Biographic

Mohammad Ayub Khan was born on May 14, 1907, in Rehana, Hazara, India.
After the partition, he was made commander-in-chief of the army of Pakistan.
When President Mirza abrogated the constitution, Ayub had himself declared
president and introduced a system of basic democracies. He was confirmed
as president and reelected in 1965. Political turmoil caused Ayub to resign in
1969. He died on April 19, 1974, in Islamabad, Pakistan.

Education
For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which
was about four miles from his village and used to go to school on a mule's
back. Later he was moved to a school in Haripur, where he started living
with his grandmother. He enrolled at AligarhMuslim University in 1922
______________________________________________
Military career
After studying at Algarh Muslim University, in Uttar Pradesh, India, and at
the British Royal Military College, at Sandhurst, Ayub Khan was
commissioned an officer in the Indian army (1928). In World War II he was
second-in-command of a regiment in Burma (Myanmar) and commanded a
battalion in India. After the 1947 partition of British India he was rapidly
promoted in the army of the new Muslim state of Pakistan: He was appointed as
the first native Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army in 1951 by the then-Prime Minister Liaquat
Ali Khan,.

Although Ayub Khan's military career was not particularly

brilliant and although he had not previously held a combat
command, he was promoted over several senior officers with
distinguished careers. Ayub Khan probably was selected because
of his reputation as an able administrator, his presumed lack of
political ambition, and his lack of powerful group backing. Coming
from a humble family of an obscure Pakhtun tribe, Ayub Khan

also lacked affiliation with major internal power blocks and was,
therefore, acceptable to all elements.
Within a short time of his promotion, however, Ayub Khan had
become a powerful political figure. Perhaps more than any other
Pakistani, Ayub Khan was responsible for seeking and securing
military and economic assistance from the United States and for
aligning Pakistan with it in international affairs. As army
commander in chief and for a time as minister of defense in 1954,
Ayub Khan was empowered to veto virtually any government
policy that he felt was inimical to the interests of the armed forces.

, Ayub deposed Mirza on 27 October in a bloodless coup, after Mirza tried

to undercut Ayub's authority by coopting military officers. The Army sent
Mirza into exile in England.
In 1960, he held an indirect referendum of his term in power.Do you have confidence in the
President, Field Marshal Mohammed Ayub Khan?" Winning 95.6% of the vote,
____________________________________________________________

1962 constitution
Ayub moved to have a constitution created, and this was completed in 1961. A fairly secular person
by nature, Ayub Khan's constitution reflected his personal views of politicians and the use of religion
in politics.
In 1962, he pushed through a new constitution that while it did give due respect to Islam

Economic policy[edit]
His economical policies were based on the model of capitalism and followed the Free-market
economics principles, he "Great Decade" was celebrated, which highlighted the development plans
executed during the years of Ayub's rule, the private consortium companies, industries and credited
with creating an environment where the private sector was encouraged to establish medium and

small-scale industries in Pakistan.[26] This opened up avenues for new job opportunities and thus the
economic graph of the country started rising

23 November '62: President Ayub inaugurates first oil refinery of Pakistan

at Karachi \
7 June '62: Pakistan launches its first space satellite "Rahber-e-Awwal"
from Sonmiani, Balochistan
.. And indeed, manufacturing growth in Pakistan during his time was 8.51%, far

outpacing any other time in Pakistani history.

Military and Domestic Affairs[edit]

Khan's domestic policies had heavy impact on Pakistan Armed Forces, and initially reduced the
funding of military forces.
The Prime minister established the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and launched the
effectivenuclear deterrence under the auspices of Dr. Nazir Ahmad, an experimental physicist. In

The turning point in his reign was the Indo-Pak War of 1965 which ended in a settlement reached by Ayub
at Tashkent, called the Tashkent Declaration

