students listen to Western and non-Western instruments and vocal styles* and
compare how the instrumental and vocal timbres* are used.

10
Examples of Activities that Support the Standard and Benchmarks (cont.)

4.6.5 Students devise and demonstrate original movements that reflect the mood and
character of a brief, unfamiliar recorded music example and change their
movements to respond to changes in the style of the music. The example is
selected to provide clear changes in style. In a series of subsequent examples,
students respond by movement to new sections (e.g., each section in a rondo),
to specific events (e.g., oboe solo, cymbal crash, recapitulation), or to changes in
tempo, meter*, instrumentation, or register (e.g., high versus low instruments).
Props such as streamers, balls, hoops, or wands may be provided if desired.
Benchmarks
4.7.1 Develop appropriate criteria to evaluate performances and compositions.
4.7.2 Understand how to use music terminology to express personal preferences for
4.7.1 recognize style*, form, patterns, contrasts, expression*; compare, discuss,
describe technique, musical effect, tone, attack and release, balance and blend
4.7.2 music terminology, describe and support personal preferences
4.7.1 Students suggest three important criteria for evaluating music performances and
compositions. Students write down the criteria, which may be either in the form of
questions or descriptive phrases. The teacher then plays a tape of a
performance or composition by a student or by a group of which the student is a
member, and the student applies his or her criteria in evaluating the performance
or composition.
4.7.2 Students name three favorite works of music and explain, using appropriate
music terminology, why they like those works. The teacher asks questions to
help the students articulate the musical basis for their preferences. Students
should be prompted to use appropriate music terminology.
disciplines.
Benchmarks
4.8.1 Understand the similarities and differences in the meanings of common terms
4.8.2 Understand the interrelationship of music and other disciplines.
4.8.1 form*, line, contrast, color, texture, sequence, timing
4.8.2 vibrations (science); rhythm/duration (math); foreign languages, expressive
elements in language; music from various countries, cultures, or regions (social
studies).
11

4.8.1 Students explain, in simple language, the meaning of the following terms in as
many of the arts (i.e., music, dance, theatre, visual arts) as possible: line, form*,
contrast, color, texture. Students answer questions about the various terms and
provide examples to demonstrate their understanding of the similarities and
differences in meaning of these terms in the various arts.
4.8.2 Students cite examples of how what is learned in music is helpful in learning
other subjects taught in school or how what is learned in other subjects is helpful
in learning music. Examples include singing songs associated with various
countries or regions (relevant to geography); using varied tempo, dynamics*,
rhythm, pitch, and timbre* in interpretative readings (relevant to language arts);
counting the values of notes, rests, and meter signatures (relevant to
mathematics); understanding how vibration of strings, drum heads, or air column
generates sounds (relevant to science); singing songs in various languages
(relevant to foreign languages).
Benchmarks
4.9.1 Know music from various historical periods.
4.9.2 Know how elements of music are used in music examples from various cultures.
4.9.3 Know various uses of music in daily experiences.
4.9.4 Know characteristics that make certain music suitable for its use.
4.9.5 Understand the role of musicians in various music settings and cultures.
4.9.6 Know appropriate audience behavior for the context and style* of music
performed.
4.9.1 elements of the historical periods (e.g., Baroque, Classical, Romantic)
4.9.2 cultural styles*, genres*, sound sources, rhythm
4.9.3 media, sacred and secular ceremonies, work, entertainment, leisure
4.9.4 dramatic effect, context cues, tempo, style*
4.9.5 careers (e.g., teacher, performer, conductor, entertainer, story-teller, church
organist, choir director, private teacher)
4.9.6 applause etiquette, flag etiquette, multi-movement works (symphonies), jazz
(solos), seating, attire (e.g., hats), chewing gum, eating and drinking
4.9.1 Students identify (by genre* or style*) brief, representative, aural examples of the
following music: Baroque, Classical, and Romantic periods.
4.9.2 Students describe how elements of music, voices and/or instruments are used
distinctively in diverse cultures from various parts of the world (e.g., Western
Europe, the Americas and the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East,
South Asia and India, East Asia).
4.9.3 Students keep a journal of events or occasions at which music has been sung,
played, or heard outside of the school.
4.9.4 Using the journal of musical events, students describe the type of music and the
characteristics that made it suitable (or not) for the occasion.

12

4.9.5 Students compare the roles of musicians in Western and non-Western cultures,
including for whom the music is performed, the type of music performed, and the
purpose for its use.
4.9.6 Students discuss appropriate audience behavior in various performance settings,
and design a checklist of behaviors.

13
Summary of Grades 5 8 Benchmarks

Standard 1: SINGING
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
Sing accurately and with good breath control throughout their singing ranges,
alone and in small and large groups.
Sing with expression* and technical accuracy* a repertoire of vocal literature.
Sing music representing diverse genres* and cultures.
Sing music written in two and three parts.

8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
Perform on an instrument, alone and in small and large groups.

