POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

WITH THE
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

Dr. Frederick W. Gomez

Philippine
Politics

Governance

Constitution

____________________
Revised, 2012

3
Table of Contents
Chapter
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

4
Chapter 1

Pages

Understanding the Philippine Political Culture:

Its Politics and Governance during the Pre-Spanish
and Spanish Governance..
Politics and Governance towards Revolutionary
Government ..
The Politics and Governance during the Military and
Civilian Government of America ..
Politics and Governance towards the Preparation of
Philippine Independence..
Politics and Governance Leading to Independence and
Democracy ..
The Charter and its Constitutional Landmark ............
Commonwealth: Intervention of Pacific War Politics
and Governance...........................................................
Philippine Self-Determination: Politics and Governance
of the Filipinos.
The Politics and Governance on the National Economy
and Patrimony of the Nation....
Social Justice, Human Rights and Environmental
Concern
Foreign Policy and the Philippine Experience..
NGOs Politics and Governance......

UNDERSTANDING
THE PHILIPPINE POLITICAL CULTURE:
ITS IMPACT TO POLITICS and GOVERNANCE
During the PRE-SPANISH and SPANISH GOVERNANCE
The Philippine political culture is system of empirical beliefs,
expressive symbols and values which defines the situation in
which political action takes place. It is further seen on the political
attitudes and behavior towards the political system, its various
parts and the role of the self in the system.
It was further seen that the system has the process or methods or
tactics involved in managing a state or government that links to
the people and the state (politics). And, this process relates to the
things, people and events do to gain or keep power or an
advantage within a group, organization, etc (political). Wherein
institutionalize the communal attitudes and behavior in a given
time and space in due circumstances under the role of law
(governance).
Areas of considerations:
1. Politics vs political
2. Political vs governance
3. Political culture vs good governance
4. Government vs governance
5. Condition of political life.
a. The tribes / village
b. The Datu
c. Shaman / faith healer
6. Knowledge of pre-Spanish.
a. They either disintegrated.
b. Nomadicity.
7. Sources of pre-Spanish past

5
a. Ancient writings.
b. Early writings and the travelers.
c. Historical reconstruction
i. Archaeologists
ii. Anthropologists.
iii. Filipinologists.
8. Political and social conditions before the coming of the
Spaniards
a. Part of empires whose centers were at Borneo,
Sumatra, Indo-China and on China.
b. Political and social development
i. in the village or barangay level
1. Corresponding to the city-state
period of Athens in Greece.
c. Bigger communities like the confederations in
Panay.
i. Kalantiao documents were preserved.
ii. Evidence found in Tabon cave Palawan,
Ambangan Libertad, Butuan and etc.
iii. Tribal / Baranganic system was preserved
iv. Strengthening the paternalistic system
v. Practicing patriarchal family implication to
empire, dynasty, cacique and clan
9. Spanish culture influenced Filipinos in six important
legacies to political and social development
The six incidental Spanish contributions are the following:
a. Implantation of a regime of laws;
b. Providing direct but limited government
experiences;
c. Implantation of Christianity;
d. Establishment of an educational system;
e. Beginnings of economic development;
f. Unification and maintenance of the territory intact;
10. Conclusion

a. The laws are regionally constructed;

b. The political and socio-cultural reconstruction were
made regionally constructed;
c. Foreign influence and power made our people
disunited and disintegrated to the real intention of
the socio-political construction.
11. Reflection
a. Our people was influence by the European culture
which is beneficial and give favor to us but it give
us an opportunity to set-aside and prefer a new one
for curiosity;
b. Because we are not united our common culture,
tradition, beliefs, customs and relative holistic
variables to a sensible Filipino values system were
slowly lost;
c. Our dreams, aspirations, sentiments and values
system were reconstructed and directed to a superimposed foreign values and powers in politicaleconomy, socio-economy and using the theory on
Reaganomic, Thatcherism and the Ricardianism.
12. Conclusions & Implications
1. Revisit the relevant value system for reconstruction;
2. Revive the bayanihan system for solidarity and
Subsidiarity;
3. Develop indigenous cravings and sensitivity in decisionmaking;
4. Harness domestic potentiality, ability, talents and skills
for competitiveness from the Indigenous Peoples;
5. Educate people and peoples in their local, regional and
national cultural heritage;
6. Motivate and increase peoples energy for
entrepreneurialship by using the CHED, TESDA and
allied agencies on GOs, INGOs and NGOs;

7
7. Provide and restructure the Education system and
employment placement program for easy, secured and
competitive return;
8. Think, feel and act like locals in the running of their
governance in a culturally diverse society.

8
Chapter 2
POLITICS and GOVERNANCE TOWARDS
REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
The power of the governed will suppose has just been overturned,
the army of defenders of capital is routed; everywhere there is
fermentation, discussion of public affairs, everywhere a desire to
march onward. New ideas arise, the necessity of important
changes is perceived. It is necessary to act, it is necessary to begin
without pity the work of demolition in order to prepare the ground
for new life. But what do they propose to us to do? To convoke
the people to elections, to elect at once a government and confide
to it the work which all of us, and each of us, should undertake of
our own initiative.
1. Revolutionary government an important landmark
a. Political history fixes highest political development
before the American influences;
b. As political achievement, it explains Filipino
confidence in fighting for independence.
2. Revolution revealed weaknesses of Filipino political
education: opportunism and intransigence (factionalism).
3. Biak-Na-Bato, Malolos Republic, and other satellites of
revolutionary governance the culmination of revolutionary
efforts and existed in atmosphere of crises
a. Causes by revolution against Spain;
b. Resistance with the US;
c. Internal crises
i. Desertion by some of the highest officials
ii. Intransigence of:
1. Rizal and the Katiputan;
2. Bonifacio and Luna;
3. OSROX and Quezon;
4. Marcos and Aquino;

4.
5.

6.

7.

5. Estrada and Ramos;

6. Estrada and Arroyo;
7. Aquino and Arroyo;
8. Aquino and Corona
Katipunan organization made possible by previous
propaganda efforts of Rizal and colleagues;
The Imus and Tejeros convention end up to Biak-NaBato
a. Bonifacio lost leadership of revolution to
Aguinaldo
b. Under Aguinaldo revolution ended in Biak-NaBato pact.
i. Terms and condition of the pact
1. to be fulfilled by the Spaniards;
2. to be fulfilled by the Filipinos;
3. both did not fulfilled because of lost
of confidence.
Admiral John Dewey negotiated the return of Aguinaldo
from Hongkong.
a. The meeting of two American ambassadors;
b. Aguinaldos dramatic return to the Philippines;
c. Response of the guerrilla;
d. The KKK lightning troops.
Aguinaldo sets up a dictatorship promising to convert
democratic government.
a. Steps leading to Biak-Na-Bato and Malolos
Republic
i. Establishment of:
1. municipal governments;
2. election of municipal presidents;
3. election
of
delegates
to
revolutionary congress.
ii. Election held in 12 provinces.
iii. Convention of municipal presidents
iv. Ratification
of
the
independence
declaration.

10
the

v. Revolutionary congress ratified

declaration.
vi. Congress drafted and approved the
constitution.
vii. Aguinaldo signed and promulgate the
constitution.
viii. Aguinaldo elected president by the congress
in accordance with constitution.
8. Malolos constitution embodies most of the basic principles
of democracy and included complete Bill of Rights
a. Important provisions on:
i. sovereignty resides in the people;
ii. separation of powers;
iii. freedom of
1. religion,
2. speech,
3. Press
4. assembly
iv. due process of law.
b. In form, government established was more
European than American.
i. Manner of electing president
c. Right of secretaries to the floor of the congress
9. Branches of Government in the Biak-Na-Bato compare to
Malolos Republic
a. Congress or Assembly
i. session
ii. and permanent commission
b. President exercised executive powers, had 4 year
term of office.
i. Powers of the president
c. Judicial power vested in the Supreme Court and
other courts to be created by law.
i. Courts were guaranteed independence
1. any individual could institute
prosecution of judges

