July/August 2011

saudiaramcoworld.com

Thomas

Jef fersons

Q U RA N

Thomas Jeffersons
s
Quran
Written by Sebastian R. Prange
Photographed by Aasil Ahmad

saudiaramcoworld.com
While he was a law student, Thomas Jefferson
bought a newly published English rendition of
the Quran. What can that purchase tell us aboutt
him? About his politics, as an ambassador and
as third president of the US? Or about the
legacy of religious freedom and pluralism that
he left to his country?

July/August 2011
Published Bimonthly

July/August 2011
saudiaramcoworld.com

Thomas
Jef fersons

Q U RA N

Vol. 62, No. 4

Printed in London in 1764,

George Sales English-language
interpretation of the Quran
stood among the best in English
for 150 years. Thomas Jefferson
appears to have bought his copy
in 1765 to further his studies
in comparative law. Photo by
Aasil Ahmad.

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In the Shade of the Royal Umbrella

Written by Stewart Gordon

Call an umbrella plain, prosaic or merely practical, but, to a historian, it opens up to reveal
a colorful and powerful past: Invented at least four times over more than 3000 years in
places as different as Africa and Japan, umbrellas wereuntil very recentlyreserved for
royalty and religious gures.

Back Cover
A Mumbai embroiderer is eclipsed
by his handiwork: a sheer, delicately
ornamented ghagra, or multi-paneled
wedding skirt, glistening with
glass and crystal beads. Photo by
David H. Wells.

Spine of the
Silk Roads
Written by
Andrew F. Lawler
Photographed by
Tom Schutyser

Saudi Aramco, the oil company born as an international

enterprise more than seventy-ve years ago, distributes
Saudi Aramco World to increase cross-cultural understanding. The magazines goal is to broaden knowledge
of the cultures, history and geography of the Arab and
Muslim worlds and their connections with the West.
Saudi Aramco World is distributed without charge, upon
request, to a limited number of interested readers.

Like todays airports with

their restaurants, hotels
and shopping malls,
caravanserais and khans
were once where business
happened, along every
highway and in every city,
for more than 1000 years.
Some of the best of the
few that remain are in
Lebanon and Syria.

16

24
Mughal Maal
Written by Louis Werner
Photographed by David H. Wells
Embroidery has been a rened art
in India since even before the
extravagance of the Mughal era,
and todays embroiderers are
stitching newly eclectic, dazzling
designs and ornaments called maal
into neo-traditional fashions with
appeal that reaches beyond Delhi
to the runways of Paris, New York
and London.

2, RIGHT: SEBASTIAN R. PRANGE; 8: PRIYANSHU SINGH / ALAMY

Listening for Al-Andalus

Written by Kay Hardy Campbell
Photographed by Tor Eigeland

34

Born in Madrid, Eduardo Paniagua is perhaps best

described as a musical archeologist. He is both a
performer of early music and the founder of Pneuma, a
recording label that is seeking out lost soundsand
producing a few new onesfrom one of the worlds
most inuential musical cultures.

42
One Card
at a Time
Written by Piney Kesting
Photographed by Aasil Ahmad
Making cards is my small effort,
says 15-year-old Saanya Hasan Ali,
who has turned a basement full
of craft supplies into $26,000 for
education and disaster reliefand
into inspiration for young people to
grow into something beyond
your expectations.

44 Classroom Guide

Written by Julie Weiss

46 Events & Exhibitions

Thomas Jef fersons

Q

U RA N

Written by Sebastian R. Prange

Photographed by Aasil Ahmad

Saudi Aramco World

BLAINE HARRINGTON III / CORBIS

Facing the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. stands the Jefferson Building, the main
building of the Library of Congress, the worlds largest library, with holdings of more than
140 million books and other printed items. The stately building, with its neoclassical exterior,
copper-plated dome and marble halls, is named after Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding
fathers of the United States, principal author of the 1776 Declaration of Independence and,
from 1801 to 1809, the third president of
the young republic. But the name also
recognizes Jeffersons role as a founder
of the Library itself. As president, he
enshrined the institution in law and, in
1814, after a re set by British troops during the Anglo-American War destroyed
the Librarys 3000-volume collection, he
offered all or part of his own wide-ranging