Perform with expression* and technical accuracy* on a string, wind, percussion,
or classroom instrument*.
Perform music representing diverse genres* and cultures.
Play by ear simple melodies on a melodic instrument and simple
accompaniments on a harmonic instrument.
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
Improvise simple harmonic accompaniments.

Improvise melodic embellishments and simple rhythmic and melodic variations
on given pentatonic melodies and melodies in major keys.
Improvise short melodies, unaccompanied and over given rhythmic
accompaniments.
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
Compose short pieces containing the appropriate elements of music*.

Arrange simple pieces for voices or instruments other than those for which the
pieces were written.
Use a variety of sound sources when composing and arranging.

8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3
Read complex rhythms in simple and compound meters*.

Sight-read simple melodies in both the treble and bass clefs.
Know standard notation symbols.

14
8.6.1
8.6.2
Understand appropriate terminology to describe specific music events.

Know the uses of the elements of music* in the analysis of compositions
representing diverse genres* and cultures.

8.7.1
8.7.2
Know how to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of music and music
performances.
Know how to apply specific criteria when offering constructive suggestions for
improving the performance of self and others.

disciplines.
8.8.1
8.8.2
Know how relationships expressed through music can be expressed differently

through other art disciplines.
Know how principles and concepts of other disciplines are related to those of
music.

8.9.1
8.9.2
8.9.3
Know characteristics of music genres* and styles* from a variety of music

cultures.
Know exemplary musical works from a variety of genres* and styles*.
Know the functions of music, the roles of musicians, and the conditions of
performance in several cultures of the world.

15
Standard 1: SINGING
Benchmarks
8.1.1 Sing accurately and with good breath control throughout their singing ranges,
8.1.2 Sing with expression* and technical accuracy* a repertoire of vocal literature.
8.1.3 Sing music representing diverse genres* and cultures.
8.1.4 Sing music written in two and three parts.
8.1.1 timbre*, diction, posture, steady tempo, interval relationships
8.1.2 dynamics*, phrasing, interpretation, of style and text correct pitch and rhythm,
interpretation of style and text
8.1.3 sonata, madrigal, jazz, barbershop, world music
8.1.4 multiple staves, changing voice, memory, listening
8.1.1 Students record their performance as part of an ensemble using a hand-held
tape recorder, which is passed along to record each singers voice.
8.1.2 Students sing a familiar song from memory, expressively and accurately, with or
without accompaniment. The song should be selected from a repertoire list of
classroom pieces at various levels of difficulty.
8.1.3 Following a unit of study on folk songs from nations in various parts of the world,
students sing, with appropriate style, one song from each of three nations with
dissimilar cultures (e.g., Germany, Ghana, and Japan). Students then compare
and contrast the unique aspects of each style.
8.1.4 Students sing a familiar part in a three-part song while other students sing
remaining parts.
Benchmarks
8.2.1 Perform on an instrument, alone and in small and large groups.
8.2.2 Perform with expression* and technical accuracy*on a string, wind, percussion,
8.2.3 Perform music representing diverse genres* and cultures.
8.2.4 Play by ear simple melodies on a melodic instrument and simple
8.2.1 timbre*, articulation*, posture, steady tempo, intonation, memory, listening,
responsibility, cooperation
8.2.2 breath control, bow or stick control, embouchure, phrasing, dynamics*,
interpretation, proper care and use of the instrument, tuning procedures
8.2.3 appropriate expression for genre*, specific styles* from historical periods,
performance skills specific to culture
8.2.4 interval relationships, chord structure and progressions
16

8.2.1 Students record their performance as part of an ensemble using a hand-held
tape recorder that is passed along to record each players band, orchestra, or
classroom instrument. Students and the teacher evaluate and discuss the
performance.
8.2.2 Students prepare a demonstration project using various means to show their
understanding of proper care and use of their band, orchestra, or classroom
instruments*. The presentation of the projects may include live demonstrations,
multimedia, or posters.
8.2.3 Students perform three pieces: (1) a folk or traditional melody in a slow, lyrical
style; (2) a march in staccato style; and (3) an example of non-Western music.
Any suitable instruments may be used (e.g., dulcimer, Celtic harp, banjo, violin,
mbira, tabla). The students task is to perform in a manner that reflects the
musical style* of each work.
8.2.4 Students sing a simple, familiar melody and then play it by ear on the recorder or
another melodic instrument. The starting pitch is given, and the student may
sound the pitch on the instrument. The melodies should feature both stepwise
motion and skips.
8.2.4 Students sing a simple, familiar melody and then play by ear a simple
accompaniment to it on a fretted instrument, an autoharp, or a keyboard
instrument. The starting pitch is given.
Benchmarks
8.3.1 Improvise simple harmonic accompaniments.
8.3.2 Improvise melodic embellishments and simple rhythmic and melodic variations
8.3.3 Improvise short melodies, unaccompanied and over given rhythmic
accompaniments.
8.3.1 chord and chord progressions in major keys, meter*, tonality*, consistent style*
8.3.2 chord and chord progressions, variety of sound sources, meter*, tonality*
8.3.3 major, minor, and pentatonic keys and scale structure, consistent style*, meter*
8.3.1 Students improvise an accompaniment using traditional chords on a fretted
instrument, a keyboard instrument, a mallet percussion instrument, or an
autoharp while the class sings a familiar song containing simple chords (e.g., I,
IV, V).
8.3.2 On a recorder or another melodic instrument, or with the voice, students
improvise on a familiar melody or a melody in a major key. The variation should
be based primarily on melodic embellishments or rhythmic variation. The melody
should be eight to sixteen measures long.
8.3.3 As the class or teacher provides an eight-measure rhythmic background,
students improvise a vocal pattern over the background using a neutral syllable.
This activity can be done on a melodic or harmonic instrument.