11

12

a. for crimes
b. committee in office.
10. Other provisions of the constitution
a. Official languages;
b. Lands and other possession of religious orders
restored to government;
c. Positions in government offices were slowly turnover to the Filipinos.
11. Republic in action
a. Constantly under enemy pressure, Republic could
not function normally and strictly according to the
constitution; emergency had to be met with more
or less arbitrary in action.
b. Republic deserted by some
i. outstanding leaders who joined Americans
before the outbreak of Philippine US
revolution.
ii. This incidence happened even during the
Spanish time and in our recent governance;
iii. Instead we will be having our concerted
effort to the common cause.
12. The Schurman Peace Commission and members were:
a. Sent to Philippines by President McKinley on
recommendation of Dewey to compose growing
differences between Filipinos and Americans.
i. Arriving after outbreak of PhilippineAmerican revolution:
1. negotiated peace with Aguinaldo;
2. The same strategy were made by the
American in difference American
occupied territories;
ii. Offer of new government with Filipinos
1. controlling local government;
2. elected council;
3. appointed governor general, and
4. cabinet;

5. this has happened lately in the place

of Muamar Khadafi (Libya).
iii. Aguinaldo government willingly accept the
terms
1. General Luna opposed acceptance
and caused crisis within the
government.
2. This idea is still proliferating in our
time because of the pro and anti
American
presence
in
the
Philippines.
iv. Schurman Peace Commission report to
McKinley
1. Findings did not give favor for
independence;
2. Recommendations were Filipinos
must be taught more in the science
of governance and security.
b. Weakened by war and internal crisis and fleeing
from place to place, Malolos Republic completely
disintegrated in Tarlac and Aguinaldo fled to
mountains eventually settling its revolutionary
government in Palanan Isabela until he was
captured by the 80 Maccabebes headed by Col.
Frederick Font.
13. Significance of the Malolos Republic
a. Proved Filipinos were familiar with democracy as
shown in the constitution;
b. Heroic record dramatized Filipinos love of
freedom, independence and democracy;
c. Brief glimpse of what Filipinos might have been
able to accomplish by themselves in statesmanship
had they been left alone by Americans as
Aguinaldo understood to be Deweys promise;

14

13
d. At the instance our people may be able to form
governance that is in accordance to our idealism
and aspirations.
14. Conclusions & Implications
a. The Filipinos formed a government patterned to the
colonizer dictatorial;
b. The short term of Biak-na-Bato Republic (1897)
give us a new paradigm having a long one
Malolos Republic (1899);
c. The two revolutionary installed government by
Emilio Famy Aguinaldo revealed that in unity we
stand and in divisiveness we fall;
d. We proved that our archipelagic geophysical
topography is not a barrier. That no mountains,
valleys, plateaus and even sea can divide a
determined free and dreamer inhabitants for
independence;
e. That diplomacy, dialogue and alliances is
important to a bullets and guns; destroying and
putting together; life and death; pain and healing
and enemy and friends;
f. We proved that no one underdog the other and
giving what is due to them in honesty and good
faith.
g. We lost our fight for freedom and independence
but it was a glorious defeat.
h. We can promote our national interest, territorial
integrity and self-determination independent to
foreign powers.

Chapter 3
THE POLITICS and GOVERNANCE during the
MILITARY and CIVILIAN
GOVERNMENT of AMERICA in the PHILIPPINES
The United State occupied our country by victory of arms in the
Spanish-American war (1898) and the resistance of the
Philippines independence (1898-1901). She ruled our people from
August 28, 1898- July 4, 1946). Fortunately for us, American rule
was benevolent. It was part of Americas policy to train our
`people in democracy and later to recognize Philippine
Independence.
Step by step our people were given training in self-government.
On July 4, 1901, the civil government was established, replacing
the military government whose purpose is to reconcile the
irreconcilables. A year later, on July 1, 1902, the Philippine Bill
was passed by the US Congress. This law extended the Bill of
Rights to Filipinos and provided for the Philippine Assembly
which was actually established on October 16, 1907. More
autonomy was given to our people by the Jones Law, which
President Woodrow Wilson signed on October 29, 1916. Lastly,
the US Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Law, which
President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed on March 24, 1934. This
law provided for the establishment of the commonwealth of the
Philippines and the proclamation of Philippine Independence on
July 4, 1946.
The US sent able officials to administer our government. Most
outstanding among them were civil governor William Howard
Taft, whose policy the Philippines for the Filipinos endeavored
him to our people; Governor Francis Burton Harrison, who
interpreted the Jones Law most liberally so that our people could
enjoy the fullest measure of self-government; and Governor Frank

15
Murphy, who humanized our laws and helped greatly in our
preparation for independence.
The US civilization followed the American flag to our shores. Our
people adopted some ways of American life during the American
period. A system of popular education was established. English
replaced Spanish as the medium of instruction in all schools and
universities. Our economy, literature, music, arts and sciences
developed. On November 15, 1935 the commonwealth
government was inaugurated. Under the guidance of President
Manuel Luis Molina Quezon our country was prepared for
independence, which was scheduled to be proclaimed on July 4,
1946.
Unfortunately we become involved in the Second World War
(WW2). On December 8, 1941 Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor
American naval base in Hawaii. Our loyalty to America we fought
Japan. Owing to lack of military preparedness, America lost the
early phase of the Pacific war. Bataan and Corregidor fell, despite
the valiant defense by the Fil-Am troops. Our country was
occupied by the Japanese from 1942-1945. October 24, 1944,
while our people were suffering from eh brutalities of the
Japanese occupation forces, General Douglas MacArthur the son
of General Arthur MacArthur and his liberation forces landed in
Leyte. Thus he kept the promise that he made in 1942 in
Melbourne Australia that I came here and I shall return three
days later he restored the Commonwealth government at Tacloban
with Sergio Osmea as President. Osmea was the successor
President MLMQ, who died at Sanitarium, Saranac Lake, New
York, on August 1, 1944.
Finally, on July 5, 1945, General Douglas MacArthur liberated the
Philippines from Japanese domination.
Japan surrendered
unconditionally because of the terrible American atomic bombed
that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On September 2, 1945,
Japan signed the terms of surrender on board the USS Missouri at

16
Tokyo Bay. The following day, Lt General Tomoyoki Yamashita,
commander of the Japanese forces in the Philippines, surrendered
in Baguio. Our country is in ruins. Our people had suffered
terribly. But all their sacrifices had not been in vain. They proved
to the world that they could fight and die for freedom and
democracy. They also showed that they are worthy of
independence.
Here are the following feature to be considered:
1. US policy in the Philippines one of gradually increasing
Philippine
self-government
and
correspondingly
increasing American control, leading to independence.
2. American regime from 1898 to 1946 (48 years) saw
succession of governments.
a. First two governments were organized under
Presidents war powers.
i. Military government (1898 1901)
ii. Commission (Civil) government (1902
1945)
b. Last two governments (not counting the
commonwealth) were created by US Congressional
laws called Organic Acts.
i. Under the Cooper Law 1902 to 1916
ii. Under the Jones Law 1916 to 1935
(Independence Act passed in 1934, the
period. Tydings McDuffie Law) a 10 years
transition
c. During the American regime, US constitution and
laws are not applied in Philippines; only act
expressly enacted for Philippines application.
i. American administrators could not,
however, get far away from principles of
US constitution and standby the
benevolent assimilation of President
McKinley.

17
d. US congress has the power to administer territories
by president McKinley acted pending
congressional action - executive action being faster
than congressional.
3. The Military Government
a. US acquired Philippines from Spain
i. under the Treaty of Paris signed December
10, 1898
1. paid Spain $20 million dollar;
2. ceded all territories under Spain
administratorship to the American
stewardship;
3. the historic and legal rights comingin for the archipelagic principle.
b. General Otis, second military governor (Merritt
served briefly), announced policy of US President
as open of leaving civil municipal governments
under Filipinos. Senate announced similar policy in
resolution.
c. Military governments aim: destroy power of Spain
and of Malolos Republic and lay ground for civil
government.
i. Military governor exercised legislative and
executive powers;
ii. Issued orders and proclamations with effect
of law;
iii. Established office of chief of staff for civil
administration;
iv. Provide police service under provost guard
v. Ordered resumption of business including
banking;
vi. Opened public schools, naming first
superintendent;
vii. Collected revenues;
viii. Established health services;

18
ix. The executive, legislative and judiciary are
in the hands of the military under the
remote control of the Washington District
of Columbia.
d. Reorganized courts including Supreme Court:
mixed Filipino and American membership with
chief justice and majority being Filipinos;
e. Started reorganizing municipal governments
following the Maura plan;
f. Last military governor: General Arthur McArthur
the father of General Douglas McArthur and
shifting slowly to the civilian government.
4. The Commission (Civil) Government
a. McKinley ordered the organization in accordance
with the Schurman and Taft Commissions Reports
and Recommendations without waiting for
congressional authority;
b. Taft Commission sent with Instructions that had
the effect of supreme law:
i. Provided for the establishment of Civil
government.
1. Commission to take law-making
function from military government
September 1, 1900;
2. Taking over of government
department
a. executive
b. judiciary
c. contingent on peace and
order situation, July 4, 1901
3. This scenarios had happened in
Libya when Muamar Khadafy fallen
down.
ii. Instruction directed the following:
1. Continue the establishment of
municipal
and
provincial