_____ The whole nation felt deceived at this act of Ayub Khan; even his right hand and foreign minister
of that time, Zulfiqar Bhutto, resigned from his post and took up the opposition against Ayub. The war had
its repercussions on the domestic politics of the country. Two powers emerged as a result of this incident
i.e. Z.A.Bhutto in West-Pakistan and Mujeeb-ur-Rehmans opposition in East Pakistan where the Awami
League sought more autonomy for the In 1969,
Ayub opened negotiations with different political powers excluding Bhashani and Bhutto. But under
severe pressure of the agitating forces, Ayub handed over control of Pakistan to Commander-in- Chief
General Yahya Khan, who was the Presidents most loyal lieutenant and was promoted on behalf of his
loyality to the president by over ruling the set rules of promotion.
Ayub Khan was in West Pakistan at the time of war of 1971 and was willing to fight along the armed
forces of Pakistan but he could not do so on behalf of his poor health. He died in 1974.
province.____________________________________________________

Early years and personal life:

Ayub Khan was born on May

14, 1907, in HaripurBritish India, in the village of Rehana near the Haripur
District of North-West Frontier Province. He was a Pashtun Pathan of
the Tareen tribe. He was the first child of the second wife of Mir Dad Khan
Tareen, who was a Risaldar-Major (the senior most non-commissioned rank)
in Hodson's Horse, a cavalry regiment of the pre-independence Indian Army.
For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which was
about four miles from his village and used to go to school on a mule's back.
Later he was moved to a school in Haripur, where he started living with his
grandmother. He enrolled at Aligarh Muslim University in 1922, but did not
complete his studies there, as he was accepted into the Royal Military
Academy Sandhurst.
Khans son Gohar Ayub Khan was Pakistans Foreign Minister in the
Nawaz Sharif government. Gohars son and Ayubs grandson Omar Ayub
Khan was Pakistans Minister of State for Finance. Gohar Ayub Khan and
Omar Ayub Khan are politicians of Hazara.

Military career:

Ayub Khan did well at Sandhurst and was given an officer's

commission in the British Indian Army on 2 February, 1928 and then joined
the 1st Battalion of the 14th Punjab Regiment Sherdils, later known as
5th Punjab Regiment. During World War II, he served as a captain and later
as amajor on the Burma front. Following the war, he joined the
fledgling Pakistani Army as the 10th ranking senior officer (his Pakistan
Army number was 10. He was promoted to Brigadier and commanded
a brigade in Waziristan and then in 1948 was sent with the local rank
of Major Generalto East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh as General
Officer Commanding of 14th Infantry division responsible for the whole East
Wing of Pakistan, for which non-combatant service he was awarded the
Hilal-i-Jurat. He returned to West Pakistan in November 1949 as Adjutant
General of the Army and then was briefly Deputy Commander-in-Chief.

Chief of Army Staff:

Ayub Khan was made Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army on

January 17, 1951, succeeding General Sir Douglas Gracey, thus becoming
the first native Pakistani general to hold that position. Therefore, he
superseded two of his seniors, Maj Gen Muhammad Akbar Khan and Maj
Gen N.A.M. Raza. Ayub Khan was promoted to C-in-C only due to the
death of Maj Gen Iftikhar Khan, who was nominated as the first native C-inC, but unfortunately died in an air-crash enroot to his C-in-C training in the
UK. Iskandar Mirza, Secretary of Defence, was instrumental in Ayub's
promotion, commencing a relationship in which Mirza became Governor
General of the Dominion of Pakistan and later President of Pakistan, when
it became a republic on March 23, 1956. The events surrounding
his appointment set the precedent for a Pakistani general being promoted
out of turn, ostensibly because he was the least ambitious of the Generals
and the most loyal. It was only 3 months before the end of his tenure
as Commander-in-Chief that Ayub Khan deposed his mentor, Iskandar
Mirza, Pakistan's President, in a military coup, after Mirza had
declared Martial Law and made Ayub Martial Law commander..

Defence Minister:
He would later go on to serve in the second
cabinet (1954) of Muhammad Ali Bogra as Defence Minister, and
when Iskander Mirza declared martial law on October 7, 1958, Ayub Khan
was made its chief martial law administrator. Both Nawab Amir Mohammad
Khan and Sandhurst trained General Wajid Ali Khan Burki were
instrumental in Ayub Khan's Rise to power, until today the three families
retain adjoining houses in Islamabad. This would be the first of many

instances in the history of Pakistan of the military becoming directly

involved in politics.