17
Standard 4 : COMPOSITION
Benchmarks
8.4.1 Compose short pieces containing the appropriate elements of music*.
8.4.2 Arrange simple pieces for voices or instruments other than those for which the
8.4.3 Use a variety of sound sources when composing and arranging.
8.4.1 elements of music*, particular style*, instrumentation, compositional technique
(e.g., unity/variety, tension/release, balance)
8.4.2 vocal and instrumental ranges, transposition, clefs, notation
8.4.3 traditional and nontraditional sound sources, electronic media
8.4.1 Students compose a work in ABA, AABA, ABACA, or theme-and-variations form;
perform it as a solo or with a group of students; and explain to the class how the
work has achieved unity and variety, tension and release, and a balance. Any
melodic, harmonic, rhythmic, or electronic instruments, or voice, may be used.
The piece is to be written out by the student, using notation sufficiently precise to
allow the same group to reproduce the piece accurately in subsequent
performances.
8.4.2 Students arrange a familiar song or short instrumental piece for three to five
instruments or voices so that it may be performed by other students. The
arrangement may be for any combination of instruments. The student prepares a
score that is performed by the class, if possible.
8.4.3 Students use everyday sounds they can generate and/or record (e.g., egg
beaters, nature sounds, household appliances, etc.) to create an original
composition which they tape and play for the class.
Benchmarks
8.5.1 Read complex rhythms in simple and compound meters*.
8.5.2 Sight-read simple melodies in both the treble and bass clefs.
8.5.3 Know standard notation symbols.
8.5.1 sixteenth notes, dotted notes and rests, 6/8, 3/8, alla breve*
8.5.2 intervals, treble and bass clefs
8.5.3 symbols relating to pitch, rhythm, dynamics*, tempo, articulation* and
expression* (e.g., slur or tie, tenuto, accent, staccato, fermata, ledger line,
double sharp, double flat, natural, key signature, meter signature*, repeat signs,
major, minor, molto, poco, coda, a cappella, D.C. and D.S.), traditional notation
and symbols.

18
Examples of Activities that Support Standard and Benchmarks

8.5.1 Students sight-read the rhythm of three varied, unfamiliar excerpts of music.
They either clap or use rhythmic syllables. The excerpts vary in length from four
to eight measures. Collectively, they include whole, half, quarter, eighth,
sixteenth, and dotted notes and rests in 2/4, 4/4, 6/8, 3/8, and alla breve*
meters*. They may be presented in print or by means of overhead
transparencies. The tempo is approximately MM=60.
8.5.2 Students sight-read four varied, unfamiliar melodies of from four to eight
measures each. Two are in treble clef and two are in bass clef. The student may
sing or use any appropriate instrument (with octave transpositions as necessary).
Both major and minor keys are included. The melodies are folk-song like and
contain few or no chromatic* tones. They are simple rhythmically and contain no
notes faster than eighths, except sixteenths in conjunction with dotted eighths.
The melodies may be presented either in print or by means of overhead
transparencies. The tempo is approximately MM=60.
8.5.3 Students locate specific notation symbols in works and explain or demonstrate
what those symbols and other music terms tell the performer to do.
8.5.3 The teacher sings or plays on a melodic instrument a simple four-measure
phrase of music. Students write down the phrase in standard notation in either
treble or bass clef. The phrase should be tonal and should not contain complex
rhythms or chromaticism*. Students are given the meter*, the key, and the
starting pitch. The phrase may be played up to six times.
Benchmarks
8.6.1 Understand appropriate terminology to describe specific music events.
8.6.2 Know the uses of the elements of music* in the analysis of compositions
8.6.1 standard terminology, aural perception of specific music events, listening
8.6.2 basic principles of meter*, rhythm, tonality*, intervals, chords, and harmonic
progressions, listening
Examples of Activities that Support Standard and Benchmarks
8.6.1 Students describe or explain what is happening musically in a given listening
example. For example, what instruments are playing the melody? What
instruments are playing the accompaniment? How is variety achieved? How is
tension achieved? In what ways is the melody altered when it reappears? What
is happening harmonically at this point?
8.6.2 The teacher plays a short work of music, up to four times, selected because it
contains musical features that are readily discernible. The students identify the
form of the work and describe how the elements of music* are used in the work.
A checklist or worksheet listing these elements may be provided. The excerpt
may be, for example, a theme-and-variations movement from a classical
symphony, a call-and-response work song from West Africa, or an instrumental
blues piece from the late 1920s.

