Uyghur-Reader

Uy gh ur Re ad er

Na bija n Tur sun

U yg h u r R ea de r

N ab ija n Tu rs un

dp

200 7

DU NW OO DY
P R E S S

Uyghur Reader
Copyright :> 2007 by McNeil Technologies, Inc.
All rights reserved.

All inquiries should be directed to:

Dunwoody Press
6525 Bel crest Rd., Suite 460
Hyattsville, MD 20782, U.S.A.
ISBN: 978-1-931546-42-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007943960
Printed and bound in the United States of America

About the Author

Nabijan Tursun is a US-based specialist in Central Asian and Uyghur Studies. He
received his Ph D from the Oriental Studies Institute at the Russian Academy of
Sciences in 1995. From 1985 to 1990, he taught Modern Uyghur, Ancient Turkic
for the Department of Chinese Languages at Xinjiang University in Urumchi. He
has participated in various conferences, giving speeches and lectures at universities
and research centers throughout the United States, Russia, Central Asia and
Xinjiang providing data on issues concerning Uyghur and Central Asian political
and cultural history. From 2000 to 2003, he was a member of the Xinjiang Project
at the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute of Johns Hopkins University and, from 2002
to 2004, was a member of the Xinjiang Study Group at the East-West Center in
Washington, D.C. He has published more than 100 articles in a variety of languages
including Uyghur, English and Russian.

His publications include:

Book Chapter: Political History and Strategies ofControl, J884-1978,(with James
Millward).ln Frederick Starr, ed. Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. M.E.
Sharpe, 2004
Modern Uyghur Poetry Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 2002 (in Russian)
Issues of Uyghur Political History in the Chinese Historiography Moscow, Russia,
1997 (in Russian)
Issues of the Uyghur Ethnogenesis in the Chinese Historiography, Moscow, Russia,
1998 (in Russian)
Moscow Thoughts Urumqi, China, 1995-1997 (in Uyghur). Moscow Thoughts
Listed among the 100 best works ofUyghur literature in 201h century.

For My Parents

Table of Contents

Preface
In Uyghur .......................................................................................................... i
In English ............................................................................. ... .. ....................... iii
General Facts on the Language Itself:
Where the language is spoken and who speaks it ............ 00000000 .. 00 ... 00 ......... v
History of the Language:
How it evolved and how it changed .. .......................... .. ...... ...... 00 ................ vi
English 1 Uyghur Grammatical Terms ........................ 0000 .......... ...... ...... vii
Abbreviations 000000 ......................................................................... ..... ........... .viii
Bibliography ...... ....................................... ..... .................................................. ix
Grammar Sketch ........... .......... ..... .. ..... ...................................... .. 00 ............... . xiii
Selections
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1: A WeatherForecast .. ..................................................... ..................... 137

2: The Calendar ................................................. ..................... ........ .. ........ 137
3: My Daily Activities .... ...... ........... ...... .. ............................................... 137
4: MyFarnily ..... ................................. .. ... ...... ........... .................... ... ........ . 137
5: Our Classroom ................... ...... ......... ..... ......... ... .................................. 138
6: The Fruits of Our Hometown ............................ ....................... ... ...... 139
7: A Week ofTraveling .......... ...... ...... ............ ........... ............................. 139
8: The Types ofLetters ......... ..... ...... .. ....... .... ... ..... ... .. .................. ..... ..... . 140
9: Qumul District's Aratiirk County Rocked by an Earthquake .. .. ... 141
I 0: Our Views on Time .. ... ........... ..................... ... ............................ ........ 141
II : AIDS in the Uyghur Region .................................... ......................... 142
I 2: Learning a Language .... .. ................. ................................................... 142
13: Khoten Jade ............................................ .. ... .. .............. .. ..... ....... ... ... ..... 143
14: The Uyghur Boshuk ............................................................................ 144
15: Kashgar ...... ... ....... ................ ..... ............ .. .. ......... ... .. .. ........... ........... ...... 144
16: Natural Gas in the Uyghur Region ........................ ........................... 145
17: Uyghur Hospitality ..................................... .......................... .............. 145
18: Family Meals .......................................................................... ... .......... 146
19: The Human Body and the Physical Structure ofUyghurs ............ 146
20: The TarimBasin .................................... ..... .............. ....... .. .................. 148
21: UyghurNames .... ..................................... ... ...... ............. .. ... ................. 149
22: Ancient Caravan Roads from the Uyghur Homeland Abroad ...... 150
23: Nationalities in the Uyghur Region ................................ .. ... .. .......... 152
24: Liberation Day ..... ............................................................................... 155
25: The Thirty - Boy Meshrep .............................................................. ... 156
26: Uyghur Holidays ........... ...................................................................... 156

27: Uyghur Musical lnstruments .. ................................ ........................... 159

28: Our Sense of Adventure ........ ...... ....................................................... 160
29: A Chemical Fertilizers Price Increase .. ................ ........................... 161
30: Traditional Uyghur Medicine ........ .................................................... 162
31 : The Idea ofUyghur Trade Names .. ........ .. ................ ............ ............ 162
32: Mahmud Kashgari and His Tomb .................. .......... .. ...................... 163
33: Uyghur Homes ......... ....... ... ....................................... .. .. ........ .............. 165
34: Patriotism and Educationalism .................................. .. .......... ............ 166
35: Uyghur Region Schools ............ ...... .............................. .. ........ ........... 167
36: Monuments with Uyghur Writing .................................................... 170
37: The Geographic Situation ofUyghur Region .. ............................... 171
38: An Oil Pipeline ............... .. .. ...... ....................... .. .......... ..... ................. .. 172
39: Two Representatives of Modem Uyghur Literature .... .................. 173
40: Two Poems: " Wake Up Uyghur" and "Trace" ........ .. ........ .. ........... 174
41 : Famous Uyghurs ................................ .................. ............................... 175
42: Factors in the Formation ofUyghur Nationalism .......... ................ 180
43: Moscow Thoughts .... ........ ............ ... ..... ........................................... .... 181
44: Production and Construction Corps .... ........ .. .......... ........................ 183
45: Anecdotes and Jokes Are a Part of Uyghur Life .. .......................... 185
Glossary ...... .. ... ... .. .. ... .................... .. ..... ... .................................... ... .. ........ .. .... 191

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Preface
The Uyghur Reader in your hands was compiled to fill the needs of those
studying the Uyghur language either as specialists or on their own time.
Because it does not include basic information about Uyghur, such as
phonetic information and writing exercises, this reader is targeted towards
students who already have some background in Uyghur, or, for that matter,
in Uzbek, Turkish or any of the other Turkic languages. As such, this book
can help students progress from an intermediate understanding of Uyghur
to one of a higher level.
The given reader consists of a total of 45 selections, the majority of which
have been taken from official publications such as books and newspapers.
Some sources have come from Kazakhstan, others from inside the Uyghur
Autonomous Region. Several of the selections in this reader are journalistic
in style and have been taken from the web sites of news agencies and edited
or otherwise adapted for use here. Another large portion of these selections
was composed by me directly or taken from my other writings.
In addition to covering topics including the geographic, political, economic,
and socio-cultural circumstances in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous
Region (also known as East Turkistan, Uyghurstan and the Uyghur Region)
the selections in this reader also address the history, religion, education,
daily life, customs, language, literature and health of the Uyghurs. Readers
will, on one hand, be introduced to both simple and complex phrases of the
Uyghur language and its methods of expression and thought, and on the
other gain a basic understanding of the Uyghur nationality as a whole.

The glossary of this reader includes not only words used in the daily lives
ofUyghurs, but also many specialized terms belonging to social and natural
science fields such history, language and literature, culture and education,
nationalism and politics, economics and international relations as well as
geography, climate, health, agriculture, ranching and others. These readings
are rich in vocabulary and granunatical expressions, and have been
organized from the more simple to the more difficult according to their
relative complexity. The vocabulary presented in this work consists of
approximately three thousand words, all of which have been put into a
dictionary-style glossary in the back. At the end of each lesson, there is a
list of important granunatical suffixes, interesting words, notes on people
and places, and various cultural, historical, and socio-political terms.
I worked for nearly a year to collect, organize and, finally, to place in order
the materials for this book. I then decided which of the texts were
appropriate. The next step was to translate the selections into English and

iii

prepare an official working copy of each. I received a great deal of help in

this process. Naturally, this help and support played a critical role in
making this book a reality.
First and foremost, I want to express my great thanks to Mr. Michael
Horlick. He spent many hours editing the translations, comparing the
English and Uyghur variants side by side, even translating some texts in
their entirety. He also provided significant technical and material support
and oversight. He made great contributions toward the completion of this
book. He has my special thanks and appreciation.
I also want to thank Mr. Thomas Creamer for his work bringing this book
to the world. More specifically, I want to thank him for his leadership and
his valuable suggestions for improving the work as a whole.
I also would like to thank my friends Mel Deatherage, Dr. James Millward,
Dr. Gardner Bovingdon, Farhad Bilgin, Obul Qasim Tuman, Ilhamjan
Musayev and Enwer Qadir for their support, encouragement and advice.
Last, I need to thank my dear parents for visiting me during the writing of
this book - the spiritual and emotional support they gave was absolutely
invaluable. They helped me overcome difficulties and roadblocks on many,
many occasions and played a huge part in my finishing this book. I also
want to thank my wife, Muhabat, and my daughter, Nazima, for allowing
me to work and for giving me their endless enthusiasm. They have my
immense gratitude and respect.
Nabijan Tursun
Fairfax, Virginia
September 2007

iv

General Facts on the Language Itself:

Where the language is spoken and who speaks it

"Uyghur" refers to one member of the Turkic group of the Altaic language
family. More specifically, it is a term that describes the language spoken
and written by the people who live in the area they call "East Turkistan,"
which is officially known as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of
the People's Republic of China.
According to statistical data from a 2004 Chinese census, there are
currently more than 8 million 970 thousand Uyghurs living in the Xinjiang
Uyghur Autonomous Region. However, according to more unofficial - and
perhaps more accurate- numbers provided by the Uyghurs themselves, this
number may be as high as fifteen million.
Uyghur is also spoken in the various republics of Central Asia including
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. It is
likewise spoken in Russia. The available data on these areas suggests a
total population of more than one million Uyghurs. Uyghurs are also spread
throughout the Middle East, making lives for themselves in countries such
as Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Egypt and Pakistan.
Uyghurs began settling in European countries in the 1980s and 1990s, and
can now be found living in Germany, HoUand, Sweden, Switzerland,
Belgium, Norway and England. Uyghur communities have also formed in
Canada and the United States.

History of the Language:

How it evolved and how it changed

The Uyghur language has a long history. While it was not actually referred
to as "Uyghur" until the twentieth century, the earliest ancestral forms of
the modem variant- appearing in the form of artifacts, memorials and stele
- date as far back as the eighth century.
Subsequent examples of the language substantiate the formation of a huge
written culture between the Ninth and the Fourteenth centuries, and include
great amounts of literature and social, legal and religious documents. From
the Thirteenth century through the end of the Nineteenth century, a
language called Chaghatay was spoken. Modem Uyghur, as we know it, is
closely related to this highly literary language.
During the twentieth century, both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets were
adopted for writing Uyghur. The Cyrillic variant was used in the Fonner
Soviet Union beginning in 1947 and is still in use in those same regions
today. In China, a significant lack of popularity of the Latin script- which
was an offshoot of the Latin-based "Pinyin" system used in China - led to
its being phased out in favor of a return to the Arabic script in 1987.
Currently, there are also a number of Latin variants in use on the Internet.
Modem Uyghur can be divided into three dialects: Central, Khotan and
Lopnor. The Central dialect is spoken in a wide stretch of land from Qumul
in the east to Ui in the west and from Urumqi in the north to Kashgar and
Yarkent in the south. This dialect comprises the majority of the inhabited
portions of the Uyghur region. The Khotan dialect is spoken throughout the
southwest, including an area from the Charqiliq county of Korla in the east
to the Guma county of Hoten in the west. The Lopnor dialect, spoken in
Lopnor county, has some unique characteristics unknown to the other
dialects.

vi

English 1 Uyghur Grammatical Terms

Vowel
Consonant
Harmony, agreement
Adjective
Adverb
Noun
Case
Verb
Participle
Gerunds
Adverbial
Mood
Tense
Person
Voice
Positive
Negative
Conjunction
Interjection, exclamation
Numeral
Pronoun
Measure word
Postposition
Particle, discourse marker
Function word, auxiliary
Imitative, onomatopoeia
Suffix

vii

J- ~5\J 0~;,.....
J-~5\J ~~)~
~\

.I

0"'-:,_...

J->5o)
~

~
~

....r 1..0.u'
.,.....

J-1~

J-l.>..,.!._,5o)
<,?l;,~<l..o

L>Lol;
~<L.!.
~)b.:>

0jl.:.;J,.
_r--.!o;J"'

<.?.'~L'
;;.-.~

L>L.
J-W~

;;.-. )J.i.....o
~..S,r-3

~~

)r~o.:}:!
;;.-. t.S",W;.u
~,;.-:._,;

.Lo

Abbreviatio ns
adj.
adv.
conj.
inf.
int.
mw.
n.
num.
part.
perp.
pro.
v.
vn.

Adjective
Adverb
Conjunction
Infinitive
Interjection
Measure Word
Noun
Numeral
Particle, Discourse Marker
Preposition
Pronoun
Verb
Verbal Noun or Gerund

viii

Bibliography
Works cited, consulted

Abdukerim Raxman (1999). J.J.;"-:1/yJ-J.J~..f ...,S:...Jft a~ (Legends on the

Silk Road). Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House.
Abdulla Talip (1987). >')Sr.":Y .:.r~):; ';"""'>\j\.... >~~(A History ofUyghur
Education) Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House.
Abdureyim Otkur (1985). or-'L;J.._. Jfof (Journeys of a Lifetime). Urumqi:
Shinjang Youth Publishing House.
Abduxaliq Uyghur (1986). o_,...!~ ._j..ll.;..j.J.,JIJ (Poems ofAbduxaliq
Uyghur). Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House.
Dannie) St.John (1997). w.c.jl "-;'-~ "-;'.JJi..>..Y (A Concise UighurEnglish Dictionary). Urumqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House.
Hahn, R. (1991). Spoken Uyghur. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Ham it Tomiir (1993). ~t_,~,_...l.JJ_r.;.: (A Grammar of the Uyghur
Language). Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House.
Horlick, Michael (2007). Uyghur-Eng/ish Dictionary. Hyattsville:
Dunwoody Press.
Imin Tursun (2001) . .u.l.;;j;_,.; (Noruz). Urumqi: Xinjiang People's
Publishing House.
Kaydarov, A. and Arziyev, R. (2001). ,_...LJJ_r.y(the Uyghur Language).
Alma-ata: Academic Publishing House.
Nabijan Tursun (1998). tSrlJ~ l_;L.,.. (Moscow Thoughts) . .i.l~
~..).._. (Xinjiang's Culture), Number 5-6.
Nabijan Tursun (2003) . .... IL <~ ,.IL ( ~6jJ~~ J_r.y (The
Formation ofUyghur Nationalism).
Nabijan Tursun and Abdureyim Tursun (2002). yilzypcKcm no33Wl ( Uyghur
Poems). Bishkek

ix

James A. Millward and Nabijan Tursun, "Political History and Strategies

ofControl, 1884-1978"; In Frederick Starr, ed.Xinjiang: China's Muslim
Borderland, ME.Sharpe,2004
Nadzhip, E. (1968). yi:tzypcKo-pyccKUu Cll06apb (A Uyghur-Russian
Dictionary). Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia.
Niyaz Kerim (2000). orlf_,: u~LS~...; .!L..:.S'~ (The Ancient
Caravan Roads ofXinjiang). Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House.
Rahile Dawut (2001 ). or-'); ~A J.f<=Y (Uyghur Mausoleums). Urumqi:
Xinjang People's Publishing House.
Reweydulla Hemdulla, Abdikerim Raxman, Sherip Xushtar (1996). J.f<=Y
orE_,.,fJ~jJ (Uyghur Customs). Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing
House.
Sawut Mollawudov (2005). d4.,-.IJ.f<=Y (Uyghur Literature). Alma-ata:
Academic Publishing House.
Sulayman Seper (2002). J..-;J.f<=Y u~Af; ~_rjt,. (The Modern Uyghur
Language). Urumqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House.
Turdi Exrnet (1989). J..-;J.f<=Y u~Af; ~.rJt,. (The Modern Uyghur Language).
Urumqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House.
Ziya Semedi (1995). s..,_.~~ -::.._.;.~(Mister Ahmad). Alma-ata: Jazushi
Pubslishing House.
~;J ..;.J...~ &...:...J....; J~~ (Annotated Dictionary of the Uyghur Language)

(1999). Urumqi: Xinjang People's Publishing House.

~;J ;~.J.._; o; ~ &...:...J....; ~o.>~ )~~ 0\..ol; ~r}"" (An Orthographic

and Pronunciation Dictionary ofUyghur Language). Urumqi: Xinjang

People's Publishing House.

The author also wishes to thank the following web sites and publications
for the materials whjch have been republished here

Web sites

Radio Free Asia (www.rfa.org)

The Uyghur American Association (www.uyghuramerican.org)
Meshrep (www.meshrep.com)
Biz Uyghur (www.bizuyghur.com)
My Homeland (www.diyarim.corn)
Tian Shan (www.tianshannet.corn)
Shabnam (www.xabnam.com)
lzdiffish (www.izdinix.com)

Newspapers and Periodicals

vl:!l.A. h

(The New Life), Almaty. Kazakhstan

lS);~ )~~(The Uyghur Voice), Almaty. Kazakhstan

lS~ ~)'(The Buds of Tarim), Uriimchi, Chlna

~~ ~~ (Xjnjiang Culture), Uriimchi, Chlna

xi

Grammar Sketch

TheSoundsofUyghur
The sounds of the Uyghur language are represented by 8 vowels and 24
consonants.
Uyghur consonants are classified as either voiced or unvoiced.
Unvoiced

Voiced

Uyghur Vowels are said to be either rounded and unrounded. Rounded

vowels are produced with pursed lips, unrounded vowels without.
The rounded vowels are: i>, ~. ~ ,'J>
The unrounded vowels are: w, .u, .r. <.J'
, ,.

"

Syn-harmony
Syn-harrnony is an important characteristic of Uyghur phonology, and all
Uyghur words are governed by its rules. Suffixes are generally added in a
manner that reflects vowels and consonants of a similar phonological
classification to that of the root. For instance, when the root or stem of a
word is rounded, subsequent additions made to the stem - through
agglutination, declination, or conjugation- will also be rounded.
Parts of Speech

Nouns
Nouns are the class of words that include material objects, conceptual
things and the names of people and places. The word "object" is used here

xiii

Grammar Sketch

in a wide sense to include everything that can constitute an answer to the

questions "who," "what," or "where."
As in English, Uyghur nouns can be divided into two types - common
nouns and proper nouns. Common nouns indicate the names of objects and
proper nouns refer to cities, countries, and people.

Plurals
The plural form of nouns is made by adding the suffix } / ;.J to the singular
noun.
~L.l.J (food) 7 ;)lSL.l.J (foods)
u.u....L.d.J> (country) 7 ;.J.;.u..J...d.J> (countries)

However, the lack ofthis suffix does not categorically indicate singularity,
so care must be taken when using it.

Indicating possession, ownership of nouns

Uyghur can express the possession of things either by use of a genitive
construction or through the ownership-dependent inflection of nouns.
These ownership-dependent forms of are divided into three persons.

i- lr- iJ>-1ii>-

First Person Singular (my)

First Person Plural (our)

ro-l~-

Second Person Singular (your)

Second Person Plural (your)

.!I-/&-, .!!;-/ .!!,_

)')5-f;'R>-, )')5;-1;&;-

Third Person (his, hers, their)

.._:;.U<>~

~".;

.&....:.....;.,.;
._...:-.,..;.,~

~"~
)~".;

._...:-.,..;.,,

homeland
my homeland
your homeland
his/her homeland
our homeland
your (pl.) homeland
their homeland

__!"_~
.!!~

~')5~

older brother
my older brother
your older brother
his/her older brother
our older brother
your older brother
their older brother

Besides these, Uyghur has additional second-person singular and plural

ownership-indicative suffixes which appear as "rJ>-1~-" and '\.syJ-"
respectively. The use of either of these suffixes indicates esteem or respect.

xiv

Grammar Sketch

Second-person, singular: ~ ~ ~
)It,.~

y.l-Jl,>

Second-person, plural:)'!.,~ lS_,..LJI.,

J~ ~lSr-11~
The Declension of Nouns
As an agglutinative language, Uyghur words are altered according to their
grammatical and syntactic relationships. The rules that govern the
application of these affixes are typically analyzed from a standpoint of
"cases."
There are generally said to be six cases, though there is a certain amount of
disagreement among Uyghur linguists as to what they are and how many of
them exist- some place the number as high as fourteen.
This grammatical sketch will work based upon the belief that there is a
nomnitive case, a dative case, a locative case, an ablative case, an
accusative case, and a genitive case.
The Nominative Case
The nominative case functions to identify the subject of a sentence or
phrase and is characterized by a zero-ending.
The Dative Case
The dative case typically functions to identify the indirect object of an
action. It can also indicate direction. The ending used in such instances is
determined by the rules of syn-harmony and, as such, many appear in any
of the following four forms: .SjiJj 45.jli:..
The Locative Case
The locative case typically identifies the place in which a process occurs or
the place at which an object is located. This place can be an actual physical
location, an abstract location, or even a temporal one. Which ending is seen
in these instances is determined by the rules of syn-harmony and, as such,
many appear in any of the following four forms: J..jjbj o:>jb.
The Ablative Case
The ablative case is typically used to indicate the direction from which an
action or noun has come. As with the locative case, this location can be
physical, conceptual, or temporal. The ending used in these instances is
determined by the rules of syn-harmony and, as such, many appear in either
offollowing two forms: .:.rJ/.:,r:>.

XV

Grammar Sketch

The Accusative Case

The accusative case identifies the direct object of the transitive verbal
processes. The case ending involved in such constructions-'\.~-" - is only
seen in instances in which the object is definite. Otherwise, the object is
unmarked.
The Genitive Case
The genitive case indicates that something is possessed by or somehow
related to another thing. This case is indicated by the presence of the suffix
~.

Adverbs
Uygbur adverbs are divided into four types according to bow they modify
the action of a verb. Those divisions are:
1) Adverbs of time. For example: 0~j.? (today), 7 ..)..s~> (now)
2) Adverbs of direction. For example: ~~ (forward), t.....y-9_;: (upwards)
3) Adverbs ofDegree. For example:~......, (very), ~~ (extremely)
4) Adverbs of Manner. For example: ~b (always), ~;~"5 (brutally)
It should also be noted that, as a rule, most adjectives can be used in place
of adverbs with little or no alteration.

Pronouns
Uyghur pronouns can be divided into the following seven types.
1) Personal pronouns. For example: 0J....o (I), 0......_, (you)
2) Demonstrative Pronouns. For example: j.! (this), :Y (that)
3) Interrogative Pronouns. For example:~ (what), ~ (who)
4) Reflexive Pronouns. For example:;;, (self), iJ;;, (myself),
(yourself)
5) Comprehensive Pronouns. For example: ~"-.ss>, ~;l,. (all)
6) Negative Pronouns. For example:~ (no one)
7) Indefinite Pronouns. For example:;;~ (someone), ;~1-'-'t.;
(somehow)

ll,;;,

xvi

Grammar Sketch

Numerals

Uyghur numerals are divided into two types - simple and complex.
Simple numerals are those that function solely to count and quantify, as in:

'.

oJ>

. .._,

If
<LJ~

4,_;,j .._,

y.SSJ......,
)~~

L.>J"'

4..1>~
0, - - ,.

)~,.,

<>'~

~~

~~

-.._,

l..)"'"'-'>-' -

L.>~J.......

L.>w~

jj!
&....
0~
~)~

One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Twenty
Thirty
Forty
Fifty
Sixty
Seventy
Eighty
Ninety
One hundred
One thousand
One million
One billion

The other, more complex varieties are produced by means of inflection.

They include:
1) Approximate Numerals. For example: ~~ (approximately fifty),
formed with the suffixes "~.. ~-/~.0- " or " ~-".
2) Ordinal Numerals. For example: ~r (first), ...r. .5:5: ~ (second),
formed with the suffixes ''..s>:~-l.._ri>-".
3) Fraction Numerals.
Measure Words

Measure words are used to help enumerate different varieties of nouns.

While English has phrases like "a pair of shoes" or "a pound of dates,"
Uyghur requires that such quantifiers be placed into phrases in a much

xvii

Grammar Sketch

larger number of cases. More often than not, words that are governed by
the same measure word have one or more characteristic in common.
Examples include:
d..:> (used for grains of sand, kernels of com, and other similarly shaped
items)
)"-:dj (used for people, collected individuals)
Jl:; (used for strands of hair, individual cigarettes, or other long and sender
items)
Adjectives
Adjectives describe the characteristics of nouns, referring to features such
as color, appearance, taste, smell, and quality.
Uyghur adjectives are divided generally into two types: adjectives of
degree and simple adjectives.
The adjectives of degree can likewise be subdivided into four varieties.
1) The "positive" or original degree.
2) The decreasing degree, formed either by reduplication, suffixation, or
both. For example: ..;l_;;j~-u;j~ (long-longish),~ ..~-~ (smallsmallish).
3) The emphatic degree, a construction typically formed by a
reduplication of the root to indicate an excessive or extreme degree of the
original adjective, e.g., j.>_r.3 ~ J-.~ (bright red, deep red), ~;j;-. ~
~;iHY. (clear).
4) The endearing degree, also known as the diminuative form of
adjectives, formed by the suffixation of "L....;;..I~-1~-1~-" to
indicate affection, cuteness, etc. e.g., ~L. ~ ~L. (comfortably
cool), ~ ~ ~ =: S (tiny, cute as a button).
Word-forming Affixes

The Uyghur language uses a wide array of affixes to create derivative

words from roots that are inherent to one part of speech or another.
They include affiXes that are added to nouns or adjectives:
~;J-

I ..;;J-I a.J_ I ..;.J-

-r---

-(..>!.;--

-cr.--

-J-.=:.xviii

Grammar Sketch
-0l_...-

-LS5-I~lf";~

)"5;~

-..r.-G-

Affixes that are added to verbs:

Verbs

Uyghur verbs come in three different types.

1) "Basic" verbs or actions that are described by the use of a semantic

root that is inherently verbal in nature.

2) "Derived" verbs or actions that are described by placing a verb-forming

suffix on a semantic root that is not immediately verbal in character.
3) "Compound" verbs or actions that are described by combining any
number of different roots into one verbal phrase.
Verbal Participles

Uyghur participles can be divided into three types:

1) Perfect Participles
2) Progressive Participles
3) Imperfect Participles
Perfect participles are formed by adding the suffixes
04..5-" and indicate the completion of action.

xix

"-I 0\j_ I0~- I0li

Grammar Sketch

For example:
~,)~ 0li._;....; (a ripened apricot, i.e. an apricot that has ripened)
).illy 0.S..::...J> .,~,)~(days spent in Urumqi)
~r.-"\j 0~0~'J> J.-3 )_;...:~(an American who has learned Uyghur)

The Progressive participle is formed by infixing the stem from one of

several different verbs - typically "-..::..>~-, " "-)j;J~-, " "-)j;-, " and"-)~-."
The result is an action that covers an expanse of time, regardless oftense.
Imperfect participles can be distinguished from their perfect counterparts
by the presence of the infix "-LS~-" or the suffix "-..:;ldu~-/ ..:;ldu~".
For example:
..:;ldu..)..J+);5 (looking)
..:;ldu..)..J+j~ (writing)
A second form of the imperfect is formed by the suffix ")\j __ ,
Verbal Moods

The mood of a Uyghur verb indicates the way in which the subject of the
sentence intends the information to be received.
Sulayman Seper identifies three different types while Hamit Tomlir
suggests thirteen varieties. These moods including imperatives and
indicators of anxiety, regret, and even necessity. This sketch will not
address them, but, for a more lengthy explanation of these types, please see
the related words mentioned above.
Verbal Tense

While traditional Uyghur linguistics identifies three tenses, namely the

present, past, and future, Professor Hamit Tomlir posits that each type of
predicate form can combine with any of the verbal moods to create a statetense verbal phrase.
The result is a much larger number of options, including the Direct
Statement Mood, the Indirect Statement Mood, the Hearsay Statement
Mood, the Subjective Assessment Mood, and the Objective Assessment
Mood. This topic will likewise not be addressed here. For more
information on this, please see Hamit Tomur's Uyghur Grammar.

XX

Grammar Sketch

Verbal Voicing
Voicing is a category that shows the relationship between the action
expressed by the verb and the grammatical subject. The voice category of
the Uyghur verb can be broken into five types.

The Original Voice

The original voice indicates that the grammatical subject of the action is
also its logical subject. The verbal root in these cases is unmarked.
The Passive Voice
The passive voice is formed by the inclusion of the affixes "--I .:_r:,- I 0
0}>-10~", or "JJ>-IJ~IJ..:.IJ" after the verbal stem and serves to
indicate that the subject of the sentence or phrase is also the object of the
verb. The actor is by definiton someone or something else.
The Reflexive Voice
The reflexive voice of verbs is used to indicate that the person carrying out
the action and the recipient of that action are one and the same. Reflexive
verbs are also found in subjectless sentences. This voice is produced by
attaching the suffix "-0}>-10~-l.:._r:,-10" or "JJ>-IJ~-IJ..:.-IJ" to the
verbal stem.
The Causative Voice
The causative voice of verbs is used to indicate that a certain action has
been precipitated from the object by the subject. This voice is indicated by
the presence of any number of verbal suffixes including "-1"/J:- ;:Y-1/y
)~" and others.
The Mutual Voice
The mutual voice functions to indicate that an action is being carried out
by a number of people simultaneously and that, in some cases, that action
may be directed by those same people at one another. It is produced by
attaching the affix "J- }>-I J- ~-I...;-:,- IJ-" to the verbal stem.
Negated Verbal Forms
Verbal stems are negated by the inclusion the affix
suffixes follow any suffixes added to indicate voicing.

xxi

"-6...1>-IL:.".

These

Selections

Selection 1

Vocabulary
;J.....<:~ v. it will rain, will
precipitate (inf. 0\....:~)

...s:!l; l_;k n. weather

..:r..J~ adv. before
ol...;Jd...o n. report
ol...;Jd...o ..:r..J~ n. forecast
;~~ n. information, data, news
r)k adv. now, at present
}-<>->)7! v. we give, we will provide
(inf ~d...o;&...:>)
Jl-""~ n. circumstance, condition
o~L.. n. hour
;~adj. following, next
4..3~ n. tomorrow
~<L-.!._5~ n. Monday
0J;j.? ~~ adv. before noon,
in the a.m.
0_;lijlj.? adj. cloudy, cloud-covered
';";J~ v. being (inf. 0W~)
;_r,~ n. rain, precipitation

~ ~~ adv. afternoon, in

the p.m.
0~~ adj. clear, open
l;,.,~
-l
- n. t emperature

LT';~~ n. degree
~adj. hot
~...S adv. in the evening
~\.9 adv. again, once more

';";>jli;Jj.! v. it will be cloudy,

become cloud-covered (inf
,. )
"~

- L.,..;)b~

...,

01;;~ adj. less, to a smaller degree

)~ adj. little, small, tiny
;~.u:.
v. it will fall, will drop
(inf~~"5?)

.._;;;

Notes
1. The "~-/ ..:r~-" suffix indicates the presence of ablative case
constructions which often, but not always, involve the meaning "from." In
this particular instance, the equivalent English syntax is different and calls
for the word "for" instead. Thus, this phrase is most properly translated
"We will now provide the weather forecast for the next twenty-four
hours."

Additionally the word "~~" is formed by adding the adjectiveforming suffix"-~" to the postposition"~

Selection 1

2. "yjl~" is a participial form of the verb '\.;W~" (to be), and often acts to
indicate that a sequence of actions is, was or will be taking place.
3. When two numbers are placed in a phrase using an ablative case ending
for one and a dative suffix for the other as seen here, the result expresses a
block or range of numbers. Similarily, such constructions -with identical
suffixes - can be used to identify blocks or time of space.
4. The adjective used tends to vary with the conditions at hand. Typical
examples of this phenomenon include '\.;_,.-." (cold), "~L" (-cool),
and "~" (warm).

Selection 2

l.M.Jt5

Vocabulary
&LL.~ adv. generally, typically
d....::;->->)L.... n. the western calendar

and each year based upon a

predetemilned cycle)
._;1..0j.o pro. like, such
._:_,I~LA. n. animal
;J....J....J~ v. is called, is named (inf.

(the calendar centered around

the birth of Jesus Christ)
)4l5 n. calendar
; ' - I ~ v. they use (inf.

._;Wb~)

~43~)

\.9''}! n. OX
lT' IJ!J:! n. tiger
._:_,l.i....:._,; n. rabbit
;~~.G n. dragon
0~ n. snake
o~ n. horse
c.,;;,; n. sheep
._:_,~Lo n. monkey
;>_,; n. chicken
~ n. dog
l.i....:. r. n. ptg
._:_,l.i....:.l:; n. rat
lT'l> ili;" adj. special,
characteristic
~~'l'~ n. characteristic

l.i....:.l,> ..:,r.>..L;~ adv. additionally,

what' s more

._:_,W,;..-._;.o n. Muslim
._;l.;;~ adj. common, shared
d....:-'~

n. the Islamic calendar,

the Hejri
;~_,; v. they put to use, adopt
(inf ...;~W,;)
;~r-~ v. they separate, they split
into (inf ...;~_r-~)
J~;o n. the Zodiac (i.e. a
calendar that attributes one of
twelve animals to each month

Selection 3

Vocabulary
~;t;...>~ n. university
~adj. year
~J->y adj. daily, typical
o~k n. life
~)d...) adj. orderly, structured
.:.)))~ n. place, spot (e.g. a seat, a

~ n. tooth, teeth
";">L;b v. I wash, clean (inf

0U;b)
Jl3L..... n. beard
0~~ ~_rlJI.3L..... v. I shave my
beard (inf 0W~ Jl3l.....)
~ ..J~ n. quarter (e.g. of an hour, a

bed)
";";)~ 0-'J...o_rJ~ v. I get up, rise
from my place (inf. 0-'~J~
0Lo)~)
L)~.u. n. stadium, sports field
f"# mw. half

dollar)
n. class, lesson
04->y-S .o._,)..~ v. I go into the
classroom, enter the classroom
(inf. ~.u.y-S .o._,).. ~)
0~~ i .. ~ v. I rest, take a break
(inf 0W~ i .. ~)
cL.tL..;~ adj. morning
l.;L;.,'
-! < l'b
.')"rn.
1 rary
0~'i)j)d...) v. I review, go over
again (inf. ~~)}'d...))
J- '7! adj. free, empty
..;:...,...jl; J- '7! n. free time
LJ"" ) .. ~

<L::--!)~d...)

n. sport, physical
activity
0~;.:_;-.:. v. I play, occupy
myself with, take part in (inf.
0\.o.;)U_;c_;-.:.)
0b~ n. living space, quarters
0.....,_._;j:!j:! v. I bathe, wash myself
(inf 0\.o.;j:!j:!)
Notes

1. The "<>~-J ..~-Jb-jb-" affixes indicate locative-case constructions and

denote where an item is at a specific time, whether physically, temporally,
or otherwise.

Selection 3

2. The verb -.;WW;.:;,...:. can be translated as ''to occupy oneself with" or

"to take part in," but is difficult to translate into English directly or
independent of context.
Here, since the speaker is telling of his taking part in sporting activities,
the phrase "play sports" has been used because it is the most appropriate
equivalent English phrase for the situation.
3. The verbal phrase "0~~~ ~ ~l9" is made up of "~L;
~.....JO"" and "-.;W~~".
The compound structure here, which begins with a verb in participial form,
suggests a sequence of actions or, namely, that our speaker first goes back
to his dormitory and then washes up.
"~ ~l9" is itself a verbal compound with "~..._J.Q", (to come)
commenting on the direction of the verb "-.j~l9" (to return). "~.....J.Q""
typically indicates direction towards the speaker, while "~"'-o3<!.5"" indicates
direction away from the speaker.

Selection 4

Vocabulary
-~H:~

~~ n. family

n. my younger sister (nom.

r-J=L-.)

0~ n. life, living thing (e.g. a

;;:..>,~ n.

person)
il5J:' n. my grandfather (nom. l5J:')
(Lor n. my grandmother (nom.
Lor)
ibb n. my father (nom. bb)
i\_j~ n. my mother (nom. \_j~)
i~~ n. my older sister (nom. ~~)
it% n. my older brother (nom. l%)
~ n. my younger brother (nom.

doctor, physician

\_jl;.;;:..>,~ n. hospital, clinic

0~ ~ i"~ v. they have

retired, they no longer work
(inf. ...;~ ~ i"~)
;~ o.u._r..> v. he works (inf
...;l...1...3 o.w._r..>)
.:.r5~j.o adj. assistant, deputy
y~"'-" l;y.;~ ~;J~ n. middle
school

~)

Selection 4

ydu &)1......!.4 n. primary

school
ydu IJ~~ 0;J_,J n. high school
..s-->~ acij. individual, personal
(.,W\.9 ~L v. is maintained,
is kept up (inf 0lJ\.9 ~L)
c.,?_,J n. celebration (e.g. a wedding,
a cradle party, a circumcision)
0~ c.,?_,J acij. unmarried,
bachelor
0W-..3 c.,?_,J acij. married, having a
spouse
..:;.,.:,");~ n. child, offspring

~");~ acij. child

~4 n. young child
o_~ ~'>\...; n. birth control,

planned procreation
0;.--;~~ acij. traditional,

customary
according to, in
accordance with
1..:5,_.... n. gift, present
.~~> W~ n. God, Allah
~5,;~~ vn. killing
~5,;j-!>r. vn. aborting
01;~ adv. just, only
~'.7! prep.

Notes

I. The suffixes "i-" and ~-" are added to singular and plural nouns to
indicate possession, in this case, " my" and "our" respectively.
2. The presence of specific words for "older sister" and "younger sister"
and "older brother'' and ''younger brother" is a characteristic of many
Asian languages and is not unique to Uyghur.
3. The phrase '\....-~\r.-~ yy ~"translates directly as "are often met,"
but is perhaps better glossed here as "common."
4. The word "~<y." means "according to" or "in combination with,"
"l .d ..J~" suggests a meaning similar to ''taking into account" or "when
examining." Together, their meanings do not appear to be substantively
different from the isolated meaning of either.
5. The word ''....r-~;,;j-!>r." comes from the verb "~u;j.-!>r.". As a a
causative form of the verb "~~r.", "~u;j.-!>r."means "to make go
out'' or "to cause to go down."
The implication is clear here, though, that an abortion is being discussed.
However, independent of context, one would likely need to say " ~4
~5,;j-!>r." for this meaning to be apparent.

Selection 5

Vocabulary
~L;._,;"~ n. our classroom (nom.

L;._,j' n. copy, example (e.g. of a

\jL;._,) .. ~)

book)
n. window
J~ n. flower
;...-. n. water
Y-o->;;> y~~ ;...-. v. we pour
..;;--0;;~ n. chair
J~~ n. table
hadj. new
~..;;> v. taking turns,
alternating (inf ~~.J.; ..;;>)
~)1..,;\:; v. we clean, wash (inf.

~"'-:> adv. very, quite

"'rr.~

~4 adj. beautiful, attractive

ll~ adj. right

j,_... adj. left

n. side
\:in. wall
[ _ ;~ n. world
.,_;_,;.G. n. map, chart
0~ v. is hung, has been
suspended (inf 0~)
iL-."; n. painter, artist
...:;li~ v. painted, rendered (inf

';'" ;4.3

..;U;ll)
~;,_,

..;l.o~)
...:;W\:;~ v. called, named (inf.

n. we wipe, daub (inf.

~ol..o-3),_,)

9'5> n. home
J.u:~d.5' n. poor, indigent
~;"~ n. textbook
Jd...,.., adv. a little, a bit
..;ji:,......adj. cold, chilly

..;Wll~)

o ..;,_, n. picture, image

...:;~13'r. v. enlarged, made

bigger (inf. ..;~13'r.)

Selection 5
u,...~~-.......J~ vn./n. warming,

~n. winter
.._;..-..> n. brick
uo;o n. level, floor
;4 n. steam, vapor
if........, n. oven, stove
';-';!;;~ Jt;)~ v. fitted with,
placed in (inf ...;W;)~ Jt;)~)
)YY n. coal
; ' I ~ v. are heated, made
bot (inf ._;1.1 ~)
if;!;);; n. building, construction
~~ n. installation

beating
..;:..:,4..5 n. village, small town
\5:.......'.:. n. blackboard
;'Y n. chalk
~;.t.-. n. level
. .)u.>..>;J~~r. v. explaining,
describing (inf. ~ . . . . .);~~r.)
';-'")d.3 n. side
Jj; n. money
J.li!ljl.... n. classmate
0--:!~ adj. very, most

Notes

I. Ghazy Emet is a famous contemporary Uyghur artist. Once a professor

and president of the Xinjiang Artistic Institute, he currently lives in
Ururnqi.
2. The Uyghur "Muqam" are a set of traditional musical pieces and
dances, each of a different style, that represent an important part ofUyghur
culture. There are many famous images of the Mukham being performed,
a lot of which were painted by Ghazy Emet.
3. The verbal phrase ''.r->;;; ';-'j:!_;; ;-." is made up of the verbal phrase
"._;~;; ;-." (to put water on, to water) and the verbal complement
"._;l...)_;....,, that is compounded to it, which indicates that the verb is in a
progressive, ongoing state.
4.

'\? -,!

~"

is a phrase made up of a noun and a verb.

"~ - , !" means "to meet" or ''to match." In this case, the phrase acts

as an adjective, describing students whose class-levels do not match.

5. The phrase "~)d.3 ~ ..._;"-:! ~)d.3 ~"describes an "on the one
hand, on the other hand" context. However, such a context usually
involves an ablative structure, and the syntax here is clearly dative. It is
important to notice the difference. The result is a sentence that reads
''teaching a low-level lesson to one side and a high-level Jesson to the
other."
6. The compound verb ''..)..u.>..>;J~~r. ....-'~" is made up of the verbs
"._;l...;~" and "~ . . . . .;J~~r.", which together create the phrase "writing out
an explanation."

Selection 6

Vocabulary
._:;.t.5:..,~o;J .

< .~ v. are
exported, are sent abroad (inf

._;w....; u)J .

"~-"~ n. fruits and nuts (in

general)

o;.;.-:..G n. pear

.( .~)

6.J~ n. grape
melon
0~ v. ripened, made ready for
eating (inf ...;~)
o;,.-. n. grade, kind
'-;'')~ v. grafting, splicing (inf

';,5 n. Korla (a city in the Uygbur

Region)
;~):; v. are pulled to, are
brought to (inf ...;W-...:i):;)
-.::>")}Jl> n. temperature
l~;;;~y.; vn. heat, redden (inf

..:;,S n.

...;U~)

._;\.,j~j-o-9)

a..L~ adj. juicy, moist

~l.; adj. sweet, tasty
"~ n. fruit

J. ;;; - -. ~ vn. creating, making

(inf ~d..b;; -

-. ~)

Notes

I. The complex verbal phrase "._:;.t.5:.., 1 I . : ; .. ~r.-:' ~" can be

broken up into two main parts: "~r,-:> ~" and "._:;.t.5:.., 1 .I. - .''.

"...-.Lr,-:> ~" is a construction that means ''to bring to." The main verb
"...;W~" is commented upon by "~d.A;d...?", which appears here as the

passive variant "~~r,-:>".

10

Selection 6

The second half of the phrase "00:.,' I " is also a passive verb, taken
from "Jl..;l....;, "to sell" or "to buy." The combined phrase means "to
bring and sell" or ''to bring for sale."
2. The variant of '\jWJ:'" seen here, "~liJJ:'", contains a special affix
which indicates the meaning "owing to" or "because of."
In this case, "~liJJ:' 0~ l.>....--!.;;;~y.3 d,;,j"))~ l.Sr-9~" means "due to
their ripening in the high temperatures (of the sun)".

11

Selection 7

Vocabulary
~~

..:;.....;\; n. time

~~;.:>

j---.... I!~ v. we shall walk around,

stroll (inf ~~~~)
~~ n. silk
.)~ ~~ n. the Silk Road

n. Sunday
n. Monday
~~"'--' n. Tuesday
~~)L:: n. Wednesday
~~~ n. Thursday
d...br n. Friday
~<L!-.5'4...:! n. Saturday
o.u~L.... n. excursion, journey
o~ n. station, terminal (e.g. of a
bus)
;~L. v. heads out, leaves, moves
(inf ~WL.)
0~~ adv. in the morning
~~ t.J~ V. depart, to set OUt, to
get on the road
0~.u adj. approximately,
roughly

b,_... n. trade
.:>~ n. economy, economics

if ;);.:-..-:.w~ vn. trading,

exchanging
0l.u.>...>)_;;..;~ ~~ v. representing,
reflecting (inf ~~
~d...b);;..;~)

c.SrA~ oji>~ n. Idiqut City

c.SrA~ Ji')~ n. Yarghol City

~..)7:> adj. adorned, decorated

)li:.n. cave

)1;-o;j_;:; n. vineyard
12

Selection 7

~"~ n. gardening,
horticulture
Jvn. irrigation, watering
Jbl..9 n. canal
4l)> n. ruins, remains
o.J5~ n. state
~...__. adj. sincere
;~~4 v. benefits, uses (inf.

JL.o.,J..J~> adv. nearly all of

l..!..>b n. song
J;......~ n. dance
~'r\j adj. beloved, liked
~~~ J- ;> adj. joyous, happy
~;>-j~ n. nature, temperament,
disposition
jj-3 adj. direct, candid (shows
character of person)

;;;......

~W)l,~4)

Notes
I. The suffix '\..r.-"on the verb barmaq ~Lo;V"' indicates the verb is in
the future imperfective tense. With the conjugated form "_;....-.;l;;J,.", it
forms a compound verb indicating decided or intended action.

2. Dongkowruk is a famous bazaar and trading center named for the

small part ofUrumqi in which it is located.

r ..

3. In this context, "

l2\j" means ''to walk around" without having a
particular destination in mind - walking as a means of exploring, visiting,
or seeing. In other contexts, it could also indicate an effort to go around
something - like an obstacle.
4. The Uyghur word "d....or" comes from an Islamic term referring to the
congregational salat said by Muslims just after noon on Fridays. The word
has also been expanded to include the meaning Friday as well.
5. This ancient Uyghur city was one of the great cultural and trade centers
of the Silk Road and the political center of the Uyghur States until the
14th century. Idiqut is located about 10 kilometers (6 miles) west of
Turpan.
6. " ;d...ll>...__:. cr->~u J,C)-:!" literally means "Yarghol Old City." It's located
not far Turpan, and was also one of the biggest Uyghur cities throughout
the Fourteenth century.
7. The phrase '\)"".>...>;~.0 u--S.0" contains the word "u--S.0" (image)
and a causative form of the verb "~<43.0" (to fire). The resulting phrase
means ''to reflect" or, more figuratively, ''to represent."
Variants of words that do not include certain vowels- '\.r-S'.0" instead of
"u--S.0", for instance- are seen regularily. As such, readers will need to
be flexible when it comes to spelling.

13

Selection 7

8. The Bezeklik Buddhist Caves are found in the cliffs of the Valley of
the Flaming Mountains, 50km (31 miles) east of Turpan. These 77 caves
contain ornately painted Buddhist murals.
9. A "Kariz" is an underground irrigation system first constructed over
2,000 years ago. To this day they are considered one of the greatest
engineering achievements of ancient times.
A series of wells and underground channels, kariz move water - usually
from glaciers at the base of the Tangri Tagh- to nearby communities.

14

"'t ~

~.

t?.:

';e

.....c-.

.f
'f,7

;_~

( 1
t

(_

......

'i .

c"~
't"

(Jll

.....

"
~
c.
l.
c.

1;

C>

\J>

[l

eC. L~

l.}
t.

f
t

tc-

.i:

....

{.t.

r "'-+[

c-

t,
~ 't ~.- 't" c-

"~

f fl

~~

r.

l~ t: 'f"'t . ~r:
c- v r~ . ~ . ~~ -:t
r [" .t t ,.. 'ei\ ' t .... .
t.
c;- f.~ b
't" y. (;;"
.... C> c '1 G. ~~
"t C> '1 .~- f:-:c-1 ~
'l C
c..
't_: t::; <t
.r!- ; t ~ tc'- : . c- v
t-

';e

. '1 " ' l

i(; .~c- ttl1. fCi ~

1 t~.E 1ei.r c-.f ~~'t-~r;.

'i
L

~.

\J) >

....

'
~

't. 'te[, r:~"\., "...... 't" c:- ~.c- b ( _ 't" 1 (

C>

G.

1. ~>

fc ,

\J).
"{. 'fl

b-

J.1

" _,.[ '!. [ ..

' ~ !;.. t t-~J< ' l~ .v : t:.'f,~- ~.. ~<

o-

[ (_ 't"':-;, "'. ' 't

\J)

f
.:t~:r[l-~: F~t J
l-t, ~~: hJ:tr:l~: ~~~

C>
\J>

c- t:.~.
1't c;l: c- 't .1 c.1 r ~

r'i
J
1 t t "f t
c
}~

(;;"

1.
"

c;;

t,

b;

i'

't .

l-l

~.

t -1

G: ~

t:c;;.c
l
't:

t... (;;"

'1e

G.t...