Martial Law administrator:

On October 7, 1958, President
Iskander Mirza abrogated the Constitution and declared Martial Law in the
country. This was the first of many military regimes to mar Pakistan's
history.
With
this
step,
the
Constitution
of
1956
was
abrogated, ministers were dismissed, Central and Provincial Assemblies
were dissolved and all political activities were banned.
General Muhammad Ayub Khan, the then Commander-in-Chief of the
armed forces, became the Chief Martial Law Administrator. The
parliamentary system in Pakistan came to end.

Ayub khan as a martial law administrator:

He removed
the post of governor general and announced the new post as president of
Pakistan.

President of Pakistan:
Within three weeks of assuming charge on
October 27, 1958, General Ayub khan forced Sikander mirza to resign with
the post of Governor General and then he became the first president of
Pakistan.

Ayub Kahns Initial Reforms:

Ayub khan used his authority and made some reforms in the country.
1: He Improved law and order.
2: He made new capital of Pakistan (Islamabad).
3: He made Price control list.
4: He took steps to eradicate the smuggling.
5: He asked to return black money.

Ayubs Land reforms:

Ayub khan announced Land reforms: "no
person to hold more than 500 acres of irrigated or 1000 acres of
unirrigated, with minor exceptions relating to existing land-owners, and the
land thus released would be distributed to tenants and other deserving
claimants; landlords would be paid compensations for resumed land in the
form of heritable and transferable 4 per cent bonds, redeemable in twentyfive years, on a fixed scale according to the number of unit owned; existing
tenants on such land would be given the opportunity to buy it on
installments spread over twenty-five years, and special consideration would
be given to tenants in congested areas. All tenants would have security of
tenure: compensation would be paid for legal ejectment and an embargo
placed on rent increases and illegal exactions in the shape of fees, free
labor or services. The division of holdings below an economic level would
be forbidden and provision made for the compulsory consolidation of
already fragmented holdings"

Ayubs industrial reforms:

Ayub Khan's era is known for the
industrialization in the country. He created an environment where the
private sector was encouraged to establish medium and small-scale
industries in Pakistan. This opened up avenues for new job
opportunities and thus the economic graph of the country started rising.

Ayubs Educational reforms:

Ayub Khan tried to raise the
education standards of the country by introducing educational reforms. He
was the first Pakistani ruler who attempted to bring in land reforms but the
idea was not implemented properly.
He banned student unions, he offers to build many technical, agricultural
and commercial schools.
He made scholarship programs for students, he made student laws.
He established training centers for teachers.etc

Ayub established Family Laws:

Ayub Khan introduced the
Muslim Family Laws through an Ordinance on March 2, 1961 under which
unmitigated polygamy was abolished, consent of the current wife was
made mandatory for a second marriage, and brakes were also placed on
the practice of instant divorce where men would divorce women by saying
"I divorce you" three times. The Arbitration Councils set up under the law in
the urban and rural areas were to deal with cases of
(a) Grant of sanction to a person to contract a second marriage during the
subsistence of a marriage.

(b) Reconciliation of a dispute between a husband and a wife.

(c) Grant maintenance to the wife and children.

Ayubs new political structural reforms:

P.O.D.O & E.B.D.O :
In March 1959, the Martial Law administration
published the Public Offices (Disqualification) Order (PODO) patterned
after the now defunctand often misusedPRODA law that provided for
public office holders found guilty by a two-person tribunal to be disqualified
from holding public office for up to fifteen years. Realizing that PODO
deliberations can be lengthy and does not include people who were
members of legislaturesonly those who held public officeanother order,
the Elective Bodies (Disqualification) Order (EBDO) was created. Three
tribunals were created to inquire into allegations of misconduct as referred
to them by the government. Unlike PODO, the person appearing before the
EBDO tribunal was not afforded the assistance of counsel and was
required to appear personally. The purpose of EBDO clearly was a
summary cleansing of the countrys political landscape of all those against
whom even a slightest charge of misconduct could be investigated.
Persons convicted o EBDO investigation were required to retire from public
life until 31st December 1966 and make good any loss to the national
exchequer that their actions might have caused. A relaxation in the EBDO
proceedings was that it allowed for the possibility of voluntary retirement
(until 31st December 1966) in which case the inquiry against the public
official was to be dropped.
While definite figures do not exist, In 1960, in East Pakistan alone, as many
as 3000 people seemed to have faced this regulation (perhaps 6000 or
more overall)majority of whom either opted to retire or were disqualified
(i.e. EBDO-ed). Evidence suggests that majority of the people simply chose
to retire rather than face the difficult questions of an EBDO tribunal. Thus,
in a fairly systematic and complete fashion, the Martial Law administration
cleared the political field for any likely opposition to the Presidents future
ambitions.

Ayubs basic democracy system (B,D system):

On the eve
of the first anniversary of the "Revolution," President Ayub Khan has
promulgated an ordinance for setting up "basic democracies," or small units
of local self-government in the country. There will be around 120000 such
units, each representing from 1000 to 15000 citizens. "Democracy has
brought to the very doorstep of the people," claims President Ayub in his
speech today,
"making it possible for them to know its real meaning in terms of managing
and developing their village or mohalla as they would manage and develop
their own home or family. Indeed for the first time in the history of Pakistan,
our people will be able to elect as their representatives men and women
whom they know from personal knowledge to be good, honest and
competent."
The military regime was not shown any inclination of lifting ban from the
political parties, and the elections for the basic democracies were held on a
non-party basis.

Indus Water treaty:

After Independence, problems between the two countries arose over

the distribution of water. Rivers flow into Pakistan territory from across
India. In 1947, when Punjab was divided between the two countries, many
of the canal head-works remained with India. The division of Punjab thus
created major problems for irrigation in Pakistan.
On April 1, 1948, India stopped the supply of water to Pakistan from every
canal flowing from India to Pakistan. Pakistan protested and India finally
agreed on an interim agreement on May 4, 1948. This agreement was not

a permanent solution; therefore, Pakistan approached the World Bank in

1952 to help settle the problem permanently. Negotiations were carried out
between the two countries through the offices of the World Bank. It was
finally in Ayub Khan's regime that an agreement was signed between India
and Pakistan in September 1960. This agreement is known as the Indus
Water Treaty.
This treaty divided the use of rivers and canals between the two countries.
Pakistan obtained exclusive rights for the three western rivers, namely
Indus, Jhelum and Chenab. And India retained rights to the three eastern
rivers, namely Ravi, Beas and Sutluj. The treaty also guaranteed ten years
of uninterrupted water supply. During this period Pakistan was to build huge
dams, financed partly by long-term World Bank loans and compensation
money from India. Three multipurpose dams, Warsak, Mangla and Tarbela
were built. A system of eight link canals was also built, and the remodeling
of existing canals was carried out. Five barrages and a gated siphon were
also constructed under this treaty.

Presidential election and restoration of

democracy (1960):
1960s Presidential Elections were held on the simple formula of
referendum, 95.6% of all BD members have said yes to the question: Do
you have confidence in President Field Marshall Muhammad Ayub Khan,
Hilal-e-Pakistan, Hilal-e-Jurat?
The victory has also provided Ayub Khan the authority to
proceed with the framing of constitution for the country.
Ayub Khan takes oath as the 1st "elected" President of Pakistan.