19

Benchmarks
8.7.1 Know how to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of music and music
performances.
8.7.2 Know how to apply specific criteria when offering constructive suggestions for
improving the performance of self and others.
8.7.1 compare, terminology, self-evaluate, standard criteria (e.g., tone, intonation,
diction, technique, interpretation, attack and release, balance, blend, musical
effect, unity and variety, craftsmanship, imagination, expressive characteristics,
musical effect), exemplars, analysis and synthesis, listening
8.7.2 criteria that affect quality and effectiveness, how to give and receive feedback,
critical thinking, problem-solving
8.7.1 Students develop an adjudication form* for evaluating music compositions or
performances. The form should specify the criteria by which the composition or
performance will be judged. It should also provide a scale of at least three points
(e.g., excellent, good, needs improvement) for each criterion and include space
for comments. Students then use the adjudication form to evaluate one of their
own compositions or one from any other source.
8.7.2 Given one example each of a performance, a composition, an arrangement, and
an improvisation (with both a written score and a recording of each), students list
what is done well and offer constructive suggestions for improvement.
disciplines.
Benchmarks
8.8.1 Know how relationships expressed through music can be expressed differently
8.8.2 Know how principles and concepts of other disciplines are related to those of
music.
8.8.1 forms of expression in other arts disciplines, comparison skills, analysis
8.8.2 basic principles of each subject, comparison skills

20

8.8.1 Students identify a particular event, scene, emotion, or concept and demonstrate
how that event, scene, emotion, or concept might be represented in each of
three arts (i.e., three from among theatre, dance, music, visual arts). Examples
might include a thunderstorm, a sunrise, a tall building, sorrow, surprise, or
space travel. The demonstration should consist of acting, dancing, performing
music (or playing a recording), or creating a representation in a visual medium.
The student should identify the event, scene, emotion, or concept and explain
briefly how it is represented in the three arts.
8.8.2
Students prepare a project to explain ways in which the skills and knowledge
learned in music and other disciplines are related. For example, knowledge of
the physiological process of hearing increases awareness of the dangers of a
constantly loud environment, and music often illuminates particular historical or
social events or movements. Projects may take the form of posters,
demonstrations, multimedia, or performance.

Benchmarks
8.9.1 Know characteristics of music genres* and styles* from a variety of music
cultures.
8.9.2 Know exemplary musical works from a variety of genres* and styles*.
8.9.3 Know the functions of music, the roles of musicians, and the conditions of
8.9.1 instrumentation, texture, rhythmic qualities, melodic lines, form, madrigals,
French Impressionist, Gilbert and Sullivan, Irish folk music, blues, country and
western, ragtime, salsa, Mariachi music
8.9.2 historical periods and events, composers, titles
8.9.3 careers, media, sacred and secular ceremonies, work, entertainment, leisure
8.9.1 Students identify the distinguishing characteristics of recorded examples of three
distinct genres* or styles* of music chosen by the teacher.
8.9.2 Students, working in groups, describe two exemplary works of music (one
Western and one non-Western) in terms of the elements of music* and their
expressive characteristics. Each group presents to the class, explaining in detail
the specific characteristics that cause each work to be considered exemplary and
answers questions from the class and the teacher about the work.
8.9.3 Students select three diverse cultures and, for each, describe one role performed
by a musician, one function served by the music of that musician, and the
conditions under which that music is typically performed. Examples might include
a symphony orchestra conductor, a church organist, a composer of television
commercials, a middle-school choir director, or the lead guitarist in a rock band;
a talking drum drummer in sub-Saharan Africa; a sitar player in India; a singer in
Peking opera; a player in a Japanese Kagaku court orchestra; and a player in a
Japanese gamelan.
21
Summary of Grades 9 12 Benchmarks

Standard 1: SINGING
12.1.1 Sing with expression* and technical accuracy*.
12.1.2 Sing music written in four or more parts, with and without accompaniment.
12.1.3 Sing in small ensembles with one student per part.
12.2.1 Perform with expression* and technical accuracy*.
12.2.2 Perform in an ensemble.
12.2.3 Perform in small ensembles with one student on a part.
12.3.1 Improvise stylistically appropriate harmonizing parts.
12.3.2 Improvise rhythmic and melodic variations.
12.3.3 Improvise original melodies over given chord progressions.
12.4.1 Compose music in several distinct styles*.
12.4.2 Arrange pieces for voices or instruments other than those for which the pieces
were written in ways that preserve or enhance the expressive effect of the
music.
12.5.1 Know how to read a score of up to four staves.
12.6.2 Understand technical vocabulary of music.