. ';et...

r
l ~-

!e (-c..
. "v
, !....

c;; [

lG. ~

: {.-"}.-

~} .r~. ';e.
r c c;;~: t...t ~<t
" . ~- ~ .
c;;
c- t.
.t 1\ ~ 'f ~. c- b
';e ~- . .t .t " . c-.

~" ~- -.j, . f 't\ C

l.t ~. ""t" 'e
. l c;

r: '1e C
C
". G. .t -::!- .
. - .c-

\J> (

' . . "~ ,..

c-

"

';e 'i_

..!..

e> '

'ei\

t ' '- -i

'

~(.

- v~
~
v .c~
c;;
'-!.......

~-L1;--c=.~~c-.-r~(; _'t~

c;- c;; t V

C' \.o

k," (

<

c;;_.f
v t
f"

V '4>

/'"

lt-

c;-

t-.n..F~ '4>~ c-t~ ~-~ .t~~t:r c.

c-

(f.

.r c- .c c- ~

"r';e-

.
C

lo~

V\ \J)

~- ~~

.(~.l't~

'-i

';e:

.c'-......

'

c;;,f ~ c; t
!>- ""1.:-t
n. w l!..:. . ~G, .

~:~:r.' c.11\'t
C C-. ~1- .r!- .. ~
c:- ,
~"'

f:".(

"(;"' 1.c- .~

( n. ~ ~G, . '
t:- ft "r -Fc;- ...... v L ~-.:__,
~
~c- l i:. 't , ~ c- ~ ~~ "FJ
r
~(;;"-f.
t-
't. 'f(;:" ........l>
.J'
f):" b L
"

'~

-.

"[.

'!;7

fn.

~!.... ~~.
.t ~ ..

"L

t-S.So:
<t.i ~ .
J!'t- t..."

't.-i .t

LC

~-

.c- . (\_

'-

G, ,

tt...

"~

~-

t.

~
Q)

~.

ii
n

,..,

Selection 8
<>-> 7 o~L... ~...S ...;>J5-12 ~~-11 !~l;
od..>

J-.3

Od....o<L..... .>d...,..od..Jl>;..

...;>J5-10 ~~-12 ~-2003

Vocabulary
o~~ n. poetry, verse
...;WL... Ll"L...~ v. to found
...;W;c~ v. to birth
r:--' l;r n. ceremony
~~_,...Jl>. v. commemorate
~ I.~~ .,~L:,r n. party, soiree
...;l..W ..-!5d_j v. to invite
..::>~->~ acij. creative, inventive
~u;_,s3~ v. to hold
~rn. discussion
..;I c.- I ;. , ! v. to dedicate
...;Ul>. v. to want
~n. person
...;l..W ~Lo ~-> v. perform
o~u n. advice
...;l..W .......,~d_j i<>->o v. to come
with honor
...;W~ ~;l; v. to welcome
f..~ J~ n. place's name (probably)
- 1 ~
1.:.... '
Y USUpJan
. El.1
<.S'";-' 0 vr'J! n.
(person's name)
L.J<L.....J..J~> Jj:>f> n. Obul Hasan
(person's name)

i'YL... n. greetings, salutations

od..> n. letter, note
a...!.r->.U acij. dear
..;I c.- ;. , v. to miss, to long for
.yl)i..~ acij. interesting
9l.>.l0j:> n. wheat
...;L,...,r,-3 v. to plant
...;!....;;;;; v. to dry out
...;~~ v. to spread, to lay out
...;!....;;;;; ~ (comp v) to lay out
to dry
...;~l; v. to bale, to bundle
~~~ v. to bale
...;Lo;f> v. to thresh
~u;y..>J; v. to prepare for, to
make ready for
J--. '; n. season
n. autumn, fall
j~ n. summer
J...;d_j n. vacation
j.)......b~ n. tomato
l} n. paper
;t.:t; n. bundle, package

;J5

16

Selection 8
~,.._, u<L.o~ n. Emet Sopi person's

..;L..;_;;.l~ v. to sit down, to settle

...::..,.._, n. court
..;WJ:' .~tl;~ v. to witness
...::..-..>
n. promissory letter
(": ..; n. ties, connection
ilJ;;_;5 n. bridge
..;WJ:' <.S); v. to agree

name)
c.;;<} n. shift

J-3

._;WI~ v. to buy

..;.w adj. in cash

.JJ.u<L.o

n. resident district

<I6";~ n. resident

17

Selection 9

Vocabulary
._;, ..)~4.3 )~

..)~ n. bureau, office

u------'.G.J.3j.o n. expert, specialist
,~'l/j.o n. opinion
L.>.Q,->-:!d...b)<i.,> )~ v. (no earthquakes)
were said to have happened (inf

n. earthquake

0..>...>)~4.3 )~

v. quaked, experienced
a quake (inf ~"'-<>->)~4.3 )~)
..::.>~)L~ n. district
~bn. county
~,LS' n. kilometer
0 ~~ ~)~4.3 v. were shaken (inf

~d...b)d.,> j~)
...:,.u:l~ v. died ( inf ~41~)
...:,l.:}i~ ';"');;J..S v. caused by,

~~..;~4.3)

~\..,._;~ adv. any, some

. I. t.,_ vn.~I n. woun d'mgs,

brought about by (inf

';"');;J..S

~L.}i'"':')
~~~ n. event, incident

~)

instances of injury
Notes

1. While the use of decimal amounts is a regular occurrence, they are read
aloud according to a scheme not immediately clear in the written rendering
itself.
The whole number is read first and then the second as a ratio of the given
number over the whole decimal amount most logical to it.

18

Selection 9

In this case, "7.8" would be read as 'J-SSd...-. .:.r.>:>,Y 0~~

d..:;.j4." or "seven
whole and eight out often" with ten being the most logical, whole base-ten
decimal place.

Had the number been "7.80" instead, the Uyghur would read

"0~~ d..:;.j4.

0~d...-. .:.r.:.;~" or "seven whole and eighty out of one hundred."

2. Uyghur has no specialized term for the word "epicenter" so the idea is
instead conveyed by the phrase '\s;..-S;d....o if<>;;.u ;4." or "earthquake
center."
3. The verb '\s.JJ? ~;;.w...,, comes from "~.._;..;;.w...,, (to shake, to
tremble).
4. "~)~ if<>;;.u ;4." is the specialized name given to China's
Earthquake Research Unit and is perhaps equivalent to the US Geological
Survey.
5. "J~" is a measure word that is used to help enumerate the magnitude
of earthquakes. It can also describe the strength of wind. It's closest
English equivalent is "force," as would be used in a phrase like "a force
eight gale".

19

Selection t 0

Vocabulary
~l5n. time

,).J_;;~ ~_;... v. was fixed to,

.._r..o;;:; n. Urumqi (capital,

was pegged to (inf.

-.;W_;;~ ~_;...)
~r}g, ~ adv. until now, to

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous

Region)
w~ adv. a bit, some
..::...ui...:. n. attention, care
~ ..::...ui...:. v. if attention is not
paid ( inf. -.; l.J_._; ..::.. .ui...:.)
-.;.Jbl> n. mistake, error
~r.-! j}! vn. incident, instance
;.J;J--y-6 n. conversation,
speaking
ur5d.A adj. existing, present

this day
~... .:.)""'"";' n. unity, unanimity

~.t.-..S"J! adj. high, lofty

J- )l9L. vn. preserving,

preservation
0~~ v. not thinking about,
(they) do not consider (inf
-.;W~)
1.;.J..~.)5~ n. trouble, difficulty
.....;\..,~ n. justification, reasoning

20

Selection 10
._..1,!
I ~ "--'l..l,L,. V. JUSU
'fy'mg,
or--'

excusing (inf. 13t....L..; .GlA.\.,>)

~t....L..; 13)~ v. do not
distinguish, don't tell apart (inf

0Y v. the sun rises (inf

-~

. !<)

0/

;,>. . . 34 0Y v. the sun sets (inf 0Y

13!...:;4)

~d....o),~ill)~)

~} n. distance, interval
J1~~ n. situation, event

~lfr n. geography (as a study)

0~.J.;.. .:.e; v. are used to, are

accustomed to (inf ~4-).J.; ...:.e;)

~ n. knowledge

\;,_; adj. true, correct, right

o~~l; n. principle, concept
..:;lSl.. n. hometown, native land
i.JL......L...; ud....o)~ v. if you respect,
should you honor (inf wd....o)~
13l....L..3)
..:;L..~ adj. bad
&~ n. province
~~1) ~1; n. time zone

.. ~.G adv. as a result,

consequently
~b adv. often, always
~\.......=.~ n. misunderstanding,
miscommunication
;~ ~ v. happen, occur,
come out of (inf 13~ ~)
J-.~ adv. originally, at first
adj. kind, type

J.->

Notes

1. "Beijing Time" is the standard time index for the entire People's
Republic of China. In spite of the tremendous geographic disparity
between east and west, even people in western Tibet and Xinjiang are
subject to it.
2. "Xinjiang Time" is set two hours behind Beijing Time. Most Uyghurs
in the Autonomous Region use Xinjiang Time, which is also called
"Urumqi Time", despite the official endorsement of the other system. The
resident Han Chinese, however, primarily use Beijing Time.
3. The noun "13)~, means "difference" or "disparity." As such, simple
constructs like "13W~ 13)~, (to be different) and "13l....L..3 13)~, (to
differentiate) are easily formed. The form seen here, negated and fitted
with a locative suffix means "by not differentiating."
However, the 13l....L..3/13W~ forms described just now need to be clearly
differentiated from the base level and causative forms ~"-'ill)~ and
~d....o)J~ill)~ While ~4-Jill)~ is close enough in meaning to 13WJ:' 13)~,
~d....o;J~ill)~ is actually a bit closer in meaning to "separating out" or
"causing to be different from".

";,>......3lj. -

I ~ y;)~ >L)e;" is made up of

"13l...)~)L)e;, and"~" which mean ''to confuse, to mix up" and

4. The compound verb

''to utilize, to implement" respectively. When they occur together as seen

21

Selection 10

here, they intermingle their meanings to create the phrase "to use
incorrectly, to use ineffectively."
5. The phrase "1..0~ 0-'~ ~lfr" contains a form of the verb
"._;~" which means "to speak" or "to say." The ablative suffix

suggests speaking from a certain point of view, resulting in the complete

meaning "speaking from a standpoint of geographic knowledge."
6. While the "L-" suffix on"._;~" quite often indicates a conditional
syntax, it can just as easily set up a conjunctive structure, lending an "and
then" feel to the verb to which it is attached, along with any that follow.
7. The verb "._;~~" means simply "to live." The verb that is
compounded to it, "~~;5" means ''to be used to" or ''to be accustomed
to." Together, seen here as ''..s~-J.;<!L_;5 ':;'L:.~ ", they mean ''to be used to
living."

22

Selection 11

Vocabulary
~\...,~ adj. suspected, presumed
.:)-U.;d...:! v. reached, hit (inf. ~43d...:!)

~.s_..., n.

health, wellness
department, office
0~e; v. called, opened (inf.

oo);l.; n.

t5~ n. inside, inner portion

.&~ n. province
;".:.or-? adv. comparatively,
relatively
I.S: - ;~ n. statistics
.....:;.j"5f adv. now, currently
0-U.;~ v. crossed into, moved up
to (inf. ~43~)
o.u..J..oo~...o n. nation, country
0 ( I ..t. ~ v. comprise, represent

04e;)
d}~.>e; n. press, news
~n.

meeting

)->~~ n.

AIDS, HIV

LJ"jr5 n. virus, infection

;~y_;)L.j:

n. infected people,
afflicted persons (sing.

..r.-;;u)L.j:)
0;;~ n. place, level

(inf.

0.U.....:._r. v. fell, has fallen (inf

~~Y.)
0l..J~l_, v. was detected, was
discovered (inf 0~\.,>)

~ ..-9- I ( ~)

C:,.s_...,~

num. percent (i.e, as a

ratio of one hundred)

23

Selection I I

Notes
1. "~ ~ 0~ d).~->~" is a term specific to journalism.
Translated literally, it means a "news announcement meeting," but an
acceptable English equivalent would be "press conference."
However, the creation of equivalent terms in Uyghur for standard English
words and phrases has created a large number of variants for each. As such,
students should not expect for this one rendering to be the one they will
always see.

2. The suffixes "~" and ''....~-~-", seen here in "~:}", form

ordinal numerals from cardinal numbers, much like the English suffixes "st," "-nd," and "-th."
3. The number of people in the Uyghur region infected with lllV is
increasing every day. According to official numbers from November of
2004, there were 9,347 registered cases, but many experts fear the actual
numbers are much, much higher. The Uyghur Region in particular is being
affected because of an increasing illegal drug problem.
4. Numerals decline according to their grammatical usage just like other
words. When the numbers are spelled out, these endings appear seamless,
but when numerals are used instead, the endings are still added to ease the
reading process.
5. '\s-!.S~~" is the short name of the Guanxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region. The Zhuang nationality is an ethnic minority that has the most
members of any officially recognized minority group in China.

24

Selection 12

Vocabulary

~" vn. learning, studying

.r--"~ n. century

...?~>;;5 ~~ ~ol..:' v. they really

liked, enjoyed (inf ~~
~d....o)'Y>
~~>;~ adv. in Arabic, in an

~/)~~adj. literary
~~

adj. religious, spiritual

~o~..:>~ n. medicine (as a
study)
0~ n. science (in general)
0lc;~ v. wrote (inf ...;L.;~)
~{>!y. adv. today, nowadays
~,;;~-LS~ adj. Indo-European
if _;;b n. sound
;~.Jd...J n. pronunciation

Arabic manner
~;~ adv. in Persian, in a
Persian manner
U";; n. (the) Russian (language)
~ n. (the) English (language)
0&" adj. past, previous

25

Selection 12
~ 9\.;\c~ n. the Chaghatay

';"~d....o prep.

belonging to,
governed by
._:_,l.... ~ adj. easy, simple
0;~ adj. many, numerous
~l...:...>~ n. similarity, common
trait
r--' .u n. influence, impact
r--' ~ n. century
~ adj. last, recent

language
0~ J~,; v. accepted,
received (inf ~l...;.....W J~,;)
~)~ v. lessening, decreasing
(inf. ~~~;~)
;;~

n. (Han) Chinese

~W~ v. traded (places with),

exchanged (inf ~L..-!.W~)

Notes
1. The word "~;4" may also be found spelled "~;4". The
exclusion of such fill vowels or the inclusion of extras is common in
vocabulary borrowed from other languages.

2. This adverbial connotes a meaning of "from day to day" or "on a daily

basis."
3. The word "0:Y.:Y" has several different meanings in Uyghur, including
"for," "on account of," and others, and must therefore be interpreted in
context.
The first instance in this reading occurs in the phrase "0:Y.:Y };~:Y" and
means "for Uyghurs." The second appears in this fairly lengthy phrase:

It can be translated as "on account of the numerous similarities in

pronunciation between Uyghur and the Indo-European languages."
4. Here, the suffix "~\;'' is added to the adjective "0L~" indicating a
comparative structure and, in this case, is equivalent to the English suffixes
"ier" or "er."
5. Proper use of the postposition "';"~d....o" requires the use of the dative
case to indicate what object the subject of the phrase is being attributed to.
6. Students should note the presence of the pluralizing suffix
appearing here with an ablative affix.

26

";.J/}-",

Selection 12

Plurals are sometimes required in Uygbur where they are not in English,
and vice-versa. In this case, saying "end of the nineteenth century" actually
glosses as" ends of the nineteenth century".
7. The infix "J~" seen here is a derivative of the verb '\jW~" and acts as
a modal particle indicating that Uyghurs "are able to pronounce" the
sounds of Indo-European languages.

8. In Uyghur, the phrase ''the sixties", appearing here with a dative

ending, is expressed by the use of sixty as an ordinal numeral. Thus, "601
)l.Loo,., is read as " )IL <..S;
- ...;~ " " <..S'-'"-:!
- ...;~" ' on the other
<..S;
hand, means (nineteen) sixty.
00

00

27

Selection 13

Vocabulary
~l9n.jade

..:;li;;~l:! c.b\.9 v. they developed,

J-li n. stone, rock

made blossom (inf c.b\.9

~b adj. famous, of renown

,)5 n. mine, excavation site
c:'Y~6..b n. product, good
-~ v. reco gruze
"d,
0 loLl
';' )-'-'-;--'

..;L..);~l:!)

~ adj. valuable, precious

~,Jf.-,>}~ n. archeology
~~4 vn. taking advantage of,
benefiting from
.!!..; n. color, hue
)~"';adj. colorful
c.~;-. n. quality
;<U>~ n.jewel
;!; n. kind, type
..:;~}>prep. on account of,
because of
..;~ adj. white
.Yr.--' adj. yellow
~;5 adj. blue
l;\.9 adj. dark
~J$";5 adj. light blue
J-...l)j-3~ adj. valued, thought
precious

acknowledged as
;~~ v. considered, deemed
(inf. ..;l...;~~)
;~6..b

adj. well-known,
prestigious, renown
~~ n. silk
JJ! n. road, path
.:..r - 1~ l..Q.W)! n. appearance,
emergence
)l.;j;j? adv. even before, just before
l}~Al.G. adj. international,
worldwide
b,_. n. trade, business

28

Selection 14
Notes

1. "JG_;;j,>" is simply the adverb "..:;_;;j,>'' with the additional suffix "':/". "':/"
works to accentuate the meaning of the word to which is it attached,
making the end result here "even before". In other instances, it could just
as well mean "immediately before".
2. '\s;;o~ ;)l.ll;~ J-L; is the Uyghur equivalent of the archaeological term
"Stone Age". Translated literally, it means "the Stone Tool Era".

29

Selection 14

Vocabulary
~"-"'~ adj. regarding,
pertaining to
\.;;:_;..;; adj. strong, sturdy
;.G~ n. craftsmanship,
workmanship
..::.o~J,_., n. art, craft
..::.o~d,_.,o-;.G~ n. craftsmanship
,sl I
:.G n. beauty, elegance
LJ""'.).).u;..., adj. holy, sanctified,
sacred
;..l.;!.J.r.).U v. value, revere (inf

,)....,1; n. time, age

._;1;~ adj. long, lengthy
,);Jji v. born, birthed (inf

...;Wji)

w -

<- . n. newbom,
.._,+'J? L.> ~:7' ~
infant
..:_,J=:J> conj. for, for the benefit of
Lr+->u adv. specially,
specifically
..:_,WL... ~ v. built, made (inf.
...;l-...~)

..!1~.r.).U)

dj>}5 n. bed
~.).U

0- - . I , v. placing, laying,
putting (inf ...;WL...)
9~ n. feast, celebration
f""""'"'1;~ n. ceremony, proceeding

adj. ancient, extremely

old

w;;;.; n. structure
..::.."-"'~

n. aspect, side

30

Selection 14
0-'.,:,li...!,~ v. ftlled, made full (inf.

;~ )'r--' v. they paint, shellac (inf.

0~~)
o .. .:.~ n. custom, tradition
)14 n. child
._;;~~ n. item, thing
.;..;;~ mw. set, collection (e.g. of
books, of clothes)
L..~ n. master, expert
~y n. handle, hilt
dj->)5 n. bed
E.o;~ n. edge, lip

._;Ur---)
~.u.l; adj. comfortable, pleasant
~)',; adj. useful, helpful

.j-J);4 adj. valuable, worth the

investment
v. while shaking, as they
rock (inf. E.......;..;;o0)
l..!....;..\j 9.JJ~ n. lullaby
0L..;~-j);~ n. hope, wish
i4-1~-u;.o.:> n. hardship, adversity
~;;.0

Notes

1. When referred to in English, the term "E,_:.;l' is probably best left

untranslated because the nearest English equivalent, "cradle," is not
complete enough a term to describe this culturally significant item. Boshuk
has been preserved in the translation provided.
2. ";~G. ~;"'..,, is a collective term that refers to all the Turkic peoples.
In all, there- are more than 30 different groups, including the Uzbeks, the
Kazakhs, the Tatars, and the Uyghurs. They live throughout Eurasia, in
Russian Siberia, in the Volga and Ural river basins, in the Caucasus, and
throughout Afghanistan, Mongolia, and elsewhere.
3. " L>-.).;\j" is simply the word "l}.;\j" with a locative suffix. It means
"ranks" or "lists." It is difficult to produce an equivalent English phrase
that includes all the components of the sentence, but essentially means that
boshuk are seen as valuable and, as such, are held in the list of things
deemed sacred.
4. "9~" is a general term which simply means "feast'' or "celebration." It
can refer to a wedding, a circumcision, a cradle party, or any number of
special events.
5. The phrase "~ 0-'.>:.li...!.~ 0Y ~-Y.r-9 y_;J_.y )14" should be
translated as "forty days after the birth of the child." While the syntax of
the Uyghur is different from that of the equivalent English, all component
parts are present: "yjl_.y )14 (with a child's birth) and "0Y ~-Y.r-9
~ 0-'.,:,li...!._,....,, (after forty days have filled).

31

Selection 14

6. Phrases like "~5? l.S_r-3;:" which join two words together in one
compound are quite common in Uyghur. These couplets can be made up
of either antonymous or synonymous words and can be made from
adjectives, nouns, and even adverbs. They also appear both with and
without hyphens between them.

32

Selection 15

Vocabulary

);.o v.
complicating, making complex
(inf ~J..A)~~.OS..)r)
J-.y.3 adj. red
~)"..:. n. river
~ .. ,~ n. edge, lip
tl;J~ ~ n. the tropics
...;;1.9;);; lf_r. n. mainland,
continent
l)J'~
-l
- n. t emperature
._;li:)j9 adj. dry, arid
ol.-L.5 n. climate
;J......i~ v. lies (inf ._;\...;~)
..:_,.6)~~.os..

...;jb;j~ ~)~ n. east longitude

a..J.S..S :.,J~..,...._.!. n. north latitude

<.Sjj! A~n. sea level

- 1-\.;_...~n. oasts
.
J.. Jli;f )"-:! n. topography
l.f'"--! adj. lower
~ n. flow, movement (e.g. of a
river)
)~ n. cliff, precipice
~ J-.--.L!. v. forming, creating
(inf ._;w..-; J-.--.L!.)
J5~ )"-:! n. geography
~

33

Selection 15
Notes

1. While western conventions for using latitude and longitude

traditionally involve giving the coordinates for latitude first and longitude
second, the opposite tends to be the case in Uyghur. The same is true of
the cardinal directions and any combination of them, with the term "east
north" being preferable to "north east" and so on.
2. The complex verbal phrase ";.4.3~ ~ ';"1).3 .W;~ ~;d.i."
contains three verbs, the last of which comments on the combined meaning
of the first two.
"~d.....J~", as has already been discussed, conveys a meaning of"crossing".
The other two verbs maintain their original meanings, describing a flow
that looks and passes from west to east.

3. The verb '\jl..Jl,t typically means "to lie, to lay." However, in this case,
the creation of as natural an English rendering as possible necessitates
changing the verb to "falls."

34

Selection 16

Vocabulary
~4.3 adj.

~o~...o n. source
0~ v. was found (inf. J~)
~ vn. opening (inf 04~)
0~l) n. region, area
~~;5 vn. increasing,
causing to increase (inf

natural
if~l; n. reserves, stores
.:.)~ num. billion
~;5 n. cubic meter
0..0~ v. was made clear (inf
0\.o.;~)

~~~y)
0Lo..J:,~ v. is planning, is making
ready to (inf 0~~)
0~ J.l......;~ con). thus, so

)..;....:.. n. news, (recent)

information
l..0\..u)l..,l......~ prep. according to, as
per
0~} num. trillion
).U....... n. amount, quantity
0;t;;);; n. land, continent
0;t;;);; il_r. n. mainland (e.g. of
China proper, as opposed to
Taiwan)
0.Q.,~ ~4.3 v. apparently
comprising, said to make up
(inf 0~ ~4.3)
,sJ .I _ 3,Jw adj. geological,
pertaining to geology
if ;)~4.3 n. investigation, study

~)~ adj.

eastern
adj. western
o.J~\.5 n. pledge, guarantee
~);..0....t.J~I.S' v. guaranteeing,
pledging (inf ~o~...o);..0....t.J~I.S')
name
.;)_;.; n. pipe, tube
~)d..i.

cl>n.

~n.line
.&~ n. province
~ ~~ adv. directly
0l.,;._,~~-"' v. obedient to (inf
0\.o.;~J;')

35

Selection 16

;.>...>;~t;_;; v. connecting, joining

.if.. ...,-L.),..,._.
'- t;'-)
,.,
(In

~jt;;~ n. length
;~~ v. longer than (i.e. to be

more than a certain length) (inf

~~~)

Notes

1. The suffixes '\:_,~-" and "0~~-" indicate that the information in the
related phrase came to the speaker from another source. It is somewhat
akin to "they say" or "I've heard." It might also, depending on context, be
translated as "apparently."
2. While English speakers would typically read this phrase as "Kela
Number 2," this and other similar Uyghur constructions call for using the
ordinal number system instead. As such, when including the accusative
marker"~-", this phrase reads "<..S"". -:- S:S: ~ ~".
3. The word "f.S:Y." is used to refer to the People's Republic of China in
all official publications in Xinjiang as per a government mandate banning
the use of '\sl..::.....>". The state deems it to be pejorative in nature. The
alternative comes from the equivalent Chinese-language term zhongguo

(9=t 00).
In spite of the ban, '\?\..::.....>." is the term preferred by Uyghurs and the
speakers of other Turkic languages. This term comes from an older word
for the Mongol tribe of north-eastern China that established the Liao
Dynasty.
4. When the suffix"~-" is used in conjunction with the verb "~WJ:>",
the resulting verbal compound, seen here as '\:_,~~,. ~jJ.j.J.;.J4t5"",
indicates that an action is possible or a certain result attainable.
5. The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonmous Region is but one of several
Autonomous Regions in the People's Republic of China. Others include
the Tibetan Autonomous Region and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region.
6. The use of ";.!.5;.......," refers to the "central" government of the People's
Republic of China.
7. "~43~ ~" is a compound verb made up of the verbs "~lc,.......l,>"
and "~43~". In this case, "~43~" functions to indicate that the verbal
action moves in a crossing motion. In this case, the actions crosses the
expanse of China.

36

Selection 17

Vocabulary
0~n. guest

';'.J.r'~u v. they respect, give value

too (inf ~.__j.r~u)

0;t.;:..-._,.;.;~ n. hospitality,

0Lo\.; n. food
0\.;~ n. living room
f._'1J>-o~ n. horses, animals
0lok adv. always, once
9~ n. (traditional) tea
9~ ~~;.-. n. milk tea
0l; n. bread
0l; ~ n. flat bread
0l; Wl; n. puffed bread
..:;..ju n. cubed sugar
d;t; n. rock candy
J~ adj. fresh, moist
.oJ.:-.o J~ n. fresh fruits
..::.>d........)j; n. chance, opportunity
~->-:?4 v. using, taking
advantage of(inf 0~>L->-:?4)

cordiality
0\..R:;lW I ol;b v. ongoing,
continuous (inf.
I ol;b
~~..S)
.::...>~

n. happiness
0\.;.;l; )~ adv. any
~1).-.:. n. circwnstances
~~~prep. under, beneath
~.J--9 adv. fervently,
enthusiastically
;.w~ ~ )l; v. they receive, greet

(inf. 0W~ ~)t;)

0\..;.L~~ v. invited, summoned

(inf. 0l.L~~)
~~~L..\.; adv. unexpectedly, by

chance
f')~d..9 prep.

regardless,
independently, no matter

37

Selection 17

Notes

I. Here, the word "~" appears as a simple adjective and not in its
superlative form "~..~". Nevertheless, standard English usage
demands it be translated as "finest."
2. '\jf>;" is an Islamic term that refers to the daily sustenance provided to
each person by God - one's "daily bread." This rizq can be shared by
friends, family members, guests, and even strangers.
3. The verbal phrase '\jW~ ~}.9" means ''to welcome" or ''to greet."
However, the subject of the sentence here is '\)~...o". The verbal
structure of'\.jW~ ~}.9", however, is active and not passive. Because of
this, it seems clear that the sentence is lacking a "he." In spite of this, the
meaning of the sentence is not adversely affected.
4. ")~"and '\jJ:!" are likely among the first words a student ofUyghur will
encounter. In spite of this, their meanings can be quite complex and are
heavily context-dependent. In this case, they refer to that which is ready
for use and that which is not.
5. The word ",. ).<L_r-3~" is a passive form of the verb "~L.y-3~". The
main meaning of this verb is ''to be summoned" or ''to be called for," but,
in this case, it means something more akin to "invite."
6. '\.);.-.-" is an affix typically found in phrases that include the words
"~;~"(although) and '\.~<~...o" (whether). It is required to build the proper
syntactic structure for the use of such coordinating words.
7. Many compound verbs are constructed in such a way that the second
comments on a particular aspect of how the first is carried out. This
"commenting" can include information on duration, modality, intention,
and direction.
However, in this case, the compound verb ";.43!_P ..,.J_,.,~d-.9" describes a
sequence of events in which both verbs maintain their meanings
concurrently - "greet with respect" or "greet with deference."
8. The sentence "~:Y!P ...:;....L_, ;)1.9\;~ ~L.t; ~~ ~ ll~"
contains the verb "~.,__;J5" which means ''to welcome" or to see "to the
needs of," but neither sense is entirely in this case. This sentence is best
translated as ''the guest is treated to the best of everything".

38

Selection 17

9. "t_'i:j>-V'G " is a general, collective term for horses and all other beasts of
burden or pack animals. Such "compound nouns" are quite common.
10. ' ._:;!.> ~" is one of the many different kinds of Uyghur bread. This
particular variety is flat and is often decorated with a pointed tool called a
"&~". Other kinds of bread include'\.)!.> Ut.;" which is puffed.
11 . "1;!~" is a food typically eaten at breakfast and is made from oil, sugar,
and flour.

39

Selection I 8

Vocabulary
~ v. preparing, making (inf

-.;Lot; n. meal, allotment of food

~<Lo.i.0)

-.;15 mw. time, instance

~~~~ v. food and drink

;.....,~

~1)...:. n. circumstance, situation

;.>-.J, 04->/'"-! v. enjoy, get some

; ' 1 ~"-! v. determines (inf.

(inf -.;W, 04->/'"-!)

-=....;4..3 n. ritual washing, ablutions
~ -=....;4..3 v. (ritual) cleansing,
washing (inf -.;W~ w<>;d..3)

~~"-!)

~;;_r vn. consumption,

eating

40

n. morning

Selection 18
j~t. n. (Muslim) prayer

~_;....:.~

;~;;~ j~G v. (they) pray, read

additional
a.J.S"4-;-:! n. food
..;;J;; adj. dry
(!Jj!yn. grape(s)
(!J.>f ..;;J;; n. raisin
._;I..St-:!n. walnut
~n. nut, kernel
L...l
'
.
. lly
.. J'Y'n.
Jam,
Je
..;~~adj. soft
..:_,t. <!:\.9,:; n. small bread
J-f.adv. very
aqj. with meat, containing
~JL:.~meat
adv. when possible, if possible

(their) prayers (inf ..;~;;~ j~t.)

I ;. ! v. gather, (they) collect

(i.e. into a group inf ..;~)

~ . . . . . J..>Jk v. encircling,

surrounding ( inf ';'" .>..>J_r.)

n. china bowl
~ il~ n. (larger) china bowl
';' ~ v. soak, soaking (inf.
~

..;~)
~d..AJ:P.9 v. to dip into, to put into

;~

';'iJJ:P.9 v.

(they) dip

J"":..U ~;.o

(something) and then drink (inf.

adj. unalike, dissimilar

~~
~e -)
......
:JYr'J'

..:_,~l..:..;..~

._;\.9):; adj. spread out, sparse

9~

~ n. field

yogurt
food

n.
<f-!t--' J. ~ n.
_;J~ n. pilaf

n.

vegetable

~~adj. containing vegetable

~;J~ n. fried, cooked
Jl. - ~ n. use, consumption
;~~ Jl. - ~ v. (many)

~n.

J.~

adj. supplemental,

broth, soup

cannot eat, are unable to eat

(inf.

L..>~ n. manta

Notes
1. "o..J~" is a word that has no immediate English equivalent on a
semantic level. Its presence in this case indicates that a list of some sort
has just been provided. In other instances, it can work to reduce or
minimize the affect or significance of the phrase that it follows.

2. The compound verb ";' : I (I~ ';'~\.9" is made by joining "._;l.,..,J\.9"

and "~~~" . "._;l.,..,J\.9" typically means "to see" or "to look at."
However, it can also mean "to look to" or ''to depend on." It is the latter of
these senses that applies here and together with "~~~,, works to
create the meaning "depends on and is determined by."
3. Here, the "J;:;-" affix has been attached to the verbal noun '\Y..-~" to
make the predicate phrase "J;- ~ =: ~"

41

Selection 18

It should also be mentioned that certain types foods that are "eaten" in
English are "drunk" by Uyghur speakers. These include soups, broths, and
other liquids.
4. '\.;Lo_;;~ ;Lot:. ~ o";.u..,, means "ritual washing and prayer."
According to rules governing the performance of the Salat, Muslims are
required to perform a cleansing before praying.
5. '\.;Lo;;.-J~ ";"';;;; l;~" contains the verb '\jl..o;;.-1~" which means ''to
sit." However, when used as the second half of a compound verb as seen
here, it often indicates a progression of action with the original semantic
meaning being lost.
That is not the case here, however, as it truly does serve to indicate that
someone is seated. The compound is used to describe "Indian-style" sitting,
with one's legs crossed.
6. '\:;.........s-.J> is traditional, long noodle. The word itself has a number of
different pronunciations depending on the dialect of Uyghur being spoken.
Variants include "L>.t..oi:.J" and "L>~.J". They are among the most
popular and most well-known Uyghur foods.

42

Selection 19

Selection 19

Vocabulary
..:_;l.i.J~ n. the palm of the hand
...;Lo;~ n. finger
...;t..~ n. nail
t:;J:? n. thighs

0"~'-!

n. body, physical structure

~bacij. exterior, outer
o~~ n. appearance, look
..:_;d.....wL~ adv. basically
if~ n. head
..:..;j.!J! n. neck
-.~;~ n. body, torso
n. hand, arm
u~ n. foot, leg

n. lap

.._;~\j4 n. leg
...;;.....:.~ n. calf

J,;

..:..;41:; n. ankle
...;Lo;~ n. finger
...;;;~-<..?4 n. face, countenance
...;)L......j.! acij. round, circular
<..?J! n. stature, size, body
~;. n. color, looks
...;~,_... acij. oval-shaped
.
;:::b. n. harr
;J$" 9,; acij. lamb-colored eye
JljL n. beard
o;;j.! n. mustache
...;j.!,; acij. thick, lush
~d..! acij. giant, big
...;~~ adj. white-skinned,

~n.part
;~;J~ v. is separated (inf.
~.._;;J~)

~ n. brain
..:..;li-.!. ~~ acij. located, placed
.yj;~ (pron) all, every
I;~ n. member, component
o.u._r.> n. work, function
...;L;,; n. stomach
...;_;1.-.!.J! n. area, cavity
n. eye
...;'Y;s n. ear
..:..;;;j.! n. nose
~n. mouth
.y.J;t:;\j adv. such us, like, similar
;~ acij. exists, is present, is had
~n. teeth
J...; n. tongue
~ ..;j.! n. heart
U;;. n. lung
..:_;l;li-.!.~ n. belly, tummy
<..?~:Y n. innards, guts, intestines
; ~. n. l.1ver
~ ..;~ n. kidney
Jl:; n. spleen
n. hand
~~n. arm
~~~n. elbow
~n. wrist

jy

pale-skinned
~ acij. thin, delicate
o~~ n. appearance, looks
.y.)}..!-3\j adj. having a high nosebridge
~d...S';-. n. bone
< ?v
\.,
kull
~,...... ._,.... . n. s
J;s:-.._?-0 n. muscle, sirlew
~ adj. tight, firm
~k;\j ;;5 n. pupil
;;fo;. acij. sharp, fierce
~ ~ adj. curved, bent
if \j n. eyebrow
J~-Jd.....w n. (a) little bit, (a) small
amount
~;L:-~ adj. meaty, with meat

"< -:

J,;

44

Selection 19
~;....:.~ n. hole (e.g. as is found in a

,:_}.....~;;J,~adj. like a wave,

rippling
-...;~ n. forehead
[_...)\.....adj. yellowish, yellowed
a...L~;~ adj. heavy-bodied, large
0~~ adj. flat, smooth
~ adj. thick, stout
;ts';ts' n. (the) Caucasus

bucket)
~;-...;J;,S.adj. visible, marked,

obvious

;;5 ~ n. green eyes

041..9 n. eyebrow
lNI.....!. adj. scarce
n. race, ethnicity

0r;

Notes
1. Uyghur has simple words like"~~, and "J,;", which mean arm and
hand respectively, and others like "0~1..94" and "0~f", which refer to
different parts of the leg.

However, it needs to be mentioned that the terms "J,;" and "o~" can
both be conceptually expanded to mean the entire "arm" or the "leg" in
general.
2. Particular attention needs to be given to the word "0\..o}/' (finger) so
that it is clearly differentiated from the verb of motion ''._;.-')"";! 0\..o}l' (to
go) with which it is homographic.
While the pure infinitive form is rarely seen outside of dictionaries, it is
still important to understand that not every word ending with the "0\..o-"
and "~J...o-" suffixes are verbs.
3. While the suffix "01;-'' is typically used to mark the superlative degree
of adjectives, it can in some cases, as seen here, also act as a quantifier.
The author of this article is not trying to say that Kashgar Uyghurs have
the roundest heads, but rather that their heads are "quite round." Other
examples of the same phenomenon can be seen in "01;~~, and
" 0~-1 I ""
4. The verb "~~.t..5", as used here, demonstrates that, much as in English,
verbs of motion can be used conceptually. This sentenced can be translated
as "Aksu Uyghurs come light-skinned, but their complexion is ever-soslightly wheat-colored."
5. The division between the "European Race" and the "Mongoloid Race"
is a distinction typical of Soviet scholars and of people educated in the
Soviet educational system.

45

Selection 20

Vocabulary

..:,li...!.~~ v. positioned, located

(inf 0Lo....!.~~)

..:,j;:Jtj n. gold
';-'1)~ v. surrounded by, encircled
by (inf. 0~)~)

';-'';~ n. vicinity, surrounding area

46

Selection 20
~~ n. plateau, raised area

,).,;.!;;,_... v.

0U3....S if b;; v. connected, joined

(inf ~l_.!.b;;)
94 n. arc, half circle
1 n. sand
0\.>J~ n. dune, pile, hill
0lJ~ n. storm, strong wind
~5:! v. move, causing to shift
. if.. ~~U3v~)
(m
0l.;u~\.:; v. to be abandoned, to be
cast off (inf ~W~b)
0~JC.;J> adj. changed, altered
..r'}6....o n. scenery, landscape
d....L.r}6....o adj. scenic, eyecatching
J\j n. snow
;j-o n. ice, frost

extending, stretching

(inf ~W;;,_...)

i.JY n. area, scale

~,L-5 dJ~l;S" n. square

kilometer
~_;!;;J;; n. continent, mainland

~_;!;;J;; ~ adj. inland,

internal
lf~ adj. low, lacking significant
height
..Jr, n. foothills, piedmont
\34 n. boundary, edge, distant side
~ n. rock, gravel
il....S adj. wide, having breadth
0~.w adv. about,
approximately

Notes
1. The compound verb "~l..J;; ylJ~, is made up of"~~J~" and "~l..Jj>""''.
In this case, the verb "~L..J;;" loses its normal meaning and indicates that
the verb is moving forward in a progressive fashion. An additional
example of this same phenomena can be seen in "j..uJ;; ~5:!", which
appears later in the given text.
Several important mountain ranges are mentioned in the given text.
The "E\.:; ..s~d...>""'', a large mountain range in the Uyghur region which
extends into Central Asia. It is also widely known by its Chinese name
"Tian Shan" (R
The "..H \;J;;", an extremely large mountain chain that extends from
eastern-most Afghanistan to north of the Himalayas. It is likewise widely
known by it Chinese name, the "Kunlun Shan" ( ~ 1?;-U..J).

w).

The " E\.:; 0yl~" is a large mountain range located between the eastern part
of the Uyghur region and the Chinese provinces Gansu and Qinghai.
2. The use of the first person plural possessive form of the word o.o.:.J....6....o,
- "our country" - is typical of media and officially
produced texts from the People's Republic of China. Phrases such as
~~~J" - "our region" - are also quite common.

' .T """ < 166..-o"

3. While the primary meaning of the verb "~W)l.,~" is ''to be

considered" or ''to be deemed," it is also used in many situations in which

47

Selection 20

perfectly verifiable or otherwise quantifiable facts - such as whether or

not a desert is the largest within a country - are presented.
4. The suffix ",).--"'-", seen here in the word 0~~'"', functions
exactly as the English suffix "-shaped" and is widely seen in texts of all
kinds. In this case, it creates the adjective "arc-shaped" or "curved."
5. Some scholars maintain that the name "Taklimakan" actually means
"Grape Land" because the worcl)543" "resembles the word for "grape" in
the Turpan dialect.
6. The compound verb phrase "0~ 0li-:.)GI.Sl. ';""..u;r." is made up of
"._;!_.:. )GI.Sl." (to settle) and "~o~..o->..u;r." (to surround, to block oft). The
combined result is ''to settle centered around" or ''to make a home
surrounding.

48

bJ 0

r(- &t0

~ "'

,....... .!:

~-,.:..._

-C''t"

'f.. -::J

fr

t. r

,.._

(-l1< ~

'-"E-:,. '-'
"" ... . t G,
" n. ~ f ~f

AA &1

~ 'l, J v
\o l
~
'-" ' "'

~C'"- .v
~ t.te.
,j!
'i (~!. \e-;.

rJ . 1:-.,:, 'b't
\~. 'Lt.
~~cr~
l. c- v 't\1~ r- r"'e_cc......
'f> t. p; f.~
L .c-'t ,..
c-;;
'f> - (;""
~ ,t (
~-< c-;; t 'l l
t ' t. "'[( "
-~ t
~
t
~
"" " ,. 't t. ~
" ~
'F ~
"'!D7'1 t
c- ~- c S ~ ~ - ~'t to ~~ r [s l ~ ~ c-;;
C
,. 'f.;._"',.
'-'.c. """ li\ l. ~ .c- .
,....... t ' C

-~

'f
v_

-.;J<
"" "

"

.~r.

. c:; .{. G,
.c

c-;;~

,..

"

l;

..

t.

~.

~r~

"' v 'f>lD "C C t

t1 t:~.
fe-., r~- tC
'G. - ."

'F... .
~- l .

(.~ tl}~
' t.'(\ 'l,
f: -:,. ~- , l J

"'

v ~-

i .
-'!.

ID

't

,j!t

".:_L

"'

v . (v '

c-;; .
'-'

c;:-

't

!Do

(!!_

G,

l.

ID '

II>

't ,

c;-

c-;;"' "' .

l. l.

II.

II.

r-::

r~.

. -.-

.t

" ~

'P.~

I>

c-E l

t c-;;~.
~

;:.t.<

'e .

c-;; '

,., g: t . " ;,. [ t . '" , '->So , '"

t ~. hi

- .

.t

(i!_ _t.
,.

"

.1! D

.t

'fo,

v.

1 1

e
-

. ':t
- "' . ~
':t
r r

!:

"'

r= [,.

'-" "'

C &- ~t c 't-;.'t-;.
. V
'
II>
~ 't t

- v 'P. c:;
\.p
V c-;; , j! C..

'" '-> '""' " r'! :<. rLr

~ --

b; ~-

" ~ -~ 1:_

~ I>c-;;
v [
. f).,......_

t"'"'h
r ,.

':t"'
c- . r.-.
& r,.. ~ .f
<P ~- .c-'-' ~ _ . ~ F 1. ~ t ~

-C' '-'

t t rl, '-'
.
0"1 ~

fr~1- ~c.. ~
!: ~ -

.('
'
v , [ "'LF.1

~ er:~:
c: ~ i~t:
:C t-F---t
~
~ ~- k f:

L "

~
'-'

"

.I!

c-;;

r.t ,. ~~r ~t~~c.

t "'f.te~ t -01:_~~ t t t F.J' ~ l1 "'cts~~
, .
~
1 .e
't" ~ V ~
~"'~ 1 t. r~ f~t t b~- t
f.c}: 1~ t 1~'-e~
f ' "-< 't~"-c; tt~ 1~~ t:} ' :c- 't-;.

c-

'-'>
,."" <"'t ,
~

r~-;.f~ F 1 G.f~.1. r.t1 .1.; "' J~"' -~\.t~~f~c-1t~-:- --[~ tl1tl

r Lt-l:~l\ ~-;. '. ~l t~:~ ~r ~~
't.l r
r
c.
[1
t
1
.f-G.-. r -~. - f.c. . . . ,. ~ 1."v
t . l t{" ~.l ~'t~ ~. ~-

.1!

.c.
't-~ ;. J f.C-.~. tt '.c-f.~ tt 1~ t 1l ""'~'f).~~ L"'
& ~ r: 1' c' <t: t
":
r
~
:
t--1. ~. {f. .p, ff.
~- ~ t;_. r .
.t ~ ':t
t~.v
re .c s '
. ~ .
.
1
c- 'e . L ~ ~ L
c- ~
. ~ c:-.
f ~-;. - ~1. ~: 1:~: l !-~. f.J~ [b-F]A lt t t. t : ~ t1-~ L~~c< - ~ ~ ~
~6
'fo,
~- --~ ~
V
CL_ C ~ ~. ':t t
01G. '-''t
c t. 'e.
t.~. 5-~ &t. ''fo,t [.t
t
!!--~.
't;
.
.
~
tc
"'
f
.
;
.
[
'fo~
~
1_.
v
'-'
G.
r
1}.
~:. ~~.t

~ ~ .c- .
~ .t . '- .
eF: &c
t. c &
- ~. t""~
~
e '
C_ "-t._
~ - ~ ; ~~<"- l l~ ':t~ C L
~ = 1 f' t. --~~-'t-1
~.
1
r11: 1- "'tl _; ~~ t ctf
~~
t t(r.~~
r. tl tT~< f t,,
~
i.~, t 1:"~-;.~ ~ ~ : 1. ~'
t_
f
.
'e .
t
t "' "'
~
1
';'ii
(
,

1
1

te-<t~-~

"

"'~c't ~~ ~~'1e
(. c-;;

'i ,.. ~
!::: V\"- G,

0
:I
N

n
C!'.

tD

Selection 21

Vocabulary
~&.......);5 r----43 v. to have an

~ n. name, appellation
J.. ~_,9 ~ vn. namegiving,

impact upon, to influence (inf.

);5 r---- 43)
';"- adj. pure, unsullied
)ll~ n. God, Allah
~'J'kn. angel
)6...:--'>~~ n. prophet, Messenger of
God
Jj-9 n. slave, servant
0~~U adj. obedient,
submissive
~ n. knife, dagger
o4-J1> ..) n. thanks, gratefulness
~ }>1>0 n. expression,
exhibition
~ .,__; &.......

naming
r----43 n. influence, impact
- L..
~ . n. stage, step
0~)Y.d..5 ~4 v. went through,
experienced (inf. ~4
~ .......)Y.d-.5)
o~~ n. Islam, the Islamic

faith
0\.,;.L; J~_,9 v. accepted, received

(inf ~W-..9 J~_,9)

~ .. ~~..) adv. like, as

0.J......_,"'-" conj. for example, for

instance

so

Selection 21

d..L...o\.9 n. last name, surname,

o~;,.-.

n. adjective, descriptive
word
ol9jl>.u. n. living things,
organisms
<?."~\):! n. creator, progenitor
<?."jaW~~ n. apologist, seeker of
forgiveness
.:>~ n. belief, faith
J;..-.~ n. style, manner
.J;..-.~ ifr;~ n. lifestyle
~)i.._r-9 adj. interesting,
fascinating
~ n. topic, theme
~....; n. result, consequence
Kl_,; n. (the) Volga River
Jl;~ n. (the) Ural Mountains
' ~< v. wh o em1gra
. t ed ,
. &...5 ':;'<y.;y
0
took up residence in (inf.
~..._J.S w'

family name
)l..;~ adv. all together, all at once
~.;..;;.J\.9 0-'.J"'-"~ v. to be

done away with, to be

eliminated (inf 0-'.J"'-"~

.jW;j.J\.9)
-s.J\.9 ~~ v. turned into,
became (inf .jW\.9 ~~)

.c;:j.,;_;; adv. currently, presently,

now
~~) n. intellectual, academic

.il;J;H..i n. importance, necessity

~ ':;';.;,_; v. recognizing,

knowing
n. clan, family
i.Ud..l n. nickname
.s.:..:.j> prep. as, like
~.w n. suggestion, piece of
advice
G~_,; \.;._,;~~ v. putting forward,
suggesting (inf. .j~,; \.;._,;~~)
,).o.--.o}~~ );\.9 v. making no
decision, resolving nothing

o.u.~

~<)

v 'Y:'/

~ n. neologism, new thing

~ n. movie, film
~~ adj. enjoyable, pleasant

04..>~-U n. hero, brave person

"r'..ibr n. discussion, debate
Notes

I. When the phrase "0~ ~;..-..." occurs as a post-position, it coveys a

meaning equivalent to "in the capacity of' or, even more simply, "as."
2. The term "~;j:> ..:_,..-..;.:;~ ~, describes the period before the
Uyghurs converted to Islam. Under the control of the Khans of the
Karakhanid Dynasty, which was established in the 9th century, nearly all
Turkic people refused to convert. Similarly, the term "..:_,..-..;.:;~~
~, refers to the period that began in the I Oth century when the
Uyghurs accepted Islam.
3. The term "~ ~.:.1;~ " is a political term used to separate
pre-I949 China from the current Communist era.
4 The word "'Vj
.::............;LR....:.
'Y;r-/
:..;;~=-"
contains the suffix "-"
,
?
u~ " which
indicates a continual increase in the attribute to which it has been attached.
The word ".sr,--'li:}l', which has this same suffix attached to ".jL.;l,.", has
an equivalent meaning, but describes no specific quality or characteristic.

51

Selection 21

5. The phrase"}}~ ;~l:-", from the Persian words for the "four friends",
is a reference to the first four Caliphs, Abu Bakir, Omar, Osman, and Ali.
6. The phrase'\../ ; l.:;)L.;~" or the "Devotion to the Mothers," is a
reference to the Pagan, pre-Islamic beliefs of the Uyghurs and other
Turkic peoples, in particular those of central Asia and southern Siberia.
7. The ninety-nine names of Allah are a list of attributes of God oft
referenced by Muslims.
8. The names from the Old Testament familiar to many Christians may
sound a bit less familiar when rendered in their original form or in another
language. A small comparison of some ofthose names follows,

L._;...- Moses
~~-Jesus
~.~...oJ><I..lb_;...

- Mohammad
~~-Abraham
';'j-9~- Jacob
y,__.~- Josef
~ts:.......-Michael
~;5b- David

52

(JJ

VI

-.

e;,__

L
L'""
L~
'le
il;.

G.

( :

(.'i

~-

c-E

L f.

,.,.-

l t ..

't;.
'""" ' to.L -G. '""

"c;; 1. "-

T. ~ [. "t.
-r. t c c

G. \,;

f.

' .c-.

c;;"'_

\,..I

~c;; , .

r
tt
f
r c . ;r

't~

}~:

c;; C

I'~

tJE

f'

,{.

'{

~s..

J
t'
-

-!

't

..,

't.,.

r 't

'le
C

"'

\.1>-

\.<>

I \,:;

t.~.

c:--,:_"' "' '..::1(., '{

.{. ....

tJ~ .

-1~-1~ ~ ~ t . rr
~-.&.... . ~ s..~. [ . .

,...l.o

l"~t:: ~...~ r~-l ~\=

f
[ ~J-'-"
t
b. 1 V 'e~ ~~1 ~; f:~. ~~"f: k~. V'[ "fc- f..\.~
k

-c h

/". <:i-: (-f .t 't.- r~'le

c
~r'
"',. f.'i [ c t:h". ~"t ~ ~ . 't;. ~ .t

"to.

l.

c;;

'[

':'c-

t
n.
cT

t",
'"'c
;;

L
'le
C
f

t, c-r ~t
~-'t~

f f~ t.

L
,
"'' 'le
G.
t, C . 'tv

r r

e;,__

tlt
l-

.~

.(.

(D .

...

'

c..

'

f. . ct .t' ~

"" c;; ""'

(- [ ,c-\..D
......-:"'

' V

~.

,......_"to.

1_ ,

c;;

\,I

\l>

II>

'

I'"
V\

.c-

"t

c-

~.

,_

'le

c;

L
'le

G!- ,

........., ~

~'if

~.

.~ ~

(-

~i'

G.

'b
'le

1 to.. "'. 't~["F

(
"c;;

~. -~ .

.t

'le
C_:_

1-

"'.c"

"7:T-l f G.
[. c;; ', t. 'b cr.

\l>'-

c;;

f"~ ~}'f.
r
~ J

~- "f"'h }

~ - .t

" ' c;;

c;;

'e.:.
..

\.1>

'

f.

' ":i

"c;;.........,

'e.~

', . .'tf,. c;; ~ - .

~"'~'le

~ -

[: l'le

h".. t

F
l

~.

(-

\,;1/\

5. ~"'~ t
'i ~;...

[ t. to. .c-~ }e t~~

"'L
~- &. to."" , c-1~
F . f"
F~- ~ ~ "to. .

(- t" .

e;,__

V\ ~

~-;

~F

"""

~""

n.
t.
"''
~
f:;d~
f' [ ~ Cl ~ E~ t. l.
c
~'t< E~ f (_:_ ~ ~~~tt t t~
1-c. lL
"
eo
l-~~:0lct..l{.. f. t ~
'
f r r t 'l r~< 1 .~ ~ r r .f'::.to.~~1
ct r ~
.c'-l.t. ~ t . ~A1 l
t: c
~ "f.
.
~c--.&. . J~L r~~~ lrir ~c-r- -f:
r
,
l
~ ~ "~ . ~ ; c-:

't

't' ~< ~

~
tc-.tt:-"~-.c-t .t[~ 't~~-(' . ..[~~G. t. ~
. .(. 'e.:.~

-,;;_1 \...,:

C ~ h". ~

f>

""'c[

"'

tctt . "-Cto.
l ~ ,f"
1 ct " '[ 't~
~~ ~1 V

0.l~
'

' t:-~-'1 'f ~1 ~ ' k~~- .~ ~ tl ..tl ~~i

. Vt

( \,.. ' b
c;; .f"
~ G. 't~

t.

"r'.

"~

-'

".
V\

\J)-

(..

["L
'le

'{tc- t.
n.

't~

't,

\.-c(

~"' ~
-.&.
/".
t. t ~n- . r'L~

L
'le

t -

~ ~

(";;

't t

'-t:" ~ .t' t ..t

'

~,.

; . . f t"

1~.r f.~ 1 ~~
1

't

. .f>
. . ., .

~ t..

f_ ..

\1.
1
~ J
01 ~ -.&. 'f..~ b.~ ~~ t. - ~
~ ~ h 'e. ~ ~ h f> .(. v .t
t

'

"'.c-

~
'le
~t ~t~
"
~N-

~~

'le

rt. -s

't~,t~

't; 't~

C .t

\..,.:

't.:ct
~ v

.c"t ~h".

"'

oC

'f.,~

C Fe
.
, 'ctr....u.:L~c-\J).--:p.
F f" 'le
.c-

~c~ ~

( t .
r~-~ ~ ~. -~'e~~<~
t r. ct
r-t

""'t

"t 1
.

c; l.
t..
.
. 't~

::J
N

tD

..s

tD

Selection 22
._;-.L..;)[j <.5~ ~!., ';'~\.; l.J~ ~)d..i ~

:)..._,.)..>)t., ~C..s < ;)'~) 9d..A~ 0->~lj

s:s:

' <.S"; .
~
~ .w ~;)

0-'-'-:!t;L:t.,};

y;;;;

..

-J~

,_)..;.._,.)..>)!., l.,;u~lj ~~<>.0 ~;) ":;"\)\,; ~)~ 0-'-'-:!~ ~:Y

-J~
Vocabulary
J~ n. road, path

J,S n.

. .)}5 n. caravan, trade route

.y).r'~ n. hill, mound

~Jd..i

t.>W;;IJ\.; n. guardhouse, centry

adj. western
n. south
'-!~~ ~J~ n. southwest
y_;J;J_;, ;,, turning (inf ...;W;J.;,.)
0-'~lj adv. then, after which
._;-.L..;Jlj adv. through, via
~ ..r,-3 n. tree
..)b n. hiJlside, slope
..:;,Jlj n. mountain pass
Jts:5'~ n. jungle
'y-i=~ n. (a) Kyrgyz
<>.0 adv. belonging to, governed
by
- <1.>

'-!~

lake

post

y.ili~ Y~J:' v. follow along,

moving forward along (inf
~~~":;"~J;')
~Lt. v. crossing, passing over
(inf ...;Uk)
;-'-:!....t<>~ v. moves downwards,
drops (inf ~~..~)
~n. mouth
.....;\...>}; n. tributary, branch
..:_,;j~ adj. long, lengthy