19

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

government largely left in the hands

of the Filipinos;
Separation of church and state
Expand
schools
with
local
languages as media of instruction;
Teaching and propagation of
English;
Giving to Filipinos basic rights (Bill
of Rights);
Facilities in socio-political, socioeconomic and socio-cultural aspect
are coming-in and out in the
Philippines from America.

iii. Before taking over executive functions,

commission approved 157 laws.
1. Among most important
a. were appropriations of $1
million
i. for
roads
constructions;
ii. creation of civil
service;
iii. enactment
of
municipal provincial
codes;
iv. education act which
specified
1. English
as
language of
instruction;
2. and authorized
engagement
of American
teachers

20
(called
Thomasites).
iv. First Filipino appointed to commission to
take part in law-making function (The
commission was both the legislative and the
executive departments)
v. Governor General enjoyed broad powers
similar to those of Spanish governor
general.
vi. Judiciary was reorganized
1. Supreme court made smaller with
American authority;
2. Courts of first instance were
created;
3. justice of the peace courts reestablished equivalent to the
circuits or satellite courts.
vii. Governor Taft action
1. Purchase Friars land which became
a permanent government policy.
viii. Taft adopted slogan Philippines of
Filipinos.
ix. Encourages the organization of first
political party
1. Federal party, even if political
activities including those of political
parties were still prohibited.
5. Conclusions & Implications
1. We have learned and added our culture in the science of
governance and socialization;
2. We have proved that Filipinos are competitive to
America in some other way or side-by-side.

21
Chapter 4
POLITICS and GOVERNANCE TOWARD the
PREPARATION of PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
1. Introduction
a. Congress had power
i. administer territories but, being a
deliberative body, took a long time to enact
laws applicable to Philippines because we
need to lobby in the USA Washington, DC .
b. President went ahead and ordered establishment of
civil government
i. congress subsequently legalized
1. Spooner amendment
2. Cooper Act.
2. The Cooper Act was first organic Act approved by the US
congress.
a. Fathered by congressman Cooper of Wisconsin,
chairman of the newly-organized House
Committee on territories and Insular Possessions.
i. Cooper resorted to reciting Rizals My Last
Farewell to overcome strong and bitter
House oppositions to the bill.
ii. Principal provisions of Cooper Act
iii. Most Important Provision called for the
organization of Philippine Assembly which
was delayed until 1907 due to the condition
to be met.
1. Insurrection must be first stop;
2. census must be taken and published;
3. two years of continued peace after
census publication;
4. First and third conditions to be
certified to president by the
Governor General.

22
iv. The condition having been fulfilled:
1. commission scheduled election of
members of assembly
a. which would become the
lower house with no
jurisdiction
over
NonChristian
areas.
(Only
Commission made laws for
non-Christians).
2. Nationalista party founded by
Sergio Osmea and other elected
overwhelming
majority
of
representatives (59),
3. Progressive party (16).
4. Osmea elected by assembly as
speaker and Quezon majority leader.
v. Cooper act provided for election of Filipino
resident commissioners to Washington, one
by commission and one by Assembly.
1. When second set of RCs were to be
elected, speaker Osmea claimed
the sole right to be elect them for
the Assembly on the ground only
the Assembly represented the
people.
American
administration
yielded to him after a period of impasse.
2. Osmea and Assembly launched
peaceful
campaign
for
independence.
vi. Significance of Philippine Assembly
(Legislative Department)
1. Located in the land of our birth
2. It could be SMART (specific,
measurable, attainable, realistic &
time-bounded)
vii. The Executive Department

24

23
1. Commission members
a. appointed by US president
i. remained
as
executive department
1. became upper
house of the
legislature.
2. Two more Filipino members of
Commission were named in 1908
a. one of them was Gregorio
Araneta
i. was the first to
participate in both
the executive and
legislative functions
of the commission
which now served as
upper
house
(separation
of
legislative
and
executive
department)
3. In 1913, Woodrow Wilson, first
Democratic President since taking
of
Philippines
by
America,
reorganized commission to give
majority to Filipinos.
4. Courts were left as they were under
commission government, except
that justices, along with governor
general,
vice-governor
and
commissioners, were now appointed
by the US President.
3. Government Under the Jones Law
a. In 1912, the democratic party, which opposed the
taking of the Philippines by the Republican

b.

c.

d.

e.

administration and always advocated independence

as soon as a stable government was established,
won the election and elected Woodrow Wilson as
President.
Wilson named Francis Burton Harrison as
Governor General for the Philippines.
i. Both Harrison and Wilson announced a
policy of granting Philippine Independence
and of using every step as a preparation of
the Filipinos for it
1. Except, however for Jones law
recommendation the grant of
Philippine
Independence
to
Congress in 1920 when the congress
was already controlled by the
Republican and a Republic,
President had already been elected,
Democratic administration neither
took nor further steps.
After many independence bills introduced by
William Atkinson Jones of Virginia, the Jones Act
was at last passed by congress and signed by
Wilson in 1916
Important features of Jones Act
i. embodied democratic plank of
independence in preamble
ii. complete Bill of Rights provided for an
insular auditor appointed by US Pres
iii. included a fail-safe budget provision
iv. and, created a Bureau of non-Christian
tribes.
The government operates under the Jones Law:
i. Legislative department
1. bicameral legislative consisting of
a. Senate

25
b. House of Representatives
whose members were
elected by Filipino voters
except two (2) senators and
nine (9) representatives
appointed by Governor
General to represent nonChristian provinces.
ii. The general legislative power vested in
Legislative department but laws on
1. the following:
a. tariff,
b. coinage and
c. natural resources needed US
President approval.
2. Legislature was authorized to
recognize executive departments
except
a. Public Instruction
b. Opening door to
Filipinization of
departments.
3. Senate exercised power of approval
or disapproval over appointments of
governor general.
4. Filipinos acquired additional powers
by sharing executive power through
council of state and board of
control.
5. Legislature became center of
independence campaign supported
for a while with P1 million a year
appropriated by it.
iii. Executive Department
1. Governor General acquired broader
power than before including:

26
a. Veto
b. general supervision and
control
i. departments
ii. bureau
iii. was the commanderin-chief of local
armed forces
iv. granted pardons and
reprieves, and
v. was chief budget
officer.
2. Governor General and secretaries
constituted the cabinet
3. Who were members of council of
state and board of control?
iv. Judicial Department
1. No. significant changes except that
Supreme Court
a. justices were appointed
judges of lower courts
i. with
advice
of
senate.
f. The leadership question created by the rivalry
between Quezon and Osmea who, as senate
President and Speaker respectively, were co-equal
and therefore potential rivals.
i. In election of 1922, they had a showdown
with Quezon winning and replacing
Osmea as the leader.
g. Republican returned to power in 1920, electing
Harding as President.
i. Harding sent Wood-Forbes Mission to
Philippines: Findings and recommendation.
ii. Harding appointed Wood as Governor
General who launched a reactionary policy.

28

27
1. Filipino leaders followed policy of
silent resistance but broke up with
Wood openly over the Conley case.
2. Cabinet
strike
resulted
in
disappearance of Cabinet and
Council of State.
3. Wood established Board of Control
by Executive Order on the ground it
violated the Jones Law by giving
legislative leaders participation in
execution of laws.
Wood was
upheld by both Philippine and US
Supreme Court.
4. Controversy ended when Wood died
in US during operation on head.
iii. Henry L. Stimson succeeded Wood
a. Party won back Filipino cooperation by
tact and by restoring the Council of
State in form but one of the status quo
marking time.
iv. Succeeded by Dwight Davis and Theodore
Roosevelt, Jr. who followed Stimsons
policy.
h. Conclusions and Implications
Republican administration ended in 1932 with the
election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt as President.
i. Jones Law regime lasted from 1916 to 1932
and Democrats were in power from 1912 to
1920. After 1920, the Republican policy
was one of the reaction under Wood and
marking-time under the Stimson, Davis and
Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. It opens the gateway of independence.