Pakistani space program:

President Ayub Khan, who was
very close to Dr. Abdus Salam, established Pakistan's National Space
Agency, Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)
on September 16, 1961. Ayub Khan also appointed Dr. Abdus Salam as its
head. It was Ayub Khan's administration when National Aeronautics and

Space Administrationbegan training of Pakistani scientists and engineers in

the NASA's headquarters. President Ayub Khan was eager to make
Pakistan as space power, that is why he appointed a noted aeronautical
engineer and military scientist, Air Mar. Gen. W. J. M. Turowicz as
Pakistan's Rocket Program head. Gen. W. J. M. Turowicz efforts led
Pakistan to developed ballistic missiles series by its own in the future.
General W. J. M. Turowicz had led a series of Rehbar Sounding Rockets
fired from Pakistani soil. However, after Ayub Khan's removal from office
the Space program was frozen for more than 2 decades.

Development of Constitution of 1962:

With the aim of
investigating the reasons of failure of the parliamentary system in Pakistan,
and to make recommendations for a new constitution, Ayub Khan
appointed a Constitution Commission under the supervision of Justice
Shahab-ud-din. After a number of considerations, the Commission
submitted its report on May 6, 1961. Ayub Khan was not satisfied with the
report and had it processed through various committees. As a result the
Constitution, which was promulgated on March 1, and enforced on June 8,
1962, was entirely different from the one recommended by the Shahab-uddin Commission.
The Constitution of 1962 consisted of 250 Articles, which were divided into
12 Parts and three Schedules. It advocated presidential form of
government with absolute powers vested in the President. The President
was to be a Muslim not less than 35 years of age. The term of the
President was for five years and nobody could hold the post for more than
two consecutive terms. The President was the head of the state as well as
the head of the Government. The President had the power to appoint
Provincial Governors, Federal Ministers, Advocate General, Auditor
General and Chairmen and Members of various administrative
commissions. As the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of
Pakistan, the appointment of the chiefs of the forces was also his duty.
The Constitution of 1962 provided for a unicameral legislature. The
National Assembly was to consist of 156 members, including six women.
The Eighth Amendment later increased this number to 218. Principle of
parity was retained and seats were distributed equally between the two

wings of the country. Principle of Basic Democracy was introduced for the
first time in the country and the system of indirect elections was presented.
Only 80,000 Basic Democrats were given the right to vote in the
presidential elections. The Eighth Amendment later increased this number
to 120,000. Half of them were to be from the Eastern Wing, the rest from
the Western Wing of the country.
According to the Constitution of 1962, the Executive was not separated
from the Legislature. The President exercised veto power in the legislative
affairs and could even veto a bill passed by the National Assembly with a
two-third majority. He had the power to issue ordinances when the
Assembly was not in session. The ordinance needed the approval of the
National Assembly within 48 days of its first meeting or 108 days after its
promulgation. However, if the President enforced emergency in the country,
which according to the constitution was within his jurisdictions, then the
ordinances needed no approval from the legislative body.
The President had the power to dissolve the National Assembly. Federal
form of government was introduced in the country with most of the powers
reserved for the Central Government. There was a federal list of subjects
over which the provinces had no jurisdiction. Principle of One Unit for West
Pakistan was maintained and the number of seats for Punjab was curtailed
to 40 percent in the Western Wing for the initial five years. Provincial
Governors were to enjoy the same position in the provinces, which the
President was to enjoy in the center.
Islamic clauses were included in the Constitution. These could not be
challenged in any court of law. The state was named the Republic of
Pakistan, but the first amendment added the word "Islamic" to the name.
The word "Islam" and not "Quran and Sunnah" was used in the Islamic
clauses to give a liberal touch to the Constitution. The Advisory Council of
Islamic Ideology was introduced whose job was to recommend to the
government ways and means to enable Muslims to live their lives according
to the teachings of Islam.
The Constitution of 1962 was a written Constitution upholding the
fundamental rights of the citizens. Under the Constitution, the Judiciary had
little independence and the appointment of the Chief Justices and Judges
of the Supreme and High Courts was in the hands of the President. The
President also had the power to remove a judge after an inquiry on
misconduct or on the basis of mental or physical illness.

Both Urdu and Bengali were made the national languages of Pakistan and
English was declared as the official language of the country for the first ten
years. The Constitution was flexible in nature and could be amended by a
two-third majority in the National Assembly and with the approval of the
President. In its short life of seven years, eight amendments were made in
the Constitution.
When Ayub Khan handed over power to Yahya Khan, Martial Law was
enforced in the country and the Constitution was terminated on March 25,
1969.