Geographic Names

i;J;;IJ\.;: Qarakururn,

._;b'lr': Ladakh (a region in India)

J.d..:>: Besh Terek, "Five
Trees" (a Uyghur village)
L_;;: Pusa (a Uyghur village)
.. ~J5: Kude (a Uyghur village)
..:;,Jlj ...;.>r.-': Seriq Art, "Yellow
Pass" (a Uyghur Region
mountain pass)
))..on.: Mazar, "Tomb" (a Uyghur
village)
Jts:5'~ 'y-i=~: Kyrgyz Jangal (a
Uyghur Region jungle)
..:;,Jlj ~;5: Kok Art, "Blue Pass" (a
Uyghur Region mountain pass)
W;-'-:!~: Shaydulla (a Uyghur
border town)
~..r,-3

"Karakorum" (a Uyghur
village, a mountainous region)
J...!.S'.J: Langar, "Anchor" (a
Uyghur village)
4 .iL....o: Ming Teke (a Uyghur
village, a Uyghur Region
mountain pass)
~: Gilgit (a Kashmiri border
town)
~b: Tashmiliq, "Overflow"
(a Uyghur village)
J,S il_;J_;,: Buiung Kol, "Comer
Lake" (a Uyghur village)
..:_,L:J~b: Tashkurgan, the Tajik
Autonomous County, Uyghur
Region

54

Selection 22

L.l'L ..:;~j-9: Quyun Salama (a

J- ,Y: Osh (a Kyrgyz city)

Uyghur village)
...r..'}"! ~~: Ghijek Boyi (a
Uyghur village)
~)9 ~y: Kok Turk, "Blue Turk"
(a Uyghur village)
.:.r~.r~~ ..:;~;..-.: Subhan Bedir (a
Uyghur Region border
crossing)
..:;l>1;4~: Abawahan (an Afghan
village)
~ J- ji>~: the Hindilcush
Mountains
~l': Lashit (a Pakistani village)
1;;>: Hunza (a Pakistani river)
~~: Tikenlik, "Thorny" (a
Uyghur village)
';-'~j-9: Qunjirap (a Uyghur
Region mountain pass on the
Pakistani Border)
~~6..5)~: Erkeshtam (a Uyghur
Region crossing on the border
with Kyrgyzstan)
..:;l;b ~..~: Terek Dawan, "Treed
Pass" (a Uyghur Region
mountain pass)

ol.:)~: Torgart (a Uyghur Region

mountain pass on the border

with Kyrgyzstan)
..:;4)~~: Uchturpan (a Uyghur
county)
o)~ J .. ~~: Bedel Art (a Uyghur
Region mountain pass)
.:_r)b: Narin (a Kyrgyz city)
~: Issik Kol, "Hot
Lake" (a Kyrgyz lake)
L)"'\.:)_,9: Korgas (a Uyghur county)
b;J~: Almaty (a Kazakh city)
9bl.:l,>)b: Tarbaghatay (a Uyghur
district)
L5~ ~4: Baqtu(a Uyghur
Region crossing on the border
with Kazakhstan)
9u~: Shemey, Semipalatinsk
(a Kazakh city)
9~: Jeminay (a Uyghur
county)
..:;~1;: Zaysan (a Kazakh lake)

JJS"

Notes
1. The name "Xinjiang" (~H), which means "new territory" or "new
frontier," was an administrative title given to East Turkistan by the Qing
empire in 1884. Previously, the Uyghur region was known as "Huijiang" (
I)H- the Muslim territory.
Though called "East Turkistan" long before 1884, it was also known by
the name "Tianshan nanlu" (::;RLlJ1JM;) by some on the southern side of
the Tengritagh and as "Tianshan beilu" (::;R LldtMJ) by others on the
northside of the Tengritagh.

55

Selection 23

.;~L.:.~ o.J.L. 12 "'-'"-: ~\,> .:_r:>)'X)~i' <>~ )~i' ,.J,j,S ~;}:y.

';-'~Y Lr;,)~~ ~\,> o:>).Jr-'~ ~ ~ c.SrL)~ &..:,}!y. ..._;:_:;,.;J~
.. ~ )~;, )L;..,J,j;):y.
c.SrL.>~ """'= (l));;,).J.;.J.L. ~L.. ;\j 0
~)9 ~\.; r. ~U>~ j.J (2)~)-J.;.J.L. :y. ');;,).J.;.J.L. ~)"-: 0~~
.~;... ._;...,T-Ij

wJ"!

.tJ:Jo

._;.~ ';-';J~,; ..:_,~ })~i' )ili.J.L. ..:_,lou~;;-. b)lL3 ~)9

:~J,j<>55J }i' '';-';JJ"!

)L;l\.;
)

}y.i;~
~-"--+~ ..!L..>)~;, )~;, ..:_,.t.......l...lj

c.SrD"-=JL;

;-.;\j

"5

.:_r~ 171 cs-j.:~

).t.i....!.u

JL:,}i'

}i'

')~.G. ~ ~)9 }y.i;~

<(6)~~~ i.~~\j Y-i'~

;..... joy..;

.;~t_.:,~ lJ..J_,J..;~l) ~;}~ ~.>,..._,o5.U

'~.)-;-;! 'y-i;~ ~.>,..._,l..,\j ~.)-;-;! Y")~ )'Xy.i;~ ~"'-'}-:;J:> )~;, 09}~

.;~,; ~.)-;-;! 0~5)l.., c.Srl"ri'~ ..:_,\.;__,y.i;~

56

Selection 23

}ir-;>
jo;<>->

(9)")l.>~;;

"

).Jj.JJ....., ~ij ~):;L; ~\jl.; ')~.r <L.;.:io.>~

._;,};:r-;>

~)" <>5 )'}._.._,)4 ')~6).w ~'i.r ~)t.; &..;,_,_rl,-J~ ;:r-;> .;J.,!L;~

..: 18 )'i;:r-;> ...)J, IJ.,!""; <>I
~ jd._j lS" 1.)~ LJ~ };;dJ>. ~)ili.!dJ>.
~~)--::->-> )~.r ~}.r r)~ .d..:.54,ld.5 t...;.,}.~-'_., )~.r ~)L; ..:r_.,)4.Jr--.W
.~;:;)~

..:r.>.L...., 870u>L...

)1.1!..;.<"

) r-Y'

co

U1

--r

J. 'f>::-t.Y

C";CI

br r

~Y.

L ~

.e b
'f ~

~~
~ ~

~ ~

c-

"i

_ t. E

r.'r

\.p

e~~

\.j>

t. V

"

r
't. ;;c;:::f

,. ( E-- '

~ C>(. ~ --~

-.L c;- V

l1

.~: ~; .~
t '\. 'Q~~
Q
'i l.

.t

'-0

C>~C>

't;
\.D. '

'-Or

"' . . . '-'1.{ '-

-.;

~c-

b'l' . (..

f:-:-

c-<;

~~~~ t t..
L ... ~:::f I c:

't .

~- ~r~<1t. lt

::: 't7

'--

l. G.

[ . '-'> '

V\\,;

" .[ . . G.

c;: V- 'e;

r"Y.
.:::f

>

c;~<"'

1:.

~
l!l..-.;

f ~
"~
~- c;: .r:
~ .~ lt. ~<~ r .
~
~
l

~1-k~~<~.

i ~-.r:t e/r

.. 't
:::f:-k!. ~.

G.

.-

~}~~~.l
c;: ~ C>i (
1 r ~ ~ . v ~

(" -

1r

.1.

~C

:::f=
't .

%~'l1

:::f

~
l

"

f.

t.

C> [

~ ~-'f.,'e;
'e; 'J7

"'L~
\.. \...i.~~r

. b 1

t~'t .

\.;. ~

~--
G. c._
L
't ~ E

4~ t L

" ). (._(-

~'t-;.

,..

't:

\.l>,.

~ G.
f;.
"~

\.D ,.

'P.~
~.

'e; ;;;;
~ "

t C
"~r
~ J
G7

'b':t -

.. ~.
~
.( . te~
t.
cl 'e.:.
.e

. c-

c_
L

o[cC...r
0
ct.
,..
~r ~r
l e> w"
N"~'t:r1e

...... c-.

(.
~ fc1 . b'r

C>~~

. p "'

"tT

f.

':t

'e.:.

--~
't;

"~

1"

"

C>'t;,

V\

E.
~':t

"t..
.

.c--.

Cl

(.;

-, .

't.-. :

t 'f,.

~- i;'

r.

i;'

l. ~7

't; ~

\.;~

~7

i;'

1'-k L~~:F
"~
'f \.;.
~

"

.rt. f~-:~t.

r't. .....:J-..C>
0\&~ E

"teG.

r.

~v-, 'r.
.c-

\.1>

't;
\.D.

\.;~

C>

E
:~

_e>rt.

'he;: " .

G.

,..

Y.

lt" t..

&

l>

't

t.

c._

\.;c;-

'r;7 G. t
r~~-- c..-

<t. ':t

't;, ~

\.j>"

C '[.

-.;c;--.~

lA
c-~

f).

n:-oo<;;

t. t
f"
'c;- ~

~1 G.c;-~~
c._
'-'>

C>

r.~er:t't
.r

.1P'
~ t

f f -

t"'~~f
C
.

8~<

c;:t
o

~~ :f ~

r"
c;>.f"Jr~

t. ~'f,7
!iO-

.f (\_<t. ~

e>

t.

00

c- f
E~-'t .
~G.

~. Y. ~

..-

......I

t.

(\_~

.[ .r

'Y

c._

r1--

't.

~ -r"'~~
[.i
. c;:

c- ~

.t 'f
l.

r.

-.D~:-F-

'e-..:

r.f
~f.
\.;~ 'k"

1.-.r.l~~
't. t.. ':t"

::l

...~

VI

Selection 23

Vocabulary
a.J)d...:! adj.

rJ:.~ n.

local

~~_;..o adj. independent,

Kyrgyz

~j~ n. Uzbek
}:;\3 n. Tatar
n. Manchu
~)r.t... n. Manchuria

sovereign
o.J_;.:. n. state, nation
~ ~)<~..:> v. establishing,
founding (inf. ~L,W ~)<~..:>)
J- .J)~r vn./n. estimating,
conjecture (inf ~~)~r)
~~adj. social
~.:>~adj. economic
~}l.!.4 n. leadership
~~,Y j_,) v. to play a role
bl; n. (river) basin
p;:.: n. China
~") adj. official
:r~,o n. population
l.S: - ;~ n. statistic, ratio
.. .>.....1.....~ adv. in fact, really
~ adj. lastest, most recent
adv. earlier, before
~.G- ~)!j n. Turkic people
)~.:> n~ land, country
.::..-.-. ~,Y n. prefecture
~t.;n. county
~;)~ n. ranching
~r--:-----' n. Siberia
"-::----";) n. Russia
~l}j n. Kazakh

r.t...

~n.

Shiba

)_;.:b n. Daghur

;.):?;> n. Huizu, Dungan

;;.G- n. Han (Chinese)
~bn. Tajik
l.f:f.S.Y n. Tungus, Evenki
0~ n. Iran
9W~ n. Altay
~\j n. Kargiliq
~,; n. (the) Volga
Jl)~ n. Ural Mountains
0~5)l.., n. Slavic
J~)4 n. Barikol (a Uyghur

Region county)

.:.r--0;);,.

;..... j.>~ n. Qizil Su (a Uyghur

Region river, prefecture)
0~j:i n. Dungan, Hui
..:.,.J~4 n. Bayingolin (a

Uyghur Region prefecture)

Bortala (a Uyghur city,
prefecture)
J~~ n. Chapchal (a Uyghur
Region county)
)'L:;)_;, n.

Notes

1. In addition to identifying the predicate of a sentence as here, the affix

");.:.-" also indicates the causative voice of verbs, something of which the
reader has likely long since been aware. These infixes are added to verbal
stems as per the rules of syn-harmony.
2. The term "o.J.l......o" should not be confused with the term " ~L.... j~
)ti:i.J.l......o" . The former refers only to a nationality - any of hundreds

59

Selection 23

throughout the world. The latter, however, in this case, refers to the list of
ethnicities "officially recognized" as minorities by the government of the
People's Republic of China.
3. The affix"~-" is used to imply a meaning similar to "according to" or
"as per." Here it is added to the verbal noun "J-4.-lJ~;o" to create the
phrase "according to estimates."
4. There is a variety of contradictory information about the population
numbers for the Uyghurs. Some Uyghur sources say about 15 million,
others say 20 million. The actual numbers are generally thought to be
higher than the official Chinese reports.
5. The Barikol Kazakh Autonomous County is located in the Qumul
district of the Uyghur Region.
6. The Red River Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture was established in the
Uyghur Region in 1954.
7. These data are based upon official numbers from 2004.
8. The suffix '\s~-" indicates the neutral past tense and can generally be
translated as ''was" when used in a stative sentence and placed after the
compliment.
9. The Hui, also known as Chinese Muslims in Gansu, Shanxi and other
Chinese provinces. Also known as the Dungans in Russian, are a Central
Asian people, living mainly in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan,
who number around 100 thousand. They use the Cyrillic alphabet, but their
language is similar to that of the Chinese Muslims in Gansu and Shanxi
provinces of China.
10. The "Bayingholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture" is located in the
south of the Uyghur Region and was established in 1954.
11. The Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture is located in the northern
part of the Uyghur region and was established in 1954.
12. The Chapchal Shibe Autonomous County is located in the Uyghur
Region's IIi District.
13. The term '\.~)....., ~;)~ ))l..;b;l_P ~;)" means the "Russian Civil
War period" and refers to the time after the Communists took control of
Russia during which war broke out between the Bolsheviks and the
Mensheviks.

60

Selection 24

Vocabulary
u<l..by~ n. government
~ ..; n. president, chairman
0-'5~r adj. assistant, deputy, vice
0~~.0 v. appointed, assigned

r,l:!J' n. November
od...::-';~r n.

republic
I 9 0 ~ v. was declared,
was announced (inf 0~
._;l._:.....L..j)
~1; adj. provisional,
temporary

(inf~~.t.3)

;;;4 n. hero, brave person

0tn;; n. Hui, Dungan

61

Selection 24
~n.

~ 0---'>4.3 vn. providing,

Shibe

...r.~ adv. as, like

supplying, furnishing (inf.

0---'> 4.3)
d.J;";1;~ n. equality, equanimity
0J"' n. right, privilege
~ 0;~ vn. developing,
fostering (inf. 0U--; 0;~)
~~ ~;,_... n. the Soviet
Union
0jL:...-..?.:. n. friendship, comradery
J-9~ n. connection, tie
~;~ vn. establishing, setting
up (inf 01....;\..;;~)
\.;_;d.Jb adv. even (i.e. as much as, as
far as)
J- .J...:.......o4J vn. furnishing,
providing (inf. ~~4.3)
J- ;;;..,_;~1;1; vn./n. development,
progress (inf. 0\...o;j-0~1;~)
o-0\..;l... n. industry
J-;..;;; n. daily life
._)>... .:. n. effect, influence
_r--..-L;... .:. adj. inviolable,
inalienable
~ "'-:!t._...., vn. protecting,
guarding (inf. 0U--; "'-:!t._....,)
~1)l~.:. n. declaration, official
announcement
~J;~~~ adj. whole, total,
complete
d.Jbl... n. field, sphere
~~ n. direction, orientation
)~ n. capability, facility
i".:.J-9 n. step, pace
o.Jl.ll> n. condition, state
~..;J-0 adv. of course, naturally
o~~ n. possibility, chance
0~J.:> n. enemy, adversary

J.-$..; n.

~ ......_; .0

representative,
designated speaker
~;4.3 n. structure, make-up
~Lo n. finance, money-related
manners
~.:..0 n. justice, rule of law
,--}~l...o n. education
;~ ~ n. internal affairs
~"-' n. health, wellness
~~.:> adj. agriculture
.. I .. - b.
h"
. I
~.?; n. ranc mg, anuna
husbandry
~~ n. bank, financial institution
~..r-V-A> adj. military, armed
o~d.Jb n. member, component
\..;~~ n. taxation, revenue
JW~"--:> n. treasury
o~";43 n. development,
progress
b,_... n. trade, business
o~y--:, n. company, corporation
l...o}i-.:.4-o<>))\..; n. departments,
divisions
0~~43v. was
established, was set up (inf.
~~~4.3)
v"-'~ n. politics, matters of

state

L.,...'?.?.r. n. program, plan

0.W}.S~ v. they laid out, made
clear (inf 0W}.S~)
~--~ n. invader, aggressor
o~~ n. occupying,
controlling
.........W .:.1)~ v. freeing, liberating
(inf 0U--; .:.1)~)
8......L..5;.0 n. freedom, liberty
Notes

1. Elihan Tore (1885-1976) was an Uzbek who came to the Uyghur

Region at the begirming of the twentieth century. In addition to being an

62

Selection 24

Islamic scholar, he was also the chairman of an underground organization

known as the "Liberation Organization" which was established in Ghulja
in April of 1944.
He was also president of the ETR (East Turkistan Republic) from its
founding in 1944 until July of 1946. The Soviets then forced him back to
the Soviet Union where he lived until his death under house arrest in
Tashkent in 1976.
2. Hakimbeg Ghoja (1871-1957) was one of the famous political figures
in the Ili region.
3. Obulhair Tore (1890-1970) was a more visible political figure among
the Kazakhs in the lli region during this historic period.
4. Gheni Batur (1901-1978) was a Uyghur folk hero who played an
important role during the IIi Uprising. For his activites, he was named a
"Hero of the People" by the East Turkistani government. He returned to
the Soviet Union in 1950, dying in Almaty in 1980.
5. Jani Y oldashev was a member of the ETR government and director of
the Investigation Committee of ETR.
6. Salihjan Bay (1870-1954) was an Uzbek and a member of the ETR
government, acting as the Minister of Agriculture and Ranching.
7. Muhemmedjan Mexsum (1902-1962) was a member of the ETR
government, acting as the head of its supreme court. He was also a
member of the underground "Liberation Organization."
8. Abdurewup Mexsum (1914-2004) was a member of the "Liberation
organization" and a member of the ETR government, even serving as its
Secretary General.
9. Rehimjan Sabiri (1906-1973) was a member of the "Liberation
Organization" and a member of the government, serving as Minister of
Internal Affairs.
10. Kerim Haji was a well-known Hui who lived the Ili Region during this
historic period.
11. Hebib Yunichi (1906-1945) was an ethnic Tatar and member of the
East Turkistani government, the Minister of Education. He received a
university education in Turkey and Germany.

63

Selection 24

12. Boke Amba1 was a Mongol and was well-known among Mongols in
IIi. He was also the head of Arshang County.
13. Chang Baxshi was an ethnic Shibe and was well-known among the
Shibe in the lli district.
14. Pavel Pavlovich Moskalev, a Byelorussian. was a member of the East
Turkistani government, the Assistant Minister of Internal Affairs. He also
acted as the Assistant Chief of Police in the IIi district.
15. "~ ..:;.U..., a...;~, is a conjunctive phrase which means "along with"
or ''together with."
16. A few words need to be said about the word "ol.i.;.-:..._,.., . While the
term is most often translated as "propaganda, " the connotation attached to
this particular English word suggests strongly that there is deception or
manipulation involved. This connotation is not, however, implied or
expressed in the Uyghur. As such, glossing it as "communications" is
perhaps more appropriate.
17. Jungaria is a term for the northern portion of the Uyghur region. From
the Fisteenth to the eighteenth centuries, the Mongol Jungar tribe
controlled this same section of land, establishing the Jungarian Dynasty
there. Likewise, Kashgaria is a term for the southern part of the Uyghur
region that was first used by Uyghur scholars long ago.

64

Selection 25

Vocabulary

;j:;.Jj> num. thirty

Jjej> n. boy, youth

j4AA.5'j.o adj. perfect, ideal

~t; vn. participation, taking

~}> vn. (wide) spreading,

part
0\.;._,~~ v. is limited to, is
restricted to (inf ~--.;ill'~)
~.w adj. organizational,

stretching, expanding
..~b n. scope, scale
~4..5' n. breadth, wideness
~;u_,... n. richness, fullness
iJ'J9 n. structure, organization,
shape

layout-related

w;;;,; n. structure, formation

..$~ n. sir (an honorific title)

65

Selection 2 5
if~ n. head, chief
yl!......!.~ n. guard

_r.-;<L....>;J adj. without permission,

unauthorized
_r---..:><>5A........ adv. without cause,
without justification
~ ...:_,l:!~ v. reporting,
announcing (inf ,JI...W ...:_,l:!~)
~l;j.o adj. appropriate, valid,
sufficient
u <.-;- vn. retreating,
withdrawing (inf ~."*.: <,-;-)
~Gn. song
;L... n. music
...3~\.-; n. joke, amusing anecdote
c.r;J~ y'i vn. bragging, boasting
0~.Y n. game, contest
...:_,j.o;u n. content
lJ" !f n. characteristic, flavor
J;..-.~ n. harvest
I .:. 1 J;..-.~ vn. harvesting,
reaping, to collect the bounty
from (inf ...3~ J;..-.~)
;~.0 n. spring (i.e. of the four
seasons)
;.;.L_r:-3 n. planting
l)~ n. punishment, sanction,
penalty

Ju.G n. official, responsible

person
...:_,~\.:;

..,...SJd.J v. made up of,

consisting of (inf. ...3~\:; -,.-..$Jd.3)
~)"5 n. post, position
y.Jd.J n. appeal, request
~~ ';-'.Jd.J n. appellant, person
with a request
.:.:.<L....>;J n. permission, leave
..:r~l.;.L.; .:.:.<L....>;J v. (after)
permission is given (inf
.ji...W .:.:.<L....>;))
U"~ n. appeal, request
;.w...; U"~ v. appeals,
requests (inf. .j\...W l.J"~)
...:_,t.J~,; v. agreed, assented (inf
.JW~,;)

.. ~~ n. regulation, rule
~d.J adj. detailed, annotated
~"'-'Jy.;~ v. explains, details (inf
.jl....)y_;~)
-< n. collective,

,11,s-

community

Notes
1. The term '\ -'"ru" is the name given to a traditional Uyghur social
activity. The word itself conveys the meaning of a ''harvest celebration"
and is held by peasant farmers in their fields. Meshrep typically include a
feast accompanied by singing, music, dancing, joke telling, games, poetry
reading, and other entertaining activities.
2. "~"'-'J~ ~~;~" is an inflected form of the compound verb
".ji....J~ ~~;~", which serves here to indicate that the Thirty-Boy
Meshrep is made up of all the characteristics described.
3. The "Thirty Boy-Meshrep" is a the name of the meshrep convened in
the lli area.
4. The "Judge" is second in command during the meshrep.

66

Selection 25

5. The "Chief' or "Head of the Boys" is in charge of all events and

activities during the meshrep.
6. The "Social Director" heads up the entertainment activities of the
meshrep.
7. The "Host" of the meshrep is responsible for making all the necessary
arrangements for food and other logistical concerns.
8. The "Pashshap" acts as the "guard" at the meshrep, and fills a role
similar to that of a policeman or a sergeant-at-arms.
9. '\.:;~ l5..J~" is an adverbial phrase that often works as a discourse
marker. Its meanings can include "first and foremost," "for starters," "to
begin with," and other similar phrases.
I 0. The subject of the phrase " <?.";-G '-;'..J~ u-:
;1_9 U;o~4...o
~~b ~,is clearly "~~bjbb". However, the question of how to
4

translate this sentence into English is complicated by an ambiguity

surrounding the defmiteness or indefiniteness of the phrase "boy who
wants to join the meshrep."
11. The verb ";~~" is a conjugated form of "~<LJ<i..S'~". As was
mentioned in an earlier reading, "~<LJ<i..S'~" is a contracted form of the
verb "~<LJ<i..S' ~". It is of a more colloquial register than its fullyformed counterpart, but it is not unusual to see it used in printed form.
12.1n this context, the suffix
future verbal action.

"..r:S4...o-/ .._ri3lo-" indicates an intent for

13. The phrase "~o~;-G ~1.9" contains the similitive suffix "~o~", which
typically indicates that one thing is like another. In this case, it is part of an
adjectival phrase that means "explanatory" or "meant to convince".
14. Should any participating member break one of the Meshrep rules, he is
"punished" in a fun and entertaining way. For such a penalty to be doled
out, a member usually notifies the "court" that a certain individual has
broken a rule or regulation.
Such "violations" can include failing to respect an elder - by saying things
that might have hurt his feelings - or drinking alcoholic beverages. In
some cases, an "accuser" may simply make up a story as a chance to have
fun at a friend's expense as a joke.

67

Selection 26

68

Selection 26

69

Selection 26
Vocabulary

;lr-~ n. holiday, festival

1.5;,-;G.G adj. traditional
.. ~~adj. special, particular
j ,_w~ \.;..L.; v. our discussing,
our taking up (inf. 0W~ \.;..L.;)
0~;j3 n. sacrifice, offering
._;....W ~~;;; vn./n. sacrifice,
offering

.F:

;~
0

~)'~ e;::-0 v. reaches a high point,

peaks (inf. 0W~ e;::-0)
~)\; n. cleanliness, hygiene
ll-....::.......~-0->~ n. rivers and

streams
~ n. animal stable
if t~~_,~ vn. to clean, to wash (inf.
0~~~)
._;....~-1;,5 n. troughs, water

v. make the Hajj (inf.

e::~)

receptacles

1;_,; n. fast, abstention from food

01~;, adj. complete, total

and drink
;~;:; 1;_,; v. they fast, abstain from
food and drink (inf. 0\....>j; 1;J;)
;~,...... 9~ v. they slaughter a
Iamb (inf 0~,...... <.,;;_,.9)
~.. ~j--!- conj. also, likewise
;~"',......n. businessman, merchant
J.u:~.!..S adj. poor, indigent
0..,.:..._, n. charity, donation
1);~ adv. each other
: 1- _, "' v. while visiting,
amidst calling on (inf
01 .I - - . ..)
;~..;~_;... v. they congratulate
(one another, inf

if;;~_,; vn. filling, causing to

be full (inf. 0L.;~_,;)

;1;~ - ~,... n. the house and yard
if;;~;..-. '::'"-'r.-' vn. sweeping up
and taking away (inf '::'"-'r.-'

~d....<>)~;-.)

~"-'-~n. pastures, fields

';'_
H l;j:! v. moving toward, moving
in the direction of (inf.
~~~jj:!)

04l3 n. gourd
':;-';;;~_;5 v. burning, setting fire to
(inf. ~d....oj~_;S")
n. cold, lack ofheat
;~ )1.:__,.9 v. they chase out, drive
away (inf 0l-.1:_,.9)
~ 1.5~~ v. making fun of,
mocking (inf. 0~ tS~~)
~-0L:._,.9 n. songs
ll~~ n. song
0l;u~ adj. tied to, connected
to, related to
0W~ n. bonfire, campfire
0~;; n. tornado, twister
if )l3J:! vn./n. visiting
"r.u n. grave, marker
if We} vn. straightening,
aligning (inf 0~c})
~\.::- ~ adj. orphan,
without family
tS;~-tSr.-9 n. elderly people

0;.:,......

~~.JS..)~;...)
.G.!...;!

adv. still, else

li....:.~ adj. other, additional

1~;~ adv. among
~;-'":' adv. together, as one
Lr'L;_;...:..;~.. .:.d....o n. cultural expert,

cultural anthropologist

4)... n. eve

~~ v. broadcasting,
announcing (inf 0\....>)IS~)
~.._;_;6-.) adj. celebratory,
festive
~)'~ ~;; v. takes on the
flavor of, becomes
characteristic of(inf Lr';y
0W~)

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Selection 26
.r---;-:?-~ n. orphan
~ n. handicapped

._r;;~

infirm man

shooting

0~1.; n. cream
~n.

vn./n. running

~ '-::-9~ vn./n. archery, bow

person,

.J..l.u..u.-~~ n. people, citizens

~....L_j n. wish, hope

yogurt

u0-ul..~ n. peace
~~ n. abundance

~ ........... n. outing, day-trip

0L!...._:,~ - f._:}~ n. (the) young

0;JJrJ"' J,.-n.

and (the) old

bountifulness,
fecundity
~~ n. solidarity
0p,~ n. friendship
01.....!.,; n. poem
~~~;5 n. thoughtfulness
~; ..;;~~ n. humanity

01.5,::;--~ n. young women, girls

.
n. swmg
~;5;-.. n. hide-and seek
~L;... n. competition
u;5 ~;;~~ n. last day
~ vn./n. wrestling, grappling
~ d..? n. horse racmg
.
.f ;;~;;,....... );,> vn./n. cock
fighting, running, archery
~

Notes
I. "Qurban Heyt" is a three-day festival that commemorates Abraham's
near sacrifice of his son, Ishmael, who was saved at the last minute when
God intervened.

2. "Roza Heyt" is the term for the last day of the holy month of
Ramadan.
3. The Uyghur word");;,>" comes from the Persian and is the name of a
festival that starts precisely at the beginning of spring on the V emal
Equinox, usually on or about March 21.
4. In addition to meaning "sacrifice," the word "u\.,>;j3" is also a given
male or female name.
5. The twelfth month on the Islamic calendar is called "Dhu al-Hijjah." It
is the time of the year during which the Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca, one
of the five pillars of the Islamic faith, is carried out.
6. Although the phrase '\.s"''; ;~d.J" literally means "prepared spirit," it
has been translated here as "willingness."
7. The phrase ";':t'~.J~" is the Uyghur equivalent of " ~ .&I

uL-

FJ" (God's peace be upon Him) which, according to Quranic law, must
be uttered after every mention of the name of a the Prophet.

71

Selection 26

8. The compound phrase ";~,...... <.,?<} '-;'!.;~ ~, means ''to slaughter a

Iamb in recognition of the holiday." It contains the phrase '\j\........;~ ~,
which means "to dedicate" or ''to do in honor of."
9. This is not a month of constant fasting, but one carried out from sun up
to sun down for an entire lunar cycle.
10. While the Spelling and Pronunciation Dictionary of Modern Uyghur
renders the word "';';;;J;j:!" as "~jj:!", readers will, in general, need to
be prepared to encounter any number of variants when reading.
11. The''...:;~~-" suffix on ''..:;~<4-<>.u." creates a class of words somewhat
similar to the "duet," "trio," "quartef' or "twosome," "threesome,"
"foursome" of English. In this case, the implication is that everyone goes
in one large group.
12. "~..:;"is a game played with a small stuffed pouch that is somewhat
similar to a hacky sack.
13. "Oghlaq Tartishish" or "Buzkashi", a game played on horseback in
which two teams compete for the corpse of a goat is widely played among
Uyghur, Khazakh, Kyrgyz and other Turkic peoples.
14. A "Zarakhatma" is a prayer said by farmers at the beginning of the
planting season as a means of blessing the fields to ensure a plentiful
harvest.

72

Selection 27

73

Selection 27
Vocabulary
J-1~~ n. brother, comrade
....;lj.;J_,:; adj. settled, established
,sJ , , ~ adj. aesthetic,
qualitative
~~ n. sense, ability to perceive
1.5: > : n. psyche, mindset
9Y n. tone, melody
~}:>~ adj. beautiful, lyric
6 ;j.o adj. complex,
complicated
w;;;; n. structure, form
0~"--:> v. determined, decided
(inf ~....._wJ~)
.!ILl.~ n. tone, sound
....;j:!,_; adj. dense, thick
....;1;~ n. flavor, fragrance
~)....,;.. n. treasury

0\..i...:. ~ adj. standardized

0~J...L:.;;~ adj. established
0\;.L9 ';'..J...:; v. demands, required
(inf. ....;lo.L..; ....,...,4.3)
~d.:! adj. wind, played by wind
...;.J.L.; adj. strung, fitted with
strings, bowed
J.--; n. (animal) hair

....,o:s

....;;_r-;; n. tail

~L.t5 n. (small) bow

J- AS;,_. vn.

rubbing, fricating
(inf. ~~;,....)
t5r. n. choka, stick
~~adj. plucked, strummed
~4->bj n. plectrum, pick
W,_...., adj. precussion, stuck, beat

Notes

1. The Uyghur term "yl;-.~" clearly means ''tool" or "implement."

However, it is important to avoid concluding that the word ";o..ll:-" must
therefore mean "musical."

In fact, ";o..ll:-" can be used to mean "musical instrument" independently.

In spite of this, the compound term is regularly seen.
2. The phrase "....;ji:l'~" is equivalent to "0.J.........d....o" but is a bit more
literary in register.
3. The Uyghur Muqam is considered to one of the world's most complex
and beautiful musical forms. It combinesung poetry and dance with the
telling tales, often about famous people, lovers, and other legendary figures.
4. The "Sanam" is variety of folk dance that is widely popular among
Uyghurs in the Uyghur Region.
5. The "Chong Naghma" is the longest and most complex section of the
Uyghur Muqam.
6. The compound verb "0\.,;,_,' I,=; ....,.._,5~" is made up of "~.,__j5~"
and "....;WL:-". "....;WL:-" simply means ''to play" and gives no explicit

74

Selection 27

information as to how that playing is done. It is the first part of the verbal
compound that does this - in this case the verb "~~5~" - which means
''to puff' or ''to blow."
7. The Nay is a double-reed instrument with a piercing sound. There are
Persian, Indian and Chinese variants of this clarinet-like instrument.
8. The Baliman is a double-reed instrument made from long reeds grown
in dry areas. The body has eight holes and produces a soft tone.
9. The Burgha is an ancient instrument formed from the hom of a cow or
other similar animal.

I 0. The Sunay is a tube-shaped instrument with seven holes along its

length and a hole at each end.
11. The Kanay is a a long instrument typically made from brass or bronze.
12. The Satar is like Tambur, bowed instrument that has anywhere
between seven to thirteen strings.

13. The Khushtar is a bowed instrument that has a distinctive bird shape
carved into the head of the device in which the strings are tightened and
tuned.
14. A Nakhun is a device tied to the fmger which assists in the playing of a
plucked or strummed instrument.
15. A Zahmak is a device held in the hand which assists in the playing of a
plucked or strummed instrument.
16. The Rawab is a plucked instrument that comes in three string and fivestring varieties.
17. The Dutar is a plucked instrument with an oval-shaped barrel for a
body and a long neck that is fitted with 8 to 15 movable frets.
18.The Dap is a percussion instrument that is quite similar to a tambourine.

75

Selection 28

Vocabulary
~~..;.w n. risk, chance,

01..0_;...:.;... adv. like this, as such

~.0 adj. scarce, in short
supply
i-;;'J": adv. certainly, surely
..::.....;L..~ n. courage, bravery
~oadj. fum, unyielding
.. ~~ n. determination, resolve
;J;5..i adj. necessity, importance
0~b n. foal , pony

adventure
-"''); n. spirit, sense
L.>Ji n. night
~1).3 adj. dark, gloomy
..::...~n. wisdom, time-derived
knowledge
;;..... ~~ n. words of
wisdom

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Selection 28

J.t......d...b n. fable, allegory

';'J~~

._;l;L-d.....:->~.w n. experience,

v. shouldering, carrying (inf

lesson
...:;~y"-:? v. (they) will receive,

~d...b,~~)
.j~ n. squirrel

will gain (inf ~~y"-:?)

~~~ n. sky, heaven
.~~>l.....!. n. king, shah, sovereign lord

)~~ adj. deep, having

significant depth
o~Jr n. bravery, daring
;.!..:!W)L.; o~
v. not daring to
(inf ._;\.,..L..; o~)r)
'Y1..5 n. cow
~adj. shallow, lacking depth
JJW~ ';'L........ v. try, give it a shot
(inf ._;W~ ';'L........)
,sl I . loi.i: adj. victorious
l.)-~-->) n. damage, harm
._;\.>.,;\.;pro. how, what kind
;~ )5 v. (they) give up on,
renounce (inf ~~J..S' )5)
\.!..:!~ n. benefit, profit
J,s-,;5 n. heart, soul
;..---5~ adj. unlimited, boundless
~l;.......bl.....!. v. they will be happy.
will experience joy (inf.

.o:...Jd...b n. princess, queen

Jr

U"'WJ_,; adj. fearless, unshakable

J~~ adj. brave, hero
d)~~ adj. heroic, brave
~J'J;; adj. various, several
._; I ~ _ ,j adj. difficulty,

adversity
o':Yy._.:.:y. n. issue, dilemma
9~l.....!.J:' v. we do not weaken,
do not lose strength (inf
.j~l.....!.J:>)

o_r.;; n. body, being

~Ju. adv. simply. just
U"'H~ n. pity, shame
~)l..,H~ v. you will not
regret (inf ._;l.,..;)l..,H~)

._;L....;':Y~l.....!.)

Notes
1.. The word "J'j._...j,5" refers to "the older generation" and can be
translated as ''the elders . " It is also an example of how an adjective with
the plurizing suffix can turn into a noun, as was mentioned in an earlier
note.

2. "~"is the imperative form of the verb ".j~~" which means "to
rise above"or ''to surmount."
3 . This proverb can be translated as ''to learn to cross the mountain pass
or go in the dark of night."
4. ";.!..:!WJ:> WJ:' i<LS'" is an idiomatic construction that means "should this
be insufficient, it simply will not do." It is used to describe something that
is needed or essential.

77

Selection 28
5. " I S:S: ~, is a participial form of the verb " ~4.>~" which

means ''to vacillate between two different decisions" or ''to be hesitant,"

''to be ambivalent."
6. The infix "-c.,?A..o-/9L." indicates a negative or negated form of a verb.
7. Adil Hoshur is a Uyghur high wire and tightrope acrobat who has set
and broken many world records with his dizzying feats of bravery and skill.
8. Gul Zohra was a Uyghur girl who ran all the way across the
Taklamakan desert, becoming the first person to do so and setting a
Guinness World Record in the process. To this day, she is known by the
name "the Sandy Princess."
9. Jiiret Obulqasim was a Uyghur man who rode a motorcycle all the
way across China.
10. '~'lr'h lRJY.-j5" means " we can bring into reality" or "we can
make happen." It uses the modal infiX "-al" in order to convey the fact that
the action is possible or manageable.
11. This proverb can be translated as "place your boat in the river of risk."

78

Selection 29

Vocabulary

1.55- _ "" .;,. adj. chemical

..:_,.w~

adv. relatively,
comparatively
~l.4p n. agriculture, farming
__;...,~~ vn./n. production,
output
~I; n. tool, implement
Jl..olj_.,)~ n. methods, means
b~.w n. cost, price
<>-=>l..::->; adj. extra, surplus

oji;f n. fertilizer
l..l.l,> n. price
1.5J...J;~ v. to increase, to rise, to go
up (inf ~~;~)
y.--3~j3 adj. suddenly,
unexpectedly
G)-9 prep. with regard to, in
response to

79

Selection 29
;~~ n.

0~~_;-.3 v. were brought

phosphorus

o;c~ ~;J;~~ n. phosphorus-

under control, were reigned in

(inf ~~~j--.3)
~ );~ vn. borrowing money,
taking out a loan (inf );.U

derived fertilizer
o,;~ n. nitrogen
o;c~ ~_;!;,;~ n. nitrogen-derived
fertilizer
~~ n. burden, weight
._&d_o.j~ v. intending to
lighten, meaning to ease (inf

~W~)
~~ n. food, grain

~~ vn. buying,

purchasing
n. expenses, costs
0~-l..:!<LJ~_;> v. apparently
unable to pay for (inf ~~,;>)
0t..;._,_w;c,. v. choking, struggling

~d_o.j~)

~~ v. halting, stopping (inf

~d_o.j~~)

~r

. . .,_;. .:. n. affiliate,

subsidiary
Notes

l. The phrase "0t..;._,~;c;...:. 0~" means "involved with" or

"connected to."
2. The Autonomous Region Farm Tool Production Group is an important
government company that controls the production and sale of chemical
fertilizer (as well as other agricultural materials) in the Uyghur Region.
3. The phrase ~# .!L...;_;~~ means "as far as possible," "to as
large a degree as possible" or "as far as one is able."
4. "~l...J~ )I.L..>
the varieties of."

y;s'" means "to expand," "to diversify," or ''to increase

5. Here, "l.Jl~" " is in the conditional form, marked by the affix

"L-", expressesing a meaning akin to "should they buy," "if they buy."
6. The word "Jy." or road, path is used figuratively here, indicating that
some choose to use loans as a road to paying for fertilizer.

80

Selection 30

Vocabulary

._;, rJS' vn. immersing,

._;, ~ n. the sun

0\;._,~ v. heated, subjected to heat
.Yj~ n. sick person, afflicted

submerging (inf. ~d..A ..oy)

._;, )'\5b vn.l n. treatment, regiment
-::.."'-:'~ n. medicine (i.e. as a
branch of science)
-::....)}A> n. temperature, heat index

person

w;;,_... adj. chronic (e.g. said of

an illness)

81

Selection 30
J~ n. illness, disease

J~- .::..Ui,~ n. attention,

.::..~~ n. construction, building

interest

o~.,J4.3 n. development,

J~ n. patient (sick or afflicted

progress

person who is receiving

treatment)
...;~:; n. achievement, act of
success
~.f~ ~d..5J- n. bone illnesses
..Yf~ ~ n. internal illnesses
~..J~ adj. superior, advanced
~!YJ:' adv. especially, in particular
Lr"j->J..A adv. special
1J,~ n. drug, medicine
J- -'j~ 1J,~ vn. the taking of
internal medication (inf. 1J,~

lS..J_,J,__. lS~ v. was moved

forward, was advanced (inf
~.......,,),__. lS~)

..:;~n. June
..::.....-..;<:;~ n. August

r..)--il.o..t) n. rheumatism
iJ:' n. joint
t;1J~ n. inflammation, swelling
J~ n. (physical) back
~~~ J~ n. backache
~~~ .::..~ n. leg pain
9\.;l5 n. windpipe, trachea
..):;11~ 9\.;l5 n. inflammation of the
throat
~~ J)l.J~~ n. diseases of
women (i.e. gynecological
issues)
i:Y:Y n. effect, effectiveness
<.5"}>:} J- l'1;b n. effectiveness of a
treatment
...;;-=.~ adv. in excess of, more
than
~~ n. reflection, opposite
~~ r--'4.3 n. side effect
~~ adj. frugal, miserly

~4.-oj~)

u - I ~ 1J,~ ~r--' vn.

treating, using external
medication (inf 1J,~ ~r--'
~43~)

~n. root

J;-.:; n. method, manner

~1..9L. vn. curing, healing (inf

._;~1..9L.)
.::..~

n. ratio, proportion

ll~ lll..:. n. Hong Kong

..:r.--o5~ n. Macao
L;<>j:4.3

n. Taiwan

Notes
1. While the term "~" is usually translated as "national" or "ethnic,"
in this context, the nearest English equivalent for the given phrase is "folk
medicine".
Uyghur folk medicine has more than a two thousand year history. In all
that time, it has been influenced by the techniques of Turkic, Indian,
Iranian, and Chinese traditions.
2. In the Pichan, Toqsun, and Turpan counties, there are several places
where one can receive the "sand treatment," and it is sometimes even
provided free of charge.

82

Selection 30

Some of these facilities are government- run and others are private.
However, in light of new trends in medical tourism and travel for
treatment, some experts are anticipating costs to skyrocket in the coming
years.
3. "~0 w;;,......" refers to a disease that is chronic or long- term in
its pathology and effects.
4. ";~0 '-)'"'""'J..>;jJ ~;,;"refers to diseases that are recurring
or tough to completely eradicate.
5. The suffixes "L;l.._, and "~<~....c>-" denote the present progressive tense
when added to a verbal root.
6. VitiUgo, or "White Disease" as it is known is Uyghur, is a skin disease
with a pathology that is not completely understood. The disorder causes a
complete loss of pigment in the skin and is thought to be a combination of
autoimmune and genetic factors. The disease is found in people of all
races, but is markedly more visible in people with darker skin tones.
7. The Uyghur Autonomous Regional Uyghur Ethnic Medical Hospital
is located in the capital of the Uyghur region, Ururnqi. There are also
branch hospitals in several major city including Kashgar, Hoten, Turpan,
Aqsu and other places.

83

co

Lr . 1

--:t ~

't~ ;_

-.. .

t \

t. ~- l.
"s;-~-:G.
"r- ~c .V\
.c- ~ l:~ c; '-s;-~-C

v;;" l

f(\ -v;'"bc.~ .~
~
,..

~ t~
~ '-

't't\

l.t:~f-;b -~r

f ~ r. I ~

'fL
\t t. ~ -t .-:. [
'r [t:
~N
~i: c- ~ .~

s;-t\

t;;. 'CXl'

<f\

f.~ < ~. .
V\1..0
~ . /"" fi\;
V\ t ""'' ,.. L " -

to-

c~~1~ ~

"

Vl

'-

. ~

V\ c;-

t c, ._b r. 1
1'.t '- 't.
~. J/\ ~ JQ," "
~ <?
t. ~ t. c.. b ~:8 l : 't~
(A,-...) ' (: t . co. "- V c, ~- C
"..~
C.
,.. "'' c:- t.,.

rv .':Cc,
'c-

t
l., h, 'Ll ~. ""' , ~

~ ':c1 ._ .
t
.

c; v

c;

"'\..

~ c

G;

c;

C:'t: c;

c. . ._V\
..-

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til

Selection 31
Vocabulary
<.S;~ ;"-:! adj. global, worldwide

\5)... n. trademark, trade name

11~ n. notion, concept, idea
.,:};._,.WL f').G v. if we examine,
take a look at (inf. ...;WL f').G)
~~~ n. concept, complex idea
')lll_;~ adv. first of all, before all
others
~b n. renown, famousness
0~4..5 ~ v. seeped into (inf
~"-o.i 4..5 ~)
d,..;j.,;_;:, adv. following, as below
. up
" - <; ! v. establ'ts h'mg, setting
(inf ~. o- ~, !)
0j-.J:! n. manner, method
(""_r.Jn. list, register
l.L.!.;;;.J~ ~_j--3 v. begun to
register (inf ...;t...;;.J~ ~_j--3)
0\.Rlb n. powder
~n. henna
-:..;.:....4..5 ~ n. chewing gum
);1.3 n. product
0[Ajl5- I < .4..5 v. intensifying,
increasing (inf ~~.J.-.S:......d..5)

~.U~ adj. basic, elementary

(;l;._,~)'l;_;.; '?""'~ -:..~ v. (has been)

able establish a foothold (inf

._;1....)_;.; ';""'~ -::.>~)

LS"'~j! t"~ n. cosmetics
0~ n. advertisement, ad
~;,...:.,; \.;\>)5 n. workforce
d..R.,~ol..i-0~ n. publicity
(advertising, propaganda)
;~t....;\3}:! v. does not lose, does not
fail to maintain possession of
(inf. ._;l....;\3}:!)
J. ;;~ )l.L;..;"-' vn. selecting,
choosing (inf
._;I....)~ )l.L;..).._,)

J-.-W .._;..,;;~ vn.

caring for,
giving due attention to
;~l;\3 J"-' v. paying little
attention, neglecting (inf.