Chapter 5
POLITICS and GOVERNANCE LEADING to the
INDEPENDENCE and DEMOCRACY
1. In the early 1930s three forces combined to hasten the
grant of Philippine Independence.
a. Intensified Philippine campaign;
b. The return of the Democratic Party to power;
c. The world- wide economic recession that hit the
US farmer difficulty;
d. This had happened back sometimes in the global
recession within the period of 2007-2010.
2. The Independence campaign
a. Revolution against Spain and the resistance with
the US government;
b. Period of lull during US rule before 1907;
Commission Act of November 4, 1901 prohibited
advocacy of independence verbally or in writing
c. Approval of Cooper Act led to lifting of
prohibition against political parties and to
resumption of independence campaign in peaceful
manner.
i. Nacionalista Party led in a new campaign
ii. Legislature became center of campaign
iii. Resident Commissioners utilized.
d. American literature full of statements on liberty
which the Filipinos could quote with telling effects;
e. American opposition to independence and reasons
why;
f. To counteract opposition, independence missions
often went to America financed with P1 million a
year until American insular auditor Ben Wright
stopped appropriation.
g. Republican administration from 1920 to 1932
discouraged independence movement;

29
h. Philippine enlisted support, in addition to
Democratic Partys of American civil groups, labor
union farm organization etc.
i. Due to economic recession and the rock
bottom prices of agricultural products,
American farmers blamed the free trade
under which Philippine Agricultural
products entered the US without taxes.
1. Demanded abolition of free trade;
failing in this, they finally
advocated Philippine Independence;
2. Sympathy and comrades strategies
renew.
i. Original Hawes Cutting Bill and Provisions
i. Failure of passage before Congress
Expiration.
j. With democratic victory, electing Roosevelt as
President the Philippines sent Osmea and Roxas
(the OSROX Mission)and a few others as Mission
to Washington, DC
k. Hawes Cutting Bill redrafted and introduced in
senate by authors and in the house by Hare but did
not get Senate approval.
l. Upon opening of the next session the democratic
controlled congress passed HHC Bill without
waiting for Roosevelt inauguration.
i. President Hoover immediately vetoed it,
giving reasons.
ii. Congress overrode his veto, 274-94 in
House 66-26 in Senate
3. Philippine Legislature rejects first Independence Law,
giving a reasons:
a. Quezon rushed to Washington to get another
independence law.

30
b. Congress was overwhelmingly for independence
but Quezon got only HHC law reenacted with its
bases provisions amended.
i. Got clearly the difference between bases
provisions in two laws.
ii. OSROX and pros supported TM Law,
saying it was practically the same as HHC
Act.
iii. Political wars
1. OSROX (pros) for statehood
2. QUEZON (antis) for nationhood
4. Important features of Second Independence Law (Tydings
McDuffie):
a. A constitution for the commonwealth framed by
delegates chosen in an election to draft the
constitution.
i. The government must be Republican in
form
ii. Constitution must contain Bill of Rights.
iii. Constitution must include
1. an appended ordinance regulating
Phil-Am Relation
a. on trade as provided in TM
Law.
b. A commonwealth government established under
the constitution.
c. Independence to occur on July 4 following
completely 10 years transition period of signing of
constitution by delegates, it must be sent to US
President for approval or disapproval.
d. Constitution must be approved in plebiscite in
Philippines.
e. Commonwealth must be established and maintain
public school system primarily conducted in
English.

32

31
f. Commonwealth must assume and pay debt
liabilities of previous government.
g. American property rights adjusted and settled
promptly.
h. Trade relations must be regulated by Sec. 6 of
Independence Act which scheduled a program for
abolishing free trade.
i. Separation of the Church and State
5. Tydings McDuffie Law having been accepted, the
Legislature set in motion required processes and measures
for the establishment of Commonwealth:
a. November 15, 1935 is the effectivity of the PhilAm governance in the Philippines;
b. The preparation of the separation of the legislative,
executive and judiciary department in a free
governance;
c. The full-exercise on the freedom of the press,
speech and expression was exercised in the right to
assembly.
d. Finally the lobbied independence law of OSROX
(Hares-Hawes-Cutting Law) was changed by the
lobbied independence law of Manuel Luis Molina
Quezon.
6. Conclusions & Implications
1. Realization of the McKinley benevolent assimilation;
2. Dysfunction and conflict directed dynamic governance
3. Pressure groups help government to work effectively;
4. Freedom of the press, expression and speech is the
tripod on the right to assembly;
5. Lobby and the lobbyist precipitate political issues more
significant in the life of the electorate

Chapter 6
THE CHARTER
and its CONSTITUTIONAL LANDMARK
1. Introduction
a. Philippine constitution its beginning and evolution
1. Synthesis
1.1. of the Filipino political convictions and
beliefs.
1.2. aspirations and sentiments
1.3. idealism and courage
1.4. bravery and determination
1.5. preamble
2. Background in the constitutionalism
a. Biak-Na-Bato (1897)
b. Malolos (1899)
c. McKinley instruction
d. Organic acts
d. the bignets
1. Commonwealth (1935)
2. New Society (1973)
3. Democracy comes to the Philippines
a. School of thought in Greece, spread all over Europe
particularly through Spain, it was brought to the
Philippines by foreign and Filipino writers.
b. Spreading from Rome to England, democracy spread to
the US from whence it also came to the Philippines
c. Although many Filipinos were familiar with democracy
and constitutions, it was only under
the US government that they had sustained
conditional experience
4. Constitution may be classified
a. Form written and unwritten
b. Origin evolved, enacted, granted
5. Constitution by its

33
a. Nature, and
b. definition
5. Differences between law and constitution
a. constitution embodies
1. the fundamental law
2. the highest law
2.1. contrary to it is made unconstitutional
2.2. all official in the highest position
1. must conform and differ.
3. principles, policies, power and form in
government practice
4. the guidance as source of laws to be
implemented
b. Constitution is enacted by a constitutional convention
laws by the legislature.
1. People intervened twice in the making of
Philippine constitution
1.1. Elect delegates from the people to
Represent the convention
1.2. Approve constitution in a plebiscite.
2. Law-makers action
2.1. Elect delegates from their own
Constituents;
2.2. Approve constitution within their
Houses:
1. House of Representative;
2. House of Senate;
6. The convention law was first step in implementing independent
act.
a. Called for election of delegates
b. defining qualifications
c. fixing dates for opening of convention, and
d. outlining its work.
7. Drafting the constitution
a. Composition of convention as to
1. age

34
2. education
3. profession
4. offices held, etc.
b. Election of officers of convention
c. Division into committees
d. Original plan proved unworkable
1. working draft prepared by subcommittee of
seven Sponsorship Committee
e. Steps in making the constitution
a. Drafting took six (6) months
b. referred to style and in form
c. committee, approval
d. signing by the delegates
e. signing by US president, and (during American
experience)
f. plebiscite
g. publication for its finality
8. Disregarding Independence Act provision, convention framed a
constitution intended for both the commonwealth and the
Republic.
a. Osias resolution debated but not voted upon
b. convention followed its provisions to frame constitution
for both the Commonwealth and Republic
9. Comparison of US and Philippine Constitution
10. Results of writing one constitution for the commonwealth and
Republic.
a. Parts of the constitution, like appended ordinances were
disregarded.
b. Some articles, intended to bridge the commonwealth
and the republic, have served their purposes but
they remain in the constitution not implemented.
c. Some provisions in the constitution gave the
commonwealth congress and president powers that
belong only to a sovereign government.
d. In the preamble, the commonwealth was described as
independent

35
e. Some powers in independent governments were given to
President and Congress.
11. Error of convention in writing one constitution for both the
commonwealth and the Republic is now being more and
more realized.
a. Republic trapped in a colonial constitution.
b. voters give to their delegates to convention a mandate to
frame a constitution for both the commonwealth
and the Republic.
c. leading the way to test the 1935 constitution but trapped
by the Pacific war the Second Republic Constitution
of 1942 established a Regimentary government
12. Opinion of others in the 1973 Constitution.
a. Senator Tolentinos speech during the debates on the
resolution calling the 1971 Constitutional convention.
b. The Homobono Bono Adaza arguments
b. editorial comment of the Manila Times &Phil Free
Press
c. Stand for the Malacaang Palace
13. Approval of the finished November 30, 1971 constitution was
implemented on the January 17, 1973.
a. salient feature of the 1973 constitution:
1. government parliamentary in form.
2. creation of the Batasang Pambansa in 1976
3. voting was made obligation & reduced to 18 yrs old.
4. the parity right amendment allowing American citizens
and corporations the same right as Filipinos to own
property and exploit natural resources was terminated
on July 3, 1974.
5. the transition provisions legalized all decrees,
proclamations and orders of President Marcos and
extended his term of office beyond 1973.
7. amendments on Oct 16,17,1976; the national assembly
was changed into interim Batasang Pambansa composed
on 120 delegates appointed by the president- president
Marcos would also become prime minister authorizing