22

12.7.1 Develop specific criteria for making informed, critical evaluations of the quality
and effectiveness of performances, compositions, arrangements, and
improvisations.
12.7.2 Evaluate a given musical work in terms of its aesthetic qualities.
disciplines.
12.8.1 Know how artistic elements and processes are used in similar and distinctive
ways in the various arts.
12.8.2 Understand the ways in which the principles and concepts of various disciplines
outside the arts are related to those of music.
Students understand music in relation to history and culture
12.9.1 Know representative examples of music from a variety of cultures and historical
periods.
12.9.2 Know sources of American music, the evolution of these genres* and musicians
associated with them.
12.9.3 Know various roles that musicians perform and representative individuals who
have functioned in each role.

23
Standard 1: SINGING
Benchmarks
12.1.1 listening, vowels and consonants, interpretation, phrasing, various meters* and
rhythms in a variety of keys
12.1.2 ensemble skills (e.g., balance, intonation*, rhythmic unity)
12.1.3 musical independence, listening, blend, cooperation
12.1.1 Students choose a song to perform and apply their knowledge of expression*
and vocal production. They describe and support their choices.
12.1.2 Students use knowledge of the elements of music and independence of line to
perform their parts in an ensemble of four or more parts.
12.1.3 Students are organized into small ensembles with one person to a part. The
ensembles are asked to sing without a conductor, accompanied or
unaccompanied.
Benchmarks
12.2.3 Perform in small ensembles with one student per part.
12.2.1 listening, rubato, dynamics*, phrasing, interpretation, various meters* and
rhythms in a variety of keys
12.2.2 ensemble skills (e.g., balance, intonation*, rhythmic unity)
12.2.3 musical independence, listening, blend, cooperation
12.2.1 Students choose a piece to play alone and apply their knowledge of
expression*, tone quality, and technical accuracy*. They describe and support
their choices.
12.2.2 Students use knowledge of the elements of music and independence of line to
perform their parts in an ensemble experience.
12.2.3 Students perform in a small ensemble of three to eight people, with one person
to a part. The ensemble plays without a conductor, unaccompanied.

24
Benchmarks
12.3.1 harmonic progression, styles
12.3.2 pentatonic melodies and melodies in major and minor keys, modal scales
12.3.3 consistent style*, meter*, tonality*, 12-bar blues progression
12.3.1 Given a familiar melody that uses at least three different chords (e.g., I, IV, V)
students improvise an accompaniment on a suitable instrument. There should
be a chord on every strong beat. The accompaniment should be stylistically
appropriate to the melody (i.e., it should support the melody, it should not be
excessively busy, it should reflect the form of the melody and the text insofar as
is possible). Students play the accompaniment while the melody is provided by
the teacher, other students, or a recording.
12.3.2 Given a short, familiar melody with clearly implied chords, students improvise on
it. An accompaniment may be provided. Students may use any instrument, or
the exercise may be done with the voice. The strategy should be repeated, with
students being asked to improvise on a given rhythmic pattern.
12.3.3 Students improvise a melody to a 12-bar blues or another given progression.
Students may use any instrument or their voice.
Benchmarks
music.
12.4.1 styles* (e.g., classical, folk, pop, jazz, rock), creativity, elements of music*,
expressive effects, notate music, range, harmony
12.4.2 notate music, transposition, instrumentation, timbre*, harmony, sound sources,
range

25

12.4.1 Students compose short works in at least three contrasting styles* or genres*
(e.g., a blues piece, a setting of a poem for voice and guitar or keyboard, a new
alma mater or fight song for the school). Each work should be notated and
performed, either with live performers or with a synthesizer.
12.4.2 Students arrange a short work that can be performed, produced and taped by
students. Examples include arranging a Bach three-part invention for an
ensemble of synthesizers, or other MIDI*-controlled instruments, or arranging a
school song for brass quintet or male quartet.
Benchmarks
12.5.1 transposition, instrumentation, clefs, all musical terms and symbols,
nonstandard notation symbols
12.5.1 Given three scores in four staves, students describe the form, identify the
function or the relative importance of the various lines at any point (e.g., Who
has the melody at letter C? Is there a countermelody?), describe the rhythmic
characteristics and any unusual metric and rhythmic features, and analyze the
chords in a brief section specified by the teacher.
Benchmarks
12.6.1 musical elements, compositional devices and techniques (e.g., motives,
imitation, retrograde, inversion, strophic form, chromaticism, non-Western
scales, meter* changes, 3-against-2 rhythmic patterns, deceptive cadence)
12.6.2 elements of music* (e.g., form*, harmony; Italian terms; tempo markings)