J"-'

...;l->;1.3)

Notes
I. The name ''....r.~-lfili~" refers to a specific brand of locally -made
silk which is produced in Khoten and Kashgar.

2. The name "<.5~\.Rlb ~;1--!--';~ ~~, refers to a specific brand of

instant food powders sold in the Uyghur Region. The word "~;1--!--';~",
which usually means "mobile" or "moving," in this case most likely means
that the powders are made into food easily and quickly. Thus, "Amina' s
On-the-Go Food Powders" would likely be a fair English approximation.
3. "~;~"is a trade name for the knives made by a company in
the Y engisar County of the Uyghur Region. Knives are a commonlymade item in the Uyghur Region, but the knives from Y engisar are known
for their beauty and craftsmanship.

85

Selection 31

4. '\.s~ rb" is a trademarked brand of henna, which is used to

decorate and adorn the body on a temporary basis. It is also used as a
temporary dye for hair, fabric, and other items.

5. "i.e.,.._:." is a brand of chewing gum whose name means "dew."

6. '\jlo;~ ';'o;--3 o~" is a phrase that means to establish a foothold, to get
one's foot into, to take and to hold.
7. "~" is the name of a county in the Uyghur Region, as well as a
popular line of make-up and cosmetics.
8. The literal translation of ''..s<>->r-S ~~~" is "beneficial income," but it
essentially means "revenues" or "profits."
9. The phrase ''._:_,\,;..,~)'\;~ \.,lj;;~ lJ..._,..,, means "standing or equal ground"
or "equivalent to."
10. This proverb can be translated; "Even among garbage, gold does not
lose its value."

86

Selection 32

87

Selection 32

Vocabulary

))..o n. grave, tomb

,sl I I.G- n. caliphate

i)JJJ"' n. Mullah, Islamic scholar

...::...>~~ n. capital city

0\.;.L..j f"'J..9.w v. gave, presented

u<>;)<Lll> n. majesty
~...S n. village, small town

with (inf. ...;t.....W f"'J-9.0)

n. repair, renovations,
refitting
..:;t.o..:....J.... ~JO-?; v. was renovated,
was repaired (inf. ...;t.....W ~JO-?;)
;":,.....; r. adv. comparatively, quite
\.jl;.~;J...o 1;,; n. fasting room
\.j\.:;.j.,fjl.....; n. reading room
\.j~~ n. prayer center
~,; adj. double, paired, twin
;\.jj.<> n. tower
1);;":, n. gate
u<>;W n. building, edifice
..iJ3 adj. straight, flat
U"'J;,:; n. ceiling
n. frame
:6~ n. rafter
..:;L.1;~ n. door jam
.,~~n. pane
\.j\,;.5..._;J3 n. guest room, sitting
room
J1; n. hall, auditorium
~~~l.j n. neglect, lack of
attention

,_}~~1}~-~j:> adj. thick, dense

~L,;~ n. orchard, grove
~J..i;.-. adj. clear, transparent
._;'ll~ n. spring, natural water

~JO-?;

source
"r'}J...o n. scenery, landscape
.>~>l.Sj<Lll>~ n. place for rest,
recreation site
.>~>~d......> n. sight, tourist stop
U"'\.j~ n. linguist
U"' \.j;..:...,;...>).; n. historian
U..,.u n. tribe, clan
....;~ n. village, small inhabited
area
;,; n. tribe
[:>;~ n. kingdom, khanate
~~..i"9 b;~ n. coup, "palace
change"
~ J!J;;;..1"9 vn./n. killing, murder
,_).51...- o ;~ n. hometown
\.;~ n. side, edge
~L;d......> n. wandering, the life
of a vagabond
~.G. n. caliph

t-!

Notes
1. ";<Lll>........:. \.j,S" means "old city" and refers to a section of Kashgar
separated from ";<Lll>........:. h" - the "New City" - by the Kizil Su river.
Kona Sheher is located on the city's northwest side and is home to a
prominent bazaar.

88

Selection 32

2. While in English we typically say that a certain place or item is located

so many miles from a certain known point, Uyghur usage typically calls
for measuring the distance to that location. As such, readers will find
dative case constructions when encountering such descriptions, as can be
seen in"\.,;...,;-')~ ~\.; ;<U>~G,s" ;U....:..U".
3. The Karakhan Dynasty (943-1212) was the frrst Uyghur-Turkic state.
Satuq Bughrakhan was the first king of this Khanate. Hemade Kashgar
was his capital and Islam the official religion.
4. "~:y. ;J-o~" means "for the length of one's life" or "for all one's
lifetime."
5. "~.G. i~ '-:'";.U" refers to the Arab-Islamic Caliphate that
existed from the eight through the thirsteenth century. Baghdad was its
capital.
6. In spite of its name, the Dictionary of the Turkic Languages actually
covered many different aspects of Turkic culture including language,
literature and history.

89

~n.-J;

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t 'i... t ~ . ~ 1 c.
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. t . t ""'to
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v n.

r r f"
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~~~ t~
r I> ~~ [.c- .t~ ~-r.~I> - .t~J."'I>
't" ~<

-.:. [ L

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""t. "-c

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ii
n

VI

Selection 33

Vocabulary

_;.Jl)_;; n. home, living room

<.,5~ n. place
<.,?"j> n. home, house
~~ n. courtyard
9"f ;.Jl)_;; n. room
~)~ n. structure
...;~,; adj. rich, full
L.....~ n. side
o ..;.u n. level, floor
..-J>J> n. roof
~...:;adj. smooth, flat
~.5);;.; n. pillar, main support
~..:, n. design, motif
;.w~~ v. they are carved, are
engraved (inf ...;W~~)
~n.

.!11}-? n. trellis
...;~~ n. cupboard, shelf
~_;;-~l; n. dishes, cups, and plates
;....1...3' n. tapestry, carpet
i f )14 n. rug, small carpet
Jr..j>t n. room, chamber
ci...bJ....t>---.!.<I.JI> adj. stylish
~,U~ n. flower bed
~~ n. clay, adobe, brick
0~L.lj adj. modem
..:ojL.:j> n. tool, implement
ifJ....t> n. stove
...;~~ n. frreplace
0~k n. cast iron
0;.;~ n. firewood
t..~~ n. kitchen

brick

91

Selection 33
Notes
1. The phrase "~..._. ~}Sl~" literally means "building art."
"~}51.~" on its own means "construction." Combined, they should be

translated as "architecture."
2. The verb ";~J)~" is both passive and reflexive in structure and means
''to (be) split into."
There is no component of the word that indicates modality, but when
translating the sentence into English, the phrase "can be divided into" is
still the best choice.
3. The compound verbal phrase ";.>..>~ ~4,j 0~ ~, describes
how designs are made in the sides of buildings using bricks. These designs
appear in floral shapes and even in Arabic language inscriptions.
4. The phrase "...sr.S')> <..Jliu.>-.>;_;5" ~~ .......:;;.!!. , ! "'5 ~)..._r)~"
describes ''the flower-addicted and greenery-loving character" of the
Uyghurs. The root ")..oj>" can be found in a great number of Uyghur
words and always indicates that a strong hunger or craving is involved.
5. ";.ML~ ';-';J;j~~" is another example of verbs being compounded
to describe simultaneous and sequential action. In this case, the rocks in
question are both "laid" and "stood firmly" into the foundation of the
building.
6. The phrase";~~ ~~"means "bent into shape."

92

(JJ

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.f

'

.t ~C ~ . " ~ t..~. l\.. ':t , "'~ ~ ~ .

f t" .t " \.. '-'>
c..t .t~ 'f.~t ~ "T.t. . ~ c. ~

C)

t~-~ t~ttCc
c-'{. ~~ tb t-" ':tt\Cc
:21 'ti~r-~it~~~
lA. /'" 'r " r: r
' ':t ' t. ~ ~ :: ~;t
~~ ~f ~~-...:[t
~ ~ < t_- "'~~ let--=
tp.
C~> t;~~~~> .t "
~> ' '1>; t',

r:
c,
'!: h C
.t ~ -'-colf.t::&_
~1 t . t. 'e. J_
t"'-e_ t . . c;;\~ J 't~1 rte
"c;;.f\.~ ~ ~ CD7t ~c} ~1
\.,f !) " c'. "'
ol! "
~ ~ t..~ t't . t.~-;.~ l

~I

t .'-' .t ~ \..D ::.~ t . .'-e .

t-~~~

~1- t. ~ ~

c.

;.

r ,-.,.1f.j

't '-'>
'-

F""\.,p
~..
c; ~ . (:
--= .. ~c-

\.o. V {:"
~.
'{

1.1.1

:J

:::!'.
0

tD

I'D

Selection 34
Vocabulary
~~ aqj. conscious, aware
ill;"'5;0.w..; n. patriotism, love

~d..-!.

aqj. personal, individual

i.u: n. concern (sadness, misery,

worry)
real, true
Uo.... n. meaning
~u n. heart
J. ji;;~ vn. enlightening, causing
to shine (inf. .._;\...;;;~)
~n. torch
....,;;;~~ v. igniting, setting ablaze
(inf .._;\...;;;~)
r~<l..i n. destiny, fate
"---><~..~~> n. share, portion
w~ 04J;1"~ v. if he benefits,
gains from (inf ....;W~ 04J;1"~)
o~;~d...o n. responsibility,
obligation
~;Y ....;.J)51~ vn.
compensateing, returning (inf.

for one' s country

~;"'5;Y<L;->;4...o n.

~aqj.

educationalism, (a) belief in the

need for education
~4-.S'J,! aqj. high, lofty
~L: n. idea, notion
);!~ aqj. great, wonderful
i~ n. concept, idea
iili..._;;_..,j.o aqj. strong, solid
,).u)l.ct,. v. connected, joined (inf

.._;W)lcl,)
&~ n. bellybutton, navel

0.._{1;5";; v. was spilled, was made

to fall out of (inf ~~;5?)

J. jo-3y n. the past

~~~ n. the future

~~ n. union, joint, (central)

connection

. . . ._; .,__,;,S ....;.J)51~)

;~;l9 v. are intended, are

directed towards (inf ....;~;l9)

~;~-<,?~ n. appearance
o';'YL n. poise

o.JL.l5 n. perfection, completeness

~~ aqj. academic, intellectual,
- higher
od....:-:'<~..~~>j.o n. love, adoration
0\..;..,~)1.....; .._;.Jl~ v. can be
brave, is able to act from one's
heart (inf .._;w...; ....;.Jl~)
~;.:Jk conj. yet, but
O<L;->;4..-o n. knowledge, wisdom
0~ n. humanity

~;.W-..._}-.;~ n. intelligence,

smarts
.._;)I>~ n.

morality
o....L;'; n. virtue
J .. ~ adv. exactly, precisely
~~ vn.ln. awakening,
renaissance
0!,~ n. movement, trend (lit.
wave)
.. ~~L.l> n. luminary, great figure

Notes

1. Just as in English, the phrase "~.._;__:,~ 0~ 0l9" - "as flesh and

blood" - implies that two things are closely related.
2. The phrase ''.:.r--o-t) 0.._{1;5? ~ &~ " is a refemce to one' s
motherland and translates literally as "the land where one' s umbilical
blood was spilled."

94

Selection 34

3. The phrase "0w...; l~ 0~" means "to sacrifice one's life for" or ''to
give everything for."
4. The term ";"'~.u ~~l;~" is a political term typicaJiy used by the
Chinese to refer to the time before the Communists came to power in 1949.
5. While the use of "0.._sj~, can clearly mean "lasf' or "previous," we
need to consider the fact that the text was written during the twentieth
century. As such, the translation provided towards the rear of this book
reads "the nineteenth century".
6. The first European-style school to teach Uyghur students in their
homeland was established by Huseyin Musabayev in the village of Atusb.
The name of the methodology associated with such schools is named for
him.

7. "0~ ~..bu" means the "light of knowledge."

95

Selection 35

96

""'-.!

<..0

1 ~.'r
,l k

C f-

P\ ~~ -

t~ IN

c..

~ t[ c.~s,.1:>;:

~ 'e ~

l
: ~.< ~ ~'i S rt ~ 'f.~

r1.ct ~ -J. ot0 f"

~. S [_ ~:_ .[' )"

1c:.

C. c,_.c.

(!::;

C: C ~- 't..-J.

~v-:c t

rt 1
[~~ f.'e~t f-"'t
l~ .;':r<i.
~

~-

~:} .t

--~.
~ . s. c-_~c..., <n c;._ ...,
.-'
e
J ;,).< c '" e-1--:.>i:. "\';:

e. ['" s. '1..., !07 t,..... ...,

~ r't ~- c;;~. t ~ t 'e~ c;._~ 'f, .
"
1 c. -::." c, ...,... "e ~g e ...,.._ .c. ~ . t. ;.: l ~ " r ~;.7 C:: ~ "h 'f.~
t~ ~--r ~{1~'e~ ~" S. t-1:'e~ ~cr.'f., \
f 0\'f.~ ['~. ...,_..., 'e~
C
~ E f~... t'f.,,
107't ~ J--'t~
f:'P.: [Gi___ 'e ~ [ .t 1 'F- 't"

. ~

.,.

...,

.c-

't<

... ~v .

.. . v.

~ ~ ':t~t

CA.

':t -;

t-_ \::'f_~. ~c-

V\

't-

c;;

c: ~ ,

1:.

\J)

c-. 1:.e~

'

't

'

'f. ~

p. G,
V\

" - .

(!::; ~'e~

e:

'f.~

\.p

f "' [

~ ' ~-~ 't~ ~

c, .~ t" ...,L"' v
't < '

'f.~ t,

. '-'

\J> ,.....

~-

I"

.c. .

(!::;

f~ f.c

'F-

~-

"'<>

.~\

.t

.~ ~ ''" )..~) '

. E "1_. ~~
~ '-t\.. 't7
'f.~
c
':t <i. v
.., _t~.f
~
'!:"
','"

"

!;

~>~<

~t

\.D to

'ft

\..0

"I"

I" ,
ll\

G: -t

['e~

<>

.(.

<>

.c V

\.p

r.

t.

't"'f.~ J.

c;;'t\

c . ., .

\0

>

\J>

~ >l__:_~: ct ~E:" "c;- t. c~c. ':::te~~

t .!'. "' G, ~G,. G,b~

c;;

~~

f ~:c;;~f te~
.!!

'!:\.

~t . c- q.(.. ~tte~ 1. t
. ~~
';t .!'.

c;;

't

t.

[ c-}

!07

.c- .

(!::;

':t

. !07':-e

V-.,.

't.

~ r .v-r.J 1~1~
.r t r.'e~~-< f o
'e~'t~ :.r. 'e~~~- E':tt~_~ .t rt~ r: 1:'e~ .~t'e~ t~ t't~ 'e~ 1,:~ . .,r- ~r f.--e~ ~~ ~-~ ~'e~~-: i:~_F

'e~ rc- ~-

l L~~ cb'fr..,~1;~-:~h ~~~J'~t t~ f~~s '~~tt~:\

h ht_l.61~JnJtir
- r1:

"',....., . I"
p
V

". ..., . t

._
~- ':! '1 tel]:!..lr- "t .l . ~...,t- r
t
.
'e~"
~~
1:
~
.
.
~
~-t
.
1.
,f
~
.Q
c. .c[ ~ ' C""'f
. 1(, t.c;._"'c;; C'e Cr' c-h L...,._,_ "'~- - "' L'-t
\.c;L (!::;[ 1!:::'" }G, "'L J '-t'e.1 lt... 'e
.t
~
. L 1 c . 'fA
t .f. , Ct. b
"r;. ~. ~ r ~\- "'~ c . ~ ...,-: t~ c-~. ~T 'f: 'e~ ~ t.-~-~ <t -. ~~ ~;- c;; .. t~ . :. ~te; .c. ~~ 1 ~:..., : r.
_i;-~. c_. ~-t." rlr. lf't.r~':f
\~ f"=v
-.r~'P '-t_'f Cf ~r LC
'-t\Ci. -~-1v G, ...,~l(.
~
t ~. . c;L ~~ ~(t.~'-tz~:
r o
G, ,
~
t~ I' '-(.
'- ~ ['",.........
~. ':t 'f" G_ ~ c;;'- _ r c;;,(
~- -t - .. ...,L
. ::_"
t~ ~"''
C ~ "'~~ -' ~ . J-- "'i.,:::

t. ~ ' ~:_ "'~

c .

! t~'e

~-

~~ (: t . ~
C "t to."' ~.v c ~

't. ~ .'e ~~. c-. _ :

<.;

[ -o

'
v:
r
"
b''L 'f' --e '
c.c
"'~ r~"~1 ~~[
[

~--[~~te;
.~~1--t .[~;:v-lt~~
~s. ~-L t~'t~~- l~i:'e~ { ' .f...,. ~ _rt\J)-.e~ rL[rt,T t. ~
c
"'
.
\J)
F
'
:
t
<t
j
"t. 1 c [ e te;
f-"'

"' "'

t
v "' . -:::-':t.c,_.

l1-[5- ~~"...,
' u ~.l <i c_ 'e~'t7
~
"'
S .. ,. 1r-J. ~-~e~
.c-- .c-_.
.l C
C 'f.
~~r~"f.
t. .c-~ 1v-{
"'c" ~ f ~;- t ~ ~<; 't~ lte-~ v
t-v"'~ r-~
~-t.1: .<.t,~- ~. [' .f--1
~~'e: -~
[ '" ~ v 'f.,
_ >:t
~
t~ c, _ l t 't ~ - .e "'
t. t o
t ~ t~l~- ~}'e~
c c;;S. l ~-- c,

~ ~ ~ ~- ~t~ ~~...,~ F~J

.!'.

c-. [-;. >:t"rc[' ~

. , f"t -.J, .
't~ .~>~ ~ 't f:'):..., ~f.1
c e ::'e;. ...,~.c- c7->:t . . "
c.
"'1
-c}..., r E"' .. t ~- ~ t: ~
c-_"r;. : >:t . . ., . 't;. ~~ . ~ ~
&~b~-~
f ':t"(.(A,C. ~...... ~c;;-~<C."~c
~~ ~- L
te~
."~n.~r
t. "' ~- r"
~ .e
~.-'t\!\~o <n ~t'e~

te ~

U'l

o':::s

....~

rD

VI

Selection 35

Vocabulary
~ .. ~r. adj. united, as one
.._:).;.);......~ adj. blocked off,

~_;J;j:.....oj.o~ adj. widespread,

common

u4-J)/j.o n. service, duty

surrounded
;.w;)~ "))..;;)~ v. laid out,
organized (inf ...;k)~ "))..;;)~)
b)Uk ~_;5 adv. most of the

~d..fb adj. fee-based, done for a

charge
~L... n. quality, caliber
.)~ o~LS"j.o n. award money,

time, in most cases

scholarship funding

I,S"')j.o<l..b adj. administrative,

r-'.T-~ adj. separate, segregated

~;;)p.Jr. vn./n. unifYing,

managerial
...;;t...:.;)_;; adj. residential, living
;..w....r-~ v. they are split, are
broken into (inf ...;U>.r-~)
dicates,
L>w
~~-w~ v. (.It, thi s) m
uses, requires (inf. ...;W_;:,; W~)
._;., ;)_;5 ~)4..3 vn. study, the
receiving of one' s education
~l.9 )d..fb pro. each (all, both)
l~)~ n. ownership,
control, auspices

integration

._;., IJ_;; adj. standardized, unified,

joined
~.:..r~r.

adj. sole, only

...;..J~k n. Master' s Degree

...;_;J),_;-5,~ n. Doctorate, Doctoral

Degree

Notes
I . "lSJ\.....:. )" is one of many Russian words that has been absorbed into the
Uygbur language. The use of such words is often dialectical and limited to
those who have regular contact with the countries of the former Soviet
Union. As such, many of these borrowings cannot be found in the standard
Uyghur dictionaries.

98

Selection 35

2. "._.5:.,->. L,

yy 13ili;..." means ''the majority of, the larger part of."

< _(?: 0J>~

,_,
~Lo
<..)......) l
.
3 . The 1"t phrase " ~:>':r"""r.
LS"
<>-,
' ~)
~
~ J J~J"'
0.U...," interesting because is demonstrates that, as in English, a simple
pronoun - even one that is indicated by a suffix - "-._.5:.,:>" - can take the
place of a noun in Uyghur. This sentence is best trartslated as "the
education system in the Uyghur region is unified with that of China."
4. "0iliol..:! ~ y.....SJ...o" describes a child who has reached school- age,
typically around seven years- old.
5. The ablative sufftx seen on ";.>..-..l~ .:..r - II ! .t...;.)~" and then again in
";.>..-..l~ 0-'~ fi~" indicates that these processes are comprised of the
indicated number of years in length.
6. "yo:>" is a participial form of the verb "~4;>:>" and is the first half of a
great many verbal compounds. It typically implies that speech is a logical
part of the given verbal process.
7. The phrase
"private."

"~;.....;> 0~"

means "private in character" or

8. "~ ~}~J..:i ..; ~o!..:!" are the essentially the Uyghur-world

equivalents of kindergarten and preschool. As in the United States, these
classes are used to prepare a child for the regular education system.

9. '\sl....>}3 ~;JJ:' 13h.i;,." means "in spite of this" or "ignoring for the
moment that."
10. The phrase ";~ J~ 0~~t.S~~Lo ~ )<>:>" indicates that
money is demanded for education materials.
11. The verb ";"'-:!.t...Jo~......!._,~" is a form of the verb "~~~" that contains
a modal particle (-J<>) and a negating particle (-<,sA..o). The complete phrase
means ''they are unable to get."

12. The lengthy phrase "l~l.;.. )3 ~~)<>.? ._.5:.,~ )~~" translates

literally as "examining the situation in the Uyghur Region," but can more
or less be boiled down to "currently" or "right now in the Uyghur region,
the situation is such that .... "
13. The phrase "~<l..i 0.Y" means "around ten" or ''ten or so." When the
two words are inverted, as in "0.Y ~<l..i" then it means "several groups of
ten." Whereas English speakers typically think of such numbers in dozens,
Uyghurs do it in tens.

99

Selection 35

14. The syntax of the phrase" 80 ~w;; .~1 -,- .r.~~ l.l~
..:;WJ:' ~, is interesting because it is so different from the equivalent
English. The nearest direct approximation of this phrase might be, "it is
eighty years back to the founding of Xinjiang University."
15. The word ''..~~~" is an inflected passive for the verb "~41~" (to
carry out, to conduct). According to the Dictionary of Modem Uyghur
Spelling and Pronunciation, the verbal noun form should be spelled
'\}......L.3~" and the form seen here ".__...;:].J.W~". This is another example of
why readers will need to anticipate a certain amount of variation when
decoding Uyghur-language texts.
16. The phrase "l..u~-30-20 ~r--'~ ..:;&~,warrants some attention
because it is important when reading articles to consider the original print
date of the text, in particular if one is translating them.

100

t&.

(t-' r::_ r::_ ~ te~ 't_. ~~C c- <t

t. t. L .e.'"' '!! ~ e.. F t.

-t il,.

1.

\1\

'-'>

l' r

"" -

"

.c

t~

l/

(, 1

""

....

r 1t

..

C:: -

r -~

~-~

\J)<t

t
r

1-

'{'-;-'

'-1
L

n~(. ~rfv: . ~& ~l:.-.f1

r~CD7'"'l,_:~
t- G. n.~- '>e -0. c;;~~-r,::;
~ ,(? C

t:

...

J.

'

""

...,

.,.

~~s ~. .r ~~~

J~,.-:1 . ~-

tn

.r

~ V

1.-'f.-~:

ll

~"
c-"',

~ c t

'

:o [ ;

c;;"

'>e

t
1
~"t t1. " ~ .~

c;;-$.

.....

c.-.
, .

!.,

'f,

"' ~

c- ~~.

'

l~

'f.,

.
"'"L _

~.

._o. >: F .t

'f.

,.

"'

r ,,"

" bf

,, [ [

"'-

"~ ~ , ~

.c.t

. 'e ~ l ~ ~ ~'f.~ f'"'~ .

"'" . " . J: "' \, ,
"'

t1: -___, 1 c-

" \ , ,.

t.

, ' "' " ' .t d

p;-

~. t

':l

g <vf.
p;- ~ '!!~ c .l e c.. ~t. \,
,e "'\. . . ~

r-.,

."~~:
1 f.~~ :~-c- ;. L~~c~.
f:-ci-~f::.
~}-. o ~. ~- er:~- ~[~~~ J.~
t. t ~
ll\~t .
~-1 [. t
~ ,.--..,'t'-"'-' , {;-c- c.; .t
~t t.
t ,.:..._ 1
't <tt , c ( "e..

"
re.~~--=:.'
~ c:- t> :....
" 0"
I ~ ::::::
\, ':t"" ~ t \' C. ~ E7"
-+ c 'e- ~ t.~ ~
- "' c;\...t. te;
w c; ' :

"-n:; : f. f,.l ~c.:t ,} t ,tt.~ J'I ~ tJ ~"

c;; [ :

'>e-

't ..

~i.1
,.:,~ r:t_ J ~"'"~;[ ~ J ~ 1
Ctt ~~ffl~
1~: f ~ <t~tH
~ ~ 1:
f. t. 1 c- o~ l." (, 'e.T L~~~. <;.f "e.."'
~ 'e~1 r '11.
~ c ~.
-~ t;-~ t f
r r.b~
-r~ ~~(, ~~( t~fc. 'ff't;.1:t r~{ f. 't~ f. ~;-$. t~c (. t ~- r.~. :f}.~tJ ~ ~i f fl.}[.
t e
-Ee.. t:-'t
t.
T rc - ~ ~ ~.
l..:. r t .r (, t "'...-~ '-" ~
c._(,. ~'"'e.. t~~~1f

'"'~'E~

c;;'t 't~
(.. '-'. ,.......,

'tc-...z.
c.. . 1. . ~ , G.~. ~~'>e.
1. ~ [ \..;~ly . t~.
_ 'e ~
~!
C ~te< 't, . ~t
+
t.c- .t
. 1:-[
b1
L'e,.c~. G.
t 'e. ~~r't. '"'V '~-- ' ~E
- tt t- E
. t J
[_i: - .'-I!!~~ 1
s ~ ~t'
!t
c~t(, 'f., c- C-. l
~'-'.c- ~ f.
~'
Y
I~
f''--'
"t
-,
oe (
b1 T t. t 'fA t . 1 \ . T t. C <t 't; ---c. t.'tl'f/(\ te;'-'> J
<t
\ _. 'e,. }
c= t. ':'c't
-0. '>e (. E<t .c:- :t 1 ~ "(, .t .c- ~ t 11. . \ '>e t . .t .c- - ~ . ~ '>e G. 1
f
0
~.~.(
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
[
.t
(.
E7 ~. ~1
"t.. p;-c.; ~- t ~
.
<;:"'
~
"~
11.
ts.
t;..t.
~'"'t
"r
t
e
'
c_. ~ ~ ~ -!
r ~ ~ ,.:..._ t'"'_!.. . L
b ,.~ - l~ rt"~<- ._t~_, ~.t- h~ 1"'v't_
t- "' ' t- "' ' ~..t t
'-' L ~ 1 , t " ,
,
~. ., ~ C
'l t 0 . co~. "t i_
t . '>e ' ~ .
t;-'e~
'
1"
-"t.. ~ s
"f .....__,
L
t..
~ l.l\
CT
't*'
.c-

&

..........

~~ (j..t-. 1te~(\
't.. G_r CL t.
~ '"'e r~ .
f ~
.c:- G_r '"~c.;.
'. t"~..t
.e. t FC
e
e.- t~
. (, ~~'e-;.
- . . ~-< 'e ~
t. ~ t1:
.~'"'-- .~ ~l-. re~..t. "'~
e ~c 1e.. ~-~{
~ ( '"'1. t Q
1. ~
.c;,,,. t~'t-~ ~(, . ~-~(. \..t; -. ~.cl ~- 1"
' . \..; '--'
. ( '
't - 1 . . r:_ ~c- ~ ~
'e" .
t G.
r.~-;.1. 1. -!t; ~~1:
1-G_ c. \. ~. ~~r 17 _
r C= ~ t ~-r ~te; r. ~'t ~ L. '~rc.;
~
r te~ 't:
t_c-L1 '"' t'e.1-~- J~.r. ~~- '"'C:~ r.l~ 't ~ ~ ct. 'f(\ ~t~ 1 }'f., ~t- ~t>: oo1 [~
'"'~ft.1~ ~~}J:-~ 't_:_ t 1:1-' ~ ~ ; 1'.~-~: r~~ r ~ .t ~l-~ t t~c- ~'"'co\. ~ ~1~ (. ~ ~

1}

t '-~t>.c.; ,
'"'L
~c. . .
~ \. ;
1. .

'-1

a-

IN

0
;::,

~.

11)

Selection 36

Vocabulary
.::.~~ n. humanity

;J......W )"')4.; v. supposed,

o~o..)d....o

hypothesized (inf ._;LJ..,..; )"')4.;)

~)~. d:? n. monument, stele

n. civilization, world

culture
0li..!.~ v. added, made (inf.
._;l......;.~)
~;>

n. contribution, advancement

.J->]-:-:? n. writing

~<L.-5"~ adj. highest, lofty

~)"'..) n. level, degree
"-o3"-'),S v. (besides) indicating,
showing (inf ~.._:;.._, ),S)
LS.>..oL adv. just now, just
~ ~JS vn./n. invention,

creating
~5"-' n. standard, level
.::.~ n. nation, ethnicity
0\;.JY<y. ).s.........-~;... v. were able to
(have a chance to), had an
opportu!llty to
<.f"l;b adv. continually,
progressively
..)l_~.,_j n. ancestor, forebear
ll.w adv. equally, evenly
':;')u. n. letter, glyph
.::.~-"' n. document

&.... .....b.,_j

n. legal, justice

J;.o.s,.. n. Mongol

~~n. empire
0Wl~ v. conquered, defeated
(inf ._;Wl~)
~~~ adj. great
0\.J;);.....:.~ &o~...oL v. was made a
reality (inf. ._;t...);.....:.~ &o~...oL)
) . ;:...-.~ n. teacher

..._...;....,..) b..)j.? n. Buddhism, the

Buddhist faith
0.U......:..J;~ ~yS v. were
incorporated into (inf. ~yS
~~.J;~)

y'll!f v. collapsing, falling (inf

...;U!f)

0&;)_r.,S v.

were copied,
transcribed (inf. ~o~...o)_r.,S)
rl. n. master, skilled person
~..)L:: n. quarter, fourth
....,....:..>~ n. teacher

Notes
1. Mahmud Kashgary, an 11th century linguist and scholar, was the author
of the Dictionary of the Turkic Languages. He was born and died in
Kashgar.

2. The"~)~ ..::.......:;1..:_;1 ;>lj. d' was edited between 1072 and 1074. It was the
first Turkic dialectical dictionary and encyclopedia.
3. S. G. Klyashtomiy was a famous Russian Turklogist and historian who
worked at the Russian Academy of Science.

102

Selection 36

4. Dung Huang, one of the most ancient cities in central Asia, is located
in Gansu Province of the People's Republic of China.
5. The "Ancient" Uyghur Alphabet or "Old Uyghur Alphabef' is
partially based on the Soghdian variant of the Aramaic alphabet.
6. In addition to meaning a "quarter" or a "fourth," a "charek" is also a
unit of weight equal to ten kilograms.
7. Chinggis Khan was a world-renown Mongolian emperor who
established the Mongolian Empire and conquered all of Central Asia and
southern Russia.
8. The Mongolian Empire was one of the dominant empires during the
middle centuries and was established by Chinggis Khan. After his death,
this empire was split into several smaller parts.
9. The phrase '\s.rLJ' 1.:.~~" is a general religious term referring to the
classical Buddhist texts most associated with the teachings of the religion,
including the Dhammapada and others.
10. The compound verb ''._.:_,.U....:.J..J;~ ~y-5", which means "to incorporate
into," is made up of the verbs "~o~...oy-5" (to enter) and "~4-!.J..J;~" (to
merge, to coalesce).
11. According to historical documents, the Uyghurs of the Turpan and
Qumul areas were Buddhist until the 15th century. During that period,
many Uyghur scholars and religious figures taught Mongol children,
spreading Buddhism among the Mongol tribes in the process.
12. Rashiddadin was a Persian historian of 13th century who traveled
extensively throughout the different areas of the Mongol Empire.
13. In older forms ofUyghur, '\s.:....>-4" meant "teacher."

103

Selection 37

~~~~ ..=.slo.......MJ..._
,) '
.!l....;..,)L,...)
' '~
..r7
- .._,..rrr.
. )~:Y

Selection 37

Vocabulary

. L5.
_ ~ n. ocean, sea

J~ -~f.) n. rivers and streams

~ n. flows (i.e. of water)

.Jy n. size, area

G...... n. meaning, sense

.._;...,~;-.

vn./n. irrigating,
irrigation (inf .Jl.o).:j-)
~;11~ n. desert, wasteland
._s;.3&S ';-';J v. dried up, gone dry
(inf ~.....,.;4..5 ';-';)_;.;)
~tj J~ adj. below ground,
subterranean
~t,. n. (natural) resource, wealth
iljl,, n. tungsten
JrY n. iron
..:..;j;J~ n. gold
~n. copper
LJ""'..)..)u;.o adj. holy, sanctified

..:..;;p:y n.

intersection, hub
~j adj. close, intimate
. .JOme
d
0 d..5j&..5~
~
'r. v. umte,
(inf ~.....,.;4..5 ~r:')
-.)5.......:. J~ n. terrain, land form
~.>J> adj. special, unique
..:..;L;.L_r..; v. arranged, lined up (inf.
.jl..L_r..;)
~n. valley
~y adj. moving, mobile
~-J"' n. rain, precipitation
~J~,Y n. average
r , o II o n. millimeter
Notes

1. The use of the ablative case with the word "';-'"'J..._,. , takes the place of
the English usage "by" and indicates that the Uyghur Region is called the
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region by the Chinese government.
2. The use of" j ..lt.S .J (,Sy" (gives) here, in conjunction with ~4-?..)/ L.Jd~-r..)
is not that different from the equivalent English - "means" or "gives the
meaning of." It is also another example of how ~4-?..) is used in its various
deverbal forms.
3. One ofthe secondary and more figuarative meanings of "..:..;:Pj>"'' (knot)
is "hub" or "intersection."

105

0)

.....

1:-e -

. fi.

V\

!, .

"~

C.

~ C
. Cr' .tt . ' 't'-"
I> <;; ~L
t"'-

'-1>.:
Q

,,,.

"'L (~

(-

'-'> -

'

. 't

t.

. ~ - '-1> ~ft
r~fto
v ...
... 't

l c't~

~ ~

Vl

r
l

_~I .

(D

"'L

ll

't

'l

\1\- \J)

"

"eo7

'

"

1'[.r r'r-A

"

't~ " ~c;; '-tf

L

\,

C '

'

~-- t"'tb.-.. t'tlc....te~~t

,
c;; t 't;.
- r . r.r
. " ~ (\.l_ ~:t ~:t.t 'tc.e. ..,.

c;;

'

'

Lr-.. L

Jo

..

sL

(..

~;

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'l

r7

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it.

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~- ~r-: c:-~:-e h ~ ~':t"

t - .

t ( ..,~~ c~ r"G7~:"t,. ~--;.~~~rt

t J . ,. 'f.~ ~ ~ - ~- ..,. -t
[5. J.~.ft} ~t'qi.{
'~

c;

't: r ~r-; l 't

.c- t. [

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'f., . ,..-..

-~~-: ..,~ ~ ~-- r ~

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't:

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i_

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_!.~- ~-

",
o
IL 0

..,

Et [ ~
~.
. ' '

.. c;;
t
F. 0. C ~-

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f . ~L t.

. ,. t..t .f-n

\,.; o

G7':-e

c;; .

'1

~ - . ..J. 't
E'-e-\
b ~:-e I
c. . ,_
c-.t .. [ t!..:..
~ 1t .~

I> "

r..

t!..:..

c;;':t

,.

;['-~

\,~\,er\,-:-

b G7 c;; G7't .

t ..

'-'>

~ :~ .~ ['~ t; ~

't

~~

G7 c;;

'

[~~

c-

b ~- t~G . .t

c;;

\, I

--[

I \, I

c;;

c;; G7

'-1> >

f'. t .
~'t< r . 1, ~~- C
t. .
0 ~-- ,.._ "t. .
~ -, 't c;;,-... [
f:"_ ~~- ~c-.._, : r.'""
: r L..,L't...
<i v. t. ~c
t. t '-' ' ''
t 'we.
'
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t. t.
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t
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't
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b
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e..c::\.;-:-
'h

1~~~c.f-{1~f'"'rrr;Jt~ .~ -rf. [(:t~~ [.~ff"~-:.. -~ ~r r[ r. ~. ~ r r\r~- lf.~t -r.~:~ ~'1~- ~.~

t
r
't,
~ ~"G7 ~ T
~(.'b.' rr
'
~ rr '-i.'t~ [1 [1 [ ~- : r~.: :r':r~- ~ r: .~;
.
r
'-~ ~ r't~ r.'t~ ~ ~
't~ .f '-" .r
'-k '

bl

&

~L

'

~<;;:- 't<c~ 't . f

':t

c;; -

'-1> <

t_ r ~l ~C~ f .~- ~ [ ..,~C

. ,.

C. C c;; '-

.1

- i.
'-1> <
G. t. "

't . . b "~ b "'-

..

'-i

J.l "~ t. ~J-.,. & ~r-"t. r ' 't'f;.fr "'a7.f

.
~
t cb.l rtf 1
i. <'<<c-'i "'e.~~}'tr f.~:
t
.
c~: 'b1~
..,...:l., ~:-e ~ 1 ~:
1 &- l . ,. c. ~~ ~ [ $ .-c:-~ _: ~;
. \f J.f- hc~r: ~ t~
~ 1:~~--~1r f.~J;'t.~l ['t;. ~ t~ t~{: c.'t.{ c '"'"~-~ ~"~ -~:
~(1 f.' r
' ~ . ~l (- [t '-"

. J.c.. G. ~. .. ~~ ~ .. .

':tE1n.1t"

t-1J ~'t:1.
t
t~
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C t

't

';e

1:-eE~:}.
1-C
e.~ -~. l~:-e
c;;
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c'!. ~:-e c
't"k

't

'-" c -' '[ ~

(
'- '-e,\

~~ 17

\.e -;. l <;;-t"'.~:-e 'f

Ci.

'--v
PIN ~. rb"
,

f. 'c"r'

....

.t L 't.. 't r' .e

~~~
te~ .f- "~ r'S f\- r~~ ~-~~~1_- .' t~
"'. .e_.., G7 l't 't.. b ~ 't . :~ c;;~- c ~ "
CE 't. 't. b.- IN~ r . \ , '-" ~
t . rC_ c;;
.
' (., 't..'-1>'-t.\D.
W
':t<

'f
~(. ..,
. c-'f.,~

~c
'-' 'l

I>

r
f.f_
r.
.
f; c;;;:"'
cf
't" E \ .'1_ '1 ~ [ c..t ~ tsf."~A te-~~ ~

& '-{

_r. ~_r. L
~(:: 1 ~~2=~
(~'bf
C"G , t . t. }:!.

.L r r.( r. r
r

f'b ..{[1:
'b~~J
E'-~ ..Jt -.,1>1.t ~t.~
-" t ' t

~
t. ~- t/'" h
(\.
"
~~

.f\.1'1c.}r .

(X)

1.1.1

:J

...c;

ii
n

VI
1'1)

Selection 38
Vocabulary
~~ n. agency, network
0lou~-')~lijJ v. connecting,
joining (inf ~L.;~lijJ)
~

n. petroleum, oil

J. ;J;J;; n. construction, building

~L.L; vn. competing,

finishing (inf ~t_l...L.li)

.:_r.).j~y-5 ~ v. (after) it
goes into service (inf ~
~~y-5)

L,_; mw. (metric) ton (i.e. as

opposed to a long ton)
~~ ';''j~<L! vn. sending,
conveying (to someone else;
inf ~ .......;4..:' ';'')~<L!)
0.U..,~ ~J..J41S v. guarantees,
pledges (inf ~\.,..L.j ~J..J41S)
iL;.. acij. raw, unprocessed
~~~ acij. open, free
';'j-!.Ji v. delivering, transporting,
sending (inf ~L.j-!.,_;)
~lou.W~ ~;\3 n. welcoming,
greeting
ol.i....R.;.w n. research, investigating
...;..J}.~-:?.w acij. preparatory,
readying
0.U..,W.Jj;3~ v. completed,
finished (inf. ~.,_J,Jj;3~)
;Y)......., pro. this, the designated, the
given

cLJJ.w~.n. safety, security

~J.w acij. component,

constituent
~~ n. strategy, employed
tactics
o~~ n. significance, weight,
value
~ n. line, road
<.,?~ n. edge, side
}.~--"~ n. warehouse, storeroom
r~ n. demand, need,
requirement
~lJ...o\3 vn. in supplying, while
providing (inf ~t.,..,J.A\3)
rJb~ n. analysis, interpretation
~ n. opinion, thoughts on a
particular matter
d...Jhl..... n. field, area of knowledge
...;..J)5:..od...Jh acij. cooperating, joint
0~ n. goal, target
~.t....::.......j..o n. independence
o.U..,;<Wh n. movement, action
._;..,~ 4..:'fj vn. striking, beating
IS~~ acij. urgent, tense
.L:S.......Jp~~~ v. accelerating,
making more urgent (inf
~ .......);::-...:.~~~)

~- n. agreement, accord
~ n.. stgnature
0\.,;.;)'~ v. was signed (inf
~U~)

Notes
I. Atasu, which means "father water," is a city in Kazakhstan and an
important center for oil production.

2. Alataw is a Uyghur Region mountain pass on the border with

Kazakhstan.
3. Atraw, a port city in Kazakhstan on the Caspian Sea, is an important
base for naval and oil operations.

107

Selection 38

4. Maytagh, whlch means "Oil mountain," is an oil field in the Uyghur

Region.
5. The term " d)I..S__.:,<G ~)5:.-o.u (,S~l.:." is the Uyghur name for the
Shanghai Cooperation Organization. This regional organization was
expanded in 2001, adding Uzbekistan to a group formerly known as the
Shanghai Five. Even more recently, this group was enlarged to include a
total often countries, including full members and non-voting participants.
6. Nursultan Nazarbayev, who is ethnically Kazakh, has been the
President of the Republic of Kazakhstan since it declared independence
from the former Soviet Union.

108

Selection 39

Vocabulary

0l..l; ~.r;l..t. adj. modern,

contemporary
.,_~..j<I..:?L..l; n. representative
';';JJ:' )"'_;I;L.. v. being worthy of,
having earned (inf. )o_;I;L..

-..;W,.)
))l;__,)l.;:..,l....., n. warlord,

strongman, militarist

ll>Lc;,; n. uprising, overthrow

llj.o n. melody, tune
L.t.t.,. n. value, appreciation
...,...,~~ n. writer, literary figure
~ n. trace
0l..') n. novel, book
u-'jlJd..:>.w n. nickname, pen name,
pseudonym

109

Selection 39
~~),__.~adj. youth
~ )L.S' adj. classic, classical
~.t..L .. .:. adj. first, primary
n. representative
0\,;u~~ v. awakened
o.JI,.,~ n. idleness, sloth, Jack of

J..S ..;

action

y ~

n. revolution, overthrow

.....:.');:J..s' w,; vn. laying one's

hands on, seizing (inf
~....., );:J..s')

w,;

._r l~.t...... n. comrade, brother-inarms

~n. sword

Notes
I. Famous Uyghur writer Zunun Khadiri (1912-1989) wrote short stories
and novels during the twentieth century.

2. Teyipjan Eliyop (1930-1989) is a famous twentieth century Uyghur

poet.
3. Ziya Semidi (1914-2001) was one of the founders of the modem
Uyghur novel writing. He also fought against Chinese rule in the Uyghur
Region. He left the country for Kazakhstan in 1960, went on to publish
such novels as Exmet Ependi and Mayimhan, and died in 200 I.
4. Zordun Sabir (1937-1998) is one of the most famous Uyghur writers.
His three-volume historical novel Motherland, which is about the East
Turkestan Republic from 1944-1949, is a time-honored title among the
Uyghurs.
5. The word "\..,\,." typically means "value" or "significance," but,
contextually speaking, "acclaim" seems a more-likely English equivalent.
6. Awakening Land is an historical novel about the Uyghur uprising that
occurred from 1931 to 1937 and the era of the East Turkistan Islamic
Republic (1933-1934).
7. The inflected compound verb "'"'-'J;:J~ ~" is a combination of
'\j~~" (to chop, to hack) and "~uJ;:J~" (to kill). The entire phrase,
including the adverbial, means ''to behead by sword."

110

.....
.....
.....

c;;

.t

~.

~~

\.,

~:

l!.vc-

T t~ f~
c-

~~'f:.tr.
'- 'f

t,

~ 'b~'

(J

'

c;-

C>

c;-;-

'-1:,

't ~-- t::.:..