36
the president who became the prime minister to issue,
decree, proclamation, letter of instruction and etc. in time
30
of national and state emergency this was voted 90%
pronounced and published the ratification results on
October 27, 1976; the 1980 amendments extending the
retirement age of the member of the judiciary from 65 to
70 years old widening the breath of Marcos power to
declared his government following the constitutional
authoritarianism saving the republic from the communist
oriented groups giving the valor and pride of the Muslim
Mindanao (creating the five provinces sultan kudarat,
Maguindanao, north cotabato, basilan, and Tawi-tawi in
October 1973) by giving an initial capital of P1million in
Amanah Bank and issued the Muslim Code based in
Quran and declaring the 13 provinces to be headed by
Governor Ali Dimaporo of Lanao Del Sur history repeats
itself but no longer the Spanish perpetrator who committed
the violations of human rights but it is now her own race
there rise leftist, rightist and moderate groups who against
the administration that rationalizes the Marcos
dictatorship; On January 17 1981 part of the amendment is
the issuance of Proclamation Order No. 2045 lifting the
martial law but continues to the region that lawless crimes,
insurrection, rebellion or subversion continues and
widening more of his Military Power under different
Oplan and January 27 1984 an amendments on the
restoration on the office of the Vice-president abolition
of the executive committee election of the members of
the Batasan by provinces, cities and districts authorizing
the president to grant public land(s) to the landless citizen
and lastly the adoption of an urban land policy to give lowcost homes to the homeless families in cities.

38

37
8. General view of the 1973 constitution
Chapter 7
1. The constitution created parliamentary form of
government;
2. The separation of powers were dissolved putting the
bicameral congress into unified law-making body as one
Executive, Legislative and Judiciary Departments that
born the unicameral law making house the Batasang
Pambansa composed of the Assembly man then became
the member of the parliaments under the leadership of the
prime minister;
3. It provide the executive department more power as
commander in Chief and the continuing wanton infraction
of peace and order in the center and skirted areas of the
country creates and increased the power of the executive.
9. Conclusions & Implications
1. The 333 years almost 4 century of the Spanish
occupation in the country developed a culture of blindobedience;
2. The occupation of the Spanish, Japanese and American
trained us to become Regimentary yet guarded by pressure
of coercion;
3. The culture of the occupants in the Philippines creates a
physical and mental conditioning that imprisons the true
value system of a Filipinos cultural heritage and ingenuity;
4. The influenced made by the three occupants in the
country created an emotional heart and legalistic mind of
the Filipinos uncertain in their political attitude, behavior
and decision-making we cannot return to the culture the
way we are.

COMMONWEALTH: INTERVENTION
of PACIFIC WAR POLITICS and GOVERNANCE
1. Introduction
a. Commonwealth was not independent but led directly to
independence.
b. the fifty fifty governance (Fil-Am governance)
c. Intent to have constitution serves for both the
commonwealth and Republic resulted in use of Independence
prematurely.
d. mislead understanding of governance due to lack of
knowledge in the science of government.
2. Commonwealth period two version of constitution existed.
a. Original, unamended constitution from 1935 to 1940.
b. Unamended constitution from 1940 to 1946.
c. The amended constitution was inherited by the Republic
d. Unamended constitution causes barriers in the
governance of the following presidents:
1. Manuel Luis Molina Quezon (September 17,
1935-December 30, 1941) November 15, 1935 the formal
inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth and the
oath taking of President elect ML M Q and Vice President
elect SSO was read by Governor General Frank Murphy
and Secretary of war George H. Dern on behalf of US
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt pronounced the
termination of the Jones Law and the birth of the Phil
Commonwealth
Second Commonwealth Presidential Inauguration
held outside the Corregidor Tunnel, chief Justice Jose
Abad Santos administered the oath to Quezon as President
of the Republic and Osmea Vice-President respectively.
Emergency preparation to the Pacific war US take the

39
helm of the premature independence for self-governed
Pinoy. Commonwealth President on exile; died in
Sanitarium, Saranak, New York (August 1, 1944) Osmea
took his oath to office as President of the Republic to
Justice Robert H. Jackson of the US Supreme Court in
Washington, DC.
2. Sergio Suico Osmea, Sr.
(August 1, 1944 July 4, 1946) the return
of Osmea as accused by the people to be the
collaborator of the Japanese because of his silence
during the Japanese occupation.
3. Commonwealth was virtually created by Independence Act, by
authorizing the framing of a constitution under which
commonwealth would be governed.
a. Independence Act provided for termination of
commonwealth by stating independence would
come on July 4 after expiration of ten years
transition
period
as
stipulated
in
TydingsMcDuffie Act that later becomes a Law.
b. Commonwealth as the road to independence could be
under nominal US sovereignty.
1. US powers over commonwealth
regulated by Appended Ordinance.
4. Commonwealth had twofold purpose
a. The US commonwealth was means of transferring
sovereignty to Filipinos.
b. To Philippines, it was means of last preparations for
independence.
c. would mean for independent to foreign control,
supervision and administration
5. Formation of Commonwealth
a. According to constitution, election was held on
September 17, 1935.
1. Three parties fielded candidates Manuel Luis M.
Quezon and Sergio S. Osmea (Coalition party); General Emilio

40
Aguinaldo and Raymundo Melliza (National Socialist party); and
Bishop Gregorio Aglipay and Roberto Nabong (Republican
Party); three candidates for resident and three for Vice.
a. Quezon elected President, Osmea, vicePresident
2. Commonwealth inauguration November 15, 1935,
attended by high-level US delegation headed by
Murphy, Dern, Archbishop of Cebu Gabriel M.
Reyes and etc.
6. Government based on separate powers among three branches
a. Legislative Department: National Assembly of 87
members
1. Qualification of members
2. Officers
3. Powers limited by US President intervention in
legislation on currency, coinage, trade and
immigration.
He
also
approved
amendments to constitution.
b. Executive Department
1. Governor General and Vice-Governor replaced
by President and VP
a. Term was six years without reelection
b. Qualification
2. Powers of the President powers to make
treaties and receive ambassadors stated in
constitution but intended for Republic only.
3. Reorganized by National Assembly
4. Cabinet and Council of State continued
38
c. Judicial Department
1. Judicial department vested in Supreme Court
and such other courts to be created.
a. Courts of first instance and justice of
the peace courts (now municipal
courts) were continued.
2. Constitutional provisions disqualifying non-

41

42

lawyers for judges implemented by

Legislation
3. Independence by the CFI increased by requiring
Supreme Court Approval for transfer of
judges
4. Court of Appeals created to share burden of
Supreme Court.
5. Supreme Court finally Filipinized.
7. Important accomplishments of Commonwealth
a. Quezon, under CA 5 created many new offices intended
to help accomplish final preparations for
independence.
1. NEC, Budget Commission, Census, NCA, Language
Institute, Commission for Mindanao, Sulu, and
Commission on non-Christian
2. Government corporations expanded and new ones
created.
8. Important problem: gradual abolition of free trade.
a. Started in 1909 as partial fee trade meaning of free
trade?
b. Became complete free trade in 1913 effects on
Philippine economy.
c. NEC was to brain trust preparation of economy for loss
of free trade.
9. Defense establishment was first concern of Commonwealth
1. first law enacted was national defense act
2. concentration to the non-pacified/ underdeveloped areas
10. Development of national language for unity in diversity
11. Promotion of social justice: what means were adopted?
12. Education: Constitution provided for free primary education.
13. Commonwealth during world War 11
a. Barely a month after 1941 election, Pacific war broke out
b. Quezon and Osmea re-elected, inaugurated in
Corregidor first leg flight of commonwealth - on
exile - Japanese occupation.
c. First member of the bicameral congress also elected: 24

senators, 98 representatives but could not be

inaugurated due to war.
d. All preparations for independence under commonwealth
interrupted.
e. President given emergency powers: mainly legislative in
character.
a. Created Civil Emergency Administration (CEA)
f. McArthur declared Manila open city to save it from
continuous bombing.
g. Route of commonwealth in exile from Corregidor to
Washington, DC
h. Notable stay-overs: Jose Abad Santos and Manuel
Roxas: what happened to them?
14. Activities of Commonwealth in exile
a. Symbolized Filipino resistance, served as rallying point.
b. Quezon, Osmea and others participated in war
propaganda. Quezon made radio broadcasts to
Philippines, became member of Pacific War
Council, tried to hurry Philippines liberation.
c. Independence recognized by Roosevelt during war.
15. US Congress approved three resolutions on Philippine at war.
a. One extended the term of Quezon
b. Another pledged all US resources for liberation of
Philippines and promised to make independence
effective sooner than July 4, 1946.
c. Third resolution created Philippine American War
rehabilitation Commission.
a. Planned Post-war rehabilitation
b. Studied war damage payments
16. Commonwealth returned to Philippines after liberation from
the Japanese Occupation.
a. Manuel Luis Molina Quezon died in office as president
of the Philippine in August 1, 1944
Commonwealth, Sergio Suico Osmea succeeded
him
b. Sergio Suico Osmea returned as President to a