Second Presidential election (1965) against

Fatima Jinnah:
In 1964, Ayub confident in his apparent popularity and seeing
deep divisions within the political opposition, called for Presidential
elections.
He was however taken by surprise when despite a brief disagreement
between the five main opposition parties ( a preference for a former close
associate of Ayub Khan General Azam Khan as candidate was dropped),
the joint opposition agreed on supporting the respected and popularFatima
Jinnah, the sister of the founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Despite Jinnah's considerable popularity and public disaffection with Ayub's
government, Ayub won with 64% of the vote in a bitterly contested election
on January 2, 1965. The election did not conform to international standards
and journalists. It is widely held, as subsequent historians and analysts
almost uniformly say, that the elections were rigged in favor of Ayub Khan.

Indo-Pak War 1965:

At 3:00 AM on September 6, 1965, without a
formal declaration of war, Indians crossed the international border of West

Pakistan and launched a three-pronged offensive against Lahore, Sialkot

and Rajasthan. There was a fierce tank battle on the plains of Punjab. The
domestic Indo-Pak conflict transformed into an international conflict and
raised Super Power concerns.
The U. S. suspended military supplies to both sides during the Indo-Pak
War. Both the Soviet Union and the United States took a united stand to
curtail the conflict within the boundaries of the Sub-continent from
escalating into a global conflict. China threatened to intervene and offered
military support to Pakistan. It was to keep China away from this conflict
that both the Soviet Union and the United States pressured the U. N. to
arrange for an immediate ceasefire. The main diplomatic effort to stop the
fighting was conducted under the auspices of the United Nations and a
ceasefire came into effect on September 23, 1965.
The Soviet Union, which had remained neutral while India and Pakistan
were at war, played broker at Tashkent afterwards. A Soviet Government
communique formally announced on December 8 that the Indian Prime
Minister Shastri and the Pakistani President Ayub would meet at Tashkent
on January 4, 1966.
The Tashkent Conference lasted from January 4 to January 10. The Soviet
Premier Kosygin earned praise as a peacemaker. The main achievement of
the Conference was to withdraw, no later than February 25, 1966, all armed
personnel to the position held before August 5, 1964.

Historical address of Ayub khan (6 sep 1965):

"My
dear countrymen, in this hour of trial you have to remain absolutely calm.
You must know that each one of you has to perform a supreme duty which
demands complete dedication and devotion Be prepared to strike and to
strike hard; for the evil which has raised its head against your borders is
doomed to destruction. Go forward and meet the enemy. God is with you..."

Tashqand treaty:

The Soviet Union, which had remained neutral when India and
Pakistan went to war in September 1965, played the broker afterwards at
Tashkent. A Soviet Government communiqu formally announced on
December 8 that the Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and the
Pakistani President Muhammad Ayub Khan would meet at Tashkent on
January 4, 1966. The Tashkent Conference lasted from January 4 to
January 10. Largely as due to the efforts of Soviet Premier Kosygin, India
and Pakistan signed a declaration that is known as the Tashkent
Declaration.

The significant clauses of this agreement were:

1. The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan agree to make all efforts to
good relations between India and Pakistan in accordance with the United Nations Chart
affirm to renounce the use of force in the settlement of their disputes.

2. The President of Pakistan and the Indian Prime Minister agree to withdraw, no later th
February 25, 1966, all armed personnel to the position held before August 5, 1964.

3. Both India and Pakistan agree to follow the principle of non-interference in their affairs
discourage the use of any propaganda against each other.

4. Both the countries also agree to reopen normal diplomatic functioning and to return o
Commissioners of both the countries to their posts.

5. Measures towards the restoration of economic and trade relations, communications, a

cultural exchanges between the two countries were to be taken. Measures were to be ta
implement the existing agreements between Pakistan and India.
6. Prisoners of war would be repatriated.
7. Discussions would continue relating to the problem of refugees and eviction of illegal
Both sides will create conditions that will prevent the exodus of the people.