':t ~ -
r . LC

(:

fL

t
t
['t ~

h.

tr-1 f.1.

1 \....

\J .

oC

..

V\

"

t,

\...

," (

v
- . ~~ 't\J> 'f.,

't~:t1

t.
~t

'-el -

c;-;-

- -:c .

[."1 .. } l'

~lC "r~ ~

<-

~':t

~ ~ ~

't

C>

rr
c;_

_ t

't-;.

't -;.

\.,.
.e

'-e

<n

c;;

.t

1='l,
t
;E v.

~~';{

V "'' t ~
~ ~ . t .-.;-.
cs;-J>
(,\. ~~..'-ee

\.,~ "t. C-.

t , ~ ~ <n r.

r [' ':f?~
't ~

s;- l

~ ~.v ~

(<'if 'i.

r ......,c- .c- ~~c~t. -t:~ 1r~

1V~~
~ . ,_ \.,~
c- f, r .
':-e .c-
c. f r t. r .c- .. t c- c <" 't\
.~t f. 'f/\
'1 't.t. /'"f
.t r;: ~~ .-~
't .

...

G.
\...~

L
c;;
w
'tt. .[ ':-en..
't\
[ .z s;-1
~'f.,
~.
~~l .t
(
\...
.v
[
w
..:- , IN
r-~: .t [
' !o.J>,cfi\;':t
C-.~~
't\
d't\ - " ~
~ - '1. -

c-

\.,~ [,: - (. .~
C ~

~v ~ - ':{t

- . .f"

f Cl. IN~

~ 't- '1 -t~

c-~r. ':t.
<n

't . ~; .e

--)

G
.
CT

~
~:.
v C. 't ~ ~
c -~i~ 'rl!t;:
C ~ .

tr 'e;\
:- 't~ -~.~ ~'1
~ J;f tt~~'t .

ts

~. . .

,__

<Do(

(- <n [

't .

-.;-

~r

C.

.f
\e.

\r.~

....

~
II\

II\

C.

lt:

~~

<....

....

II\

L.

VI

:I
.Jio
0

....
(5'

ii'
n

Selection 40

,4..>~ b)}Gl;b ~~ ,\)[j )4.l)~ ~ LSJJ\.9

'r-->r.u .,J-1~ -~o~ ))G)L..,} ._;,-._;, LSJJ\.9

Vocabulary

9o. int. hey

iL.~ v. I call (inf ~l...o}~--9)

)4U~ adv. without wiggling,

adj. poor, indigent

~~n. sleep, slumber
)~ v. you've reached, fulfilled
(inf. ~43~)
Jl...o n. property, things
0~ n. life
1JL...........ilg;; v. if you do not rescue
(inf. ~Lo..it.g;;Y)
.!LJL, n. your condition, your state
(nom. Jl.,)
)d.34.i.- adj. dangerous, perilous
~") n. your enemy (nom.

motionlessly
..J<i.---3~ v. (you) lay (inf. ~\.o:;~)

.!LJI . ;;
Jl.o -

<;

~ n. your worry, your misery

n. your future (nom.

~)

o.........._;<!i: n. booty, spoils

)~adj. pitying, sorrowful

J~;s' n. heart
int. oh
<,;;d..A/_fJ}> v. you won't be on time
for, you'll miss out (inf

';'d..i.-

~d..A);J}>)
l~t.;.S'Lo ~[j v. on setting out
(inf ~~)U[j)
~.,~ v. riding, mounting (inf
~~)

~"))
c;-~ v. spill
II~~ v. if you don't look at

(inf ~W~)
0Lo)[j adj. asleep, sleeping
~ n. chance

.,)5.0

n. grandchild

~ n. trace, hint, clue

~~ adv. some

._;,-._;, adv. many, a lot

(nom. i<li:)

112

Selection 40

0)1_...)~ n. hero
J~-..::......:..,~ n. desert
':lb n. open country, the
countryside
~r.~ acij. unmarked graves
u;;J~ n. tamarisk

~~-J~ n. flowers, blossoms

J.; . . . . n. destination

0;)~ acij. thin, emaciated

L-JJ:' ~ adv. certainly
")5~

113

n. great- grandchild

lc-

(>

._<>

t:

....,.

f
,. ~

. 't
(...:....!

\0

~~[~ };-~
- C-.~
r:'t: r~t ~"

. . ~- "'

't.::.'
\.o
b

C~-

(>

<t.
.c- ~ ~ -." ~

....,.-'-f< ~~ --;;

. ~CE t_

_.

... \.;-~

c;; . ~

<t. ~ <

~ (-~ f>

c;_

t "'~

c;_

.t 't-;.