43
devastated and ravished country;
a. American assistance to government and
rehabilitation.
b. difficulty in rehabilitation and reconstruction.
17. Filipinos who collaborated with Japanese tried before Peoples
court which was especially organize for the
purpose.
a. Campaigned extensively while Osmea made one
speech in Plaza Miranda
b. Restoration of the Commonwealth
c. Stabilization of the political and economic conditions
after the pacific war.
18. Conclusions & Implications
1. The United State occupied our country by victory of arms in the
Spanish-American War (1898);
2. The United State ruled the country by the benevolent
assimilation of President William McKinley;
3. American rule was to train our people in democracy and later
to recognize Philippine Independence;
4. American ruled the Philippine through the military rule (18981901) to reconcile the irreconcilable;
5. In 1902, the American lifted martial law and replaced the
civilian government;
6. In 1907, the establishment of the Philippine Assembly;
7. As a result of the 1907 initiative, transition to the Philippine
autonomy in 1916 was sponsored by a democrat Congressman
William Atkinson Jones of Virginia;
8. Leading to the Philippine independence, through the initiative
of the OSROX Congressman Butler B. Hares; Senator Harry B.
Hawes and Senator Bronson Cutting sponsored a Bill but vetoed
by President Herbert Hoover;
9. Strong political affiliated politician Manuel Luis Molina
Quezon influenced by Senator Millard E. Tydings and
Representative John McDuffie to sponsor the Philippine Bill for
independence;

44
10. Philippine Commonwealth act approved by President Franklin
D. Roosevelt signed March 24, 1934;
11. Inauguration November 15, 1935 made a full-bloom
implementation of the Philippine Commonwealth;
12. Interrupted by the Japanese Occupation through the Pacific
War

45
Chapter 8
PHILIPPINE SELF-DETERMINATION:
POLITICS and GOVERNANCE of the FILIPINOS
1. ONE STEP AHEAD OF SELF-GOVERNANCE
After a long awaited years of struggle for Philippine independence
from the 333 years (1565-1898) of the Spanish colonial regime,
then to the 48 years (1898-1946) of the American neocolonialism
and the 3 years (1942-1945) intervention of the Regimentary
government of the Japanese without look back the diplomatic
stewardship years (1762-1764) was an episode in the Philippine
colonial history when the Kingdom of Great Britain occupied the
Spanish colonial capital in Manila and the nearby principal port of
Cavite.
The unexpectedly strong resistance from the provisional Spanish
colonial government established by members of the royal
Audiencia of Manila and their Filipino allies prevented British
forces from taking control of territory beyond the neighboring
towns of Manila and Cavite. After these failures, the occupation
was ended as part of the wider peace settlement of the seven years
war.

In election of 1945, Manuel Acua Roxas bolted Nacionalista

Party, formed Liberal Party.
a. Roxas won election by 200, 000 votes.
b Roxas and Quirino became first President and President
of the Republic of Philippines when it was
inaugurated July 4, 1946.
2. THE LONG AWAITED FREEDOM
a. The Administration of Manuel Acua Roxas
(July 4, 1946-April 15, 1948) - escaped an
assassination by a disgruntled Tondo barber, Julio

46
Guillen, who hurled a grenade on the platform at
Plaza Miranda
1. Rebuilding of the government from WW11
2. ratification of the Bell Trade Act controlling
export and import in the Philippines; currency
was pegged to the US dollar; no to place
restrictions on currency transfers from the
Philippines to the United States; and a "parity"
clause granted by U.S citizens and corporations
equal access with Philippine citizens to
Philippine minerals, forests and other natural
resources
3. The Roxas Policy
3.1. bell trade act
3.2. system of free but guided enterprise
3.3. depended on the US aid
4. The Huks Problem
4.1. continue the dissatisfaction
4.2. worsen because of the US presence
5. Diplomatic Relations with other countries
5.1. allowed putting-up the US military
bases until 2045
5.2. continues the US support because of
the personal gratification to Gen
Douglas McArthur;
6. Controversies
The Roxas administration was on the
milting-pot of graft and corruption; abuses and
malpractices of the provincial peace keeping force
contributed to the increase of the left-wing (Huk)
or the rebel movement in the countryside. His
heavy-handed attempts to crush the Huks on the
left-side and on the right-side accepting the aid
from the US led to the widespread of peasant
disaffection.

47
The good record of Roxas administration meets two
failures: failure to lessen graft and corruption in the
government as seen by the surplus property scandal;
Chinese immigration scandal; and the school supplies
scandal and the failure to check and stop the communist
frontline rebels or Hukbalahap insurgence movement.
b. The Administration of Elpedio Rivera Quirino
(April 17, 1948-December 30, 1953)
1. The Huks Problem
1.1. negotiation of Luis Taruc failed
1.2. Presidents Action Committee on
Social Amelioration (PACSA) was
created to assist the victims of the
rebels (food, clothing & shelter).
1.3. Ambush of Mrs Aurora Quezon
(widow of MLMQ) in Baler April 28,
1949) as a result of appointment to the
Young Congressman in Zambales Ramon del
Fierro Magsaysay a former guerilla as national
defense secretary
1.4. Magsaysay and the EDCOR (Economic
Development Corp)
2. Wage Increases
2.1. daily wages for Mla is four pesos for
the provinces is three pesos;
2.2. asking support from the creation of the
rural banks and the ACCFA
(Agricultural Credit and Cooperative
Financing Administration)
3. Military
3.1. the presence of the US military bases
agreement signed May 14, 1947 still in
effect to lease the places where it was
located signed on March 21, 1947 and
by August 30, 1950 the PHIL-US

48
mutual defense treaty;
4. Diplomatic ties
4.1. Spain, Argentina, Nationalist China,
Thailand, Pakistan, Indonesia, Korea
and Japan;
4.2. open-mind diplomacy because this is
the hardest time that we claim our claim
land in sabah who is timely that the
president of the United Nations General
Assembly in 1949 is Carlos P. Romulo
5. Problems
As a residue of WW11 the country
experiences Economic crises. It is normal that the
government ask financial assistance and aid in
some other countries particularly in USA. On top
to that, we are controlled by their supervision and
control for the rehabilitation and so US secretary of
State, Dean Acheson asked the Philippine
government to account the $2 billion assistance
they have previously granted.
3. DYNAMIC GOVERNANCE AND POLITICAL LIFE
a. The Administration of Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay
(December 30, 1953-March 17, 1957) a
charismatic person man of the masses
1. Progress in livelihood
1.1. created a President Complaints and
Action Committee (PCAC)
1.2. personalize dialogue
1.3. land reform program law
1.4. strengthening the Agricultural Credit
and Cooperative Financing
Administration (ACCFA);
1.5. created of FACOMA (Farmers
Cooperative Marketing Association);

49
1.6. creation of the Masagana 99
1.7. rights of the laborer and the Labarum
Dei was promoted
1.8 research and studies on technology was
encouraged
2. The Huks
2.1. all program on guard by the president
2.2. May 16, 1954 the surrender of Luis
Taruc with 9,458 members and 987
families and more less more than 5, 000
members were settled through the
program of EDCOR
3. Ethnic groups
3.1. created the Commission on the
National Integration of 1957;
3.2. he priorities the farm to market roads
and infra-project facilities so with the
basic needs of the Cultural
Communities now the Indigenous
Peoples (IPs)
4. Japans Reparation for war damages
4.1. May 9, 1956 signed that the amount
$800 million shall be paid in 20 years
this was passed by congress in the
same year.
5. Diplomatic Relation to foreign countries
5.1. Initiated the MIC (Manila International
Conference) inviting the different heads
of the state to fight for communism
namely:
5.1.1. Australia, France, New
Zealand, USA, Pakistan,
Thailand, United Kingdom
and Philippines.
5.1.2. created association of South
EastAsia (ASA) in 1960 at

50
Bangkok, Thailand
5.1.3. February 19, 1955 crated the
SEATO with Indonesia,
Burma, Malaysia, India,
Thailand, Singapore, Brunei,
And Philippines
6. Problem
Unclose case on accidental death of the
President Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay on an
airplane crush in Mount Manunggal Cebu.
b. The Carlos Polistico Garcia
- Filipino first policy(March 17, 1957-December 30, 1961)
1. Trade Relation
2. Military Bases
3. Economic survival
4. Moving brighter, stronger and farther Filipino administration
towards globalizing governance
a. Diosdado Pangan Macapagal
(December 30, 1961- December 30, 1965)
1. Diosdado Land Reform Policy
2. Livelihood Program
3. Independence and the social life of the Filipinos
4. Diplomatic policy
5. The first one who say I am sorry.
b. Emmanuel Ferdinand Edralin Marcos
(December 30, 1965 December 30, 1969) first
term (December 30, 1969 December 30,
1973) Martial Rule intervention (December
30, 1973- February 25, 1986)
1. Program for Progress: Bagong Lipunan.
2. The New Society Disiplina ang Kailangan.