26

12.6.1 Students listen to and analyze two representative works in various styles*, one
of which is from a non-Western culture. The students are divided into small
groups, each assigned one of the following tasks: to identify the medium,
describe the form* or organization, describe the rhythmic characteristics,
describe the harmonic or textural characteristics, or describe the expressive
devices used. The information is shared within each group. The groups are then
reorganized with one member from each of the previous groups serving as the
expert for their musical element. The new groups pool their knowledge into a
presentation for the class.
12.6.2 Given a musical example, students can identify and discuss elements of music,
including form, harmony, and tempo using proper terminology.
Benchmarks
improvisations.
12.7.1 compare, terminology, self-evaluate, standard criteria, exemplars, analysis,
synthesis, listening
12.7.2 music elements and terminology, critical thinking, comparison criteria, style*
12.7.1 Students tape record themselves performing a solo or their part in an ensemble.
They listen to the tape and write an evaluation of the performance on the basis
of its technical accuracy*, expressive or musical qualities, and overall
effectiveness.
12.7.2 The teacher plays two recordings of performances of the same work that differ
sharply in their interpretation. Students describe the musical characteristics of
each performance and contrast the two, identify a setting in which each
interpretation might be appropriate, and explain why that interpretation is likely
to be more or less appropriate in that setting than the other interpretation. (As
variations on this activity, students can also compare compositions,
arrangements, and improvisations.)

27

disciplines.
Benchmarks
12.8.2 Understand the ways in which the principles and concepts of various
disciplines outside the arts are related to those of music.
12.8.1 artistic elements and processes for all art forms (e.g., unity, variety, texture,
craftsmanship)
12.8.2 core principles of all subjects, comparison skills
12.8.1 Students prepare, individually or in small groups, a multi-media presentation
based on studied works in two or more arts, inspired by the same event or
phenomenon. Examples may include spring (Spring movement from Vivaldis
The Four Seasons, Mendelssohns Spring Song, Robert Brownings Pippas
Song, many Chinese and Japanese screens, examples of Japanese haiku);
storms (fourth movement of Beethovens Sixth Symphony, second section of
Rossinis William Tell Overture, J.W. Truners Snowstorm, Ralph Waldo
Emersons Snowstorm, Ando Hiroshiges The Wave); fear (Munchs The
Scream, Schoenbergs Erwartung, Shakespeares Macbeth, films such as
Psycho and The Silence of the Lambs); the story of Romeo and Juliet
(Shakespeares play, Prokofievs ballet, Tchaikovskys overture, Berliozs
dramatic symphony, Bernsteins West Side Story). Students cite two examples
of how the elements of the various arts are used to convey the same specific
meanings or feelings; instances in which the imagination and the craftsmanship
of the poet, playwright, author, choreographer, painter, or composer are used
effectively to create an image or emotion; instances of the use of unity and
variety and the use of repetition and contrast.
12.8.1 Students prepare a report on the state of two or more arts during a particular
period (e.g., the reign of Louis XIV of France or the Harlem renaissance of the
1920s). Students compare the theory and practice of the various arts (i.e.,
music, dance, theatre, and visual arts) with one another during the period.
When appropriate, the state of the arts in other contemporary cultures or
contexts should be referred to (e.g., in the case of Louis XIV, what was
happening elsewhere in Europe? In the case of the Harlem renaissance, what
was happening in the concert and opera halls and the cabarets of New York
and on the Broadway stage?). The students reports should cite and explain the
styles that predominated in each art and should name the individuals who were
most influential and describe the contributions of each.
12.8.2 Students prepare a brief report explaining how the principles and concepts of
music are related to the principles and concepts of two disciplines outside the
fine and performing arts. For example, the student may (1) compare the ability
of music and literature to convey images, feelings, and meanings (relevant to
language arts); or (2) describe the physical basis of tone production in string,
wind, percussion, and electronic instruments and the human voice, and
describe the transmission and perception of sound (relevant to physics).
28

Benchmarks
periods.
12.9.1 genre*, style*, historical period or culture
12.9.2 American music (e.g., folk, swing, Broadway musical), composers and
performers, historical and cultural contexts
12.9.3 music careers (e.g., entertainer, teacher, sound technician, music therapist,
music store manager, music editor, publisher)
12.9.1 After studying several pieces representing a style* or culture, students listen to
unfamiliar pieces selected by the teacher and describe how the piece is or is not
representative of the particular style*.
12.9.2 Students research the evolution of American music. The research should
include origin of each genre*, historical stages, representative musicians, and
the distinctive use of the elements of music*. They use the information to create
a narrated presentation or production of an American music timeline.
12.9.2 Students identify personal vocational and/or avocational musical roles that they
are interested in pursuing in the future. They interview a community member in
that career, asking about the persons musical background, training,
involvement, and the role of music within the persons life. If students are unable
to identify a person in the community who is in their career of interest, they may
use other sources to research their personal vocational or avocational interest.