._L ~f

'.( '-

~~~ '- ~l l

~-;..
C ~t.
Lb c;, t0

'f.~..!

~
b

'f.

(;;'

['f.,

~l

W'V \J>
-...) 't; b

't, - v

'-

\.o.

,t't L .

(L~- ~'t-;.'t! :--c

;:::; 't< l

\...

ci

\....

.t

( ;:_c- -

[.

"'~

't

~~c;_ ~

~~<~1

c;;

Ji:'t-;.
.c- . -
\. C -: _(=
"' ~ ) . ....,.

'f.~ ., ~
<>
t '

b' ~ ~

\.o

t ....,.

FJ

CE t'f

. . .~

'-~ '[.

t_ \ .

t,

't"

t. 1
c.,~-l
Er-.'- <>

~-t; ' 't.

C C
[~.
{ te-~-

t. (-

'-

't< ~ ...!

"

'i !

r-

r
\0

VJ N

"f
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't<

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r~

r.t

'f,:
~c-

c.~ r~ c;:

t te~ .e

~-. "&~-;.

'fA~ ~ ~

'- 't't.::. .

c;_

.c. ..___

'-;-~

t Jf t
f.~fl ~.1
tr- (~ {~ ~ t.

iJ

e. .t

t.. .

(: (: 't~l '-
~.

~.

-r:

c~ )L~
~

~~fc;;._L~"f f

't,

t.

'-b

.(. ~: -:~ t~ ~-;. ."r,~

"f

(; ' /"' l

tl t:~l

[. l~t i ~

c;;._

t [.

....~

r.1-J
t.r.
~ t. i r

(>

f f.ct~ J

c_

f ~c~ ~-:
t\. ~~ . ~

't. ~t

':Fc;;

\ .

)~"tl.t .t
J' . t r r

.t,t.'-

't1 w 0
~ , 't"

,.

t
c- (L1
~
1\ f- t .

t;,'t\"'c

.. .

."c;;~... '1

[.

\,-

r'"p1. f.l c;:~:

,.'t.
1-

(;

' I
~

1-,cgg
.c-w
t

t-

1~.

c;;

t.E 'h~~~

't;
c;,~ 't.

'lJ"'f,:

<> '

(>

ll .tr "t ~c .lr

" .L

(>

[. c;_ ~
.j 't.

'-

'1_,1 ~

't; t.. };,

C'-

\.,

(;,
1

~
[ ~c;;i
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~ (- f:" t.

r
~- r.-- .
t f

J>- b ~

\0 [

t rtt ~
c t [.[. c c- ((- r. :

'Ce;t
- "t."c;;

t.

'

f.L

.L~

\. ~

't~'t\
~
'tt:~

~.

r 'ft ... f- E.....--1-w

"'n. "'
"'
t , ~." l
"--'
~
1~
--~~t "t ~~ 1..[ ' w~ ..... l'- . 'tr~-;. ct~~-~r f.f>c:l't. ~ c;_
~
\~.r ..! ~- w ~ ~r J c. [c;; i \ .' t

r .f-~':r
'-t. J1\, --c
~-

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Selection 41

116

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Selection 41

~ ~r.-"~
._...;..>_rb~~~

y;JjJrJ:'

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Vocabulary
;l53~<L.... n. artist
~.Q..,;~4.1 n. sportsman, athlete
~ - , ! v. came out of,

';"'J)f v. drew up, formulated (inf

were produced by (inf

0~ - ,!)
r~4.1 n. destiny, fate
..::,.....;1~ adj. untimely, unexpected
0~; n. the Holy Qur' an
.r---" n. Egypt
I ';~ vn. (its) interference

lS"
(inf -.;L-.;. )I_,;~)
~"; n. chairman, president
.:_r;~;.. adj. deputy, vice
~;JJ:' .t...::........1; vn. its mediation,
arbitration (inf -.;WJ:' .t...::........1;)
!"'" I ,S n. agreement, accord

~;"-:? v. settling, making a

~J....ojf)

1;...:. n. claim, allegation

home in (inf ~~.._);"-:?)
"-:?I.e n. dream, ideal
~r--' adj. mysterious, strange
.,___,.:.l_., n. event, incident
~L,~ vn. suspect, doubt (inf.
-.;W>blo~)
0l::J~ adj. thoughtful, mindful
;~<1..9

adj. staunch, steadfast

;";1;L adj. worthy of, deserving
of
~l.!. ~.J~ n. King of the Sky
.>J:' n. straight (e.g. the Taiwan
Straight)

118

Selection 41
o;~; n. record, great feat

o~~o_5j.o

n. success,
acheivement
o l;ISj.o n. prize, award

....---4S n. profession, work

Notes
1. "0~ 7 , ~, is a compound verb which means "to appear, to
come out of, to grow out of."

2.

"Wrb" is a religious term used to refer to a great scholar or holy man.

3. This republic had 16 ministers, a prime minister, a president, and other

governmental structures, as well as a national flag, and a constitution.
4. There are differing opinions about the total number of lives lost. Some
sources say that between 1934 and 1943 Chinese warlord Sheng Shicai
arrested and killed more than 100.000 people.
5. Eysa Yusup Aliptekin worked as a translator at the Chinese consulates
in Endijan and Tashkent from 1926 to 1931.
6. The Straight of San Xia is located in the Sichuan Province of the
People's Republic of China.
7. The Rafto Prize was established in Norway, named after human rights
activist Thorwald Rafto, and is given once a year.
8. Te December 2004 Issue of Marie Claire magazine, contaired a list of
ten World Famous Women that included Rebiya Kadeer.

119

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VI

Selection 42

Vocabulary
J......~ n. factor, element
~~j n. intellectual, academic

~':Ill; n. backward, underdeveloped,

outdated
IS~-~ n. brothers, male siblings
~4,;5~ adv. in a European style,
in the manner of the Europeans
~<f...:3 ...... n. printing, publishing
~;.GJ;;5 adj. visible, apparent,
obvious
i;Jjj n. oppression, tyranny

121

t,?Uj; n. congress, meeting of

delegates
J-1..,.;~ adj. soviet, unified
~~ adj. social, societal
J.J ~ n. level, scale
Jtoj;~ n. faction, party
~ ~;43 vn. propagandizing
(inf 0w...; ~;43)
~41;;> adj. superstitious,
ignorant
~;~ adj. progressive, forwardlooking

Selection 42
Notes

1. Kazan is the capital of the Russian Federation's Tatar Republic. Kazan

was one of the cultural and economic centers of Russia until the beginning
of the Soviet period.

2. At the beginning of the twentieth century, many Tatars emigrated to

East Turkistan. Tatar intellectuals cooperated with local Uyghurs to open
"new-style" schools and to educate local Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and minority
populations.
3. Tursun Ependi was one of the representatives of the Uyghur
Educationalist Movement in the Kashgar region. He studied in Turkey
then went home to teach at schools in Atush Village.
4. Before the opening of European-style schools by Uyghur
educationalists, only Islamic schools called "medrese" were available.
These medrese taught from religious texts and the classic texts of Turkic
and Persian literature. Students were also taught to speak Arabic and
Persian.
5. ";~;;~~,means "Revolutionary Uyghur" and is the name of
an organization established in 1921 by Uyghur revolutionaries in Tashkent.
6. "Taranchi" is a term that refers to a group ofUyghurs who lived in the
northern part of East Turkestan. They generally lived in the IIi Valley and
in Russian Central Asia, including the Seven River Area of present-day
Kazakhstan.
7. "Kasbgarlik" is a general term referring to a person from Kashgar.
This includes many Southern Uyghurs who lived in Tarim Basin area. The
"~ / ~" suffix can be used to create terms for people from any location
imaginable.
8. Abdulla Rozibaqiyev was a famous Uyghur nationalist and
Communist who lived during the first half of the twentieth century. He
was killed by Stalin in 1938.
9. Ismail Tahirov was another leader of the Russian and Central Asian
Uyghurs. He was also killed by Stalin in 1938.
10. Abdulhey Muhemmedi was a famous Soviet Uyghur author and
scholar who taught at the Central Asian University in Tashkent in the
1930s.

122

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(5'

""I'D

Selection 43

Vocabulary
0L;.L_; "~.u v. which threatened
(inf ~t..W "~.u)
n. the Kremlin
9~ mw. (used to enumerate shoes,
wheat, bullets and other items)
~~ n. bullet, arrow, shot
d.l;~J>j-!-~ n. lowering, taking
down
~Jl>,_... adj. gloomy, grey
~...........,_;...adj. tyrannical,
despotic
~"--' n. chapter (both literally
and figuratively)
d.J;~ "'
vs,,.,)J':J'
n. erasure,
wiping away
0W\.3 67""o~...o v. denied, deprived of
(inf. ~W\.3 67"'.t...o)
0~~ adv. never, at no time
U"'W;;_;~ adj. unforgettable,
extremely memorable
~L;.L_; tf">Y n. fighting,
struggling
J~ n. thought, thinking

J.......t?

0L..,;;~ cs<>-'.)u v. in which they

have not stepped (inf. cs<>--'.)4...9

~4-i~)

~4-..y---3~ v. are not shy (inf

~4-..y---3~)
~<4->~.U v. do not hesitate
(inf ~<4->~.U)
~;J--=.;5~ adj. successful, yielding

positive results
n. sect
~b~o~...o n. root, beginning
~~;; n. ancestry, lineage
if _51_5;;; n. composition, structure
lS' , , ~ n. aesthetic
~~;; adv. owing to, for the
reason that
~"~"-": n. circle, ring
~ adj. critical, decisive
~;LY.....,~ n. upper, greater,
superior
n. lexicon
15 ~~
~~ n. phonetics
0,J~>Y' n. morphology

y.u;o~...o

o.u:J!

124

Selection 43

l.S;...-;.u. adj. meaningful,

0k..J~ l.R,>~ v. without

considering, not taking into

account (inf ~W~ l.R,>~)

significant

Notes

1. The English word "lowering" can be rendered in Uyghur in several

. Iud"mg " t..r.. ,-,;,-.,=:
!1'
ways, me
an d ''~&J;,-.,=: .
I

,,

..

,,

The first is a verbal noun and the latter a noun formed by adding a suffix
to a passive form of the same verb.
2. The phrase"~~~ ~" refers to the world's "two political
camps," namely, communism and capitalism.

125

Selection 44

126

Selection 44

Vocabulary
0~C:Y v. strengthened, became
more powerful (inf ~~C:Y)
,s] I ( ~ n. control, ownership
~;;.5' n. textiles, the textile
industry
01}., n. (alcoholic) drinks
-:..;51; n. factory, plant

~Jlr ;d..!. n. real estate ,

~C: 0~ n. stock, stake
Jo;5~ adj. superior, extremely
high, very good
015.;f> n. organ, department
~~ n. regiment, team
~..,....,_... n. sum, allotment

127

Selection 44
..:;..L..lJ~J.o v. estimate (inf

':/1~;.. adv. so much, so many

..:;W_,
adj. defeated,
surrendered

rl-4..3

~~)~;..)
--~
y ~~
, Jy-''7'

n. average, mean
..:;~~.....,.;~ v. unbelieving,
(apparent) unwillingness to
accept (inf ~..._.,.;~)
0~~L,~ v. doubting,
suspecting (inf. ~~}GL,~

if ~ 43 0JJ..5.;'J> vn./n.
restructuring, rebuilding
n. disagreement, conflict

o<L::-'~..u;

Notes

1. ''..s-~)~ if ;J;J;; <>5 J-->~~ " is a term used for Xinjiang

Production and Construction Corps.
2. The Uyghur word "..:;<>~" comes from the Chinese word bingtuan (
~rn).

3. The phrase '\..;Jd...:' ~Wt; )~;;'_, ... " conveys the meaning "not
only, but also" or "in addition to."
4. The construction"..::><>)-:~", appearing here with the stative suffixation
")~-", indicates that a list or some sort of qualification has just been
provided.
5. The main meaning of the term "t'Jld...:>" is "belt". However, here this
word is used a bit more conceptually to include climatic zones or "heat
belts."
6. Directly translated, this phrase means "these corporations have entered
the stock market." While the structure here is clearly active and not
passive, the implication seems to be that they "are traded on the stock
market" or that they "take part in open trading."
7. The phrase "..:;\.,;._,~
capita."

lj,:;

~ ~" means "per person, per

8. Compared to the per capita salary of a typical Chinese citizen - and in

particular that of the average Uyghur citizen - this is an unusually high
level of income.
9. The primary meaning of the word '\.r~i'" is simply "population."
However, the meaning here is a bit more conceptual and expands to
represent the "members" of a work force.

128

N
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t
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11)

Selection 45

f'~ <>->----}).~ '0~ )~

:;.-;1),_. 0-'-.)..o~ <..s-'~

~;.-. .!L~_,; {13)LS:..,~ ...
~~

~~;..)~
i~ ;.-;.. ~ . . ';~ . .

i~ ;.-;.. ~

. . ';~ ~~ J- ;;;> ...,~

~)~~~ ~. : ...

1~)~ ;;. '"':~ .. (

Vocabulary
~ y.J vn./n. storytelling,
anecdoting
I ~ - I - ~6..9b
I
. kin
~ ~ vno~ n. JO
g,
prank-playing
~ }5';5 adj. entertaining,
heart-lightening
J- ;;_;;.1~ n. get-together, party
-::..~<1..5 n. mood, feeling
0~.u> n. change purse, coin purse
~;:_;.-. n. reward
;.-;~,; ...,;;~;: v. loses, misplaces
(inf. ..5~_,9 ...,;)~;:, ~d..A)~j!)
~~ v. fmds, locates (inf

~.u> adj. real, true

~n. owner
.j.-bl.2;1;...w ~")};' n. bullying,
pushing around
~ o.U\.; vn. tolerating, putting
up with (inf .jlJ..J o.Ub)
ll1;L n. crazy, mad
1
. . .
. .
'' ;,~ v. umtatmg, munmg,
pretending (inf .Jl..,..,;,~)
.j~L:. n. palm (i.e. of the hand)
;.-;L:. .j~L:. v. slaps, strikes (inf
.J~L .J~l...:.)
~# ~~~ vn. disciplining,
punishing (inf. ~~~

W1
-)
;;5 e=:~ adj. hungry-eyed, wanting,
greedy
M;;..~ v. closing, shutting (inf
.JW1;r~)
U""W~ n. diamond
~;;~ n. ring (i.e. as is worn on the
finger)
0W~ n. false, untrue
;.-;_;;~ v. (he) fabricates, concocts,
makes up (inf. .jl.oj9~)
~ i....__,,u v. swear, take an
oath (inf .JlJ..J i....__,,u)
J- int. alright, okay then
~;~)lt."'=~ v. having cleared
this up, since we' re agreed that
(inf .Jl.o;~ )lt."'=~)
...,~

~4...<>;"'-.>)
' - \j '-''J'J;'
!I ~ v. becomes
.
qwet,

goes silent (inf .JWJ;> ~)

I 3~ v. becoming right,
becoming normal (inf
.jl.,.......:...S~)

~ v. rises to, gets stuck in

(inf .Jl.LW)
).>.;..__:..u. adj. privileged, imbued
with rights
-::..~\..::->) n. banquet, feast
o.J_;-. n. style, manner
.J.J....__, n. turban, head wrap
i....__,,u"'-.> adj. silk, silken
0~ n. chapan (i.e. a variety of
long coat)

131

Selection 45
t_, n. boss
<..>.?~ adj. lifelong
o)~ n. work, office

o~-;..;\j n. food

- 1

~-

d
't t
~ . ,s~~v. oesn ea,
doesn't munch on (inf. ~
- \..._, - !

" .

~~.W)

llo~..:? n. sleeve
oo;;..-. n. photograph, picture
~j.;-1<1.-!.r.

v. look, appear (inf

~~r.)
~,; n. neighbor

-.::..;..-. n. milk

........,y.-3 v. becoming old, aging (inf.

~\..._,y.-3)

':;-'r.r, v. (being) startled (inf

~d...or.r.)

ulr.U> adj. amazed, surprised

a..b.t..;'l'L.. adj. arrogant, haughty

Notes

1. "Y.J" means "anecdote", an interesting (short) story or joke.

2. The verb "~....,;;;:;" generally means ''to pass," in this case means "have
come and gone, have passed before us" or, essentially, "there have been."
3. Nesirdin Ependi was a famous Uyghur comedian and humorist. He
was popular not only among the Uyghurs, but also among other people of
Central Asia and the Near East. Uzbeks called him Xoja Nesirdin,
Kazakhs called him Qoja Nasirdin, and the Turks called him Nasreddin
Hoca.
4. Molla Zaydin was another famous Uyghur "anecdote teller" who lived
during the nineteenth century.
5. Salay Chikhkhan lived in the Kashgar area during the nineteenth
century. His anecdotes spread throughout the southern parts of the Tarim
Basin.
6. The complex verbal phrase .. .........,;~ ':;-';;;..!-;li l.,;.L;~ ~5---~-~-,., contains
the verbs "~\...;li" (to find), "~lo;~L.,, (to deliver), and "~d...o;~" (to give).
The participial form of "~\...;L"'' sets up a sequence of actions, and the
compound verb "~d...o;~ ':;-';;~L.,, conveys a delivery that moves in the
direction of the speaker in this case, the rich man.
The .._.........,, suffix on "~d...o;~" finishes the phrase by setting up an if-then
context that is resolved in the next part of the sentence.
The complete phrase can be translated as "should the coin purse be found
and delivered to the rich man."

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Selection 45

7. ")lL.;" is a Persian gold coin used during the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries.
8. The phrase "~~ <.S)Y" contains a negated form of the verb
"J~" which means "to separate from" or "to slice away from."
9. The term "I..S"

...

.s:: ... ......, <..5)\..9" refers to an Islamic court.

10. The verb "Jlo;4~" is a contracted form of the compound verb"~

Jl.o)l' which means ''to take." It occurs often in more colloquial forms of
Uyghur.
11. The term "I..S" ,
independent words-

cy " means "body" and is derived

".::.-.cy" (above) and"._;..~" (head).

from two

12. ";~"is a term that means "the place of honor" and denotes the spot that
would be reserved or set aside for a person of particularly high stature.
13. The name "Ko~" contains the honorific suffix "1.51j" - a word
meaning older brother - which is added to the names of people older than
the speaker as a form of respect.

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Tra nsl atio ns

Translations
l. A Weather Forecast

We will now give the weather forecast for the next twenty-four hours. For
tomorrow, Monday, the weather will be cloudy until noon with rain the
entire time. In the afternoon, the weather will be clear and the temperature
will be from 16 to 18 degrees. In the evening, the weather will become
cloudy again, and a small amount of rain will fall. The temperature will go
down a bit.
2. The Calendar
Nowadays, Uyghurs generally use the Western calendar, but they also use
the "Hejri" calendar, common to all the world's Muslims. Uyghurs separate
one year into twelve months, one month into thirty days, one year into three
hundred sixty-five days, one month into four weeks, and one week into
seven days. There is also a custom among the Uyghurs of using the twelve
month "mochel" calendar, which calls each of the months by the name of
an animal. In it, the following animal names are used: ox, tiger, rabbit,
dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog, pig, and rat. Uyghurs
believe that each of these months has its own special characteristics.
3. My Daily Activities
I'm in my fourth year of university study. My daily life passes in a very
orderly manner. Every day at 6 in the morning, I get up and go to the
school stadium where I play sports for half an hour. Afterwards, I come
back to the dormitory, wash up, brush my teeth, and shave my beard. After
eating breakfast, I go to my 8 o'clock class.
Each morning, I have four hours of classes. I have lunch at 12:30, then I
rest for one hour. Each afternoon, I go to the library and review my lessons.
After dinner, I watch TV and read newspapers and magazines. When I have
free time, I go swimming with my friends. Every day at quarter 'til eleven,
I go to bed.
4. My Family
Our family is a large one. There are nine people in our family. They are my
grandfather, my grandmother, my father, my mother, my older sister, my
younger sister, my older brother, my younger brother, and me. My
grandfather and my grandmother are retired. My father and my mother both
work. My father is a doctor and is assistant director of the city hospital. My
mother is a middle school teacher. My older brother and my older sister
study at Xinjiang University. I study at the high school, my younger brother

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studies at the middle school, and my younger sister studies at the

elementary school.
In some mid-sized cities and villages, the custom of having a large family

is being preserved among the Uygburs. Accordingly, both the unmarried

children and married sons - along with their wives - live together with their
parents in one large compound. Naturally, the married son and his wife live
in a separate home inside the compound. But, in the last few decades, the
structure of the Uyghur family has begun to change.
Birth control policies are one of the factors in the change in the structure of
the large Uyghur family, though before them, Uyghurs were accustomed to
having many children. Families with more than ten children were common.
According to the birth control policy, Uyghurs in cities were permitted two
children, and those in villages were permitted three. According to the
traditional Uyghur view, every person has the right to be born and to
multiply freely on his own land. A child is God's gift to humanity, and,
therefore, a child cannot be killed in the uterus or aborted.
We were all born before the birth control policy. Otherwise, there would
not be five children in our family. Now, for many young and middle-aged
Uygbur families, there are just two or three children, and there is no
possibility of being multi-child families.
5. Our Classroom

The inside of our classroom is very beautiful. A map of the world is hung
on the right-hand wall. An enlarged copy of a picture called "The Muqam"
which was painted by the Uyghur artist Ghazy Emet is hung on the left wall.
Different kinds of flowers have been placed on the window sills of the
classroom, and water is given to them every day. All the chairs and tables
in our classroom are new. Each day we take turns cleaning up our
classroom and washing the windows.
Our classroom is a bit cold during the winter. Because our classroom is
located in a one-story building made from brick and because steam is not
the source of heat in our school, a stove was put in to heat it with coal.
There are very big differences between our village school and those in big
cities the building, the teaching materials, the heating and others. In some
poor villages there are not even enough classrooms for the students, so
different -level students study in one classroom, creating situations in
which the teacher uses a line to divide the blackboard into two parts,
providing explanations and lower-level lessons on, one side and giving
higher- level lessons on the other. Sometimes, there are situations in which

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there are not enough lesson books or cases in which some classmates have
no money to buy the materials.
6. The Fruits of Our Hometown

According to various reports, several types of Uyghur-region fruit are

exported, while others are taken to and sold in markets in the inner
provinces of China. Among them, Korla peaches are sent to America, while
Kashgar melons and Turpan grapes are taken to the provinces of inner
China and sold. According to reports, fruit from Kashgar, Khotan, and
other such places is taken to markets in Central Asia.
One specific characteristic of Uyghur-region fruit IS Its sweetness and
juiciness, which is the result of the fruit's ripening at high temperatures and
in sunlight provided by the Uyghur Region' s geographic circumstances.
However, in recent years, there have been some changes in the taste of
these fruits. What's more, instances in which fruit brought from the inner
provinces of China was crossed with the local fruits to make new varieties
have been seen.
7. A Week of Traveling
This Saturday and Sunday we are going on an excursion to Turpan. The bus
will be leaving from the Dongkowruk station at 9 A.M. If we leave on
Saturday at 9 in the morning, we will be in the center of Turpan City
around noon. We will explore the city Saturday and Sunday. If possible, we
will stay through Tuesday and return on Wednesday. That week, we will
work only on Thursday and Friday.
There are many places to visit in Turpan because Turpan is one of the
ancient centers for cultural exchange and trade along the Silk Road. There
are also the ruins of Idiqut City- an ancient capital of the Uyghur state, the
ruins of old Yarghol City, and the Bezeklik Buddhist caves which represent
the ancient Uyghur Buddhist culture. The Turpan area of the Uyghur region
is the land of vineyards and in this place nearly everyone has one. So, when
you enter a Uyghur home you will be received first with grapes and bread
and then food will be brought to you. Turpanis love song and dance, are a
happy, joyous people, and are of a direct and sincere temperament.
Turpan Uyghurs have been farmers and horticulturalists since ancient
times. There are underground irrigation canals called kariz here. Nearly
every farmer uses kariz water.

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Translations
8. Tbe Types of Letters

A Letter of Greeting
Dear Mom and Dad,
How are you?
I have missed you ever since I came to Grandpa and Grandma' s in the
country. Country life really is quite interesting. Now, I really have taken to
it. Due to it being late autumn, Grandpa isn't too busy with the farm.
Usually, farmers are busy from March to October.
Back in July, Grandpa, Grandma, and Uncle Memetjan harvested, threshed,
and baled the wheat, then packed it into large sacks. Grandma spread out
tomatoes on papers in the sunshine to dry them out in preparation for
winter. Grandpa and Uncle Memetjan have planted the autumnal wheat.
Fall here really is beautiful.
I will remain here this winter and come back to you(r side) in the spring. I
would like to come back to Turpan with you during summer vacation.
I miss you,
Your son, Misran

An Invitation
Respected Mister Tursun,
We invite you to a ceremony and evening of poetry to be held on
November 12th, commemorating the eightieth birthday ofLutfulla Mutellip,
the "talented, fiery-hearted poet" and one of the founders of modem
Uyghur poetry. During the event, the writings of the fiery-hearted poet, his
revolutionary life, the literary value of his works, and his place in Uyghur
literature will be discussed along with several other issues. Those who wish
may also recite a piece of their own dedicated to Lutfulla Mutellip or on
another topic.
If you have any ideas, we welcome your advice. We trust you will honor
us with your on-time arrival!
Sincerely (respectfully),
The Writers' Society
Location: Mahmud Kashgar Restaurant, 10 Ghalibiyet Street
Time: 7 PM on November 12.

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Translations
A Promissory Note
I, Muhammad Samat, having borrowed a total of thfee thousand yuan from
Yusupjan Eli on December 1Oth of this year, a resident of Gulbagh district
in X city, in order to buy ten sheep, will now make a down payment total of
two thousand yuan in cash. The remaining one thousand yuan will be given
after one month's time. If I cannot make that payment at this time, I agree
that Yusupjan can recover this money from me through the courts. The
witnesses of our business agreement are Gulbagh district residents Emet
Sopi and Obul Hasan. I write this promissory note in connection with this
(business).
The writer of this promissory note is a resident of the Number Five House
at Red Bridge in X city.
Muhammad Samat
December 10, 2003
9. Qumul District's Aratiirk County Rocked by an Earthquake
Before dawn on June 7th at exactly 5:39:7.8 in the morning, seven
kilometers from the northeast border of Aratiirk county's Adaq village in
Qumul district, a 4.8 magnitude earthquake occurred. The epicenter was
located 33 kilometers from the center of Araturk county and at a distance of
139 kilometers from Qumul city. There was powerful shaking in Araturk
County and Qumul City. However, no injures were seen. According to the
opinions of experts from the Uyghur Autonomous Region's Earthquake
Bureau, quakes will not take place in Qumul in the near future.
Around the Tarim Basin in the south of the Uyghur region, earthquakes
happen often. In February 2002, in Kashgar district's Maralbeshi and
Peyziwat counties, a strong 6.7 magnitude earthquake killed 267 people
and injured many others.
It was the Uyghur region's second largest earthquake m the twentieth

century and caused the deaths of many people.

10. Our Views on Time
Terms that could possibly cause instances of error should due attention not
be given, such as Beijing Time, Xinjiang Time, and Urumqi Time, exist.
Even after Xinjiang time was pegged (flxed) to Urumqi time, there still, to
this day, is no (one) standard. Some living in the Uyghur region justify
their use of Beijing Time by saying that "high unity with Beijing needs to
be preserved" without thinking of the difficulties it causes. There are still

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others who do not differentiate between Xinjiang and Urumqi time, and
they also mix things up. Geographically speaking, these times are based
upon correct principles; if you respect the time principles of your
hometown and local area and pay attention to them, is that wrong?
The provinces in the east of China and the Uyghur region are located in
different time zones. Customarily, the sun rises two hours earlier in Beijing
(than in Urumqi) and sets two hours later in Urumqi (than in Beijing). This
is because the distance between Beijing and Urumqi is nearly four thousand
kilometers, and the difference with regard to time is very large.
There is another situation in the Uyghur region. Most Uyghurs are
accustomed to using Xinjiang time, while most every Han Chinese uses
Beijing time. As a result, time-related misunderstandings between Uyghurs
and Han Chinese come out regularly. In the opinion of experts, the cause of
these time-related differences is related to each being used to living in two
different geographic regions.

11. AIDS in the Uyghur Region

According to reports, during a press conference of the Department of
Health of the Uyghur Autonomous Region, it was announced that the
number of AIDS-infected people in the Uyghur Autonomous Region has
dropped from second to fourth place overall on a China-wide level.
The first instance of a person infected with the AIDS virus in the Uyghur
Autonomous Region was detected in 1995. At the end of2003, the number
of AIDS-infected people reached 8,153. 188 suspected cases of the AIDS
virus were discovered, 60 of whom died.
In 2003 the number of people infected with AIDS increased quickly
(relatively to previous years) in several inner provinces (of China).
According to the latest statistical report, provinces and autonomous regions
such as Yunan, Henan, and Guangxi have moved into third place.
The AIDS-infected people in the Uyghur Autonomous Region represent
13% of the total number of AIDS-carriers in China. Reportedly, 77% of the
Uyghur Autonomous Region's cities and counties have AIDS-infected
people.

12. Learning a Language

In the past, Uyghurs were quite fond of learning Arabic and Persian. In
previous centuries, Uyghur scholars wrote works in Arabic and Persian

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related to literature, religion, medicine, and other sciences. Today, English

is becoming more popular among the Uyghurs on a daily basis.
It's a bit easier for Uyghurs to learn languages that belong to the IndoEuropean group because the pronunciation ofUyghur-language sounds has
much in common with Russian, Persian, and other languages that belong to
the Indo-European group, so they are able to pronounce them more easily.
In addition, starting in the Middle Ages, as Persian began influencing the
Uyghur and Turkic languages, many Persian words entered the Uyghur
language.
One reason for this was that in the Middle Ages and later centuries, Persian
literature began influencing the Uyghurs, and Uyghur Turkic poets became
accustomed to writing poetry in Persian and the other Turkic languages.
From the Middle Ages through the start of the twentieth century, Uyghurs
used a language called Chaghatay, which had accepted many Persian words,
as the language of literature.
Uyghurs began having contact with the Russian language at the end of the
nineteenth century, and (as a result) at the beginning of the twentieth
century, many academic, scientific, and technical terms, terms of industrial
products, and terms from daily life entered the Uyghur language. In
addition to being able to easily pronounce the sounds of the Russian
language, Uyghurs also learned the grammar easily. Up until the 1960s,
there were many among the Uyghurs in the Uyghur region who knew (how
to speak) Russian. As this trend abated, the learning of Chinese has taken
its place.
There were many among the Uyghurs in the central Asian republics who
had Russian as a native language, but also knew Uyghur.
13. Khoten Jade

Jade is a world-famous mineral, and Khoten is recognized by everyone as

the "land of jade." Khoten had developed the international trade of jade,
opening a ''jade road" even before the appearance of the world-renown Silk
Road. Ever since, Khoten has been known to the world as ''the land of the
precious stone" and ''the land of jade."
According to archaeological records, it is certain that Uyghurs started
benefiting from jade before the Stone Age. Because of its numerous
varieties, colors, high quality, and hardness, Khoten jade has, since ancient
times, been considered a precious jewel. Khoten jade comes in white,
yellow, blue, black, and light blue, with white and yellow considered the
most valuable.

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Translations

14. The Uyghur Boshuk

Since long ago, Uyghurs have prepared special beds for newly-born
children that are called boshuk. The boshuk has been quite common among
the various Turkic peoples, including the Uyghurs, the Kazakhs, the
Kirghiz, the Uzbeks, and the Turks since ancient times. Among them all,
the Uyghur boshuk stands out from the others because of its solid
construction and its elegant craftsmanship.
The Uyghurs value the boshuk as a sacred thing. As a result, before a child
is placed in the boshuk, a ceremony called a "cradle party" is carried out.
The ceremony takes place forty days after the birth of the child. Because it
is the traditional Uyghur view that putting a child in a boshuk is a good
custom, just before the child' s birth, a cradle and a set of new things are
prepared for him.
Among the Uyghurs, special masters make boshuk. They paint the boshuk's
handles and the edge of its bed with many colors. They also decorate it
with different kinds of flowers. Boshuk are so comfortable, so useful, and
so beautiful that they are of great (monetary) value. In most cases, the
highness or lowness of the quality of one's boshuk is tied to the economic
status of his family.
Among the Uyghur people, there are various lullabies sung as mothers rock
their lying children's cradles, in which mothers express their love for their
children, their hopes for their futures, and even hardships that the mother
and father have suffered.
15. Kashgar
Kashgar is situated in the southwest of the Uyghur Autonomous Region at
the top of the Kashgar River basin at 75 degrees 59 minutes east longitude,
28 degrees 39 minutes north latitude at an altitude of 1,220 meters above
sea level.
Kashgar is one of the Uyghur region' s most ancient oases. Examining the
land' s general topography, the northern side is high and the southern side
low; over the centuries, the flow of the Kizil River changed many times,
forming cliffs in the land and making the shape of the land complex.
The Qizil River follows along the southern edge of Kashgar City, flowing
across from west to east. The Tuman River cuts through the northern part
ofKashgar City.

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Translations

The climate of Kashgar falls in the characteristically arid range of the

continental tropical climate. Here all four seasons are hot. Spring is long
and winter is short. The average annual temperature is 11.7 degrees.
January is the coldest, the monthly average temperature, 6.5 degrees. July
is the hottest; the monthly average temperature is 25.9 degrees. The coldest
temperature is 24.4 degrees below zero. The highest temperature is 40.1.
From its source up to Kashgar, the Qizil River is called the "Qizil Su."The
lower reaches (after Kashgar) are called the Kashgar River.
16. Natural Gas in the Uyghur Region

Natural gas reserves in the Tarim Basin of an apparent 657 billion cubic
meters have been announced. According to reports, 8.4 trillion cubic meters
of natural gas lie in the Tarim Basin, and this amount comprises one fourth
of the total volume of gas reserves of the entire Chinese mainland. As a
result of many years of geological reconnaissance, 40 gas sources were
discovered here. Presently, work to open the "Kela-2" gas source is
continuing. Gas reserves held in this location of a reported 284 billion
cubic meters have been announced.
Now, China has prepared to increase the volume of gas taken from this
region to 30 billion cubic meters per year. Thus, the eastern regions of
China will reportedly be guaranteed delivery of natural gas from western
areas for as much as 30 years.
This "East-West" gas pipeline crosses nine provinces, autonomous regions,
and cities obedient to Beijing. The total length of the pipeline is more than
4,000 kilometers. This connects the Tarim Basin directly to Shanghai.
17. Uyghur Hospitality

Since ancient times, hospitality has been one of the finest traditions among
the Uyghur people. The Uyghur people believe that guests bring their
"rizq" along with them and that when a guest comes, happiness comes
along as well. As a result, regardless of the circumstances, when a guest
arrives, he is always welcomed enthusiastically. Everything in the home is
brought out to the guest, and anything not ready is prepared.
Uyghurs greet guests with the same deference whether they arrive
unexpectedly or by invitation. Not only is the guest provided with the best
of everything, but his horses, should he have any, are also well looked after.
Immediately upon a guest's arrival, families provide him with water for
cleaning his hands, spread a tablecloth, give him the customary tea and flat
or puffed bread, then offer him sugar and rock candy for his tea. Then,

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should he wish, milk tea and halwa are prepared and brought in. After the
tea, if it's summertime, fresh fruits are brought and hosts, taking advantage
of the opportunity, ask their guest what he would really like to eat. What
the guest wants is then prepared.

18. Family Meals

Uyghurs traditionally have meals three times a day - in the morning, at
noon, and in the evening. A family's eating habits are determined by their
financial circumstances. Usually, two of the meals involve eating bread and
drinking tea, and the evening meal involves cooked food. (Nowadays,
cooking for the noon meal has become popular.)
In the morning, Uyghurs get up, wash their face and hands, and enjoy a
chance to get some fresh air. After ablutions, adults read their morning
prayers. They then all meet up and drink tea. Those who are financially
capable prepare their morning tea with some milk or cream in it. The
family members sit Indian-style around the tablecloth according to their
status in the family. If the tea is poured into a large bowl, the bread is
soaked in it and then drank; if the tea is put in a smaller bowl, the bread is
dipped and eaten. The noontime tea is informal and consists of either tea
and bread or bread and yogurt and is served in the field (where everyone is
working). During the summer, melon is eaten along with the bread.
In the evening, after returning from work and washing up, the family
gathers around the table and sits according to family status. A cooked meal
is then brought. After the cooked food, if Iangman are being eaten, they are
served with broth. If pilaf or manta are served, they are eaten with s inchai.
During the summer, fresh fruits are eaten after the meal.
It has also become popular among Uyghur families to have one additional
meal - the consumption of which or lack thereof depends on the financial
state of the family. It consists of raisins, walnuts, jellies and jams, sugar
cubes, and candies with tea, eaten with fresh grapes and small of soft bread.
Uyghur family meals, whether served with meat or without, are varied from
earlier meals whenever possible. Meals consisting of vegetables are for the
most part not eaten.

19. The Human Body and the Physical Structure ofUyghurs

The external structure of the human body can be divided into four parts: the
head, the neck, the torso, and the hands and feet. The brain is located in a
person' s head and manages the functions of all the parts of his body. The
torso is separated into two parts: the stomach and the chest. The eyes, ears,
nose, mouth, and brain are in the head. Structures such as the teeth and

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Translations

tongue are in the mouth. Structures such as the heart and lungs are in the
chest. The stomach area contains the stomach itself, the intestines, the liver,
the kidneys, and the spleen. The human hand is composed of the arm, the
elbow, the wrist, the palm, the fingers, and the nails. The leg is composed
of the upper and lower thigh, the knee, the ankle, the heel, and the toes.
With regard to their anthropological makeup, the Uyghurs living in the
Uyghur Autonomous Region have characteristics that - to a certain extent distinguish them from one another.
Kashgar Uyghurs have round heads, are of a medium build, have a wheatcolored complexion, an egg-shaped face, a nose that is of medium width
but tall (raised off the face) ; (they are also) black-haired, (have) lambcolored eyes (brown), and are hairy-faced (that is, the men have thick
beards and mustaches).
Hoten Uyghurs are muscular, but of medium build, white-skinned (of a
light complexion), have rounded heads, have thin but raised noses, eggshaped faces, black hair, thick beards and mustaches, and black eyes.
The appearance of Atush Uyghurs is basically the same as that of Kashgar
Uyghurs; their noses are thin but high-bridged; they have very round skulls,
their hair and beards are thick and black, they are of a wheat-colored
complexion with lamb-colored eyes, and of a medium build; (They have)
muscular bodies, egg-shaped faces, sharp pupils, and arched eyebrows.
Aksu Uyghurs come light-skinned, but their complexion is ever-so-slightly
wheat-colored; they are wide but full-faced, and their hair is dark and wavy.
Their eyes are both lamb-colored and varied. Their noses are wide, as are
their foreheads.
The (complexion) appearance of Turpan Uyghurs is yellowish; they are tall
and muscular, their noses are rather flat and thick, their nostrils are a bit
large, their faces are wide and their cheeks pronounced (clear, obvious);
their eyes dark but grey, their eyelids are full, their hair straight and black,
and their beards and mustaches patchy.
The appearance of Qumul Uyghurs is more or less the same as that of
Turpan Uyghurs. What's more, Ili Uyghurs and Korla Uyghurs have some
characteristics of their appearance that resemble that of (Uyghurs in) Aksu,
Kashgar, Kuchar, and other such places.
Thus, it can generally be said that it is possible to tell what region a Uyghur
is from by examining his face.Some western scholars point out that the
Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and others Turkic peoples of Central Asia are the result

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of the mixing of the Caucasian race and the northern Asian race, while
scholars of the former Soviet Union suggested that the Uyghurs belong to
the European race, but also have a small amount of Mongoloid
features.Among the central Asian people, the Uyghurs and the Uzbeks have
many shared characteristics, but the differences between the Uyghurs and
the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs are a bit larger.

20. The Tarim Basin

The Tarim Basin is situated in the south of the Uyghur Autonomous
Region with the Tangritagh, the Kunlun and the Altuntagh mountains
surrounding it. Its western edge starts at the Pamir Plateau. Its eastern edge
extends all the way to Gansu Province. Its length from east to west is 1,400
km, its width from south to north is 550 km, and its total area 530,000
square kilometers, making it the largest inland basin in our country. It is
situated in the near (these) high mountains, the altitudes of which are from
4,000 to 6,000 meters. The average elevation of the basin is from 800 to
1,300 meters above sea level. It is high (in elevation) in the west, low in the
east, and the climate is dry. The foothills are (both) rocky or lush. For
instance, the Taklamakan desert is situated between the Aqsu and Kashgar
oases.
The length of the Taklamakan desert from east to west is approximately
1,000 kilometers, the width from south to north is about 400, and its total
area is 324,000 square kilometers making it the largest desert in our
country. Arc-shaped sand dunes cover it from beginning to end. The height
of the sand dunes is (generally) 70-80 meters, with the tallest being as
much as 250 meters in height. Its western portion is influenced by the
northwesterly winds, which cause its sand dunes to move from the east
towards the south.
The name "Taklamakan" is an alteration of the words "Tarki-Makan" and
Tashlanghan-Makan, which mean "abandoned land" and "discarded land"
respectively. Accounts place the Taklamakan in the middle of the Tarim
Basin in a place that is wide and low. In ancient times there were rivers and
water was abundant; the landscape was beautiful and there were bustling
towns. Later, the sands shifted, and, after they blocked the region off,
people fled to all four comers of the Taklamakan to makes homes in the
surrounding areas. That is why this place is called the "Tarki-Makan."
There are rich oil resources there.
The water resources in the Tarim Basin are formed by the snow and ice
from the mountains which surround the Tarim Valley. The basic rivers of
the Tarim Basin are the Konchy, the Dinar, the Kuchar, the Ogan, the Aksu,
the Boghuz, the Chakmak, the Kizil, the Y arkent, the Teznap, the Gum a,

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the Qariqash, and the Yorunqash along with some small rivers. The Tarim
River is the largest inland river with a length of more than 2,000 kilometers.
21. Uyghur Names

As one of the ancient nationalities of Central Asia, Uyghurs formed naming

customs that were for the most part based upon their acceptance of the
religious beliefs, the styles of daily life and daily customs, and the cultural
influence of the nationalities that surrounded them throughout the course of
their history. The issue of Uyghur names is one of the hot research topics
for experts. According to a book called Uyghur Customs which was
published in the Uyghur region, the giving of names among the Uyghurs
went through several stages. It is possible to explain them in three stages.
1.
2.
3.

Pre-Islamic Names
Post-Islamic Conversion Names
Post-Liberation Names

Before accepting Islam, the Uyghur people were generally accustomed to

using Uyghur words for their names. Such names included Baytamir (i.e.
iron-like man), Iltabir (leader of the people), Begbuqa (ox-like man),
Karabahshi (great teacher), and others.
After the Uyghurs had accepted Islam, the Muslim religion influenced
Uyghur names. Starting then, Arabic and Persian words used as Uyghur
names began increasing. For example, Abdulla (servant of Allah),
Habibulla (friend of God), Saipulla (dagger of Allah), Mutiulla (obedient
slave of Allah), Rahkmitulla (grace of God), and other similar names.
With the strengthening and continual deepening of their belief in the
Islamic faith, Arabic names began to take over places (otherwise occupied
by) names given from pure Uyghur words.
To express their devotion to Allah, his prophets, his angels, his disciples,
and (the Ancient) mothers, Muslim Uyghurs began calling themselves with
their names.
1. The names that express the qualities of Allah are seen relatively often.
For example, Halik (creator of man), Kadir (the strongest), Gopur (mercy).
2. It has become a tradition to name someone after an angel. For example,
Israpil, Mikail, and so on.
3. Giving the names of prophets. For example, Davut, Mussa, Aisa,
Muhkammat, Ishkak, Ibrahkim, Ismail, Yakup, Yusup, and so on.

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4. Giving the names of men offaithful followers of the prophets: Ababakir,
Umar, Usman, Ali, and others.
According to the work of researchers, Uyghur name- g1vmg customs
underwent a number of changes at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Some new examples appeared among Uyghur male and female names as a
result of the Uyghurs having contact with the Tatar, Uzbek, and other
Turkic peoples who emigrated from Central Asia and the Volga-Uratic
region.
After the 1950s, there was one more change in Uyghur names: Uyghurs
began naming their children after the enjoyable heroes from works of
Turkish, Indian, and Pakistani literature and film that had come to the
Uyghur region.
Now, there is also a lot of debate about another point, namely the adoption
of surnames. In the past, the Uyghurs had been influenced into adopting
Arabic and Persian surnames, but at the beginning of the twentieth century,
the custom of using a Russian-style surname - something that existed
among the people of Central Asia - appeared among the Uyghurs. This
custom continued until the 1960s. For example, in choosing the surname of
a boy, the custom was to take the name of the father or grandfather, have
the Russian suffix "ev" or "ov" added to it, or the suffix "eva" or "ova"
added in the case of a female. For instance, the male names: Abdukerim
Abbas-OV, Seydulla Seypullay-EV, and others. Female names: Mahinur
Qasim-OVA, Patigul Sayfula-EVA. After Sino-Soviet relations broke off,
these customs were done away with. Uyghurs were then referred to only by
their own name and that of their father. As a result, Uyghurs turned into a
"surname-less" nationality. Currently, Uyghur intellectuals understand the
need to use a surname, and they have put forward various viewpoints on the
matter.
Some scholars have even suggested that making a family name should be
based upon the widely popular customs of using nicknames, and then
determining which clan someone belongs to through that nickname have
become widely popular because there is a custom of making such
nicknames a surname in Turkey. But, there is still no one (united)
conclusion, and the government has not put out any decision on this point.
22. Ancient Caravan Roads from the Uyghur Homeland Abroad
1. Ancient Caravan Roads to India.
Throughout history, there were two main roads that went to India from
Xinjiang both of which passed through the Karakoram Mountains.

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The first of them is the Kagilik-Ladak Road. From Kagilik, it heads in a

southwesterly direction through Beshterak, Pusa, Akaz Davan, Koda, and
Serikart, finally reaching Mazar. Then, it turns to the west, going to India
through the Kyrgyz Jangal, Kokart, Shaidulla, Karakorum, and Langar.
From Kagilik, the second caravan road crosses the Pamirs via the Mingteke
Pass, reaching the Gilgit region of Indian Kashmir which is presently under
the control of Pakistan.
2. The Kashgar-Minteka Caravan Road to Pakistan, Kashmir, and
Afghanistan.
Leaving Kashgar and passing Tashmilik, Bulunkol, and Tashkurgan, it
divides in two upon reaching Koyun Salama (Gichakboiy). The road that
goes west divides in two once again when it gets to Mingteke. One of these
passes, the Subhan Bandiradin Guardhouse at Kok-Turuk hills, then enters
Afghan territory, following the Abavahan River, and, passing Langar, once
again divides in two. One of these goes to the central part of Afghanistan
and the other crosses over the Hindikush Mountains reaching Lashit in
Pakistani territory. The other road leaving Minteke goes to the southwest,
crossing the Minteka Pass and the Patima Hills of the Pakistani-controlled
Kashmir region, following the river Hunza down to Gilgit.
The south-westbound road goes to Tikanlik and, from there, turns to the
west, crossing through the Kunjirap slopes into Kashmir territory,
continuing along the eastern branch of the Hunza river.
3. The Caravan Roads Going to Russia.
Because the border between Xinjiang and Russia is so long, there were
many roads going to Russia. There were six fundamental roads among
them. Three were south ofTengritagh and three were north of it.
1. The Three Roads South of Tangritagh.
The frrst is the road that goes west to the Russian city Osh from Kashgar
through Erkeshtam, crossing the Terak Pass of the Tengritagh Mountains.
The second is the road that goes into Russia through Turghat from Kashgar.
The third is the road that goes across the Badal slopes from Uchturfan to
the Naryn and Issyk-Kul region (in Russia territory).
2. Three Roads North ofTengritagh.

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The first is the road that goes west to Almata from Khorgas.
The second is the road that passes into Russian territory and then on to
Shemey (Semipalatinski) to the northwest through the Baktu Pass. The
third is the road that goes to the west to Zaisan in Russian territory from
Jeminay.
23. Nationalities in the Uyghur Region
Nowadays, besides the Uyghurs, 12 others nationalities live in the Uyghur
Region. Naturally, some of them came to the Uyghur region from other
lands in recent centuries. Others were indigenous nationalities who have
lived in the Uyghur region since ancient times. It is possible to put them
into divisions according to their language characteristics.
The five nationalities that speak Turkic languages, including the Uyghur,
follow below.

The Uyghurs
Uyghurs are the principle and indigenous nationality in the Uyghur Region.
They have lived in this place since ancient times, establishing several
independent states and playing leading roles in the politics, socialeconomics, and culture (of the region). According to Chinese official
population statistics from 2004, the number of Uyghurs was more than 8
million 970 thousand, comprising 45.73% of the total population of the
region. But, according to the Uyghurs' own estimates, the number of
Uyghurs is much more than is accounted for in the Chinese government
report. In fact, in 1949, the Uyghurs made up more than 75% of the
population of the Uyghur region. As the Chinese comprised just 5% of the
all population at the time, they were a minority.
Kazakhs
The Turkic Kazakh people are one of the nationalities in the Uyghur region
who are present in large numbers. Their population is around 1 million, 338
thousand. Kazakhs mainly spread througout the IIi Kazakh Autonomous
Prefecture, the Barko! Kazak Autonomous County, and other such places.
They generally live in the Jungarian Basin and IIi Valley located between
the Tengri Mountain and Altai Mountain, and subsist by ranching. Most
Kazaks live in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Kyrghyzs
Kyrghyzs are a Turkic-speaking people. They lived mainly in the south of
the Uyghur region in the ranching areas of the Qizil Su Kyrghyz
Autonomous Prefecture and the Kashgar and Aqsu districts. Their

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population is more than 171,112. Uyghur Region Kirghizs write Kirghiz

based on the Arabic alphabet, while the Kirghizs of Kirghizstan use the
Slavic alphabet.

Uzbeks
Uzbeks are one of the Turkic peoples. In 1949 they numbered more than
13,130. In 1950s and 1960s, most of the Uzbek people went to the Soviet
Union. The Uzbeks live mainly in Urumqi, Chochek, Ghulja, and Qaghiliq
cities, and other villages. Their religious beliefs, manners and customs,
foods, clothing, and daily lives (and so on) are basically thesame as that of
the Uyghurs. Now, population number ofUzbeks more than 14,000.
Tatars
The Tatars are a Turkic-speaking people, the majority of which live in the
vicinity of the Volga-Ural River in the Russian Federation, in Siberia, and
in Central Asia. The Tatars who came to the Uyghur region in the
Nineteenth and Twentieth centuries made critical contributions to the
business-economic and cultural-educational efforts of the region. Their
population numbers more than 4,700 and they have spread mainly to
Urumqi, Ghulja, Chochek, and other cities.
The nationalities of the Sino-Tibetan language group are below:

Han Chinese
The Han population in the Uyghur region is counted as an ethnic minority
because, in comparison to the number of Chinese now in the region, the
Uyghurs have 1 million, 100 thousand more people.
According to official statistics from 1949, their population was around 200
thousand, comprising 5% of the population in the region. At that time, in
many parts of the Uyghur region, there were no Hans at all. According to
current, official statistical reports, their population is now more than 7
million, 800 thousand.

Huis
The Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and other Turkic peoples customarily refer to them
as "Tunggan." According to Hui scholars, the Hui appears as a result of a
mixing of the Arab, Persian, and Turkic peoples with the Chinese. The Hui
people have been coming to the Uyghur region since the eitgheenth century.
Now, their Uygur region population is more than 870 thousand.
There are four nationalities belonging to the Mongol-Tungus language
family and they are below.

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Mongolians
The Mongolian are a nationality that believes in Lamaism. Their population
is more than 169,960. Their language belongs to the Mongolian language
family of the Altay system. The Mongols live in the Bortala Mongol
Autonomous Prefecture, the Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture,
and other areas of the Uyghur Region.
TheDaurs
The Daur language belongs to the Mongol language family of the Altay
language system. The Daur live in the Tarbaghatay district of the northern
Uyghur region. Their population is more than 6,700. They were sent to the
Tarbaghatay in the eighteenth century by the Qing emperor to protect the
border.
TheXibes
Much like the Daur people, the Xibe ethnic minority carne to IIi Oasis from
Manchuria in the eighteenth century under the order of the Qing emperor to
protect the border where they made their home (they settled there). Their
language belongs to the Altaic language system. Most of the Xibes live in
the Chapchal Xibe Autonomous County. Their population is more than
40,000.
Manchus
The people who carne to the Uyghur region in the eighteenth century
during the period of the Qing dynasty occupation were of the Manchu
nationality. Their language belongs to the Tungusic branch of the Altaic
language system. Today they have lost their own language and generally
speak (use) Chinese. The Manchu population in the Uyghur region is more
than 24,100.
There are two nationalities that belong to the Indo-European system, and
these are below:

Russians
Russians are counted as an ethnic minority in China. In the last part of the
eighteenth century, some Russian tribesman entered Chochek from Russia
to do business and settle down. At the end of the nineteenth century and
during the Russian Civil War, some other Russians came to Chochek and
Ghulja and settled. After 1949, the Chinese government established their
official name as the Russian nationality. Russian generally live in Ghulja,
Chochek, the Altay, and Urumqi. Their population is more than II ,300.
Tajiks
The Tajiks' language belongs to the Iranian family of the Indo-European
language system, and they are Islamic (believe in the Islamic religion).

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Most Tajiks live in Tashkorgan County, which belongs to the Kashgar
District. A small number live in Kashgar (city), Qarghiliq County, and
other places. Their population is more than 43,000.
24. Liberation Day

With the announcement of the Formation of Republic of East Turkistan on

November 12th, 1944, Elihan Tore was assigned as the president of the
provisional government. Hakimbek Hoja and Obulhair Tore were
appointed vice-presidents while Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Mongols,
Dungans, Tatars, Shibes, Russians and other people from others
nationalities such as Geni Batur, Jani Yoldashev, Salihjan Bai, Muhammed
Mahsum, Rahimjan Sabiri, Kerirn Haji, Habib Unichi, Boka Ambal, Chan
Bahshi, and Moskalev became component members in the structure of the
government. At the same time, various departments and bureaus were
established in the structure of the government including finance, justice,
education, internal affairs, propaganda, health, agriculture and animal
husbandry, national bank, military committee, taxation, treasury, trade
development, and others.
Immediately after the formation of the Republic, its political plan (program)
was announced. Its main contents: to provide total independence to the
entire territory of East-Turkistan from Chinese aggressors; to declare
equality of all nationalities; to establish friendly ties (relations) with foreign
countries, with the Soviet Union and even (to establish) good relations with
the Chinese government; to restore and further develop the financial and
economic system; to provide financially for the motherland; to develop
cultural and educational work; to develop a trade industry; to improve the
daily lives of the people; to protect the religions of every nationality, and so
on.
This first political declaration of the Republic couldn't reflect all aspects of
the spheres of the Republic, but it was capable of indicating the
circumstantial demands and the direction (of the government) during this
initial period. Of course, at this early stage, there was no possibility of all
(governmental) spheres flourishing.
From here (from this point), the first item(s) on the agenda appeared to be
the goal of centralizing all capabilities, clearing the Ili District of its
enemies (as well as) the equal liberation (to give equal freedom to) of the
Tarbagatay and Altay districts, and, using these three districts as a base, to
free the whole of East Turkistan (namely Kashgaria and Jungaria).

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25. Thirty - Boy Meshrep

Among the Uyghurs, of all the local meshrep, the Ottuz Oghul Meshripi is
seen as specially formed because of such characteristics as its breadth, the
richness of its content, and the perfection of its organization. The "Thirty Boy Meshrep" is the name of a local IIi-region Uyghur Meshrep in which
participation is limited to men. The organizational structure of the Thirty Boy Meshrep consists of such positions as the Judge, the Head of Boys, the
Host, and the Guard, each of whom has his own responsibility. The number
of participants in the Thirty Boy Meshrep is not limited, but the number of
participants for one meshrep (typically) does not exceed 30-40 people.
For starters, the father of any boy who wants to participate in the meshrep
brings his son to the meshrep site. The Guard informs the Judge and the
Head of Boys of the news. After they give their permission, the father of
the boy makes an appeal in front of the members of the meshrep to make
his son a member. The Head of Boys explains in detail the rules of joining
the meshrep to the new member.
A person accepted for membership in the meshrep cannot leave the
meshrep collective or not participate in the meshrep events without getting
permission. If he wants to leave the group, he must give a convincing
report to the members of the collective with reasons for his departure and
introduce a young man whom he considers to be worthy to take his place.
Only then will he receive leave.
The Thirty-Boy Meshrep, like many other local meshrep, is divided into
four sections: singing, music and dancing, joking and boasting, and
meshrep games and punishments. The contents of each stage are broad and
varied and are filled with artistry. The meshrep usually starts after the fall
harvest and continues until the spring planting.
26. Uyghur Holidays

Of the many traditional Uyghur holidays, the Qurban festival, the Roza
festival, and the Noruz celebration are the ones we will now discuss
specifically.
The Qurban festival the largest holiday of the Islamic calendar and is
celebrated once each year and customarily lasts three days. Qurban festival
is held on the lOth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, namely, seventy days after
Ramadan. The feast is connected to a Muslim's commitment, obedience,
and self-sacrifice to God. This festival has come out of commemorating the
willingness of the Prophet Abraham (s.a.s.) to sacrifice everything for God,
including the life of his son Ishmael. God sent the Prophet Abraham (s.a.s.)

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to perform the sacrifice, but, then, so that his son Ishmael would not be the
one killed, put a Iamb in his place. Muslims also go on a trip to Mecca to
perform the Ha.ii during the Qurban festival. On the first day of festival ,
families who are able slaughter a sheep in recognition of the holiday. The
meat from the sacrifice is then laid on a table with different kinds of sweet
foods and fruits.
Like the Qurban festival, the yearly Roza festival is also a large celebration
before which Muslims fast for thirty days. After the fast has ended,
Muslims celebrate. The festival is a day of commemoration for (the end of)
the thirty days of obligatory fasting.
With the conclusion of the fasting, businessmen, people who have lots of
money, and those in good fmancial situations, make donations to poor
people. During the Qurban and Roza festivals, Uyghurs visit each other' s
homes and congratulate one another.
Besides these two holidays, the Noruz festival is also popular among the
Uyghurs and is held every year on March 21. The Noruz festival is a
traditional festival of the people in central Eurasia who speak Turkic and
Iranian languages. In the Iranian languages, Noruz means "new day."
Noruz is in fact a new year's celebration. Uyghurs have continued to
celebrate Noruz for many centuries, not as a religious festival, but as a
traditional national holiday. The Iranian-speaking people of Central Eurasia
and Turkic-speaking people such as the Uzbeks, the Kazakh, the Kyrgyz,
the Turkmen, and others all hold Noruz celebrations, but the celebrations of
each group have some specific national characteristics of their own. As
such, the Uygburs also have some of their own customs for celebrating
Noruz.
For the Uyghurs, Noruz is considered a spring festival. The coming of
Noruz is a symbol of the official start of farming duties (the start of the
farming season). According to Mister Imin Tursun, a Uyghur cultural
expert, Uyghurs have the following customs for holding Noruz.
1.) The Noruz Drums
On the eve of Noruz, in cities and towns and in the pastures and in the
country, the coming of Noruz is armounced by the playing of drums and
wind instruments. As the nation prepares for Noruz, it takes on a
celebratory appearance.
2.) " Spring" Cleaning
Before Noruz, cleaning activities reach a high point. The streams and ponds
are cleared, animal stables are cleaned, water receptacles are completely

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washed and filled with clean spring water, and the house, the yard, and the
threshing mill are swept, among other activities.
3.) Chasing out the Cold
On the eve ofNoruz, the men come together, burn (collected) gourds, and
then go out into the pastures (from their homes and fields) singing songs
that make fun of the cold in order to chase it away. They sing songs
dedicated to Noruz. They then surround a bonfire and dance around it like a
tornado.
4.) Visiting
Until noon on Noruz Day, visiting activities are carried out. Children who
have left the homes of their parents come to visit. Graves are visited,
cleaned, straightened up, and then prayers are read for the dead person in
question. Elderly people who have no families, orphans, and handicapped
people are also visited.
5.) The Noruz Meal
During the Noruz festival, Uyghurs have special customs for the
preparation of meals.
Usually, special foods, including creams, yogurts, and other dairy products
and meat dishes prepared with various green vegetables and grains -- wheat
in particular -- are prepared and eaten.
6.) The Noruz Outing
Once Noruz has begun and after the visits have been completed, everyone,
whether young or old, goes to the fields together for an outing. The young
women then swing on swings and play "tapkuch " and hide-and-seek.
7.) The Noruz Games
On the last day ofNoruz, competitions are held. These are basically sports.
For instance, wrestling, horse racing, Buzashi, cock fighting, running,
archery, and others.
8.) The Noruz Meshrep
On the third day of Noruz, a large meshrep is held. The meshrep is a very
organized and happy event.
9.) The Noruz Good Wishes
On the fourth day ofNoruz, the people of the town perform a "zarahetma"
under the leadership of mullahs. In this activity, a collective prayer is made
for a year of peace, abundance, and (agricultural) fecundity.

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Another characteristic of the Noruz festival is that this is a holiday of unity

and solidarity. Noruz is a traditional national holiday, work holiday, and
holiday of friendship.
As pioneering Uyghur cultural researcher !min Tursun said, there are many
specific Noruz customs that have been preserved to this day and many
Noruz poems created among the Uyghurs have spread.

In these poems, the Uyghurs' love of their country and the natural world
and the notions of friendship, thoughtfulness, and humanity are among the
ideas expressed.
27. Uyghur Musical Instruments
Compared to their other Turkic brothers, the Uyghurs established a settled
lifestyle the earliest. This daily environment had a deep influence on their
aesthetic sensibilities and artistic psyche and determined the rich harmonic
and complex compositional character ofUyghur music.
For instance, the Uyghur folk pieces known as "The 12 Muqam",
comprised of 320 melodies, are differentiated from each other by their tone.
There are many thousands of folk music tunes such as standardized and
established muqam, senem, and elneghme, in the diverse, ethnically dense,
and locally-flavored treasury ofUyghur folk music. This situation demands
the existence of many types ofUyghur musical instruments. Of the ancient,
traditional Uyghur instruments, about twenty-one have been preserved and
are still being used today. Uyghur musical instruments are divided into four
main types according to how they were constructed and how they are
played: wind instruments, stringed instruments, plucked instruments, and
percussion instruments.

Wind Instruments
Wind instruments are the instruments played through the puffing of the
mouth, whose sound - the loudness or softness of which - is controlled by
the flow of air from our throats and the shape of our mouth. Examples of
basic wind instruments include the Nay, the Bariban, the Burgha, the
Surnay, and the Kanay.
Stringed Instruments
The stringed musical instruments are the type that produce sound by the
rubbing a bow made from the tail hair of horses and other such animals
along a string. Basic examples of stringed instruments include the Satar, the
Ghijak, the Komul Ghijak, and the Khushtar.

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Plucked Instruments
Musical instruments that use a nahun, a Zahmak, or a finger in order to
pluck strings to produce sound are called plucked musical instruments.
Basic examples of such instruments include the Barbab, the Rawab (the
Kashgar Rawab, the Dolan Rawab, the Chap lima Rawab ), the Tambur, the
Dutar, the Kalun, and the Chang.
Percussion Instruments
Percussion musical instruments are stringless and are played by the beating
of hands or (hitting with) tubular sticks. These musical instruments
determine the rhythm of the music. They also place a lively and influential
mood upon the music. The main percussion instruments are the Tabilvaz,
the Naghra, the Dap, the Sapayi, the Qoshuq, the Tash, and so on.
The large number of Uyghur musical instruments places the Uyghurs in a
high position among world nationalities.
28. Our Sense of Adventure
Our elders have some words of wisdom: to learn to cross the mountain pass,
go in the dark of night. Right now, this spirit is in short supply. We
absolutely need to do everything with such an attitude. People should
always have the attitude that they are creating something new. For this,
courage and drive, along with a spirit of adventure, are necessary.
We all know the parable of the foal crossing the river. In the story, the foal
is crossing the river while carrying a bag of wheat on his back. At that very
moment he meets a squirrel who tells him of the river's depth. He begins to
vacillate as to whether he should dare to cross the river. Then, he meets a
cow who tells him of the river's shallowness. The foal is then all the more
unsure of what he should do. He goes to his mother's side to ask her help,
and she answers, "Try to cross the river yourself, then you will know of its
shallowness or depth." So, he returns, and finally crossed the river
victoriously.
Today, many think like the foal from this parable while doing something,
thinking about questions such as, Could I be harmed? And How will this be?
and, while vacillating between these thoughts, decide to refuse to do it. In
my opinion, had they a spirit of adventure, they would not think about
receiving benefit or harm, but just do it: should they succeed, they would
be boundlessly joyful; should they be harmed, they would gain extremely
helpful experience.
Our own countryman the " Sky King" Adil Hoshur, the "Sand Princess"
Gulzohra, the " Son of the Taklamakan" Jiiret Obulqasim and others

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achieved victory by being bold. They demonstrated their fearlessness and
heroic resolve. We should dare to be bold like that!
Of course, while doing something we will meet with various difficulties
and issues. Certainly, if we have a firm, unweakening desire to try, we can
make all things a reality. In a nutshell, put your boat in the river of risk!
Whether it floats or whether it sinks, at least you will have no regret.
29. A Chemical Fertilizer Price Increase

According to reports, in response to a sudden increase in fertilizer prices in

the Autonomous Region, the Uyghur Region's largest chemical fertilizer
business, the Autonomous Regional Farm Production Tool Group
Company, has used all available means to decrease the costs associated
with using chemical fertilizers by as large a degree as possible.
According to reports, this year the rise in the prices of chemical fertilizers
in the Uyghur region has been relatively high. The price of the chemical
fertilizer most used by farmers in the Uyghur region, which is sent in from
America, has increased harmfully. The price of phosphorous-derived
fertilizer produced domestically (in China) increased from 600 yuan to 740
yuan per ton. The price of nitrogen-derived fertilizer produced in the
Uyghur region increased by roughly ten percent. The Uyghur Autonomous
Region Farm Tool Production Group Company, which, with regard to the
chemical fertilizer business, controls 90 percent of the Uyghur Region
market, is trying to stop the chemical fertilizer price increases to lighten the
burden of the farmer.
Reports indicate that before the increase in the price of chemical fertilizers,
the number of sources from which materials could be gathered was
expanded and sufficient reserves were amassed.
If farmers buy chemical fertilizer, a company subsidiary will take on all
shipping fees, decreasing the overall costs. As a result, the price increases
for chemical fertilizer in the northern and southern areas of the Uyghur
Autonomous Region have been brought under control. But, according to
some Uyghur farmers, due to their low financial income, the possibility of
buying the needed chemical fertilizer is small. Some are buying fertilizer
with borrowed money. Some have used loans to buy chemical fertilizer, but
since food prices are low, they are unable to pay for the loan and other
costs, and, therefore, a situation is created in which they are choked by their
debt.

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30. Traditional Uyghur Medicine
1. The Sand Immersion Treatment
In the Turpan district of the Uyghur region, providing medical treatment by
immersing a person in sand has been recognized for a very long time.
Treatment by immersion in sand is seen as an important component of
Uyghur folk medicine. The completion of a set of buildings for carrying out
the treatment of some chronic illnesses, during which the body of the
afflicted person is submerged in sun-heated sand during the summer in the
high heat and dry climate, has moved the development of the sand
treatment facilities of the region forward.
Every day from June though the end of August, more than ten thousand
visitors come to this place for treatment for such chronic diseases as
rheumatism, joint inflammation, back and, leg pain, throat inflammation,
women's afflictions, and other illnesses of a chronic or recurrent character.
The treatment is more than 92% effective. The sand treatment attracts the
interest not only of local people, but also of foreigners because of its lack
of side effects, its low cost, and its fast results. For the last several years,
patients from Russia, America, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia,
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and other countries have been coming for
treatment.
2. Achievements in Treatment of Vitiligo
The results brought by treatment at the Uyghur Autonomous Regional
Uyghur Folk Medicine Hospital by the departments of Vitiligo, Bone, and
Internal Medicine are superior to that of similar (equivalent) hospitals. The
specialized department for the treatment of vitiligo is in particular
recognized as the best special department for this disease in all of China.
In this hospital, the method used to treat the difficult-to-treat vitiligo
includes the taking of (internal) medicine, the use of external medicine, and
treatment with plant roots, effectively handling relatively 96-98 percent of
cases.

Now, the number of people coming for treatment from the inner provinces
of China, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan is increasing.

31. The Idea of Uyghur Trade Names

If we examine our history, we see that the concept of a trademark was first
formed among the Uyghur people long ago. For instance- Hotan carpets,
silk and nuts, Kashgar pomegranates, Komul melons, Kucha wool and
apricots, Turpan grapes, Ghulja apples, Atush figs - the renown of many
products has seeped their way into the very minds of our people.

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The following Uyghur businesspeople have a deep understanding of the

critical importance of these trade names. Bit by bit, they are beginning to
include their product's names in these legal lists and competing to establish
marks for their own products. For instance, such names as Arman's
Products, Amina's On-the-Go Powders, Darman's Breads, Yengisar's
Knives, Alisher's Shoes, Naju's Henna, Shabnam - chewing gum, and
numerous other products have all appeared. In connection with this,
Uygbur businesspeople are now faced with the difficult issue of making
their products well-known amidst this era of intensifying market
competition.
Recently, the American magazine Business and Industry Journal published
a list of the 100 most valuable trademarks in the world.
Coca-Cola was first one the list, with a value of 689.5 billion dollars.
Microsoft Corporation, with a value of 650.7 billion, was number two. Of
all these trademarks, 62 are American.
We still don't have an internationally or even nationally recognized
corporation or well-known trademark that has established a foothold in
even the most basic of provincial markets. Even products such as our
Arman, Amina, or Mizan brands and others - Niya Cosmetics and others which we know and are, relatively speaking, very familiar to us, are
unknown to a large number of people in the markets of the inner provinces
in spite of their being advertised nonstop on a daily basis on television.
Businessmen in economically developed countries typically spend 10 to 20
percent of their total revenues on advertising. Although our products are
equivalent to those of national and international markets, weak advertising
is one reason we cannot put our products on the national - and international
- stage. The current era is the era of market competition. The era in which it
was said "even among garbage, gold does not lose its value" is gone. Many
of our businessmen are paying little attention to the observation of market
circumstances, the selection of their workforce, and the (good) care and
strengthening of their product marks. Some businessmen who have their
own products watch over everything.
32. Mahmud Kasbgari and His Tomb
The Mausoleum of Mahmud Kashgari is located 5.47 kilometers to the
west ofKashgar and 5.32 kilometers from the Kashgar Kona Sheher county
bazaar on a hill in the village of Mollam Gardens in the town of Opal, and
is called the Hazrat Mollam Mausoleum. According to historical sources,
this mausoleum was built at the beginning of the twelfth century. The

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Mahmud Kashgari family cemetery is located behind it. On the east side,
there is a lush forest, a clear-water spring, and a landscape that is said to be
extremely beautiful. Since the time of the Karakhan Dynasty, this area has
been a place of rest and relaxation.
Mahmud Kashgari came into the world in approximately 1008 A.D. in the
village of Azigh in the town of Opal, which was governed by Kashgar. He
was a famous linguist and historian of the Karakhan era. He was involved
with knowledge and education for all of his life.
He carried out detailed investigations on the cities and villages in which
Turkic tribes lived, compiling materials and doing academic research on
the languages of these Turkic tribes and their differences, their ethnic roots,
their history, their geographical locations, and their culture and customs.
In 1058 A.D. during the Karakhan dynasty, there was an internal coup in
which his father Hussein was killed, after which Mahmud Kashqari was
forced from his homeland, and forced to live the life of a vagabond in outer
lands for more than 14 years.
In 1072 A.D. he arrived in Baghdad, the capital of the Arab-Islamic
Caliphate. Here, he wrote his Dictionary of the Turkic Languages, which he
completed in 1076 and then presented to the 27th Caliph, Obulkasim
Abdulla Binni Muhkammadil Muktadiy Bin Amirulls of the Abbasid
Caliphate.

According to historical sources, the Mausoleum of Mahmud Kashgari has

been restored several times since the twelfth century. It is clear that in all of
these instances, the local people collected the funding to restore the
Mausoleum ofMahmud Kashgari twice- in the Muslim year 1245 (1829 in
the Christian calendar) and the Muslim year 1315 (1897 in the Christian
calendar).
The Mausoleum of Mahmud Kashgari includes buildings such as a fasting
center, a reading room, a praying room, a mosque, and a gate with double
towers. These buildings are made from brick and wood, have flat ceilings,
and have decorated frames, rafters, and doorjams. Window lattices are set
into the front and northern side of the fasting center. The guest rooms and
the darvaza zali - the Gate Hall - have been made with domed ceilings. In
general, the tomb's layout, the materials used in construction, and the
decorations and adornments put upon it embody the characteristics of
Uyghur Islamic architecture. However, during the last 100 years, because
of the lack of proper care - and in particular because of the destructive
earthquake which took place in 1985 -only the tomb and the gates remain.
Traces of the ancient medrese still remain on the left side of the tomb.

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It is said that towards the end of his life, around 1080 A.D., Mahmud
Kashgari left his Baghdad borne and returned to Opal where be taught for
several years at the local medrese. In 1105 A.D., the 97-year-old died.
33. Uyghur Homes

The architecture of Uygbur homes can be divided into the courtyard and the
house. There are many styles, each with rich ethnic and cultural
characteristics. In additionto its own particular characteristics, Uyghur
architecture was also influenced by the styles of surrounding nationalities.
Before their practice of Islam, Uygbur architecture was influenced to a
certain extent by Indian architecture, which they had contact with during
the Buddhist period, something proven by the presence of the Buddhist
caves in Turpan and Kuchar and likewise by ancient city ruins. After the
Uygburs converted to Islam, Arabic and Persian styles of architecture
began influencing their building styles. For the most part, this influence
appears in the form of mosques, religious schools, tombs, and minarets, as
well as in palaces, mansions, the pillars of buildings, and in colorful and
ornate decorations. This also had a marked influence on the homes of the
normal population.
Most homes are four-sided and single-story. The roofs are smooth. Floral
patterns are carved into the main support, windows and doors. The top edge
of the wall has a design made with bricks.
Uygburs like making grape trellises for their courtyards, as well as planting
fruit-bearing trees and plants. The reason for this is, first of all, tied to their
addiction to flowers and love for greenery, and, secondly, because of their
lifestyle and the geographic area and environment in which they live - the
majority of them are farmers and horticulturalists. Further, because the
climate in which they live is hot during the summer, most Uygburs put
grape trellises in their courtyards and then enjoy resting and eating food
underneath them.
Inside the home, shelves are made in the walls and food, dishes and tools
for the making of handicrafts are placed upon them. Tapestries bang on the
wall and rugs are placed upon the floor. The rooms are decorated according
to ethnic characteristics and arranged stylishly.
Uyghur homes also have regional characteristics with small differences
existing between homes constructed in the Kashgar, Aksu and Hoten
districts in the south of Tangritagb and homes constructed by Uyghurs in
the Turpan and Khumul areas.

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However, the creation of gardens, making a place for flowers, decorating

one's home, and cleaning the home and the courtyard are common customs
for Uyghurs in all areas.
The homes of Uyghurs in the south of the Tarim Basin have their own
specific characteristics. The roofs of the houses are straight and flat. Their
foundations are packed with stone. Clay bricks are then laid on top of them,
or the entire building will be framed with wood after which bricks will be
stacked between the studs. The large amount of wood in such homes makes
them very sturdy, providing an excellent defensive measures, from
earthquakes.
In the Turpan area, most houses are made with domed roofs. The top of

Kemir houses are covered with half-circle shapes formed (bent into shape)
in raw clay. With the exception of the doors and windows, no wood is used.
Kemir homes are warm in the winter and cool in the summer.
Older Uyghur homes did not have heating and cooling systems. But,
instances of cooling and heating being installed in modem homes are
becoming more numerous. This is mostly dependent on (tied to) a person's
economic status. But, some traditional Uyghur homes have brick fireplaces
and wood burning stoves and are thus heated in the winter. However,
starting in the middle of the twentieth century, cast iron and metal stoves
appeared. So, in the winter, those who were able to put these stoves in their
homes, warmed their homes with coal or firewood. This has become very
popular.
The homes of Uyghurs usually have many rooms, one of which is used
especially for cooking. This room is called the ashkhana. During the winter,
food is made there. But, food isn't made here during the summer, but is
instead prepared in a kitchen that is set up in the courtyard.
A stove or specially- made oven is used for cooking food. A chimney is
formed in the wall next to the stove for pulling the smoke that comes out of
it outdoors through the roof of the house.
34. Patriotism and Educationalism
In conscious society, the link between patriotism and educationalism is a

relationship that embodies a lofty idea of great value. These two concepts
are as solidly connected as flesh and blood. The concept of a ''motherland"
is aimed at the central place where the past, present, and future of a people
- a people who have grown up and had their umbilical blood spilled in the
same place -join. The concept of "patriot''- on the other hand - describes
those conscious people who can act with a great love, giving everything of

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themselves so their country and their people can walk the path and reach
intellectual perfection. Yet, only a person with an education, a true patriot
and enthusiastic educationalist, can love his motherland with everything in
him. A person can only be capable of telling the difference between his
own personal needs and those of his country through his level of education.
The true meaning of maarip, meripet, and other such Arabic-language
terms expresses the concept of filling the hearts of one's children with the
light of knowledge. It is the schools and the teachers who are the lighters of
these torches. So, a child whose heart has been opened by education can
understand that his destiny is closely connected with the destiny of his
motherland, and, that if he receives one share of benefit from his
motherland, he is obligated to return this share hundredfold in size.
Yet, the level of an educated society is visible not in whether or not they
have achieved great appearance or poise, but rather in whether or not they
are intellectually fulfilled and whether or not they have moral virtue. Such
levels can only be achieved through education and a struggle for
enlightenment. Educationalists are the people who lead the way towards
fulfilling this great responsibility.
Before the liberation, there were three waves of enlightenment in Uyghur
society. The Huseiniya School, established during the second half of the
nineteenth century, as well as other educational centers, including the
Maksudiya, Talimiya, and Mat/a II Irpan Schools which were founded at
the beginning of the 20th century, represent this first movement. The
famous representatives of that educational era were Bawudon Musabai,
Mahsut Muhiti, Abdukadir Damulla, Husainhan Tajalli, Molla Musa
Sairami, and others.
Some were scholars who studied in other lands, and some were leaders who
were the first to lay a foundation for the creation of a national industry,
bringing tools and technology from abroad.
The second of these movements for enlightenment was in the 30s of this
(20th) century. Qutluq Shewqi, Memet Eli Tewpiq, Abduxaliq Uyghur,
Jirjis Haji, Memtimin Sopizade, and others were representative of this wave.
35. Uyghur Region Schools
Elementary, secondary, and technical schools- as well as universities- are
all completely surrounded by high walls or iron fences, and the inside of
these schools is laid out in an orderly fashion. In most cases, schools are
separated into several parts, such as teaching buildings, administrative
offices, athletic fields, school gardens, and employee (teachers and other
workers) residence buildings. Some middle schools - and all technical
schools and universities - have student dormitories and cafeterias, and the

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overwhelming majority of students live in the dormitories that are on the
campus.
The educational system of the Uyghur region is unified with that of China
and uses a nine-year compulsory system. As such, all school-age children
must receive nine years of education. Elementary and mssiddle school are
each six years long. Middle school is divided into two three-year parts - an
"incomplete middle school" and a "complete middle school." "High
vocational" or (associate degree-offering, "community") colleges last for
three years, and universities for four. All schools are government -owned.
While some private elementary, incomplete middle, and vocational schools
have started opening recently, they must still obey the state-administered
educational program. While these special schools operate under the
educational policies and programming framework of the government, in
addition to having characteristics such as the ability to determine what
professional classes are taught, being able to guarantee a high quality
education, and being able to invite high-tier educators for work, private
schools also have the right to independently establish their own tuition fees.
The fees for study at such schools are relatively high.
In the Uyghur region, the traditional age for entering elementary school is
seven, before which they are educated in kindergarten and preparatory
classes. However, this is not an entirely common situation. In many regions,
including agricultural regions densely populated with Uyghurs where
kindergartens are either absent or present only in small numbers, most
children go directly to elementary school at the requisite age. In the Uyghur
region, as in the rest of China, the nine years of education are given free of
charge. However, in spite of this, the schools in each area still charge
various service fees on their own. Most schools also charge materials fees.
Complete middle schools are all fee-based. These fees are all different and
based upon the quality of the school concerned. Universities are fee-based,
and the tuition changes every year. While scholarships have been
established at universities, because the money is limited, most students
cannot get them. Even more recently, some banks have put systems in place
to provide student loans.

Uyghur students and Chinese students study in separate schools and

separate classrooms. But recently, Uyghur and Chinese schools have
started to integrate. Some Uyghur middle schools are gradually changing to
instruction in Chinese. Students are chosen for university through a
standardized, nationwide exam and a system of minimum scores taken
every year in June. Currently, most students want to study the fields of
business and economics, accounting, foreign languages, and medicine in
order to make finding a job in their future easier.

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Xinjiang University, the largest university in the Uyghur region, and

Xinjiang Medical University are the higher educational facilities at which
students most want to study. Besides these, these are ten or so other
institutions of higher education including the Agricultural University, the
University of Business and Economics, and the Kashgar Pedagogical
Institute.
Xinjiang University was founded eighty years ago and was in fact the sole
university in the Uyghur region. Until 2002, courses at this school could be
conducted in both Uyghur and Chinese. Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and
other minorities heard lectures in Uyghur while Chinese students took
lectures in Chinese. But, since 2002, with the elimination of Uyghur
language instruction, all Uyghur teachers give their classes in Chinese.
Xinjiang University is the center ofUyghur education and Uyghur culture,
and Uyghur intellectuals have been educated there for sixty years. Among
them have been many scholars, writers, politicians, and other luminaries.
Professional studies for master's and doctoral degrees have been
established at Xinjiang University. Uyghurs began going abroad to study in
the twenties and thirties of the previous century, mainly going to study at
institutions of higher learning in Turkey, India, Egypt, and the Soviet
Union. This was the first wave of study abroad by Uyghurs in history.
Having studied there and then returned home, most Uyghur intellectuals
were killed off by Sheng Shicai and other militarists. The second wave
happened in the fifties and sixties. At that time, Uyghurs were generally
sent to the Soviet Union. Uyghurs took their education in cities such as
Tashkent, Moscow, and Alma-Ata (known today as Almaty). The third
wave began in the eighties and nineties. This time there was a trend
towards study in Japan, the United States, Turkey, Pakistan, Egypt, Russian,
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and some other European countries.
The number of people studying abroad at their own expense has risen
continuously, but the number of Uyghurs compared to the number of
Chinese is significantly lower. As a result of the current circumstances,
Uyghurs are contacting western culture, trying to understand it, and getting
excited about it, and, as such, there is a large trend for young Uyghurs to go
to America to study, where they get an American education and take on
American cultural values.
Since the mid-nineties, scholars who have earned doctoral degrees have
begun appearing among the Uyghurs in the Uyghur region. Most earned
their doctorates studying at universities and research centers in the United
States, Russia, Japan, Turkey, China, and some European countries.

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However, Uyghur doctors appeared in the Soviet Union in the thirties and
forties, and, according to some records, there are now more than five
hundred doctors from every branch of science among the Uyghurs in
Russia and the former Soviet Republics of Central Asia. Many of them are
counted as the leading scholars in the noted universities and scientific
research centers of Russia and the other republics.
36. Monuments with Uyghur Writing
One of the greatest contributions of our people to human culture is Uyghur
writing. In ancient times the use of writing indicated the highest level of
cultural development because so very few peoples had reached the level
needed to invent such a thing.
This writing system was used by our ancestors continuously from the fifth
through the eighteenth centuries for 1,300 years. From the fifth through the
eleventh centuries, the Uyghur writing system was used in equal amounts
with the Ancient Turkic writing sistem. Mahkmud Kashgari wrote about
this point in his book Divanu Lughati Turk. In it, it is said that besides the
Uyghur's 24-letter alphabet, another (type of) writing was used for official
letters and documents that other Turkic tribes did not know. Historian S.G.
Klayshtorniy suggests (surmises, hypothesizes) that this later writing is
probably an Ancient Turkic one (writing). This is because the latest
complete monuments found at Turpan, and the first legal documents found
in this city of ancient culture (Turpan) and Donghuang, were written in the
ancient Turkic writing. This work of M. Kashkariy is one the last examples
that used this now-defunct Turkic writing system. So, our ancestors used
both the Uyghur and the ancient Turkic writing sistems equally for five to
six centuries.
Uyghur writing is small regard to the number of letters and simple to use
with regard to writing. It therefore took the place of the ancient Turkic
alphabet by the eleventh century. The number of monuments with Uyghur
writing found in Turpan and the surrounding vicinity is very large. But,
there are 14,000 monuments with Uyghur language (inscriptions) and
Uyghur writing kept in Berlin and Saint Petersburg. In addition to these
cities, thousands of monuments created by our ancestors are kept safe in
London, Urumqi, Tokyo, Paris, Istanbul, and Beijing.
In the first quarter of the thirteenth century after Chingis Khan had

accepted the Uyghur alphabet as the official writing of the Mongol empire,
Uyghur writing spread to all places which had either been conquered by
Chingis Khan or with which he had established ties.

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Nearly all demands for writing (writing related work) of this great state
were brought into reality (filled) by the Uyghurs. Besides being the
teachers of Chingis Khan's descendants and carrying out the affairs of state,
the Uyghurs also spread the Buddhist faith. They translated numerous
Buddhist texts from Uyghur to Mongolian. In the process, hundreds of
Uyghur words were incorporated into the Mongolian language. According
to some sources, based upon the Mongols' belief that Uyghur was to be the
language of the Buddhist religion Gust as the Arabic language is the
language of Islam), Mongols prayed to Buddha in Uyghur.
Historian Rashida-Din wrote that knowledge of the Uyghur alphabet in the
13th and 14th centuries was a sign of a high culture. Then, after the fall of
the Mongol empire and in spite of Islam's strengthening influence, the
Uyghur writing system was still widely used in Central Asia. In Central
Asian cities such as Yazdi, Heart, and Samarkand, many literary works
were written and copied into the Uyghur writing system. Many of the
masters (most skilled scribes) were Uyghur. They were called "Bakhshi."
37. The Geographic Situation of Uyghur Region
The Uyghur Region, now officially called the Xinjiang Uyghur
Autonomous Region by the Chinese government, is situated at the center of
the Eurasian continent and is counted as one of the places furthest from the
ocean.
Throughout history, the Uyghurs have calJed their (own) country various
names such as East Turkistan, Uyghurstan, and Uyghur Eli (Uyghur Land).
The Chinese name "Xinjiang" first appeared at the end ofthe 19th century
and means ''new border" or "new territory." The name Xinjiang Uyghur
Autonomous Region has been used since 1955.
The Uyghur Autonomous Region is 1.66 million square kilometers in size
and accounts for one sixth the total area of China. Uyghur Land borders
eight countries: Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Mongolia, India,
and Afghanistan. In history, the Uyghur region, which was seen as the
intersection of the famous Silk Road, played critical roles in the economic
and cultural relations between East and West.
Since ancient times, the Uyghurs have formed and developed in this land,
and their destiny is connected to this place. The characteristics of the
Uyghur Region terrain are special: mountain chains and basins are arranged
side by side; high mountains surround basins. Therefore, this land is
described as "three valleys and two basins."

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The Altay Moutains are located to the north and, the Kunlun Mountain
System is located to the south. The Tengritagh (Mountains) are located in
the center and divide the Uyghur region into northern and southern parts.
The Tarim Basin is in the south, and the Jungar Basin is in the north. The
Tarim basin is the largest in the world. It's territory is more than 530,000
square kilometers and it is located among the Tianshan (Tengritagh) and
Kunlun Mountains.
The world-famous Takla Makan Desert is located in the middle of the
basin, and its territory is more than 324,000 square kilometers, making it
the world's second largest (mobile) desert. The Jungar Basin is smaller than
Tarim Basin, with a territory of 280,000 square kilometers. It is located in
the north ofUyghur Land.
Ayding Kol, which is located in the Turpan Basin, is the (region's) lowest
point -154 meters, the second lowest place in the world.

In the Uyghur land there are many rivers - both large and small - and there
are 570 of them. The Tarim River is the longest inland river with a length
of more than 2,100 kilometers.
The climate of the Uyghur Region is dry. There is little precipitation, with
an (yearly) average of about 100 millimeters. The rivers of the ''Uyghur
Land" are all inland continental flows. Most rivers extend (spread) into
deserts or agricultural regions. Only a few collect in basins, where they
form lakes. Uyghur Land has many Jakes. Among the these biggest are
Baghrash Lake, Ebinur Lake, Sayram Lake, and others. Lake Lopnur was
one of the largest lakes, but has now dried up.
The Uyghur Region s underground resources are very rich; oil, coal and
others are abundant. Besides these, tungsten, gold, copper, and others are in
rich supply. Uyghurs love and value their broad, holy land and see it as
their mother country.
38. An Oil Pipeline

According to reports from Kazakh and Chinese news agencies, it has been
decided that work on the oil pipeline that is to connect the Kazakh city of
Atasu and the Uyghur Autonomous Region city of Alataw will begin this
year and will be completed at the end of2005.

In addition to guaranteeing it will send China more than 10 million tons of

raw crude every year once the pipeline is put into service, Kazakhstan which is counted as a state with an open market economy - has said it

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welcomes other countries to conduct trade with them and send oil to China
through this pipeline.
To build the pipeline, China and Kazakhstan conducted research and did
preparatory work - work that included addressing issues of security - on
numerous occasions. The Atasu-Alataw pipeline is nearly 1,000 kilometers
and will be a critical component of a larger pipeline from the west of
Kazakhstan to the west of the China.
According to a report, the China-Kazakhstan petroleum pipeline has
extreme strategic significance for China and a total length of more than
3000 kilometers. This line begins in the west of the western part of
Kazakhstan from the Caspian Sea port city of Atraw, cutting across the
entire expanse of Kazakhstan to Alataw on the Kazakh-Chinese border,
then connecting to Maytagh in the Uyghur Region.
The project will be completed in three stages.
In the opinion of experts, the construction of the Sino-Kazakh petroleum
pipeline will tum Xinjiang into an oil depot, playing a critical role in filling
China's demand for oil. According to the opinions of experts, China's need
for oil is currently increasing on a daily basis.

After September eleventh, in order to solve problems relating to the

Chinese government's future need for oil, they, along with Russian and
Central Asian governments, have been paying attention to the strengthening
of cooperation in energy-related spheres. Establishing cooperation with
Central Asian governments and countries on the Caspian Sea that have
large oil resources has become a critical goal for the Chinese government.
Observers indicate that the Chinese government is, on one hand, trying to
meet it's own oil needs, and, on the other, strengthening its military and
political cooperation with the member countries of the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization (such as Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan) in order to accelerate its fight against the
Uyghur independence movement.
The oil pipeline agreement between China and Kazakhstan was signed
when Kazakhstan president Nursultan Nazarbayev visited Beijing in May
2004.
39. Two Representatives of Modern Uyghur Literature

Modern Uyghur literature has many famous representatives such as

Lutfulla Mutellip, Qutluq Shewki, Zunun Qadiri, Teyipjan Eliyov, Ziya
Semidi, Zordun Sabir, Turghun Almas, and many others. Besides these,
another two well-known writers are worthy of both a high place in Uyghur

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literature and high respect among the Uyghurs. The first is the renowned
writer, poet, and scholar Abdureyim Otkur who passed away in 1995. The
other was nationalist Abduxaliq Uyghur who was killed by warlords.
Abdureyim Otkur was one of the people who played a critical role in 20th
century Uyghur culture. He was born in 1923 in Qumul and graduated from
the Xinjiang Inistitute in Urumchi in 1942. Mister Otkur first released his
poems in 1940. The poems "Along Tarim River" and ''Melodies of the
Heart" received the high acclaim of society. The author' s novels The Trace
and The Awaked Land, which were published in the 1980s and 1990s,
became some of the most popular novels of Uyghur literature. He was not
only a poet and writer, but also a Uyghur historian and researcher of
classical literature.
Abduxaliq is another Uyghur poet. His used the pen name "Uyghur" and
was born in Turpan in 1901. As a youth, he read works of classical Uyghur
literature and learned Arabic and Persian in a religious school. He also
knew Russian, Chinese, and, of course, other Turkic languages.
Abduxaliq Uyghur as one of the first representatives of the Uyghur
Educationalist Movement and tried to educate Uyghurs on the ideas of
nationalism, patriotism, and independence. Abduxaliq called on his own
people to awaken from inactivity and to take control of their future through
revolution.
Abduxaliq Uyghur was a participant in the 1933 Turpan Uprising. During
the uprising, Warlord Sheng Shicai beheaded this young poet along with 17
ofhis compatriots.
Abduxaliq wrote many poems such as ''Wake Up" "Open Up," and others.

40. Two Poems: "Wake Up Uyghur" and "Trace"

Wake Up Uyghur
By Abduxaliq Uyghur
Hey, poor Uyghur, wake up! You 've slept enough.
You have nothing. You have nothing to lose but your life.
If you do not rescue yourself from this death,
Oh, your situation is dangerous, is dangerous.
Get up, I said! Raise your head and open your eyes.
Cut off your enemy' s head. Spill his blood!
If you don' t open your eyes and have a good look around,
You will die in your sleep one day. There is no other way.

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Your body already looks lifeless!

Do you have no fear of death?
I call to you, but you lie there motionless
Will you die like that without waking up?
Widen your eyes and look around you,
Think long and hard about your future.
If you lose this precious opportunity,
Your future will be in trouble, will be in trouble!
Oh, I feel pity for you, my Uyghur,
My compatriot, my brother, my kin!
Out of concern for your state, I awaken you,
But you don' t listen! What happened to you?!
The day will come when you will regret,
At that time, you will understand my words.
You will say "Oh," but it will be too late.
Then, Uyghur, you will accept my words!
Turfan, 1921

Trace
By Abdureyim Otkur
We were young when we started our journey,
Now our grandchildren are able to ride on horses.
We were very few upon setting out,
Now we're advancing and leaving marks in the desert sand.
Our traces are in the deserts and some are in the valleys,
There are many heroes buried in the deserts without graves.
Don't say those graves were left unmarked,
Our graves are covered with blossoms in the spring.
All the marks and all the destinations are faraway,
And while the wind blows and the sand moves, our trails never sink away.
The caravan never stops, and though our horses may wither away,
Our grandchildren or great-grandchildren wilJ certainly one day find
those traces.
41. Famous Uyghurs

In the twentieth century, many famous pariotic people - national heroes,

famous artists, writers, athletes, and others - appeared among the Uyghurs.
Some of them were killed by their enemies, taken before their time. There

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are many famous Uyghurs. Below, I will describe a few of examples of

them.
Sabit Damolla Abdulbaqi
Sabit Damolla was a famous man who holds a very important place in
twentieth century Uyghur political history. Through his establishing the
East Turkestan Islamic Republic in Kashgar on November 12th, 1933, he
laid the foundation for the appearence and formation of republican ideas
among the Uyghurs.
Sabit Damolla was born in Atush in 1883. He received his education in the
former Soviet Union, some European countries, Turkey, Egypt, India, and
other countries and made scholarly trips abroad.
By participating in the 1933 Khotan and Kashgar uprising, Sabit Damolla
turned into one of their leaders, and, as a result, at the formation of the East
Turkestan Islamic Republic in Kashgar on November 12, 1933, was chosen
as prime minister and, as such, led all affairs of state.
After the demise of the republic, as a result of the interference by the Soviet
Union, Sabit Damolla was thrown into prison by Sheng Shicai and killed at
the end of 1941. As a famous religious scholar, he wrote many articles and
books and translated the Qur'an into Uyghur.
Khoja Niyaz. Hajim
Khoja Niyaz Hajim was one of the leaders of the widescale national
liberation movement, president of the East Turkestan Islamic Republic
founded in Kashgar in 1933 and vice-chairman of the provincial
government. He was born in Qumul and in, 1912 when he was young, he
participated in the Qumul Separatist Uprising.
He lead the Qurnul Uprising in 1931 and was very quickly recognized as
the leader of the struggle for national liberation in the entire Uyghur region.
On account of the interference and mediation brought by the Soviet Union,
he put together an agreement with the Moscow-controlled Sheng Shicai
that stopped the fighting, and he became vice-chairman of the provincial
government. But, in October of 1937, Sheng Shicai suddenly discarded the
agreement and, with the support of the Soviet Union, arrested, purged, and
killed Khoja Niyaz Hajim and many other famous people, intellectuals,
businessmen, and industrialists.
Muhemmed /min Bughra
Muhemmed lmin Bughra is a well-known Uyghur historian and political
leader. He was born in 1901 in Khotan, received his religious education
there, and was known among his people in his youth. He led the 1932

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Rotan Uprising, founded the Rotan government and was given the name
''the Emir of Rotan."
Muhemmed Imin Bughra was confirmed as one of the famous leaders of
the Uyghur National Liberation Uprising in 1933. When the uprising was
defeated in 1934, he went to Afghanistan to seek asylum. Afterwards, he
went to Nanjing, worked for the Chinese central government, and returned
to Urumqi in 1945 where he acted as vice-chairman of the provincial
government along with other roles. In September of 1949, he left his
country and went to Turkey where he settled and Jed activites directed
towards East Turkestan's politcal claims.
The activites of Muhemmed Imin Bughra were twofold: the first was a
struggle fought with arms, the second was a struggle fought with a pen. He
wrote a thick-volumed book called The History of East Turkestan that was
the first such book among the Uyghurs. Muhemrned Imin Bughra's The
Struggle of the Pen, The History of East Turkestan, Geography and
Current Situation, East Turkestan and its Fight for Freedom and many
other books, articles, and works of literature were published in Uyghur,
Arabic, Persian, Chinese, Turkish, English, and other languages.
He died in Turkey in 1965.

Eysa Yusup Aliptekin

Eysa Ylisilp Aliptekin was one of the most widely known Uyghur political
leaders of the twentieth century. He was born in Kashgar's Yengi Hisar
county in 1901 and, as a young man, worked in the diplomatic service.
In 1948, after becoming secretary of the provincial government in Urumqi,
he went abroad with Muhemmed Imin Bughra, settling in Turkey, where he
became known as a leader in pressing the claims of East Turkestan and
headed the political activites ofUyghur aborad before finally dying in 1995.

Essentially, Eysa Yiislip Aliptekin spread the ideas of Uyghur nationalism

and the idea of a Turkic identity, and was instrumental in these ideas being
spread among the Uyghurs and with their becoming known abroad.

Mesud Sabiri
Doctor Mesud Sabiri Bayqozi was one of the founders of the Uyghur
Educationalist Movement and one of the leaders pressing for Uyghur
political claims.
Doctor Mesud Sabiri Bayqozi was born in Ghuja in 1887 and was the first
man among the Uyghurs to go to Turkey to study medicine. In 1947 he
became the first Uyghur chairman of the provincial government in Urumqi.

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During this time, along with his compatriots Muhemmed Irnin Bughra,
Eysa Yiisup Aliptekin, and others, he invited the government of Chiang Kai
Shek to change the name of Xinjiang to Turkestan on several occasions and
made an appeal to change the Chinese constitution to give high autonomy
to this region.
Doctor Mesud Sabiri died in prison in 1952.
Exmetjan Qasimi
Exmetjan Qasimi was the leader of the National Liberation Revolution
from 1944 until 1949. He was born in 1914, and, as a young man, received
his primary and secondary education in the Soviet Union. He then purused
university study at the Central Asian State University in Tashkent and the
Moscow Eastern Languages Institute. He became the deputy secretary of
the government and the minister of the Ministry ofMilitary of the East
Turkistan Republic which established in Ghulja, On Novenmber 12, 1944.
From 1946 on, Exmetjan Qasimi was the leader of the National Liberation
Revolution.

To this day, Uyghurs are suspicious about the plane crash that killed him in
August of 1949 while he was on the path towards making the Uyghur
people's dream of freedom a reality.
Turghun Almas
Turghun Almas was a well-known Uyghur historian and poet. He was born
in Kashgar in 1921. Beginning in the 1980s, Turghun Almas conducted
Uyghur historical research, writing numerous articles and publishing books
such as The Uyghurs and A BriefHistory of the Huns.

The basic tenets of Turghun Almas' historical research demonstrate that the
Uyghurs are the most ancient Asian culture, that they established many
independent states, and that they never belonged to China. After his books
were harshly criticized and banned by the Chinese government, his
influence among Uyghurs and in the international community suddenly
increased. His book The Uyghurs was translated into several languages and
then republished.
He passed away in 2001 .
Lutfulla Mutellip
Lutfulla Mutellip was a talented revolutionary poet. He is one of the
representatives of modem Uyghur literature. He was given the name "the
poet with the fiery heart" by his people, not only because he was a talented
poet, but also because he was a steadfast revolutionary.

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Translations

Lutfulla Mutellip was born in 1922. In 1945, he organized an underground

organization called the East Turkestan Young Sparks Union to struggle
against the enemies of his people. As a result, the 23-year-old poet was
arrested by those enemies and, in September of 1945, along with other
compatriots, was killed in prison.
Lutfulla Mutellip produced literature for only eight years, but he still
produced a wealth of results. He wrote many poems, epic tales, dramatic
works, and other pieces of literature. There is not a single Uyghur who does
not know his poems. His poems such as Answers for the Years and
Thoughtful Dream are especially famous.

Rabiye Qadir
The Uyghurs produced Rabiye Kadeer, a famous public and political figure,
and human rights activist well-known to the international community.
Rabiye Qadir has obtained huge success in business. She has carried out
various activities including providing help to the poor and to citizens in
regions that have met with disaster, obtaining work for Uyghur women,
opening schools, and educating young people.
In August of 1999, she was arrested and given an eight -year prison

sentence. Her activities have been recognized by the international

community and by international humans rights organizations.
In November of 2004, she was given the Rafto Prize, a Norweigian-based

international human rights award and, as such, was asserted as one of ten
world famous women in Marie Claire Magazine, which is published in the
United States.
Rabiye Kadeer was released from jail on March 17, 2005 and arrived in
America and continues her activities protecting human rights.

AdilHoshur
The Uyghurs have produced a famous acrobat. He is an acrobat famous not
only among the Uyghurs, but also throughout China. Adil Hoshur was
deemed worthy of the name "the King of the Sky."
He set a world record for the first time in 1997 when he walked across a
640 meter long steel cable 403 meters high stretched across China's Sanxia
Strait on the Changjiang River. Immediately after, he also crossed several
other high places.

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Adil Hoshur is the person who introduced the international community to

the 2000-year-long history of the Uyghur acrobatic arts. His family is
known for their more than four centuries of work in this profession.
Adil Hoshur is loved as a hero by his people.
42. Factors in the Formation ofUygbur Nationalism

The following four factors played important roles in the formation of

Uyghur nationalism at the beginning ofthe twentieth century.
First of all, the educationalist movement was based upon the new-school
style of teaching. In nearly all the new-style schools that appeared at the
beginning of the twentieth century, the people who taught were Tatar
intellectuals from Kazan who held Jedidistic ideologies and young Uyghur
people, such as Mesud Sabiri, Tursun Ependi, and Memtili Tewpiq, who
studied in Istanbul and in other locations and had the goal of turning their
people's lack of development around, providing their people with an
education and finding a future for them. Besides them, pro-development,
anti-superstitious scholars such as Islamic scholar Abdukadir Damolla and
the politically-opinionated Khutluk Shewkhi carried out various
propaganda campaigns. Representatives of the progressive Uyghur
bourgeoisie such as the Musabayov brothers, Tash Ahun, and Mexsut
Muhiti built the material foundation of this movement and supported it. By
benefiting from the new school approach, finding out about world
happenings and comparing their own people to other free people, they
trained their spirits to struggle and learned to think about their own futures
and their own current circumstances. They structured their lessons
according to the European style of teaching, preparing and printing their
own teaching materials. Their goal was to nurture their people' s spirit of
nationalism and, ultimately, though education, to get political rights for the
Uyghurs. The given Educationalist Movement played a significant role in
the formation and development ofUyghur Nationalism.
Second, after the First World War, there were political, social and cultural
changes in neighboring Central Asia. Obviously, monarchy had ended in
Russia. Seeing this as their opportunity to become free of the Russian
monarchy and to be independent, Central Asian people participated actively
in political and social movements. Using this opportunity, political parties
formed in Central Asia. These parties advocated separating from Russia
and forming an independent state of the Turkic people.
Third, the formation of Uzbek, Kyrghyz, Kazakh, and other Turkic
nationalism within the confines of communism at the beginning of
twentieth century influenced the development of Uyghur nationalism.

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Starting in 1924 with the implementation of the Autonomous Republic

Policy in Central Asia, the Tajik, Turkmen, Kazakh and Kirghlz Soviet
Autonomous Republics appeared on the scene. Within a short time, there
were various developments in culture and education, art, science, health,
transportation, and other such spheres. Uyghurs saw these changes in
Central Asia with their own eyes and these changes in turn influenced them.
They then compared these changes to the situation in their homeland.
Fourth, Uyghurs living in Soviet territory participated actively not only in
the movements happening in Central Asia, but also established their own
political organization called the Revolutionary Uyghur which placed great
significance on the development of a Uyghur national spirit. On the 2nd of
June 1921 , a congress was convened in Tashkent where it was decided that
the names Taranchi and Kashgarlik would be done away with and that the
name Uyghur would be adopted. The strength of Central Asian Uyghur
nationalism and the growth of their educational level brought about the idea
of overthrowing the Chinese oppressors in their motherland and
establishing their own nation.

In the twenties and thirties [of the 20th century], Central Asian Uyghur
intellectuals and writers in particular, wrote many literary works on the
topic of Uyghurstan. Political and cultural figures such as Abdulla
Rozibaqiyev, Ismail Tahirov, Abdulhey Muhemmidi, and others
strengthened the Uyghurstan Movement and were developers of the
Uyghur nationalistic ideology.
Uyghur nationalism had essentially formed by the 1930s, and, as a result,
the national liberation movement of the period that extended from 1933 to
1937 had arisen. Afterwards, Sheng Shisay and the tyranny of the
Guomingdang government strengthened Uyghur Nationalism all the more.
During the time of the East Turkestan Republic from 1944-1949, Uyghur
nationalism continued to develop. At the end of the twentieth century and
today, it has reached its peak.
43. Moscow Thoughts

During the final stages of the Soviet Union from 1990 until 1996, I was in
Moscow, living the life of a research student. During this period I saw with
my own eyes how the flag of Communism - which threatened the world for
seventy years - was lowered from the Kremlin without a single shot being
fired and how this gloomy and tyrannical empire which divided humanity
into two political camps was erased from the pages of history. I knew how
these people, who had been denied their democratic rights for such a long
time, had struggled for a new life. For me, these days are unforgettable.

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The six years of my life in this empire are the theme of a book I wrote
called "Moscow Thoughts. " What follows is just one ofpart of it.
Today, there may not be a single town in Central Asia, the Far East, or even
in Europe in which the Uyghurs have not stepped. Central Asia has
provided Uyghur businessmen with especially favorable circumstances
because they are neither shy nor hesitant while working there. These
favorable circumstances are:
First of all, with regard to religion, all the people of Central Asia adhere to
the Sunni sect of the Muslim faith.
Second of all, with regard to ethnicity, the Uyghurs have common origins
and ancestry with the Kazakhs, the Kyrgyzs, the Uzbeks, the Turkmen, the
Karakalpaks, and the other nationalities of Central Asia and a more or Jess
common temperament, daily life, set of customs and anthropological makeup, as well as common aesthetic and philosophical views, values, and
business psychology. The differences between the Uyghurs and their
brotherly peoples began to appear and increase mainly in the twenties of
the twentieth century. From the end of the fifties through the middle of the
eighties, due to the cutting of ties, these differences became more
pronounced. Extremely different characteristics formed among the people
who lived in these two different national systems and cultural circles. In
spite of this, and due to their having so much common ground, these
differences have not had much impact and the common ties have not
vanished entirely.
Third, regarding language, the tongues of the Turkic people of Central Asia
belong to the Turkic family of the Altaic system, and, if the slight lexical,
phonetic, and morphological differences are not taken into account, the
languages are generally said to be mutually intelligible. So, in short, an
Uzbek trader from Samarkand can freely speak and do business with a
Uyghur trader from the village of Shor Eriq or Ong Eriq in Atush, or from
Khotan, Kashgar, Yarkend, Aksu, Turpan, Komul, Gbulja, or Chochek.
And he can do so without having to bother finding an interpreter. Naturally,
it is the same with the Kyrgyzs and the Kazakhs. These favorable linguistic
circumstances send Uyghurs into all of Central Asia and to the farthest
villages and cities of Kazakhstan without impediment. When Uyghurs go
among such local people, those others are not even able to recognize them
quickly.
The fourth such favorable circumstance is the important factor of the
Uyghurs becoming a local presence in Central Asian cities. This is
especially the case in the Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Turkmen, and Tajik
republics where a relatively large number of Uyghurs have settled. The

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Uyghurs in these places live collected in groups and solidly preserve their
customs, language, and temperament, as well as a direct spiritual link with
their motherland. What's more, many in the Uyghur population attach
importance to trade and have experience and connections. Therefore, the
spirit of patriotism and nationalism is high, and they preserve their deep
love for their motherland. All of the given reasons provide the Uyghurs
with favorable circumstances.
44. The Production and Construction Corps

Uyghurs indicate that the Production and Construction Corps, which for the
more than 50 years of its existence in the Uyghur region has strengthened
and developed on all fronts, is being formed not only as a military and
political power, but also an economic one. In the opinion of observers,
these are China's "armed farmers" who stand against all activities of
Uyghurs carried out in pursuit of their political dream of establishing an
independent government.
The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps is customarily referenced
(called) by the abbreviation "Bingtuan." The regions controlled by the
Bingtuan have two characteristics: the south of the Uyghur region is
basically a region of agricultural production and Urumqi, Ghulja, Shihezi,
Wujiachu and others places situated to the northern of Tengritagh were
formed into an economic zone. These places are bases for the production of
"Bingtuan" cotton, crops, and ranching, as well as the production of basic
food stuffs, textiles, and electronics, and are therefore considered critical
for providing the Bingtuan with an economic foundation.
Currently, II Bingtuan-controlled companies, such as the Ili High Quality
Alcohol Factory, the August First Textiles Factory, the Kui Tun Electrical
Station, and the Tian Ye Real Estate Corporation are traded on the stock
market.
The Uyghur Region is blessed with superior geographic circumstances, as
it is bordered by many foreign countries, which is good for foreign trade.
However, sixteen of the Uygur Region's border ports are under the control
of the Bingtuan - a situation which creates an opportunity for the Bingtuan
to do business with Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and others directly. This
is because Bingtuan controlled areas are situated where the Uyghur Region
borders other countries. Now, the Bingtuan has direct economic ties with
66 countries and more than I70 export bases.
According to a report of the Bingtuan Economic Meeting, the Bingtuan has
130 regiments and production sites, with one regiment reaching an
economic income level of 368 million American dollars in 2003 and an

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approximate per capita income of 22000 yuan. In 2004, the Bingtuan
reached an estimated output level of28 billion of yuan. Recently, a Chinese
news agency said that the Bingtuan personal average yearly income has
reached more than II ,700 yuan. This is a very large number. According to
an official Chinese report, currently the Bingtuan' s population is more than
2 million 500 thousand. Most of observers estimate that, in reality, the
population of the Bingtuan is much higher. Some of these observers do not
believe the height of the average personal Bingtuan income and suspect the
reliability of the news.
In I949, after the Chinese Communist Party took the Uyghur Region under

its control, the Bingtuan established a through reorganization of the

People's Liberation Army - which had entered the Uyghur Region - and the
surrendered Chinese Kuomintang Army.
Because all of the Bingtuan government departments - economic and
justice systems, cultural, educational, and other systems alike - do not
belong to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regional Government. The
Bingtuan is a separate government that is not subservient to the Uyghur
Autonomous Regional Government, Chinese writer Wang Lixiong said,
"The Bingtuan is like a Han Chinese autonomous province which belongs
directly to the Chinese Central Government that lies within the territory of
the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region."
The political and economic power of the Bingtuan are growing equally. At
the same time, as a result of increased development, the lifestyle gap
between the Bingtuan and the local people is becoming larger. One
Bingtuan farmer said that the economic income of the Bingtuan population
has gone upwards and that their monthly income is several thousand yuan
larger. Although, as was said in the Chinese media, the average personal
yearly income was more than 11,700 yuan, the number was more than IO
times that of local Uyghur farmers. According to various sources, the
average yearly personal income of Uyghur farmers in the southern areas of
the Uyghur region did not reach one thousand yuan. So, this shows the
huge difference between local Uyghur farmers and members of the
Bingtuan. A Chinese Bingtuan farmer points out that government taxation
and other beneficial, special- interest policies played critical roles in the
fast development of the economy and the high income level of Bingtuan
members.
The Chinese writer Wang Lixiong pointed out that the placement of the
Bingtuan around water sources - and the control of those water sources has caused many conflicts and problems between the local Uyghur people
and the Bingtuan because water shortages in the southern area of the
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region are a big problem.

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45. Anecdotes and Jokes Are a Part ofUyghur Life
Anecdote-telling and joke-playing are some of the traditional heartlightening customs of Uyghur daily life. Most of the time, at get-togethers
with families and friends - and at community entertainment functions and
weddings - entertainers tell various interesting and funny anecdotes and
jokes, raising the spirits of the group. Throughout Uyghur history, there
have been many letipe or anecdote tellers. There are represented by
Nesirdin Ependi, Molla Zeydin, Seley Chaqqan, and others. Hesam is a star
of modem Uyghur comedy. He was born in Ghulja City in 1930. Uyghurs
call him a living Nesirdin Ependi. Nesirdin Ependi lived in the Middle
Ages. His anecdotes are widespread among Uyghurs and other peoples of
Central Asia. Among Uyghurs, his anecdotes have moved from generation
to generation for many centuries.
Here are several examples of anecdotes told by Nesirdin Ependi.

The Change Purse and the Diamond Ring

A rich man loses his change purse. He tells the people should someone fmd
it and deliver it to him, he will reward that person with half of the 100 til/a
inside.
After a few days, a poor man finds the purse and delivers it to him. Seeing
the found change purse, the hungry-eyed rich man is reluctant to give away
half of the tilla inside. Closing his eyes, he weaves a lie that a diamond ring
was in the change purse and is not there now. So, the two go to see a judge.
Judge Ependi asks the rich man:
"Can you be 100% sure that besides the 100 gold coins, there was also a
diamond ring?"
The rich man answers, "Yes, I can swear by the name of God."
Ependi concludes, "Well, if that is the case, since there is only 100 gold
coins inside the change purse and no diamond ring, it is clear that this
change purse is not the one that you lost. So, I will keep this change purse
and deliver it to its real owner. You can go look for the purse with the
diamond ring in it."

Wisdom and Power

One day, seeing a rich man bullying a poor man - and being unable to
tolerate it- Ependi runs up as if he were crazy and slaps him.
"Why did you do that?" the angry rich man asks.

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"I'm crazy! I do not know what I'm doing," answers Ependi.

So, the rich man takes Ependi to the King in order to have him disciplined.
Seeing the king, Ependi becomes quiet.
The king asks Ependi, "Hey, aren't you crazy? Why are you acting so
normal all of a sudden?"
"I'm not afraid of anyone, but when I see you my heart rises to my throat."
"Why?" asks the king.
"Because you are less wise than I, but you are also more powerful,"
answers Ependi.

Help Yourself, My Fancy Silk Robe!

A rich man invites some wealthy and privileged people to his home for a
visit and Ependi is among them. Ependi goes to the banquet dressed in
everyday clothing. Having looked at him, the refined guests do not offer
him a seat nor do they invite him to have something to eat.
Seeing this, Ependi goes home, puts on a new turban and his fancy silk
robe, and then returns to the party. As soon as he enters the room, everyone
stands up and greets him warmly. They give him a seat at the place of
honor and place the finest delicacies in front of him. But Ependi does not
eat anything.
Instead, he puts the sleeve of his fancy silk robe towards the table and tells
it, "Help yourself, my fancy silk robe! "
A Few ofHesam' s Jokes

How do we look?
Hesam' s wife asks him, "Did you bring the pictures? How do we look in
them?"
"How else would we look?" asks Hesam. "One of us is standing, and the
other is sitting."

lfyou retire ...

A neighbor ofHesam' s was an arrogant boss who throughout the year took
milk home from work. One day that man mentioned to Hesam, "I've gotten
old, I think I should retire."

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"How can you do that?" Hesam retorted. "In my opinion, you shouldn't
retire!"
"Why not?" asks the amazed neighbor.
Hesam explained to him, "If you retire, who will bring home the milk?"
He has privileges
Someone asked Hesam, "Hesam, your neighbor looks very arrogant. Does
he have a lot of power at his work?"
"Yes, he does," said Hesam.
"What kind of powers does he have?"
"He's allowed to work until he retires," said Hesam.

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Glossa ry

Glossary

...;...LL.. j~ adj. minority

.j-.1->1;~ (n, adj) liberation
...;~1;~ v. to decrease, to become
smaller
...;1J;~ adj. short, brief
o,;~ n. nitrogen
...;;t,;~ adj. nitrogen
b~ n. Azigh (a Uyghur village)
...;WL.. \.J'"'L..~ v. to create, to found
...;l...;)L.L..~ v. to agree to, to come
to accord
\.J'"'L..~adv. generally, for the most
part
~l....w prep. according to
8 .. _,.~_,.0..........,L..~ adv. basically,
essentially
0L..~ adj. easy, simple
~~prep. under, beneath
...;t_.r'~ v. to protect, to guard
01)i.~~ n. belly
~~ n. food, grain
...;t-:.~ v. to pass over, to cross
.Yj~ n. sick person, afflicted
person
0~[;.9~ n. Mghanistan
...;~ adj. white; pure
J~ ...;~ n. vitiligo
...;~~ adj. pure white, pristine
~ n. older brother
~~ n. agency, group
...;'}~ n. connection, tie
~..)..,...0>'1~ n. characteristic,
element
<>..).....0>'1~ adj. special, particular
9U~ n. Altay (a mountain range)
0;;J~ n. gold
...;t.,..,_,...>-1~ v. to hurry, to rush
..:.r.0~ adv. before, earlier
ol..jl<Lo ..:.r.0~ n. forecast, prediction
~.0~ adj. previous; surperior,
advanced
0;J~ )U~ adv. before everything
else
...)U~ n. God
w~ n. apple

A
~~

n. family
n. mom, mommy
...;L..J4~ v. to take away
8 ....)~ y-->_r;~ v. to take away
0~1J iY~~ n. autonomous region
o~~ n. disaster, calamity
o~ n. horse
'1 }>-o~ n. horses, pack animals
...;Wb~ v. to be called, to be named
...;L..J;o;~ v. to initiate, to get
underway
...;~ ~~ v. to start, to set out
...;t-3~ v. to dedicate, to do in the
name of
J- _?;~ n. Atush (a Uyghur city)
;;5 ~~ adj. greedy, wanting
~~ n. older sister
...;4~ v. to extract; to open
d}-:>~ n. news, media
~_,.,..;.~ adj. last, final
...;t-:.'1_,.,..;.~ v. to end, to conclude
o .. _,.~ n. custom, tradition
..__;_;.,_,.~ adv. typically, customarily
8....,...J.J.,_,.~ v. to be used to, to be
accustomed to
.._..;...->~ i"-'~ n. the human body
1J~ prep. between, amongst
0~~ adv. just, only
oJ~ n. (mountain) pass
~,Jf-7->J~ n. archeology
0L..J~-;;J~ n. hope, wish
0)L.J~ n. lion; Arslan (given male
name)
~lcJ~ n. rope, string
._;...L;J~ adv. through, via
0L..J~ n. hope; Arman (given male
name)
1..,.___,)~ prep. among, amidst
...;L..J;;:..-.:.")1_,)~ v. to mix, to (cause to)
combine; to confuse
...;t-:.")LJ~ v. to mix, to combine
~)~ n. distance, gap
\.,~
,

191

Glossary
LJ"'W~ n. diamond
.._;L.J~W~ v. to exchange, to swap

out
.._;~W~ v.

to change, to alter
to take; to buy
b;J~ n. Almaty (capital, Republic
of Kazakhstan)
0\i.J~ n. palm (i.e. of the hand)
,-1~ n. scholar, academic
~~ adj., academic, intellectual,
high
~w~ ..J>.>..o.J~ v. to pass away, to
die
1.11....~ n. tone, sound
JL.~n. method, way
u0-ul.~ n. peace
}~~ n. warehouse, storeroom
..;'ro~ adj. beloved, liked
J--o~ n. factor, element
,._;,_._..~ n. Amine (given female
name)
K.r.--~ n. America
\..;~ n. mother
).;~ n. pomegranate
_;.Jt..;~ n. analysis, synthesis
~,J~,,r->~ n. anthropology
~~ adv. a few, a modest number
of
..:r.J.>~ adv. then
~ n. notion, idea; mind,
consciousness
.._;L...;")l.$"~ v. to broadcast
.._;...lS"~ adj. intelligent, smart
.._;.J..':"-.);~ n. trouble, difficulty
)l.ll;~ adv. first of all, before all
others
~p;~ n. Australia
..::........;<:;~ n. August
._r...o;~ n. Macao
t~~ n. shoe
.._;L.J~ )lk.,~~ v. to make clear up
t'T-~ adv. separate, individual
.._;\...,T-~ v. to separate, to split
.._;L.J;.J.>~~ v. to turn into, to make
become
..;W~ v.

..;W~~

v. to walk around, to
explore; to walk around, to
circumvent
.._;Wt; ~~ v. to turn into, to
become

LJ"'H.0 n. shame, regret

.._;W)l......;.--;.0 v. to feel ashamed of,
to regret
.._;t....W
v. to apologize, to ask
forgiveness for
<.5.J.>"-;.L; n. mister, sir
1~1;.0 adv. around, approximately
';'l;.L; n. vicinity, immediate area,
around, surrounding area
<...<:!l.:.- LJ"'ili.L; n. Etles-shayi (i.e. a
variety of silk made in Khoten)
0L.:J.0 adv. in the morning
._;Lot.; ~L.;;.L; n. breakfast, the
morning meal
jl:-J.L; n. spring (i.e. one of the four
seasons)
.._;U);-;.L; v. to value, to give
value to
-...;.0 n. tomorrow
.,l~.L; n. ancestor, forebear
)4.->~.L; n. dragon
.._;)l;..L; n. morals, ethics
..;:,...l>.L; n. trash, garbage
~.,.L; n. justice, equality, fairness
._,.....,.,.L; n. writer
~ ......)"'-:> ~.,.L; v. to discipline
I..S"""!"'".L; adj. literary
-:,~J.L; n. public figure, prominent
person
.:_r5;.L; adj. free, liberated; Erkin
(given male name)
~J.L; n. freedom, liberation
il.;:_:..SJ.L; n. Erkeshtam (A Uyghur
Region border post)
~.,).L; adv. in Arabic, in an Arabic
manner
lj.L; n. member, participant

x.0

192

Glossary
~~ n. teacher
)~ adv. is; has
lllJ~ n. trellis
~)";')~ n. levelness, evenness
,.)>)~ n. dune, mound
.j.JJ~ adv. all, each

._)-. .W adv. originally, at first

,.J.-.L.W (conj /adv) in fact, actually
~.W n. installation
r-' .W I n. prisoner
r-' .W II n. century
._,.,1;.-..W n. musical instrument
j-;.W n. wisdom
~J~-J-9-W n. intelligence, smarts
.).J..;.W adj. basic, elementary
~ ......J~.S ...L-...5-G v. to return, to
send back
._rS.W n. reflection; opposite
~ . . . J;.::;.w ._rS.W v. to represent, to
reflect, to portray
r-'.:; ._rS.W n. side effect,
unintended result
~.W adj. curved, bent
-.. ;:. ;..;J.W adv. of course, naturally
i.J.W n. pain, misery
..s.>..o.W adv. just now, just
~..r...w n. work, labor
l.f ...... .w adv. is not, does not have
J . . . .W n. reality
..;LJ;J;.Jt.; V>.J ...... .W v. to do away
with
..;L.J;...:.~ & ..... .w v. to make a reality
-...;:..;~ . . . .w adv. in fact, actually
..s;--;~.w adj. traditional
)r..w n. fig
~.W n. people
..:;,~.G n. significance, impact
Jl;..o.W n. circumstances, situation
..;LJ~ <:;.w v. to peak, to reach a
high point
J ..;;.W adj. superior, extremely
good
~ ..;;.W n. advantage, superiority
:>'li;.W n. descendant
j>~.W n. AIDS, HlV

~._J.S lAA.....J)~ v.

to appear, to come
into being
..;L.J~ I n. finger, digit
..;L.)~ 11 v. to go
J~J~ n. Barikol (a Uyghur county)
l;~ n. base, bottom
);~ n. bazaar, market
..;Wy. ...,W);~ v. to have value, to be
marketable
<&--~ n. stage, period
~---~ n. aggressor, invader
..;t._.~ v. to press; to push; to print
..;..~ n. head
~ ......)~.S ~~ v. to undergo, to
experience
l.o.....!.~ pro. another, a different
L.Jl.o.....!.~ n. department, section
..;L.)~~ v. to manage, to head
~)l..:.~ n. leader, head
._;t....L; ~)l..:.~ v. to lead, to
head
y-..;5.._... &)l..:.~ n. primary school
~~ n. boss, manager
{'~n. garden
.;\.J.C~ n. Baghdad
._;l...>)L:~ v. to be connected to
..;l-...li:~ v. to connect to
~..~ n. gardening,
horticulture
..s~ ~~ n. Baqtu Crossing (a
Uyghur border crossing with
Kazakhstan)
..;W~ v. to look at, to see
J~ mw. force (i.e. as is used to
quantify the power of wind, an
earthquake)
~n. child
.j.J~ n. city

B
);>~ n. hero, brave man

d);>~ adj. heroic, brave

<:~ n. tax, tariff

193

Glossary
uU~ n. balirnan (i.e, a doubled-

~G.-.~ n. prairie

reeded Uyghur musical

instrument
K.~ n. bank, fmancial institution
LA>~ n. price, cost
JLA>~ n. spring (i.e. one of the four
seasons)
._;LA,~ n. justification, reasoning
~w.....; ._;LA,~ v. to justify, to reason
out
9~ adj. rich, wealthy
. ::L.~.~~ adj. rich, abundant
u~~ n. report, announcement
~w.....; u~~ v. to report, to announce
~lA n. flag, banner
i'r-~ n. holiday, festival
~~~ v. to detect, to discover
~~ n. resource, source of wealth
u-J~~ n. Bayingolin (a Uygur
Region prefecture)
c.>'-! n. happiness
..:;,}~ Jo~'-! n. Bedel Art (a Uyghur
Region mountain pass)
u"~'-! n. body
~w.....; 4)4...? v. to establish, to found
~ .....)'-! v. to give
"~)'-! adv. sometimes, occasionally
J..L)'-! pro. some
aLd..? adj. giant, big
~"d J.-4...? n. Besh Terek (a Uyghur
village)
i ........ ..;'-! n. silk
~'-! adv. very, quite
..$'-! n. sir
J'-! n. back
~~'-! to indicate, to stipulate
~'-! n. mark, target
t';l'-! n. zone
JU~'-! n. treasury
~U~ u'-'/'4...? v. to benefit from
Y~J'-! n. barbab (i.e. a variety of
Uyghur musical instrument)
)~ n. chalk
ulJ~ n. wind
~w.....; ~")~ v. to bully, to force into