51
3. Foreign Relation kahit kanino taas nuo.
4. Peace and Order Situation Green Revolution
5. Political and Economic: Situation daylight
saving time
6. Environment and Livelihood: Kabuhayan at
Kaunlaran
7. Standard of Living and the Response to the
Peoples need: Presidential Commitment
Response
8. Ethnic, Cultural Changes and Educational
Reform: PANAMIN
10. Cause and Effect of the Filipino People Power
Restoration of democracy
a. Corazon Cuangco Aquino the wife President
(February 25, 1986 June 30, 1992)
1. The Aftermath
2. The Struggle for Progress
3. The Governance and Social Services
b. Fidel Valdez Ramos the tobacco pipe in the West
Point (June 30, 1992 June 30, 1998)
1. The Economy and Peace and Order
2. Problems Encountered
6. The Controversy and Good Governance of Philippine Political
System
a. Joseph Marcelo Ejercito Estrada
1. In 1967, served 17 years being mayor in San Juan with
his political platform on education & health care;
2. In 1987, took seat in the Philippine Senate and became
chairman on the committee on Rural development & Committee
on Cultural Communities and vice-chairman on the committee on
health and natural resources and ecology;
3. In 1992, became vice-President of the Republic of the
Philippines and appointed as Chairman on the Presidential AtiCrime Commission;

52
4. In 1998, elected President of the Republic of Philippines
with a landslide vote against Jose de Venecia;
5. He works for the improvement of the tax collection
system and work toward demilitarizing the Philippine
government;
6. In 2000 he declared an "all-out-war" against the Moro
Islamic Liberation Front and captured its headquarters and other
camps;
7. In 2001, Joseph Estrada was arrested on the allege
charges of plunder;
8. Chosen as TOYM Awardee (June 30, 1998 January
16, 2001);
9. The Stabling Blocks on the Way to Recovery
9.1. walang kaibigan-kaibigan and kappakapatid sendrome.
9.2. Gambling vs womanizer issue
9.3. favoritism vs gratitude
10. Foreign Relation
10.1. lack of support because his government
promote filipino first policy and it did not support
the international policy of USA.
11. Economic and Political condition
11.1. Political vs economic sabotage
12. He was imprisoned in Tanay for six years and
eventually released based on an unconditional pardon in
October, 2007;
13. Weakness of the constitution
12.1. Time (1987 to 2012)
13.2. Circumstances (needs vs demands)
13.3. CHA-CHA (Charter Change)
14. The road to impeachment trial
14.1. Nature
a. Removal from office
b. public and constitutionally provided
14.2. Grounds
a. culpable violation of the constitution

53
b. treason
c. graft and corruption
d. betrayal of public trust
c. other high crimes
14.3 the resignation of Aquilino Pimentel as Presiding
officer of the Impeachment court and the walk-out of the
Representatives Prosecutor and the outside Batasan Complex
mellow dramatic occurrence EDSA DOS people power
because of the non-opening of the brown-envelop and allege
strong evidence for impeachment
14.4. advise of Angelo Reyes vs the twit of Edgardo
Angara the failure of valor, integrity and pride of Pampilo
Lacson
14.5. Rise and the downfall of Joseph Ejercito Marcelo
Estrada vs his allege ill-gotten, women and vices in his life.
b. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
first elected woman from presidency
(January 16, 2001 June 30, 2010)is on
political and judicial questions.
1. Problem Encountered
1.1. stability of the government institution
1.2. Political & Judicial questions
increasing remain unsolved.
1.3. Lost of confidence
2. Reforms and Program Implemented
2.1. Image building and social realities
3. Economic, Political and Moral Recovery
3.1. Visit to the different places & the Pope
3.2. Hello Garci & I am sorry issue. She
followed the blue-print of her father.
Thinking that by telling the public she
restored the lost confidence.
4. Stumbling Blocks to Progress
4.1.Unclose case of the Ronald Allan
Kelley Poe or colloquially called as FPG

54
vs COMELEC
4.2. Involvement of Mike Arroyo to scandal
& some political scandals faced by
friends and relatives where she was
allegedly directly & indirectly
involved.
5. The Pressing Problems
5.1. Impeachment triad not prospered
5.2. Election sabotage vs unbailable offense
5.3. Home vs Hospital arrest
5.4. On November 18, 2011, Arroyo was
arrested following the filing of
criminal charges against her for
electoral fraud. She was held at the
Veterans Memorial Medical Center in
Quezon City under charges of electoral
sabotage but released on bail in July 2012.
She was re-arrested while in hospital on
charges of misuse of $8.8 million in state
lottery funds in October 2012. Several
attempt asking posting for bail but was
denied. Her defense counsel looking for
remedial recourse now she was held still on
the VMMC-arrest for treatment.
c. Benigno Simoun Cojuangco Aquino, lll
tungo sa matuwid na daan (June 30, 2010
- June 30, 2016)
1. In November 8, 2004, became Deputy Speaker
of the House of Representatives from the 2nd
district of Tarlac province and re-elected 2001 and
2004;
2. In 2007, elected to the Senate in the 14th
Congress of the Philippines;
3. In September 9, 2009, Aquino officially
announced he would be a candidate in the 2010

55
56
presidential election, held on May 10, 2010. On June 9,
2010, the Congress of the Philippines proclaimed Benigno
Simoun C. Aquino the winner of the 2010 presidential
election. On June 30, 2010, at the Quirino
Grandstand in Rizal Park, Manila, Aquino was sworn into
office as the fifteenth President of the Philippines;
4. In 2013, TIME magazine named him one of the 100
Most Influential People in the World;

5. Fight for malpractices and graft and corruption;

6. Problem Encountered;
7. Reforms and Program Implemented;
8. Economic, Political and Moral Recovery
9. Stumbling Blocks to Progress;
10. The Pressing Problems;
11. Fight for Good governance and social justice
11.1. arrest of the former President (Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo);
11.2. impeachment of the former Sandigan
Bayan resigned (Mercedita Navarro
Gutierez - April 29, 2011, which took
effect on May 6, 2011.);
11.3. Impeachment of the chief justice
undergo the mellow dramatic declinement (Renato
Corona - On December 12, 2011, 188 members of
the House of Representatives signed an
impeachment complaint against Corona. The 95
signatures were necessary for the impeachment of
Corona by the House of Representatives under the
Constitution the impeachment complaint was to be
transmitted to the Senate for trial.
Corona is accused of consistently ruling
with partiality to Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in cases
involving her administration, and of failing to
disclose his statement of assets as required under
the Constitution of the Philippines.

11.4.
grounded
by
the
midnight
appointment made by President Arroyo. He was
appointed to the Court on April 9, 2002 by
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and on May
12, 2010, two days after the 2010 election and a
month before Arroyo's term expiration, Corona
was appointed as the 23rd Chief Justice of the
Philippines succeeding Reynato Puno who had
reached the mandatory age of retirement.
11.5. During the witness-stand. Chief
Justice Renato Corona expressed argumentum
Misericordiam that juxtapose to the presentation
of the Representative prosecutor who are
legalistically presenting the preponderance of
evidence before the Senator Judges in the House of
Senate being the court of the Impeachment
proceedings. Likewise, Renato Corona did not do
the same. Instead, he appeal to the prosecutor, the
judges and the people of the Republic of the
Philippines on the allege bewitching his reputation
without presentation of the evidence on the alleged
SALN (Statement of Assets, Liabilities and
Network).
11.6 Acting not a legalist. Chief Justice
Renato Corona appears the Senate Impeachment
Court. The fact and matter of laws were ignored
during the narration he made before the Senator
Judges. In fact, Judge presiding officer President of
the Senate Juan Ponce Enrile approach the
deliberation proceedings liberally without looking
the technically of the law. This liberal approach
made by the Senate Impeachment Court trap
Renato Corona to open-up like a layman before the
court of law.