29
Summary of Benchmarks By Standard

Standard 1: SINGING
Grades K 4 Benchmarks
4.1.1 Sing independently on pitch and in rhythm.
4.1.2 Sing expressively.
4.1.3 Sing from memory a varied repertoire of songs representing genres* and styles*
4.1.4 Sing in parts.
4.1.5 Sing in groups.
Grades 5 8 Benchmarks
8.1.1 Sing accurately and with good breath control throughout their singing ranges,
8.1.2 Sing with expression* and technical accuracy* a repertoire of vocal literature.
8.1.3 Sing music representing diverse genres* and cultures.
8.1.4 Sing music written in two and three parts.
4.2.1 Perform independently on an instrument.
4.2.2 Perform expressively.
4.2.3 Perform in groups.
8.2.1 Perform on an instrument, alone and in small and large groups.
8.2.2 Perform with expression* and technical accuracy* on a string, wind, percussion,
8.2.3 Perform music representing diverse genres* and cultures.
8.2.4 Play by ear simple melodies on a melodic instrument and simple
12.2.3 Perform in small ensembles with one student per part.

30
accompaniments.
8.3.1 Improvise simple harmonic accompaniments.
8.3.2 Improvise melodic embellishments and simple rhythmic and melodic variations
8.3.3 Improvise short melodies, unaccompanied and over given rhythmic
accompaniments.
Grades K- 4 Benchmarks
4.4.1 Create and arrange music to accompany readings or dramatizations.
4.4.2 Create and arrange short songs and instrumental pieces within specified
guidelines.
8.4.1 Compose short pieces containing the appropriate elements of music*.
8.4.2 Arrange simple pieces for voices or instruments other than those for which the
8.4.3 Use a variety of sound sources when composing and arranging.
music.
4.5.1 Read simple rhythms in basic meters*.
4.5.2 Know how to use a system to read simple pitch notation.
4.5.3
Know symbols and traditional terms.
4.5.4 Know how to use basic symbols to notate music.

31
8.5.1 Read complex rhythms in simple and compound meters*.
8.5.2 Sight-read simple melodies in both the treble and bass clefs.
8.5.3 Know standard notation symbols.
4.6.1 Know simple music forms when presented aurally.
4.6.2 Know a variety of styles* representing diverse cultures.
4.6.3 Know terminology to describe music.
4.6.4 Know the sounds of a variety of instruments and voices from various cultures.
4.6.5 Understand the relationship between music and movement.
8.6.1 Understand appropriate terminology to describe specific music events.
4.7.1 Develop appropriate criteria to evaluate performances and compositions.
4.7.2 Understand how to use music terminology to express personal preferences for
8.7.1 Know how to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of music and music
performances.
8.7.2 Know how to apply specific criteria when offering constructive suggestions for
improving performance of self and others.
improvisations.

32

disciplines.
4.8.1 Understand the similarities and differences in the meanings of common terms
4.8.2 Understand the interrelationship of music and other disciplines.
8.8.1 Know how relationships expressed through music can be expressed differently
8.8.2 Know how principles and concepts of other disciplines are related to those of
music.
12.8.2 Understand the ways in which the principles and concepts of various disciplines
outside the arts are related to those of music.
4.9.1 Know music from various historical periods.
4.9.2 Know how elements of music* are used in music examples from various
cultures.
4.9.3 Know various uses of music in daily experiences.
4.9.4 Know characteristics that make certain music suitable for its use.
4.9.5 Understand the role of musicians in various music settings and cultures.
4.9.6 Know appropriate audience behavior for the context and style* of music
performed.
8.9.1 Know characteristics of music genres* and styles* from a variety of music
cultures.
8.9.2 Know exemplary musical works from a variety of genres* and styles*.
8.9.3 Know the functions of music, the roles of musicians, and the conditions of
periods.

33
References
Committee on Performance Standards. (1996). Performance standards for music.
Grades pre- K 12. Reston, VA: Music Educators National Conference.
Mid-continent Regional Educational Laboratory (McREL). (1998). Compendium of
knowledge. Aurora, CO: Author.
Music Educators National Conference. (1994). National standards for arts education.
Reston, VA Author.
Music Educators National Conference. (1994). The school music program: A new vision.
Reston, VA: Author.
Music Educators National Conference. (1996). Strategies for teaching strings and
orchestra. Reston, VA: Author.