._;.. ~ adj. free, idle, unoccupied

~l-!.L.:.~ v. to weaken, to lose

strength
..;..J.S'L.:.~ n. weakness, lack of

fortitude
~~~ n. depression, sunken area
)f~

n. throat; straight

~u;c~ v. to be choked, to be

strangled
n. joint, juncture
~U~n. to be
~;J~ adv. especially, in particular
9~ n. length, edge, side
~J9-9~ n. appearance, look
~t_;~~ v. to obey, to submit to
~~~ v. to follow along, to trace
u~~ n. neck
l;~ n. grandfather
~l;~ n. infant, newborn
~),_;.G....,> n. safety, security
94 r. mw. (used to enumerate
shoes, wheat, bullets, and other
similar items)
J"~..; r.adv. comparatively,
relatively
.___.u. r. n. portion, share
~t; r. pro. a few, several
;'r. adj. little, a bit
)l.;'r. adv. all together, all at once
r.- .:.r~r. adj. unique, individual
.&JS,.~r. n. unity, unanimity
~....:;.S ~r. v. to unite, to
combine
cl...lr. adv. together, as one
~~.Jr. v. to unite, to come
together
~r. n. union, nexus
~~r. v. to join, to unite
~ n. learning, knowledge
~~n. arm
)~ n. patient, sick person
...;-JJ~ n. construction, building
u"~ n. Bingtuan, military
construction corps
i~

194

Glossary
.._;__..,1~ adv. directly, without

intervention
.::.....31~ adj. untimely, unexpected
~,J~ n. biology

0~4 n. activity

l.:.>4 n. cotton

'llli>_;.. n. Bortala (a Uyghur city,

prefecture)
~">_;.. n. kidney
~.._!_;.. v. to separate, to split
i;J_;.. n. department, bureau
~....,.;;'_;.. v. to separate, to split
~~ b~;,. n. Buddhism, the
Buddhlst faith
L:>j,> n. burgha (i.e. an ancient
Uyghur musical instrument)
0;;;,. n. mustache
.:_,;>;,. n. nose
._:r,).j;>;,. adv. since, from
.._;L.jj,> v. to break, to destroy
.,s1.>.ij,> n. wheat

.>~>L!.....~4 n. king, sovereign

;4 n. steam
~>4 mw. scrap, shred, piece
~>4 adv. in Persian, in a Persian

manner
yl...:....-!.4 n. chief, guard (i.e. of a
meshrep)
.._;~\.;4 n. leg
uL...S"4 n. Pakistan
lY''l/4 n. rug, small carpet
.._;l.,.;)I.A>li4 v. to ask for asylum, to
seek refuge
~~ ..s4 n. stock, stake
..s_rjl.,. ~~ ..s4 n. stock market
..::...>~4 n. capital
1->-:!4 n. benefit, profit, gain
.._;l...;)L->-:!4 v. to take advantage of,
to reap the benefits of
..::..:,.._,~ n. percent, percentage
~,J~ n. psychology
0>~ n. port
0'll~ n. iron, steel
~~ n. regiment
...;~n. knife
.._;U-.; 1~ v. to be brave, to act
from one's heart
~w.._,>_;s- -.;.J}Sl~ v. to
compensate for, to fill the gap
from
.._;~ v. to become ready for
eating, to ripen
~W"-:? ~ v. to ripen fully, to
come of age
~ n. opinion, thought
0jCj3 ._;..1;~ n. birth control
.._;W~ v. to plan
0~ n. foot
.._;t..>;; Y"~ 0~ v. to establish a
foothold, to get a handle on
l...:.>~ adj. solid, sturdy

l.;j,> n. OX
.._;'llj,> n. spring, water source
0;';,. n. cloud
.._;;t;J;,. adj. cloudy
J.;5 lljlj,> n. Bulung Lake (a
Uyghur Region lake, village)
.:_,..l..,. .i.L.;;,. conj. thus, as such, so
.:_,l:!j,> adv. since, from
.:_,W1),. ~-"'adj. thick, dense, lush
._A,!f.-"' adj. today's
~~-"' adj. great, wonderful
~ .........7:-:' v. to decorate, to adorn
~"7:-:' n. decorating, adornment
&J.S"oj-;-:> adj. decorated, adorned
~w~ ~ v. to cross, to move
across
.._;W1~ v. to conquer, to
vanquish
~n.wrist

._;I. I ;. , yv.

to dedicate

~~ v. to execute, to carry out

0~ n. station, terminal
~n. Beijing

195

Glossary
..::..._,>~ n. chance, opportunity,

occasion
n. Pusa (a Uyghur villiage)
u~L.;.~ n. regret, remorese
!}~ n. citizen, residence
J~n. money
~ ......>~~ v. to complete, to finish
up
~"-';;~~ v. to be completed
~"-'9J! v. to be completed, to be
finished
~;;;-;;;}! adj. complete, whole,
total
~._;.S;J! v. to be covered with, to
be submerged in
.._;~ n. forehead
h adj. poor, destitute
...;~ <' _ ,: v. to retire, to
stop working
.;;..:,.);~ n. child, offspring
...;;~ n. difference, disparity
~.._;....:; ...;>~ v. to differentiate, to
identity as separate
~ .....>;~ill>~ v. to differentiate, to .
identity as separate
...;W-..9 ._f..>;;~ v. to watch over, to
guard
)";~ n. guess, estimate
...;W-..9 )";~ v. to guess, to estimate
..::...J...;~ n. virtue, ambition
if~ adj. low; evil
J--.-.~ n. season
~.....J~ n. philosophy
.JJ~ n. level
~...1~ n. sky, heaven
;;.).....J>~ n. tomato
0~ n. science
"~~ n. lattice (e.g. of a window
pane)
...;U,. I-":~ v. to appear, to emerge,
to show up
dj>fl~ n. Peyziwat (a Uyghur
County)
~~~ n. Thursday
>~~~ n. prophet

L.....~

u4b n. ankle
._;~l; v. to fmd, to locate
;l;l; n. Tatar
._;..l;l; adj. sweet, sweet-tasting
~t;

n. Tajik
...;Ul>t; v. to be spread
~l>t; n. Taranchi (historical name
oflli Uyghurs)
9blil,.>l; n. Tarbaghatay (a Uyghur
district)
._;\...;>\; v. to pull, to drag; to bring
...;U~>t; v. to be spread
...;Lo).; n. tributary, branch
t'>t; n. history
lJ"L;~>t; n. historian
~~~ t"'>t; n. Tarim Basin
l;b adj. clean, pure
...;W;b v. to clean, to wash
~_,L.....t; adv. unexpectedly, by
chance
if b n. stone, rock
~l; adj. exterior, outer
tS~l; n. external, foreign
uli;_;L:.b n. Tashkurgan (the Tajik
Autonomous County of the
Uyghur region)
._;l..;~l; v. to be abandoned, to be
thrown away, to be discarded
.._;....L-....:t; n. Tashmiliq (a Uyghur
village)
tb n. mountain
>let; n. bundle, package
...;W-..9 ..::.......;\; v. to tolerate, to put up
with
~ adv. until, up to
Jb n. spleen
~'l/l; n. talent, ability; Talant
(given male name)
~'l/l; adj. talented, capable
L>l.QJl; n. powder
it; n. wall
._;Lob n. food

196

Glossary

..;t_l.L.b v. to come to an end, to

finish
..;~b n. foal, pony
J..j~l.J n. Thailand
);b n. product
;;;L> n. watermelon
..;. ;;L> n. sound
..:.>.r---1; num. trillion
..;~_,.; v. to collect, to gather
._;l-.;.>,_; v. to stop, to halt
;>_,.; n. chicken
ul<:J,_; n. Torgart (a Uyghur Region
mountain pass)
Ll";J,_; n. ceiling
;.<JL.,_; n. block, impediment
0li-!.,_; n. rabbit
..;L.;;.o-:,,_; v. to fill, to cause to be
full
..;~_,.; v. to fill up, to become full
..;t..;....:.,_; v. to carry, to transport
If,_; adj. true, correct
~.....J.S If,_; v. to fit, to suit, to be
appropriate for
~_,.; n. comfort, abundance,
wellness
..;t..;;,_; v. to fabricate, to make up
~;;_,.; n. textiles, the textile
industry
0!:. ~t.;,_; n. small bread
y.:-5,_; n. Tokyo
'J,_; adj. a lot, many
..;;J,_; adj. full, complete
';-' ...:;.5.__. \)~~ ..;;J,_; n. high school
';-'...:;.5.__. ~~~ _r--.9;!_,.; n. middle
school
0,_; n. chapan (i.e. a long coat)
L.:..;,_; n. metric ton
~4-i'-:! ';"'y,_; v. to recognize, to
know
..;lJ;>,_; v. to be recognized, to be
known
..;L.;>,_; v. to know, to recognize
..;;_,.; n. feast, celebration (e.g. for a
wedding, a birth)

..;W ..;;_,.; v. to have a celebration,

to feast
..:;.,'-!~ n. medicine
~"J~ n. merchant, businessman
..;t:._,.-J n. fingernail, claw
j--3 n. lap
~~j--3 v. to bring under
control, to harness
..;U>j--3 v. to be arranged, to be
lined up
r-'f3 n. list, register
..;t..J;.J~ lo.....j--3 v. to list, to register
~~ v. to plant, to stand
~~ n. Tikenlik (a Uyghur
village)
J...; n. tongue; language
u.G. J...; n. promissory note
t:,l;._j";Jl..J n. reading room, study
room
Ll"t:.~ n. linguist
..;lJ~ I..J.._j v. to take up for
discussion, to talk about
~...t....; n. hope, wish
..;~ n. squirrel
L.l:- 0_;; adj. four-sided
~;.-:._;; n. hole
~~_;; v. to shed, to spill
~.....J_;5_;; v. to be shed, to be spilled
~._j_;; v. to pay, to settle accounts
for
);.._;; n. iron, metal
~_;; n. contribution, offering
..;~,; ~_;; v. to contribute, to
offer forward
~....._t";_;; v. to go down, to drop
..;L.J~b_;> v. to connect, to hitch
to
&;> n. handle
;.<JIJ_;> adj. residential
..;;'9 ;.<'~;> n. home, room
..;L.J_;> v. to stand; to stay; to live
..;.;...);> n. daily life
.J;-.~ ..;. ;...);> n. lifestyle
~;);> n. pipe, tuba
~l..oc_;> n. ancestry, decent

197

Glossary

...;W;.:~ v. to be born
adj. first, initial
_r--.;~~ adj. suddenly,
unexpectedly
u~~ n. Hui, Dunggan
....,9 mw. used to enumerate plants
etc...
~~9 adv. owing to, for the
reason that, on account of
;9 n. kind, type
~;9 adj. Turkic
~;9 n. Turkey
~;1;9 adj. various, assorted
.....;9 n. jail, prison
.>9 adj. direct, candid; straight,
unwavering
~ ......>9 v. to draw up, to compile
J.. ;J-'.>9 n. composition, structure
t-'.>9 n. system, approach
l..l"'9 n. characteristic, flavor
...;W~ lf9 v. to take on the
appearance of
u!P9 n. knot; intersection, hub
~W~9 v. to halt, to stop
&.....;~Ji v. to dip into, to put into
u9 n. night
~..__;9 v. to stay up all night
~,;;9 n. main support, pillar
...;~ v. to be found
~~ v. to save, to be frugral
with
~~adj. frugal, miserly,
stingy
~ n. technology
p .P..s.:...X.Su n. technical school
~ adv. even more, all the more
;-L_r.; n. crops, plants
...;l->_r.; v. to plant, to seat
~ .._r.; n. tree
ul;b ~.._r.; n. Terek Dawan (a
Pamir mountain pass)
;,.7-';.;l;-> n. television
~ n. topic, theme
~~~ n. temperature
~adj. shallow, lacking depth

~..:;

adj. natural, non-synthetic

j;lo.,...:; n. Tabilvaz (name of

~~

Uyghur musical instrument)

~..:; adj. detailed, complete

~..:; n. tapkuch (i.e. a game

similar to hacky-sack)
..::.t.i..i;.:; n. research, investigation
~..:; n. vacation, leave
.._;l;L-d...:->_r.-d.J n. experience,
lessons-learned
u....:...->.:; adv. approximately,
roughly
I f_;D..;...:; n. pen name, pseudonym
~~;..:; v. to educate, to teach
~;..:; n. order, sequence
~;..:;adj. orderly, organized
~;..:; n. translation, equivalent,
rendering
...;U-.9 ~;..:; v. to translate
...;U-.9 ~;..:; v. to propagandize, to
spread information about
~.._;.L; ~;..:; v. to cast off, to
abandon
~;..:; n. structure
~;..:; adj. component,
constituent
...;4-;b .....S;.:; v. to be composed of,
to consist of
~~;..:; v. to define, to stipulate
';-'";..:; n. side
..:.o;~..> n. ritual washing, ablutions
d.~_...a;.,J.:; n. development, progress
...;W~
v. to surrender, to
capitulate
;-----..:; n. influence, impact
~w .......;;5 ;-----..:; v. to (subject to)
influence, to impress upon
~~ ...r---'.:; v. to be
established, to be set up
...;U-.9 ...r---'.:; v. to establish, to set
up
...;U-.9 J...S--.:..:; v. to give shape to,
to form
~ .... II < ..:; v. to organize, to
shape

r-1--..:;

198

Glossary
oli..;-:. ..._; n. propaganda,

information
n. destiny, fate
..;\.J-..3 r-'~-...; v. to give, to gift
~ adv. about, proximately
..;U)J-...; v. to review, to go over
again
._r.S-...; adj. smooth, level
~..._.>~.....; v. to investigate, to
study, to research
~.....; n. invitation, offer
..;\.J-..3 ~.....; v. to invite
~_;L.;; 0l5t-J5-...; n. Taklamakan
Desert
~..._._LS-...; v. to emphasize, to
stress
';-'.J-...; n. demand
..;\.J-..3 ';-'.J-...; v. to demand
_;~.J-...; n. pronunciation
~"-'r'-"-...; v. to hesitate, to
vacillate
~~~ 0-'-"-...; v. to supply with, to
provide
~~.....; v. to supply, to provide
.J ~ <l._j n. Tambur is a Uygbur
musical instrument
0.0 n. body, physical form
~ .....>~ 0.0 v. to consent to, to give
in to
~>...:;.:,.....; n. sporting, physical
activity
aL...:;.;,-...; adj. celebratory
..;\.J-..3 ~.....; v. to criticize, to fault
b...:..;-...; n. cost, price
o...S:..>~-...; n. sport
~...s:..,>~-...; n. sportsman
.j-l}-:,!.0 n. preparation
~~.....; v. to be assigned to
0"~-...; n. Taiwan
11-...; adv. equal, equivalent
..s}-...; n. heaven
~>'.....; vn. quaking, shaking
~~">'.....; v. to jog, to rock
..,.....; adv. belonging to
~;ss
n. risk, adventure

r~-...;

..;;.>.:>~ n. item, thing

..;t_...;.>.:>~ v. to prepare, to get

oneself ready for

..;\.J-..3 <.5>~ v. to develop, to

progress
l}~ n. punishment, sanction
.:;,.,>L..~ n. courage, bravery
..;U}5~ v. to declare, to announce
o~L.~ n. community, society
0~ n. life; people
!.,?~ n. place, location
..;t_.:. ~~ v. to place, to locate

~n.jungle
u.Jk~ n. idleness, inactivity
~~~ adj. urgent, important
~ .....>p~~~ v. to exacerbate,
to make more urgent, to
complicate
>~ n. liver
~n. valley
..;W,. ~ v. to go quiet, to become
silent
~lfr n. geography
.::.>~>~r n. republic
Prn. China
u~)r. n. bravery, daring
o~>r ..;\.J-..3 v. to dare, to be bold
enough to
.u._r. n. Friday; Juma
!.,?~ n. Jeminay (a Uyghur
county)
~~ n. beam, joist
.::.>~~ n. society
uLo~ n. clan, kin
-.,.._;>~ n. south
~~~n. elbow
.:;.,....,~ n. aspect, regard

CH
J~l:- n. Cbapchal (a Uyghur

. ,-. .;

county)

199

Glossary

<t... n. h"
arr

~ adj. tight, firm

uL>~ n. Chinggis Khan
~ ......_r._r. v. to be startled, to be

04~ v. to scatter, to disperse

....,:.._.::.J~ n. Wednesday

~~Jk v. to surround, to

0~~ v. to chop up, to hack

0\.;~ n. error, problem, difficulty

~;J~ n. ranching
l;J~ n. animal
"J~ n. method, way
Jlo~-"J~ n. methods, approaches