57
Renato Corona is the Chief Justice of
Philippine Supreme Court as the Philippine Senate
Court of Impeachment treated him during the
deliberation. So it has been seen that the respect
given to the Chief Justice not in personam
because the respect given by the Senate was
granted to him in the name of the institution of the
Philippine Supreme Court. The separate and
distinct power was totally observe during the
litigation without abuse of the corresponding
authority. No host of the house abuse the said
authority and no hostess were abuse too.

58
Chapter 9
THE POLITICS and GOVERNANCE on the
NATIONAL ECONOMY and PATRIMONY of the NATION
Patrimony, as understood in its ordinary sense, simply means
heritage or inheritance. "National patrimony" from the decision of
the Philippine Supreme Court in the case of Manila Prince Hotel
Corporation v. Government Service Insurance System, et. al. In
that decision, the High Tribunal declared that, it refers not only to
the natural resources of the Philippines, xxx but also, the cultural
heritage of the Filipinos. Basically comprises two components,
namely, natural resources and cultural heritage (human and
physical). Such conceptualization may perhaps be expanded to
include everything else that through time has become identified
with the Filipino people as reflecting their customs, traditions,
values, beliefs, sentiments, idealism and aspirations.
1. Principles and Policy (6 principles and 22 state policies);
1.1. Historic right and legal title adopted pre-Philippines,
Spanish and American;
1.2. Expression of the sovereignty by military and
diplomacy.
2. 3. Concepts PG NEPN
4. Three-fold goals
5. Strategies
6. Guidelines
7. Promotion of industrialization and full-employment
8.Protection of Filipino
8.1. enterprises against unfair foreign competition and
trade Practice;
8.2. 60% Filipino and 40% foreign investors
9. Objectives of policy on natural resources
10. Alienation of agricultural lands of public domain
11. Exploration, development and utilization of natural resources
12. Period of agreement for exploration, and other

59
13. Protection of marine wealth
14. Small-scale utilization
15. Technical or financial assistance
16. Classification of lands of Public domain
17. Determination of size of landholdings
18. Mode for the acquisition of DAL
19. Meaning of franchise and utility
20. limiting the franchise and utilities
21. Adoption of Filipino first policy and the promotion of trade
policy
22. Promotion of national talent pool and encouragement of
appropriate technology

60
Chapter 10
SOCIAL JUSTICE, HUMAN RIGHTS
and ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
Article Xlll has a complete picture on social justice and human
rights with the environmental concern. Thus section l states that,
the Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of
measures that protect and enhance the right of all the people to
human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political inequalities,
and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and
political power for the common good. Labor, agrarian reform,
health, role of women and the sectoral organization in there claim
for a just and humane society.
1. As Individual (duty, obligation & responsibility)
1.1. Natural
1.2. Political
2. As Corporation (duty, obligation & responsibility)
2.1. juridical
2.2. SEC/CDA/Foundation
3. Social Justice (types/ kind)
3.1. Nature
3.2. Dfinition
3.3. Elments
3.4. Cause
3.5. Effects
4. Human Rights
4.1. Nature
4.2. Definition
4.3. Elements
4.4. Cause
4.5. Effects
5. Environmental Issues
5.1. Nature

62

61
a. Physical
1. Ecological, geological and geographical
b. human
1. Peace and development
2. Negotiation and conflict management
5.2. Devolution of duties, responsibilities and obligation
5.2.1. Centralization
5.2.2. Decentralization
5.3. Constitutional mandates
5.4. International awareness

Chapter 11
FOREIGN POLICY
and the
PHILIPPINE EXPERIENCE
In the governance of the Philippine government, the most
important provisions of the 1987 Philippine Constitution whose
framework pursue the Philippine foreign policy to wit:
Article II, Section 2: "The Philippines renounces war as an
instrument of national policy, adopts the generally accepted
principles of international law as part of the law of the land and
adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice."
Article II, Section 7: "The State shall pursue an independent
foreign policy. In its relations with other states the paramount
consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity,
national interest, and the right to self-determination."
Thus, this constitutional provision conceived the Republic Act
No. 7157, otherwise known as "Philippine Foreign Service Act of
1991", gives mandate to the Department of Foreign Affairs to
implement the three (3) pillars of the Philippine Foreign Policy, as
follows:
1. Preservation and enhancement of national security;
2. Promotion and attainment of economic security;
3. Protection of the rights and promotion of the welfare and
interest of Filipinos overseas.
1. State as a political actor in International Relations
1.1. Security;
1.2. Welfare;
1.3. Autonomy;
1.4. Status and Prestige;

63
2. Course of Action
2.1. Foreign policy as an extension of Domestic policy;
2.2. Feature of foreign policy:
2.2.1. Rationalist;
2.2.2. Positivist;
2.2.3. Realist;
2.2.4. Humanist
2.2.5. Concern both Input Process-Output;
2.3. Factors affecting
2.3.1. Internal;
2.3.2. External;
2.3.3. Domestic;
2.3.4. National; and
2.3.5. International
3. Goals
3.1. People;
3.2. Constitutional;
3.3. Colonial;
4. Guidelines
5. Kinds of Agreements
6. The BIMP-EAGA and APEC
7. The UNO
8. Diplomacy and International Relations
8.1 Role of the Ambassador
8.1. Ambassador
8.2. Consul
8.3. charg d affaires
8.4. Plenipotentiary
9. Contemporary approaches
9.1. Business and Sports
9.2. Needs, wants and services
9.2.1. land, labor, capital, utility & services

64

Chapter 12
GOS, NGOS & INGOS
POLITICS GOVERNANCE
The structural-operational denition states that NGOs & INGOs
are self-governing, private, not-for-prot organizations that are
geared to improving the quality of life for disadvantaged people.
1. Interest Groups
Any association of individuals or organizations, usually formally
organized, that, on the basis of one or more shared concerns,
attempts to influence public policy in its favor. All interest shares
a desire to affect government policy to benefit themselves or their
causes. Their goal could be a policy that exclusively benefits
group members or one segment of society (e.g., government
subsidies for farmers) or a policy that advances a broader public
purpose (e.g., improving air quality; environmental; gender
sensitivity; sustainability, water & food security). They attempt to
achieve their goals by lobbying that is, by attempting to bring
pressure to bear on policy makers to gain policy outcomes in their
favor. Meaning, they can be considered as a political pressure or
forces that can make politics political. E.g. legitimate group that
are recognized by Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) or
to the Cooperative Development Authority (CDA).
These are pressure groups that make democracy dynamic.
1.1. Domestic Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
a. needs and services on the ground level;
b. reconstructions dictated by the beneficiaries;
1.2. National NGOs
a. needs and services dictated by at large;
b. reconstructions that benefit to the national needs;
1.3. Multidimensional NGOs
a. needs and services that would cater diverse

65
society;
b. reconstructions that meets diverse interest.
2. Theory of NGOs Development & reconstructions
2.1. SocialSocial theories are frameworks of empirical
evidence used to study and interpret social phenomena. A tool
used by social scientists, social theories relate to historical debates
over the most valid and reliable methodologies (e.g. positivism
and anti-positivism), as well as the primacy of either structure or
agency
2.2. EconomicEconomic Theory is a peer-reviewed
academic journal that focuses on theoretical economics,
particularly social choice, general equilibrium theory, and
game theory.
2.3. PoliticalPolitical theory is the study of the concepts
and principles that people use to describe, explain, and
evaluate political events and institutions.
2.4. Encyclical it is the theory that holds on the beliefs
that everything originates from God and nothing belongs to man.
3. Historical Development & reconstructions
3.1. Intensifying unrest
3.2. Assassination and Revolution
3.3. Repression and cooperation
3.4. NGOs in Phil Politics
3.5. Building Peace: Bases of Democratic Principles
3.6. Constitutional landmark
3.7. Contemporary Immediate Concern
3.8. Immediate responses
3.9. Risk Reduction and Preparedness
3.10. Environment and Environmental Concern
3.11. Globalization and Universalization
3.12. Diplomatic Dialogue and the United Nation
3.13. Transparency, Accountability and Integration