Decline of Ayub:
News of the Tashkent Declaration shocked the
people who were expecting something quite different. Things further
worsened as Ayub Khan refused to comment and went into seclusion
instead of taking the people into confidence over the reasons for signing
the agreement. Demonstrations and rioting erupted at various places
throughout the country.
It was the difference over Tashkent Declaration, which eventually led to the
removal of Z. A. Bhutto from Ayub's government, who later on launched his
own party, called the Pakistan People's Party.
Despite the fact that Ayub Khan was able to satisfy the misgiving of the
people, there is no doubt that the Tashkent Declaration greatly damaged
the image of Ayub Khan, and became one of the many factors that led to
his downfall.

Foreign Policy:

As President, Ayub Khan allied Pakistan with the global U.S. military
alliance against theSoviet Union. This in turn led to major economic aid
from the U.S. and European nations, and the industrial sector of Pakistan
grew very rapidly, improving the economy, but the consequences of
cartelization included increased inequality in the distribution of wealth. It
was
under
Ayub
Khan
that
the
capital
was
moved
from Karachi to Rawalpindi, in anticipation of the construction of a new
capital: Islamabad. In 1960, Khan's government signed the Indus Waters

Treaty with archrival Indiato resolve disputes regarding the sharing of the
waters of the six rivers in the Punjab Dobb that flow between the two
countries. Khan's administration also built a major network of irrigation
canals, high-water dams and thermal and hydroelectric power stations.
Despite the Indus Waters Treaty, Ayub maintained icy relations with India.
He established close political and military ties with Communist China,
exploiting its differences with Soviet Russia and its 1962 war with India. To
this day, China remains a strong economic, political and military ally of
Pakistan.

Criticisms against Ayub Khan:

Government
corruption
and nepotism, in addition to an environment of repression of free speech
and political freedoms increased unrest. Criticisms of his sons and family's
personal wealth increased especially his son's actions after his father's
election in the allegedly rigged 1965 Presidential elections against Fatima
Jinnah is a subject of criticism by many writers. Gohar Ayub, it is said led a
victory parade right into the heartland of Opposition territory in Karachi, in a
blatantly provocative move and the civil administrations failure to stop the
rally led to a fierce clashes between opposing groups with many locals
being killed. Gohar Ayub also faced criticisms during that time on questions
of family corruption and cronyism through his business links with his fatherin-law retired Lt. General Habibullah Khan Khattak. One Western
commentator in 1969 estimated Gohar Ayub's personal wealth at the time
at $4 million dollars, while his family's wealth was put in the range of $10
$20 million dollars.
Ayub began to lose both power and popularity. On one occasion, while
visiting East Pakistan, there was a failed attempt to assassinate him,
though this was not reported in the press of the day.
Ayub was persuaded by underlings to award himself the Nishan-ePakistan, Pakistan's highest civil award, on the grounds that to award it to
other heads of state he should have it himself and also promoted himself to
the rank of Field Marshal. He was to be Pakistan's second Field Marshal, if

the first is regarded as Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck (18841981),

supreme commander of military forces in India and Pakistan in the lead-up
to independence in 1947.
Aggravating an already bad situation, with increasing economic disparity in
the country under his rule, hoarding and manipulation by major sugar
manufacturers resulted in the controlled price of 1 kg sugar to be increased
by 1 rupee and the whole population took to the streets. As Ayub's
popularity plummeted, he decided to give up rule.
In 1971 when war broke out, Ayub Khan was in West Pakistan and did not
comment on the events of the war. He died in 1974.

Conclusion:
The characteristics of Ayubs era discussed above show
some successful decisions and some not so successful decisions of Ayub.
In my opinion Ayub was a man of great determination but the he was
lacking the quality of listening to others. He always did what he thought
better in the light of his own experience.
His regime can be characterized with some developments but he couldnt
maintain the national harmony among the distant provinces of Pakistan, i.e.
East Pakistan and West Pakistan.