LA.s..l...; ~ adj. sticking on, stick

up
~dj. musical instrument
~ n. chang (Uyghur musical
instrument)
~"J~ n. quarter, one-fourth portion
._)i. . :.~ n. rat
c_ [.... n. tim" e
._)..,..; ..sbl.:~ n. Chaghatay language
0~~ n. joke, anecdote
0u....; 0~~v. to tell a joke, to
play a joke on
JLA_;jily '<'..b>! lj4- v. to sit with
Indian style
li..!.r. n. pig
ir. adv. certainly, surely
IS~ n. stick used to play certain
musical instrument
uYr. n. star
llr. adj. big, large
0~;J_;.; llr. n. mainland
0~1..S"r. v. to enlarge, to make
bigger
0~1..S"r. v. to increase, to grow
bigger
J;3r. adj. deep, of significant
depth
0;J;;-9~ n. face, countenance
~~ adj. beautiful, pretty
~ n. tooth, teeth
~.._;..S ~ v. to depart, to leave
~ n. expenses, costs
J~v. to soak
0~ n. prairie
~ adj. real, true
~ n. china bowl

scared by
encircle
~"-'J...>Jk v. to surround, to

encircle
plant
"Jk n. border, edge
~._s_r. v. to sink, to fall beneath
JY.- n. desert
~JUY.- n. desert
u~Y.- n. cast iron
u;Jj! ~_r. adv. morning, in the
a.m.
~ ~_r. adv. afternoon, in
the p.m.
~~r. v. to drop, to fall
~ ......J;-:._r. v. to drop, to lower, to
cause to fall
~.._;..;;J;-:._r. v. to abort
~._.::._r. n. understanding, belief,
opinion
~ ......J;~._.::._r. v. to explain
~~ n. to retreat, to withdraw
~ n. border, boundary
l5~ ~ n. port (e.g. of entry, of
departure)
...;l...>'ll~ v. to be bordered by
~ vn.ln. wrestling
..::..~ adj. distant, far away
J.W ..::..~ adj. foreign, nonnative
~~~ v. to bale, to bind
y.--.5~ adj. unlimited, boundless
~.._..!5~ v. to limit, to restrict
~.....,.;.J5~ v. to be limited, to be
restricted
~ v. to pluck, to strum
~..~~ n. circle, ring
o;;~ n. great grand-child
'<'~n.

X
~t.;L;. n.

200

mistake, error

Glossary
~.__L~l> v.

to remember, to
recollect
...3l-!.~1>\.> v. to collapse, to fall
apart
._,.1>\.> n. ruins, remains (e.g. of a
city)
o~l> n. characteristic, quality
.jUl.> v. to want, to desire
it.> adj. raw, unprocessed
)>_,> n. rooster, cock
._;, _,> int. alright, okay
...3WJ:' ._;,_,;- v. to be happy, to be
content
.,sl;....,;.. n. China, Han Chinese
o.u._;...> n. work, function
...3~ o.u._;...> v. to work, to labor
c.r:J ....._;...> n. worker, employee
....;..-.> n. brick
J-> n. kind, type
cS~ adj. chemical
~ n. chemistry
~ n. thought, idea
0~ adj. thoughtful, mindful
cS~~;> prep. as if, like
._;..1;41>;> adj. superstitious
;~;> n. Hui, Dunggan
~n. henna
0~ n. Henan (a province of
China)
'.-'.G. int. oh, my
o.G. n. letter, note
>..:;.G. adj. dangerous, threatening
.&..? n. throat, portion of a
musical instrument from which
sound emanates
.;.;...>.G. n. map
._;l.G. n. people
~~.G. adj. international
~.G. n. caliphate
~.G. n. caliph
;;.G. n. Han Chinese
>";.G. n. news, recent information
..Up n. treasury

....,b n. shaldap: a tambourine

..r;b n. area, realm
~1~ adv. always, each and every
time
bb n. dad, daddy
.S 4 .,s.L)~ n. entertainment
director (i.e. of a meshrep)
);)~ n. acrobat
0L.b n. epic poem
0~b n. tablecloth
>b n. Daghur (i.e. an ethnicity of
China)
'lib n. open country, countryside
0bn. grain
~b adj. famous, well-known
~;-.J1;b n. medical professional,
healer
.jl....J1;b v. to treat, to cure
.jl-!.)l.1;b v. to continue
u-"1;b adv. continually
01;b n. hillside, slope
L.1>~ n. drama
>_;;->,~ n. doctor
Lt.>>_;;->,~ n. clinic, hospital
~,~ n. drug, medicine
~ .....)~ 1>,~ v. to take medication
.jl_.>,~ v. to imitate, to mime
.::....-.,~ n. friend
...3;t.;..-.,~ n. friendship, comradery
ts:.....,~ n. blackboard
o")l5,~ n. report, paper
0;-oJ,~ n. wave
01.--...;;.o!,~ adj. rippling, wave-like
~L.~~ n. diplomacy
oua..~ n. attention, care
>~ -oua..~n. attention, interest
...3~ oua..~ v. to pay attention to,
to focus on
~~ adj. religious, spiritual
;~~ n. land, country
o.J;~ n. state, nation
o ..;)L.;_\j;~ n. prayer

201

Glossary
~;..>
.J~J.l

n. world
n. Dutar, Uyghur musical

instrument
~-..J.S li:~;..> v.

to come into the

world, to be born
..:;..__.:.;..> n. enemy, adversary
~......:.;..> n. Monday
bj>r,..>n. window
~l)l~..> n. declaration
~b~~..> adv. like, as
A..>n. sea
...s)~ A..> n. sea level
0~..> n. fanner, peasant
~~..> n. agriculture
J>b..> n. hindrance
i..J~-..>Jb..> n. hardship
...r)b..> n. class, lesson
L;G.......)b..> n. classroom
~)b..> n. textbook
~)b..> n. river
)~ -~)b..> n. rivers and streams
~)b..> n. level, degree
l);)b..> n. gate
~.Lb..> adj. initial, primary
JY.- ~b..> n. desert, wasteland
Jb..> adv. exactly, precisely
...;U~ ib..> v. to rest, to take a
breather
...;~ ~ ib..> v. to retire, to
stop working
\;b..> n. claim, allegation

l;,J n. fast (i.e. abstention from

food and drink)
._;lo.;j.i l;,) v. to fast, to abstain from
food and drink
...,..--..;L>.S..) ...... l;,J n. fasting room
J,J n. role, part
...;~y J,J v. to play a role, to
have a hand in
..:;L..,J n. novel
...,) n. spirit, sense
~:r) n. rizkh, daily bread
..::.~;) n. penn iss ion, assent
._;U-..; ..::.~;) v. to penn it, to allow
_r--.J~;) adj. unauthorized
...r;J n. Russian
~;) n. Russia
..::.)~) n. record
f"'~t..,.J n. rheumatism
..;;...:,}'>!) n. repair
._;U-..; ..;;...:,}'>!) v. to mend, to repair,
to fix
~.J n. ritim
~b) n. chairman, president
il-....b) n. painter, artist
...r--'bJ adj. official, sanctioned
-,-.;b) n. competitor, opposition
.!lb) n. color
)~b) adj. colorful
-::.._..b) n. thanks, gratitude

z
...r4l; n. reserve, store
._;.G.~~ n. zarehetme, blessing of
the fields
Jl; n. hall, auditorium
..:;L..l; n. time, period, age
...s~L..l; adj. modem, contemporary
o;;l; n. factory
._;~\),; v. to become bigger, to
become stronger
~) adj. close, intimate
..::.~..>.!->) n. disagreement, conflict
..::.~~) n. banquet, feast
b..>~) adj. extra, surplus

...;U,. ...s)) v. to agree, to be satisfied

with
9\J n. mood
..:;y.lJ n. region
~ .......\)adj. comfortable, at ease
. .,_,\;\) n. Rawab (Uyghu musical
instrument)
._;t...);~~\;\) v. to (cause to)
develop, to make move forward
._;t..,..~l;\J v. to be developed, to be
made to advance

202

Glossary

0"J'-:--; n. visit, trip; interview

._;t....L; 0"J'-:--; v. to visit
u--1'-:--.> n. intellectual, academic
0'-:--.> n. damage, harm
._;\.,;}j u'-:--) v. to be harmed, to be
damaged
J;J;) adj. needed, necessary,
important
~;JJ;J;) n. need, necessity,
importance
;.?';.> n. oppression, tyrany
~jn.land
~J") n. blow, hit
~ .....)~ ~J") v. to beat, to hit
&.wj n. Zehmek is plectrum,

pick (for playing rawab)

ZH
Jt.J;; n. magazine

s
0~L., n. hour
';'\_.., adj. pure, unsullied
._;t.,;L., v. to sell, to exchange for
money
.Jt:J..... n. Satar, a Uyghur musical
instrument
ll~l.., n. craziness, madness
&JL., adj. yellowish, yellowed
)L.., n. saz (i.e. a musical
instrument)
..;LJ,. J"'l;L., v. to deserve, to be
worthy of
jt;L., n. beard
..;LJ~ Jl9l.., v. to shave
._;~l;L., v. to cure, to heal
._;l.,;~L., v. to be preserved, to be
saved
._;L....J.;L., v. to preserve, to save
0~')/l.., n. confidence, arrogance
i ')Jl.., n. greetings, regards
o.:~L...n. Sapaye, a Uyghur musical
instrument

._;l.,;)L.._Q)L., v. to coo I, to chill

._;l.Jl.., v. to spread, to Jay
0~t.L., n. industry
0._..~\_.., n. excursion, outing
._..\_.., n. field, realm
~ l..l.9l'L., n. classmate
0~')L. adj. Slavic
0,_.., n. court, judge
b,_.., n. trade, business
J.L.,,_..,n. businessman, merchant
0),_.., n. grade, kind
..;~),....., v. to ask, to inquire
n. place, spot
u;;,...., adj. chronic, protracted
..;l.J;j,_.., v. to extend, to stretch
..;;c,_.., n. cold, lack ofheat
..;~,_.., adj. oval-shaped
..;W,_.., v. to hit, to strike
J,...., adj. left
~.,...,_.., n. sum, amount
..;~,....., v. to slaughter, to kill
n. gift, present
~~ ~,,_.., n. Soviet Union
~~ n. Siberia
~w~ lJ,., ~r-' v. to use
(extemal)medication, to treat
.y.)r-' adj. mysterious, strange
..;Wr-- v. to paint, to she lac
._;L...i-'-' v. to draw, to render
..;W~ ';'L._.., v. to try, to test out
..;L._... n. trial, test
9~ n. customary tea
JJ:'\t..:...._... n. Singapore
I.S'-'"' l:----- adj. po litica I
.;......,l:----- n. politics
~w.S ~ v. to seep into
j...k...-. n. younger sister
0.J_;..... n. style, manner
~~_;..... n. reward
~....S"_;..... n. bone
0~_;..... n. meeting; dialog, talk
; - n. water
'-"uJ... n. A tube-shaped Uyghur
wind instrument
~ ;;y ;- vn. swimming

u;J,_..,

I.e,,_.,

203

Glossary
r~"-! ..:;~;...-.

n. Subhan Bendir (a
Uyghur Region check point)
...;Lo;;.:;...-. v. to irrigate, to give
water to
~;...-. n. dynasty
o~;...-. n. quality, characteristic
o~,_. n. adjective
n. milk
~;u,_. adj. milk
~....,:;;,_. n. to wipe, to swab
~;';,_.adj. gloomy, dark
o ..;,_. n. photo, picture
~._:.r. .SS,;,_. v. to take a picture
of
~..._s;,_. v. to rub against
~,),_.adj. clear, transparent
...;U1~ v. to buy, to purchase
~"-";~,_.-......,.r.-' v. to sweep clean
.Yr.-" adj. yellow
o)~ .Yr.-" n. Seriq Art (a Uyghur
Region mountain pass)
o~.S ~ n. chewing gum
...;~ v. to miss, to long for
...;Lo;;- 1, v. to compare
._;..1~.__. n. comrade
;~"--' n. journey, trip
u,.).__. n. donation, offering
...;\.J.....; '-;';"--' v. to spend, to expend
...;Lo;~)l.L..>;"--' v. to select, to
pick over
...;U,. ..:;L;"--' v. to wander, to
amble
J"--' adv. a little, a bit
...;!_.;!.; J"--' v. to pay little attention
to, to neglect
.J.J "--' n. turban
~.__. adj. sincere, honest
~.._;;"-""--' n. Samarkand (an Uzbek
city)
;I.Jb"--' n. morning
o~ ......... n. art, craft
;i.S,j~.__. n. artist
F n. folk dance
"-:-'~"--' n. Tuesday
...~.__. n. destination

o,_.

~ .........

n. outing, expedition
1-i"""' n. vegetable
~ ......... n. chapter, era
~ ......... n. health, wellness
"-:.-->5 ......... n. standard, level
~"5"--' adv. without cause,
without justification
'-;'"5"--' n. cause, reason
SH
~~ n. poet
J~~n. peach
...;~~ n. palm (i.e. of the hand)
...;UL.. ...;~~ v. to slap
...;t-;'lb~ v.

to enjoy, to be happy

about
~1;~ n. condition, situation
~~ adj. scarce, rare
illll~ n. Hong Kong

...~ n. king, shah

.._;.~ ;,_:..n. Shor Eriq (a Uyghur
village)
n. Xibe (an ethnicity of
China)
"}~ n. Shi Hezi (a Chinese city)
o.S~ n. company, corporation
adj. juicy, moist
~.S ~n. north latitude
"-!_;..:. n. bureau, department
~~ "-!_;..:. n. afftliate,
subsidiary
...;t_;)l.J;.:~ v. to take part in, to
occupy oneself with
)l;1~~ conj. as a result,
consequently
~ .. .J.L.i~ conj. likewise, as well
~

&Lr

~n.poem

~ n. rock, gravel

n. dew
._r><L..!. n. person
~"-...!. adj. individual, private,
personal
...;;"-...!. n. east
~;"-...!.adj. eastern
('~"-...!.

204

Glossary
..;;L;;~ ~)~

n. east longitude
JS~ ~- form, shape
s"-o-i.Jl.S~ v. to be formed, to be
shaped
J....:-i~ n. Sunday
)IJ_;~~ n. Shaydulla (a Uyghur
border village)

..;4..-.41.; v. to bale, to put into a

bundle
)\.; n. snow

l)t.; adj. dark, without light

n. Kharakhan
Dynasty
..;L>}A.~ ))t.; v. to render a decision,
to announce
._;.,I)\.; n. view, opinion
;_;);;1)1.; n. Kharakhorum (a Uyghur
Region village, mountain range)
~l)t.; adj. dark, gloomy
l:.W_;~IJt.; n. guardhouse, checkpoint
..;U~ ~Jt.; v. to receive, to meet,
to welcome
...;~)\.; v. to be directed at, to be
focused upon
..;t....)t.; v. to look at, to examine
l;t.; n. death, killing
.._;l;t.; n. Kazakh
. .).~-~1;1.; n. Kazakhstan
..;l..:.l;t.; v. to obtain, to gain, to
acheive
.S"-:? <.5)\.; n. judge (i.e. of an Islamic
court)
._;., \.; n. eyebrows
~;..... ))l....;l..>l)t.;

GH
)\;; n. cave
"-:?\;; n. dream, ideal

..;U,c v. to collapse, to fall down

Uyghur musical instrument n.
s~

c.r.?J! s~ n. Ghijek Boyi (a

Uyghur village)

'-:')..;; n. west
~)..;;adj.

western
n. southwest
~..;; victory, success
i..;; n. concern (sadness, misery,
worry)
-:;,~..;; n. booty, spoils
yj>~ ~)..;;

n:

~\.;n.jade
~t.;

.L.\.9 n. last name, surname

),.._._,s n. phosphorus
..;_;JJ,.._._,s adj. phosphorus
~_,9 n. phonetics
ts..._.r.-9 n. physic

n. Kargiliq (a Uyghur
county)
.._;)'\.;adj. backward,
underdeveloped, outdated
..;L.J_;.Jt.; v. to leave behind, to make
stay
.._;L.t.; n. prison, jail
..;t....,)..ot.; v. to supply, to provide
01.; n. blood
..;L.J;~l:? ol:.\.; v. to develop, to
cause to advance
Jl:.l.; n. canal
..;I_,_;\.; pro. how, what kind
o~;>t.; n. principle, concept
~\.; adv. again, once more, anew
.._;~\.; n. cream
.._;\.J.-.j ~\.; v. to persuade, to
convince

Q
.. ~t.; n. regulation, rule, law
.._;~\.; n. brow
}:;\.; n. line, column; rank
..;.J}:;\.; (post/pro) such as, like,
similar
._;....;.:;\.; adj. hard, harsh, severe
. .).:. Wt.; n. puffed bread
.._;t-;,L.:;t.; v. to participate, to take
part in, to have a hand in
~;;-~t.; n. dishes (cups and plates)

205

Glossary
~)-.:.3\j

n. having a high nasal

ridge
._;LJ...; Jj,>,S v. to accept, to take
._;\.,..:.....U Jj,>,S v. to be accepted, to

be received
v. to stand, to place
...;L.....;,S n. stomach
LJ""li;,S n. Korgas (a Uyghur county)
LJ""W;,S adj. fearless, unshakingly
brave
...;Wli;,S v. to break out, to set in
motion
ll)l...:;,S n. uprising, revolt
...;L.;;> ~;,; v. to break out, to
set in motion
._;.. ,S adj. double, paired
...;L.:.,S n. epic poems, songs
~...;L.:.,; n. songs and tales
...;t_.:.,; v. to add, to combine
\..;__.:.,; n. neighbor
...;Wj-.!-,S v. to agree, to come to
..:;j-.!-,S n. force, garrison,
contingent
~j-.!-,S adj. supplemental,
additional
...;j-.!-,S n. spoon
...;lo..Jc,S v. to give chase, to expel
u,S n. melon
J,S n. hand
9'X,S adj. easy, simple
~'X,S adj. useful, helpful
...;W~ w,; v. to arrest, to seize
~ .....)~.s w,; v. to get, to lay one' s
hands on
._;l...;)U,S v. to be adopted, to be put
into use
9,S n. sheep
...;;,.,; adj. rich, thick
i;,; n. tribe, clan
~ n. pasture, plain
'r-"--'-~n. farmland, pasture and
plains
~~n. Kyrgyz
J~~ ~~ n. the Kyrgyz Jungle
(i.e. of the Uyghur Region)
...;~,;

...;L.)_;..-3 v. to turn red, to blush

n. young women
...;t..;;->_;..-3 v. to heat, to make hot
.:_r-i;_;..-3 adv. fervently,
enthusiastically
~;li.._;..-3 adj. interesting,
fascinating
...;W.._;..-3 v. to be interested in, to
fmd fascinating
.}_;....; adj. red
;-. .}_;....; n. Khizil Su (a Uyghur
prefecture, red river)
...;l->_;..-3 v. to become hot, to heat up
..:;..._._..; adv. in part, partially
~ n. part, piece
._;)l.:.....j n. village
~n. winter
~ n. sword, dagger
J..-9 n. animal hair
._;.J.L..; adj. stringed (bowed)
~....._.._; adj. valueable
..::......._.._; n. value, worth
...;Ur--9 v. to shimmy, to wiggle
..::..~~ n. appearance, looks
...; 1 '!' _ .; n. difficulty, adversity
...;L.}.o.;_;; v. to rescue, to save
0~;_;9 n. Qur' an
c.:;l,.;_;9 n. sacrifice, offering
...;li;_;9 adj. dry, arid
~~.S ~;;;; v. to dry up
...;;;;; adj. dry
._;t..,.;;;;; v. to dry, to cause to dry
out
9W;;;; n. congress, meeting of
delegates
w;;;; n. construction, structure
J n. slave
...;'X_;; n. ear
i n. sand
J;..;; n. Khumul (a Uyghur county)
~~;; n. Khunjirap (a Uyghur
Region mountain pass)
...;..\:;; n. the sun
..s;;>...;.. ~;; n. sunlight
...;~_;; v. to pour
..:;lS~-_;..-3

206

Glossary

..:;;:;.; n. tornado, twister

I...L ..:;;:;.; n. Khuyun Salama (a
Uyghur village)
~n. yogurt
<5)r.-<Sr.-3n. the elderly
._;L.,..,r,-3 v. to age, to become old
,_;..1.4->r,-3 n. comrade, brother-inarms
,_;..1.4->r,-3 n. pencil
.:rY adj. thick, stout
._;I...)_;..;.....;:.~ v. to standardize, to
give (regular) shape
or..U n. graves
~.u n. tribe, clan
~.u adj. firm, unyielding
J")~.u prep. regardless,
independent of, no matter
cl..J.r_,,u adj. dear, held dear
~._j.r'_,,u v. to respect, to treat
with deference
~_,,u adj. ancient, extremely old
~<4-J"-:! 1...5-'_,,u v. to reach, to set
foot in
i"_,,u n. step, pace
)J.U n. debt, owed sum
...;W~ )J.U v. to borrow money, to
take out a loan
~ ......)"-:! )J.U v. to give money, to
give loan
...;U--.9 i........,,u v. to swear, to take an
oath to
)~.u n. Kashgar (a Uyghur city)
cl..JJ~.u n. Kashgarlik (i.e. a
person from Kashgar)
..,J.U n. heart
iJ.u n. pen
..:;_j,U n. cubed sugar
J~.u adj. steadfast, staunch
..:_,L.,..,_,A>.U n. hero, person
vo5.U n. level, floor
K
.:;,J4l5 n. guarantee, pledge

~ ......J;..>-i..tJ4l5 v. to guarantee, to

pledge
LL;..J\.5 n. workshop, work space
i-'J\.5 n. Kariz, underground
irrigation system in Uyghur
region
dj.>)\.5 n. bed
..:.,15)\.5 n. caravan
..:.,L ~ n. flat bread
'l/\.5 n. cow
)4\.5 n. calendar
.:;,JI...\.5 n. completeness, wholeness
..:_,\.5 n. mine (e.g. a coal mine)
9Ll5 n. windpipe, trachea
;\.55\.5 n. the Caucuses
...r.-')L... J.+:}' n. the Kremlin
'l/),5 n. Korla (a Uyghur city)
...J-.>~-1;,5 n. trough
~,5 n. collective, community
i_;....;;-,...,5 n. Communism
~,5 n. street
t'r-S' n. income
-.5~ '<U...xP v. enter-ex, enter
and go out
~n. person
&........... )l..5 adj. classical
r-;..o_,LS n. kilometer
.:;,t_L5 n. climate
&~ n. bellybutton, navel
~ n. movie, film
~adj. small
yJS adj. a lot, a great deal of
~;5 adv. most of
c.J.J.J~~ '<' jS v. to expand, to
widen
~;5-y,S n. deep blue
~~~;5 v. to increase, to expand
~ ......)....:;;5 v. to raise up, to arise
~;5 adj. moving, mobile
~.....J..S y~JS v. to immigrate to
~ ......)~;5 v. to copy, to transcribe
~);5 n. wool
~<4-J .........),S v. to indicate, to
demonstrate
~ ......);5 v. to watch, to see

207

Glossary

aJJ._;-'J;s adj. visible, apparent,

0~ ~ v. to happen, to come

obvious
;;5 n. eye

out of
I , <n. agreement, accord
~~~ n. future
J~ adj. following, next
~..S adj. scarce, in short supply
~n. boat
._r...S adv. as, like
cz..S n. evening
~..S adv. in the evening
.:_,.-S.-...S adj. critical, decisive
~.__...s v. to cut, to slice
.............. ..S n. profession
~ .....JrJ..S v. to bring, to make come
0L..}~--=: Y-'JrJ..S v. to cause, to
bring about
...s--:f.J..S n. future
J~"--:J>..S n/adj. poor, indigent
..::-:,...5 n. village
o~..S n. mood, feeling
ll..S adj. wide, broad

~~

l5);5 v. to be reluctant to,

to hesitate; to not take one's
eyes from
<.?.~");5 n. observer
~.....,:;");5 v. to observe, to oversee
~;5 adj. blue
-::.}~ ~;5 n. Kok Art (a Uyghur
Region mountain pass)
~)~ ~;5 n. Kok Turk (a Uyghur
village)
d.::S,S n. vegetable
cz;5;5 adj. light blue
J;s' n. lake
h J;s' n. host (i.e. of a meshrep)
i.J,S n. scale, size
~
v. to immerse, to submerge
J;.-;5 n. coal
~...J;.-;5 v. to be buried, to be
covered
~.._;;5 v. to agree; to be satisfied
with; to become accustomed to
~ .....J_,~;s v. to burn, to set afire
...;.-t~~,Sn. thoughtfulness
~._;~;s v. to care about
J~;s' n. heart, soul
~,J;;s n. bridge
~;5 n. cubic meter
t.t:;._,.')'rn.
-!< l"b
1 rary
~ n. power, strength
"~;s n. Kude (a Uyghur village)
0w....; ._;.,"J;s v. to fight, to struggle
for
;;5 n. autumn, fall
0~4 u;5 v. to set (i.e. of the sun)
0~ u;5 v. to rise (i.e. of the sun)
cl..LJ..j;5 adj. daily
~w;s adv. progressively, more
and more
u~;5 n. Kuitun (a Uyghur city)
~,LS -::.~~1;5 n. square kilometer
~~ n. loaf, brick
J~ n. illness, disease

. . . . .;s

208

G
)~ n.

gas

<..?~ adv. sometimes, occasionally

U'"'~'? n. degree (e.g. of

temperature)
<..r"~j.! f"'~ n. cosmetics, make-up
~"~ n. edge, lip
i~ n. rug, carpet

._;.,'f. n. meat
~_;1--!...,S adj.

meaty, muscular

Ju,'f. n. jewel
-"-'J~ n. faction, party
ul...~ n. doubt, suspicion
0~)l;l...~ v. to doubt, to suspect
~L.~ adj. suspected, presumed

.ju,. ..,.1;~ v. to testify, to offer

testimony
J~ n. flower
~~ J~ n. flowers

0W~ n. bonfire
~,U~ n. flower bed, garden
)"--:J>~ n. dome, peak

Glossary
~,J~ n. geology
..::->~ n. newspaper
;..J),_.-y ~ (n comp.) conversation,

talk
~;~ adv. although, in spite of
8.J..._,;~ adj. heavy-bodied
.,_,;~ n. body
L

';'';/ n. boasting, bragging

..;L.;y ';'';/ v. to boast, to brag
1} n. perpper; wax paper
n. frame

~n.line

0~_,9 o.u:_;J

n. lexicon, word base

~COf!j. but

i...;..J n. nickname
;&..J n. Langar (a Uyghur village)
~ n. noodle, Uyghur food
M
.....,}~L.

n. education

~r,-:;L. n. material
~1;L. n. Maralbeshi (a Uyghur

county)
l5JL. n. tradename, mark

);L. n. Mazar (a Uyghur village)

);L. n. tomb
..:_,l5L. n. hometown; land, place
..;~ '>Gl5L. v. to establish a
residence, to make a home
JLo n. commodity, good
~';/L. n. angel
\.;,jl.o n. Manta, Uyghur food
~';/L. n. Malaysia
~L. n. fmance, treasury
r.L. n. Manchu
"-::-';r.L. n. Manchuria
..:_,~L. n. monkey
..;UL. v. to walk, to move
r-"'L. n. master, expert
~,J_,9;r n. morphology
Jr adj. rich, well-off

i)U"' n. Mullah, Islamic scholar

Lor n. grandmother
n. Mongol
..;!;>-;~ n. nature, temperament,
disposition
r--" n. Egypt
)..~.i-on. amount, quantity
0->)L.. n. the year zero; the
Western calendar
1 , .11 n. millimeter
o.JL.... n. nationality, ethnicity
;";;y.JL.... n. nationalist
~;";;y.JL.... n. nationalism
->;L:J..... num. billion
s~v. to ride
-!L... num. thousand
4 -!l..... n. Ming Teke (a Uyghur
village)
~n. brain
s..._1;~;.. v. to estimate, to guess
..:r;~;.. adj. vice, deputy
n. teacher
s..._jS.,;l,>;.. v. to congratulate
~.G-'-.3;.. n. expert, specialist
LJ""';;"->;.. n. teacher (i.e. at an
Islamic school)
,--.1;;.. n. ceremony
sol..b;~~...5:5.,;;.. v. to complicate,
to make more complex
4l.JJ.o n. jam, jelly
;;.. n. ice, frost
u...,.L.;.. n. competition, contest
~...:;_...,;..adj. tyrannical, despotic
J;s:.....;.. n. muscle
ts:.-;;..n. music
it.;;.. n. Muqam, type of Music
J-9...:;_...;.. adj. independent, selfsufficient
i~......::...-.;.. adj. strong, solid, firm
..:;W;,....;.. n. Muslim
~;..pro. this, these
..;1~~;.. adv. as such, so
..;~ ~;.. v. to fix, to peg
ll"'"_,_,...;;.. adj. holy, sanctified,
sacred

J;a.s-,...

r....:;;..

209

Glossary

o41Sr n.

prize, award
j<4->..Sj.o adj. perfect, ideal
"7-"''llr n. editorial, statement of
opinion
.sl I ~ <o;.. n. possibility,
capability
).;;.. n. tower
".r')l.;j.o n. discussion, debate
oo;.-.L;.. n. tie, connection
'l/1~;.. adv. so much, so many
._;l-0;.. pro. like, such as
..;U,. ).........__,~;.. v. to have a chance,
to have an opportunity
llj.o n. melody,
._st..;.. n. discussion, debate
o"-:-:>.u.;.. n. love
~15;.. n. appropriate, fitting
o~~"5r n. result, consequence
o'll~:y n. issue, dilemma
~..._.:.;5:y n. hide-and-seek
~;Jy n. property
~n. infirm person,
handicapped person
u~n. guest
..;;J.;---.,.0~ adj. hospitality
oj.;-o n. fruit
o~-oj.;-o (n comp.) fruit (in
general)
t.J,.._.. n. funding, capital
.::.""-:-')~._.. n. responsibility,
obligation
.r+->._..
adv. especially,
1
specifically
o~jl> ...... n. living things, organisms
~):. ...... n. Islamic school
o~o:.._.. n. culture
;..S) ...... n. center
o"-7')._.. n. knowledge, wisdom,
education
)"5)Y"-7')._.. adj. educationalist
~)"-')Y"-7')._.. n. educationalism
);5;._.. pro. the designated, the
given
~) ...... n. period
ur) ...... n. content

n. sect
...... n.mosque
.::.~ ...... n. counsel, advice
u...L....... ...... adv. for example, for
instance
J .............. n. fable, allegory
if._.. n. stove
Y"r ...... n. meshrep
)~._.. adj. famous, well-known
J~ . . . n. torch
..;U--9 od.........9 ...... v. to make a goal of,
to works towards
~ ...... n. princess
d ...;J ...... n. report
.::.~ ...... n. nation
(.$');.. ...... adj. administrative
G...... n. meaning, sense
"-:-.i._.. n. origin, source, root
~_,..; ...... adj. scenic, pretty
".r'i'._.. n. scenery, landscape
J-.; . . . n. destination
y;..._; . . . prep. belonging to
..;U,. y;..._; ...... v. to belong to, to be
a member of
).J.;.........;._.. adj. privileged, imbued
with rights
0~._.. adj. moral, spiritual
ul~ ...... n. site, location, stadium
..;U~ ;;_,.. ...... v. to deny, to deprive
of
o'llj-.A ...... n. product
.JJ.u. ...... n. district
oY.-5._.. adj. existing, present
y.u.; ......
~

N
L!..>L n. song
..;~ l..!..>l.; v. to sing a song

oo);L n. department, section

.r;L n. provincial head
o~;;L n. food
it.; n. name, apellation
o.>..i~l.ol.; n. landmark, milestone
L>L; n. bread
~l.;n. county

210

Glossary
~~!... conj. yet, but
._;WI... v. to cross, to pass over
oili n. condition, state
0L.L.. adv. at once, straight away
o~L.. n. life
01~1... n. animal
1;t... n. air
._r-~ 1;t... n. weather
J;.-.,. n. harvest
...;~ J;.-.,. v. to harvest
...;_;;,. n. power, right, privilege
i1)~ - ~,. n. homestead, house and
courtyard
~,. n. courtyard
4....-:;>~ n. Hejri, the Muslim
calendar
...;W ~t......... v. to protect, to guard
0L:.-.,~ n. India
4,;;~-.s~ adj. Indo-European
o~_;.. n. document
...;W o"-";_;.. v. to respect, to treat
with deference
...;W
v. to hand down a
judgment, to sentence
o .......
n. government
J_;.. adj. fresh, moist, juicy
~-J_;.. n. rain, precipitation
04....-:;>;Y. n. freedom, liberty
;._.' n. craftsmanship,
workmanship
L.-.!J! ~ adv. will certainly,
absolutely
0~~ adv. never, at no time
...;1~~ adv. any
...;W~ ~~ v. to take under
consideration
...;~~ v. to consider, to deem
o~n. wisdom
~ n. religious festival
...;lo..J~ ~ v. to dedicate
._;I. 1- _ , "' v. to visit for the
holiday
~~n. week
~~ adv. even, as far as
~~ n. volume, loudness

d;L n. rock candy

if~,. n. population
);;,. n. Noruz
~;;,. n. Norway
r.~,. n. November
..:.:;..;,. adv. now, currently
o~ n. ratio, proportion
0._,~ adv. relatively
0L..:...... n. goal, target
._.:,-.._;, adv. how many, a lot
~ n. Niya (a Uyghur county)
s...__:..J.;..;_;. v. to take turns, to act
in succession
);:. n. light
0!f;Y adj. many, numerous
t:;.__._;:, n. copy, example
~ n. petroleum, oil
~._, adj. beautiful, elegant
.. ~-...prep. as a result, as a
consequence
~._. n. result, consequence
...;WL. ;")._. v. to examine, to look
at
o~-..>n. pear
...;~ _,......,:.-... v. to be published,
to be sent to press
J~ .._;-..> n. cash
s~-..> v. to carve, to engrave
";;-... n. grandchild

i;s_;..

;s,...

H
~adv. still

..__,_,t.., n. event, incident

oo))t... n. heat, hotness
...;1;1... n. alcoholic drink, victual
4;1... n. eve
r)t... adv. now, at present
~r)t... adj. current
0L.~ ~rit... adj. modem
...;Ur)t... v. to prepare, to make
ready
...;WJ! J--.1... v. to appear, to form
...;W J--.1... v. to obtain, to attain
JL.. n. condition, state
211

Glossary
~\.J..j cSY.-'-"

v. to make fun of, to

tease
;"-"' adv. each, every
~1..01..9 ;"-"' adv. any, every
~>"-"adj. military
Y;'-" n. letter, glyph
r5;'-" adv. simply, just
..:..U..>'-" n. action, movement
..::..";)"-" n. majesty, regalness
...___,"-"' n. share, portion
-.!l..J:;~'-" adj. stylish, in vogue
~"-"' n. price, cost, fee
"~"-"'prep about, concerning
~"-"' adj. real, true, actual
~L-:..'i)S.-"'-" v. to cooperate, to
work together
~"-"' adv. nearly all of
"-""-"'pro. all
,).;:-o'-" n. change purse
9'-" int. hey
~u,. ,)r.'-" v. to amaze, to strike
dumb
~\.J..j "~"-"' v. to threaten, to
intimidate
0
,)~,Y adj. complete, good
.::-.-.~;,

n. prefecture, oblast

0..._."-" Jj!,Y

n. Obul Hasan

..::..;, n. fire
~W~ ..::..;, v. to ignite, to set ablaze
l.::---~ l;;.:z.;,Y n. Central Asia

y d ..... l;;.:z.;,Y n. middle school

...,..~ l;;.:z.;,Y n. average
~>;.:;.;;,

n. average

r->r-S ~>;.:;.;;, n. average income

~4.:?,; ta..>;.:z.;;, v. to put forward, to
suggest

);.:;.;;, num. thirty

..:_,j;,Y n. firewood
~~;, n. fireplace
~~;, adj. clear, open
J-l..!...>,Y adj. similar, alike

~l..!...>,Y

n. similarity,
commonality
~t...>;; yl;,Y v. to surround, to stand
around
~I.Jl;,Y v. to be surrounded, to be
encircled
~'u>,Y adj. common, shared
b>,Y n. horde, palace
~~);. b>,Y n. coup, overthrow
(e.g. of a king)
..:_,15.;,Y n. organ, apparatus (e.g. of
government)
~L..>,Y v. to thresh, to fell
...;.-Lt...>Y n. forest
~t...;t..>,Y v. to establish, to put in
place
~t...>;; .:..r.;._;,;,Y v. to get up, to wake
up
~;>;, adj. thin, slender
u;;,Y n. place, bed
~;..0;>;, n. chair, seat
~t._:.. )!..;;>;, v. to be located, to be
positioned
Joy n. Osh (a city, a district in
Kyrgyzstan)
~;..:.;, adv. in excess of, more than
~;..:.;, n. calf
~>'u ~').;:,Y n. Buzkashi
..::..;<:;, n. fertilizer
J;<:,Y n. boy
~;, n. bullet; arrow
..r.-jii,Y n. teacher
..r.-.Y n. student, learner
~t...;;;, v. to read; to study
uL?.Y n. ocean
~L..;;.J,Y v. to seat, to make sit
J-;;;.J,Y n. get-together, party
~L-:..>L..j.o,Y v. to become popular,
to spread
~t...J~,Y v. to awaken, to rouse
~~;, v. to think, to consider
u~.Y adj. unanticipated,
unwanted
~4.:?;, v. to carve, to engrave
..:_,4.:?,Y n. basin

212

Glossary
.y.L4..!~ n. basin
...;~~ v. to play
...;~~ n. cupboard; shelf
0~~ n. game
ll~ adj. right (as opposed to left)
._;.,~ ll~ n. Ong Eriq (a Uyghur

u~;~~ n. Uyghurstan
~~ n. sleep, slumber
...;l-!.~~ v. to unite, to join

together

village)
...;~~ v. to straighten, to align
...;_;L-.:.;5"~ adj. successful,
beneficial

~9 n. lung
;~9 adj. sharp, jagged
~ .......>~9 v. to bold, to convene

u...s39 adj. last, past

._;.. Jo39 n. the past
~.._;9 v. to pass, to cross
~.._; ..,;J;::-9 v. to erase, to cause to
vanish
~.._j;9 v. to increase
~.._;.S y...!;9 v. to increase
~;;9 n. apricot
l)~ .>9 adv. each other, one another
~.>9 n/adj. Uzbek
~.>9 adj. special, specific
~.._;;~.>9 v. to cause to change, to
alter
~ .... 11 < ..:; ~;~.>9 v. to
reorganize, to restructure
~ ......;~.>9 v. to change, to become
different
~~...!.>9 v. to incorporate, to
adopt
lf'L:;.. ..L.>9 adj. special
~ . . . ;;:..-.9 v. to raise, to cause to
rise
~;J;;-.9 adj. young, youthful
..}9 n. roof
~ ...... ~9 v. to learn, to acquire
through study
~ ......;;;J9 v. to kill, to cause to die
..5.19 n. province, region
~...J9 v. to die, to cease to live
i;J9 n. death, passing
ll.J9 n. song, melody
;;..9 n. life
...r..J? ;;..9 adj. lifelong
<.?9 n. home, house
ll9 n. color; appearance

u
...;_;>~ n. achievement,

accomplishment
u4;~~ n. Uchturpan (a Uyghur

county)
...;t.....r:~ v. to meet, to come to face
;Y.-~ n. news, data, information
._;.. ')l;.~ vn. sleeping
Jl;~ n. the Urals (a mountain

range)
war, armed conflict
...;\)~ adj. long, lengthy
...;;t;)~ n. length
t;__,~ n. master
)t;__,~ n. teacher
._;\.J...j ...;.Jjl;__.~ n. to teach, to
mentor
J;-.~ n. method, manner
...;~~ J;....-..~ v. to dance
...;t..;;:.;~ v. to inform, to put in the
know
...;-L~;;~ n. misunderstanding,
miscommunication
i~ n. concept, idea
...;lo..!W~ v. to (cause to) increase
...;W~ v. to connect, to tie to
...;t...!.__.=.~- t;J~ (n comp) the old
and the young
};!~ adj. great, wonderful
...;Wj;-i~ v. to forget
Lo....;.~ 0-'.J:....;~ adv. additionally,
what' s more
~r.;....;~ n. university
._;..;;~ n.

213

Glossary
~ .....)"-:! )~ v. to attach

importance to, to give value to

~"--.-:? ~ v. to cook, to prepare

4:>;y n. mulberry
0~Y conj. for; on account of;

owing to
9'-.::Y n. innards, guts
~-'JY n. Urumqi (capital, Uyghur
Autonomous Region)
~,;:; n. ring
~.._,_,;:; v. to be cut, to be severed
1-'..iY n. grape
)T<>-'..i:Y n. vineyard
~~~:; n. upper, higher
J....:;:__,:Y n. table
..:.,s.-.:y n. tool, device
~._,):fJ:Y v. to be in time for, to
catch
iJ>Y n. effect, result

w
..;U, ..::..41; v. to die, to pass away
..s.:.l; n. oasis, river basin
~~.S ); v. to give up, to

renounce; to renege
....:..........\; n. tool, implement
..;U, ....:..........\; v. to mediate, to be an
intennediary for
.::.....,..;\; n. time
..;1; n. time, instance
~1; adj. interim, provisional,
temporary
~ili\; con). however, but
LJ"-'r5 n. virus, infection
..::.."-:!")L; n. district
0...-;"; n. country, homeland
~J"5J0...-;.,; n. patriotism
C"; n. tie, connection
"-7>)"5 n. job, position
J..S..; n. representative

for eating

yp v. to recognize, to
acknowledge
.:.~ n. belief, creed
._;LJ_._; .:.~ v. to believe, to
subscribe to
..;~ v. to be shot
..;~ v. to pity, to empathize
with
..;.J.r~ n. hill, mound
~~~ v. to get, to acquire
._;t_,J.>u~ v. to clean
i.l...::_...~-._;...~ n. streams, tributaries
IS:: - , - , ~ n. aesthetic, artistic
sense
~ adj. valuable, precious
"~).,_,~adj. significantly,
severly
~ n. mouth, opening
~..._.$...-; ~ v. to eat, to consume
~ n. stable (i.e. for an animal)
~ n. flow, movement (e.g. of a
river)
~ n. branch river, tributary
..::..)~ n. export
~~ n. plateau, raised area
0~ n. advertisement;
announcement
._;l.J_._; 0~ v. to declare, to
announce
..::..l.i,;._.:....-;-0~ n. advertising,
propaganda
0'~ n. electronics
~ adj. electric
..;t. 19 , ~ v. to make clear, to
clarify
0~n. energy
..;~ v. to say, to utter
c~ n. demand, need
._;LJ_._;

E
)~ n. interest, attention

214

Glossary

0\.J_.j J~ v. to seize, to take

control of
o~~ n. seizing, conquering
0\.o.....!. )l;;JY ~ v. to find work, to
get a job
~...._.:.....,rS ~ v. to put into
service, to begin using
0L.}"-~~ v. to produce, to put
out
~......;~ v. to use, to employ
~ ....... ~ v. to believe, to trust
)~ n. capability, facility
->~ n. economy, economics
(S'->~ acij. economic, fmancial
~ n. control, ownership
~~ v. to comprise, to
represent
~~ - ~ acij. oprhaned,
without family
~ n. owner, possessor
0U_, ~ v. to have, to possess
<:~ n. chance
LJ"l--.:.W n. appeal, request
0\.J_.j LJ"l--.:.W v. to appeal, to
beseech
~J~ acij. progressive, forwardlooking
~ ....);..-. <.5~ v. to move forward,
to cause to progress
~...__1.,~ v. to progress, to
advance
~ n. knowledge
~~ n. swing (i.e. plaything)
oo)~ n. building, edifice
. 'L
.
. 1'tsm
r->r
_~ n. unpena
"-7'~ n. empire
~ n. signature
0U~ v. to sign, to endorse
o~~ n. capability, facility
~u n. solidarity, unity
~~ acij. very, quite
~ acij. thin, delicate
0~ nlacij. human
a..JJ.,;J-0~ n. humanitarianism
o~~ n. humanity

I
~n. dog
0\.J_.j o~~ v. to obey, to submit
to
0~~~ acij. obedient, compliant
._;.I~~ acij. soviet, allied
U"'";'~ acij. enjoyable, pleasant
~_,~ acij. creating, inventing
~~ acij. social, societal
~.f~ ~ n. internal illness
J~ ~ n. internal affairs
0;t;;J_;3 ~ acij. inland, internal
<.5~ acij. inside, inner
..)~ n. bureau, department
0~.._:. o~~ n. Idiqut City
o.>~ n. determination, resolve
0~ n. Iran
0~ n. race, ethnicity
~ n. trace, remnant
._....-.\..;~ n. sign, mark
0\.J_.j }"'~ v. to indicate, to
express
~~ n. statistics
J~~ n. Istanbul
Li~ n. station, terminal
~~ n. strategy, gambit
..,\D.u.~ n. resort, place of rest
Jl. - ~ n. future
01. ~ v. to heat, to cause to be
hot
~ acij. hot, heated
t';J'-:> ~ n. the tropics
Jy ~ n. Issik Kol (a lake, a
district in Kyrgyzstan)
u
~ vn. warming, heating
i~ n. Islam; given male name
o"-:--"~ n. Islam
;,~b ~~ n. Ismail Tahirov
~ n. name, apellation
0~_,9 ~ v. to name, to affix
with a name
._;....:, n. work, labor
~ n. worker, laborer

215

Glossary
..:)~~ n. construction, building
y ~ n. revolution, overthrow
~ n. younger brother
...:;~n. June

y
~~l:! adv. in Japanese, in a

Japanese manner
...;~l:! ac!j. flat, smooth
1 L_ad.
..r---;-=-y
lJ.

very green

...;bl:! n. quarters, living space

...;l-.r-->l:! v. to be shy
...;l...il:! v. to lay
~ .....J_;s ~l:! v. to like, to look
well upon
monument, stele
Jl:! n. cliff
~_;AJIJl:! n. creator; inventor
.._;l...;IJl:! n. to create, to invent
~ .....)'"-! ~Jl:! v. to create, to make
.._;l...;)l,Jl:! v. to be injured, to be
damaged
;l:! n. summer
~;c;l:! n. writer
...;L+ v. to write
...;WL.....l:! v. to be made, to be
constructed
...;L.....-.l:! v. to build, to structure
<!:l.cL- n. woo d
...;l....:l:! v. to pour down, to pelt (e.g.
of rain)
l9l:! ac!j. side, edge
...:;Wl:! n. false, untrue
&l:! n. inflammation, swelling
...:;l..l:! ac!j. bad, evil
L_n. ram
.
J,.....
...;t...J;~l:! v. to ignite, to set ablaze
<.,Sl:! n. arc, half circle
...;~l:! v. to spread out, to stretch out
...:;~l:! ac!j. arc-shaped, curved
...;13l:! n. nut (i.e. as is eaten)
~,J;l:! n. Europe
~~'J;l:! adv. in a European style, in
the manner of the Europeans
~)S:...,l:! n.

l;~ n. thigh
...;t....;;J~ v. to cause to shine, to

illuminate
good manners,
appropriate behaviors, customs
.._;l...;t;~ v. to lose, to misplace
.._;L.,...J;~ v. to visit, to go to
J~ n. road, path
...;~ W~ v. to depart, to set out
Ll"l_;J~ n. tiger
~~n. silk
...;~ ac!j. far, distant
~ n. meeting, gathering
-:;~ v. to gather, to collect
~ ~ n. head guy (i.e. of a
meshrep)
~n. year
...:;~n. snake
~n. root
~ac!j. year
~~ v. to eat, to consume
~ v. to lighten, to lift, to
ease
~~ v. foods, meals
~~n. food
~._J..5:J~ v. to move
J-L..;~ n. direction, orientation
oJ~ n. hometown
...;l...i)l..;.g~ v. to be infected, to be
contaminated
...;)1......~ ac!j. round, circular
...;l...;~~ v. to wash oneself
~ ....;_,~ v. to shoulder, to carry
J.;J~ mw. set, collection
if ;J~ vn. running, walking
~"J~ n. heart
~ ....)'"-! )~ v. to happen, to take
place
~~..J;~ v. to move toward, to
approach
~~ n. load, burden
~......_$"~adj. high, lofty, supreme
~-~ n. orphan
r-'~ n. half
.j.>j-;-:? n. writing
...:;;-.~ n.

216

Glossary
~adj. green

~ .......);J..j )~

~adj.

v. to quake (i.e. of the

earth)

close
~adj. recent
~.......;~ v. to lighten, to lift, to
ease
...;t..;;);; ~ (comp v) to lay out
to dry
~adj. new
)~ n. Yengisar (a Uyghur
county)
~ ;;s:;~ v. to send, to pass, to
relay
~ ......)"-:> ";";;;s:.>~ v. to send, to
convey
~.......;~ v. to arrive, to reach
)~ n. earth, land
._.-::...-.~)~adj. subterranean,
underground
~;!;; )~ n. geography, lay of the
land

~ ..);....:; )~

n. earthquake

..s}~ )~ n. globe, planet

~;!;.. )~ n. real estate
~)~adj. local
~..._:..J.S:..J)~

v. to settle, to take up
residence in
~..._:..J)~ v. to settle, to take up
residence in
1;.;.: n. village, country
--;.4..-!..5~ n. Saturday
~.........t;5~ v. to receive, to take
from
"-'~ adv. what's more, further
ll~ n. sleeve
8..J.l~ adj. air, wind

.....

217