34
Glossary
A capella - choral music without accompaniment
Accent - to place emphasis on a specific note
Adjudication form A list of criteria, which is used to evaluate a performance.
Alla breve - The meter signature indicating the equivalent of 2/2 time.
Articulation - The way in which notes are begun and how they are performed. Staccato
and legato are examples of articulation.
Chromatic/Chromaticism Movement by half steps.
Classroom instruments - Instruments typically used in the general music classroom,
including, for example, recorder-type instruments, chorded zithers, mallet instruments,
simple percussion instruments, fretted instruments, keyboard instruments, and electronic
instruments.
D.C. - Da Capo - means to go back to the beginning
Double flat - indicates to lower a pitch two half steps
Double sharp - indicates to raise a pitch two half steps
D.S. - Dal Segno - means to repeat from the sign
Dynamic levels, dynamics - Degrees of loudness.
Elements of music - Pitch, rhythm, harmony, dynamics, timbre, texture, form.
Embellishments - added tones that ornament a melody.
Expression - With appropriate dynamics, phrasing, style and interpretation and
appropriate variations in dynamics and tempo.
Fermata - to hold or pause longer than the normal duration of the note
Form - The overall structural organization of a music composition (e.g. AB, ABA, call
and response, rondo, theme and variations, sonata-allegro) and the interrelationships of
music events within the overall structure.
Genre - A type or category of music (e.g. sonata, opera, oratorio, art song, gospel, suite,
jazz, madrigal, march, work song, lullaby, barbershop, Dixieland).
Intonation - The degree to which pitch is accurately produced in performance,
particularly among the players in an ensemble.
Legato - indicates that a passage is to be played very smoothly without interruption
between notes.
35
Madrigal - the name for Italian vocal music of the 14th and 16th centuries
Meter - The grouping in which a succession of rhythmic pulses of beats is organized;
indicated by a meter signature at the beginning of a piece.
Meter Signature - An indicator of the meter of a musical work, usually presented in the
form of a fraction, the denominator of which indicates the unit of measurement and the
numerator of which indicates the number of units that make up a measure.
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) - Standard specifications that enable
electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, sampler, sequencer, and drum machine
from any manufacturer to communicate with one another and computers.
Ostinato - A short musical pattern that is repeated persistently throughout a
composition.
Pentatonic Scale - a scale with five tones to the octave. Popular in music to teach
young children because the lack of half steps makes improvisatory experience most
enjoyable. C major pentatonic scale is CDFGAC.
Recapitulation - the return of the main themes.
Slur - a curved line drawn over two or more notes indicating they are to be played
legato.
Sonata - a multi-movement composition for solo instrument with or without piano
accompaniment.
Staccato - detached, played short. Indicated by a dot over or under the note head.
Style - The distinctive or characteristic manner in which the elements of music are
treated. In practice, the term may be applied to, for example, composers (the style of
Copeland), periods (Baroque style), media (keyboard style), nations (French style), form
or type of composition (fugal style, contrapuntal style) or genre (operatic style, bluegrass
style).
Synthesizer - an instrument that creates sound electronically
Technical accuracy - The ability to perform with appropriate timbre, intonation, and
diction and to play or sing the correct pitches and rhythms.
Tenuto - indicated by a dash above or below a note and indicates to hold the note for its
full value
Timbre - The character or quality of a sound that distinguishes one instrument, voice, or
other sound source from another.
Tonality - The harmonic relationship of tones with respect to a definite center or point of
rest; fundamental to much of Western music from ca.1600.

36

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Music Standards For ND

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North Dakota

Standards and Benchmarks

North Dakota Department of Public Instruction

North Dakota Music Content Standards Writing Team

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* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

North Dakota Music Content Standards

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Summary of Grades K 4 Benchmarks

Sing independently on pitch and in rhythm.

Standard 2: INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMANCE

Perform independently on an instrument.

Create and arrange music to accompany readings or dramatizations.

Standard 5: READING MUSIC

Read simple rhythms in basic meters*.

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

Know simple music forms when presented aurally.

Standard 7: EVALUATING MUSIC

Develop appropriate criteria to evaluate performances and compositions.

Standard 8: MUSIC AND OTHER DISCIPLINES

Understand the similarities and differences in the meanings of common terms

Standard 9: MUSIC, HISTORY AND CULTURE

Know music from various historical periods.

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

Examples of Activities that Support the Standard and Benchmarks

Students improvise a melodic answer to a question sung by the teacher. The

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

Examples of Activities that Support the Standard and Benchmarks

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

Examples of Activities that Support the Standard and Benchmarks (cont.)

Examples of Activities that Support the Standard and Benchmarks

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

Examples of Activities that Support the Standard and Benchmarks

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

Summary of Grades 5 8 Benchmarks

Standard 2: INSTRUMENTAL PERFORMANCE

Perform on an instrument, alone and in small and large groups.

Improvise simple harmonic accompaniments.

Compose short pieces containing the appropriate elements of music*.

Standard 5: READING MUSIC

Read complex rhythms in simple and compound meters*.

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

Understand appropriate terminology to describe specific music events.

Standard 7: EVALUATING MUSIC

Standard 8: MUSIC AND OTHER DISCIPLINES

Know how relationships expressed through music can be expressed differently

Standard 9: MUSIC, HISTORY, AND CULTURE

Know characteristics of music genres* and styles* from a variety of music

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

Examples of Activities that Support the Standard and Benchmarks

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

Examples of Activities that Support Standard and Benchmarks

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary

Standard 7: EVALUATING MUSIC

* Indicates the word or phrase is defined in the Glossary