book collection as a replacement for the

losses, commenting that there is in fact no
subject to which a member of Congress
may not have occasion to refer.
Among the nearly 6500 books Jefferson sold to the Library was a two-volume
English translation of the Quran, the book
Muslims recite, study and revere as the
revealed word of God. (See Translation
or Interpretation?, page 6.) The presence
of this Quran, rst in Jeffersons private
library and later in the Library of Congress, prompts the questions why Jefferson purchased this book, what use he made
of it, and why he included it in his young
nations repository of knowledge.
These questions are all the more pertinent in light of assertions by some present-day commentators that Jefferson
purchased his Quran in the 1780s in
response to conict between the US and the
Barbary states of North Africatoday
Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. That
was a conict Jefferson followed closely
indeed, in 1786, he helped negotiate a treaty
with Morocco, the United States rst treaty
with a foreign power. Then, it was relations
with Algeria that were the most nettlesome,
as its ruler demanded the payment of tribute in return for ending semiofcial piracy
of American merchant shipping. Jefferson
staunchly opposed tribute payment. In
this context, such popular accounts claim,
Jefferson was studying the Quran to better
understand these adversaries, in keeping
with the adage know thy enemy. However,
when we look more closely at the place of
this copy of the Quran in Jeffersons
libraryand in his thinkingand when we examine the context of this
particular translation,
we see a different story.
History

rom his youth,

Thomas Jefferson read and collected a great number of
Ethics
books, and a wide variety of them: The collection he eventually sold to
Religious
the Library of Congress
comprised 6487 volumes,
ranging in subject from
classical philosophy to cooking. Like many
collectors of the time, Jefferson not only cataloged his books but also marked them. It is
his singular way of marking his books that
makes it possible to establish that, among
the millions of volumes in todays Library of
Congress, this one specic Quran did indeed
belong to him.

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In the 18th century, the production of

books was still an essentially manual process. By means of a hand press, large sheets
of paper were printed on both sides with
multiple pages before being folded. They
were folded once to produce four pages for
the folio size, twice to produce eight pages
for the quarto or four times to produce the
16-page octavo. These folded sheets, known
as gatherings, were then sewn together
along their inner edges before being attached
to the binding. To ensure that the bookbinders would stitch the gatherings together in
the correct sequence, each was marked with
a different letter of the alphabet on what,
after folding, would become that gatherings
rst page.
Thus, in an octavo volume like Jeffersons Quran, there is a small printed letter in

The initials T.J. were Thomas Jeffersons

device for marking his books: On this
page, the T. is the printers mark to help
the binder keep each 16-page gathering
in sequence, and the J. was added
personally by Jefferson.

yet unmistakable signature appears clearly

on the two leather-bound volumes in the
Library of Congress.
Jeffersons system of cataloging his library
sheds light on the place the Quran held in
his thinking. Jeffersons 44-category classication scheme was much informed by the
work of Francis Bacon (15611626), whose
professional trajectory from lawyer to statesman to philosopher roughly pregures Jeffersons own career. According to Bacon,
the human mind comprises three faculties:
memory, reason and imagination. This
trinity is reected in
Jeffersons library, which
he organized into hisJ e ff e r s on s Li b rary (selective representation)
tory, philosophy and ne
arts. Each of these contained subcategories:
Philosophy
Fine Arts
philosophy, for instance,
was divided into moral
Moral
Mathematical
and mathematical; continuing along the forJurisprudence
mer branch leads to
the subdivision of ethics and jurisprudence,
Municipal
Oeconomical
which itself was further segmented into the
categories of religious,
the bottom right-hand corner of every 16th
municipal and oeconomical.
page. It was Jeffersons habit to take advanJeffersons system for organizing his
tage of these preexisting marks to discreetly
library has often been described as a blueinscribe each of his books. On each books
print of his own mind. Jefferson kept his
10th gathering, in front of the printers mark
Quran in the section on religion, located
J he wrote a letter T, and on the 20th gatherbetween a book on the myths and gods of
ing, to the printed T he added a J, thereby in
antiquity and a copy of the Old Testament.
each case producing his initials. This subtle
It is illuminating to note that Jefferson

Jefferson organized his

own library, and he
shelved religious books,
including his English
version of the Quran,
with other works under
Jurisprudence, which
fell under Moral
Philosophy.

did not class religious works with books

on history or ethicsas might perhaps be
expectedbut that he regarded their proper
place to be within jurisprudence.
The story of Jeffersons purchase of the
Quran helps to explain this classication.
Sifting through the records of the Virginia
Gazette, through which Jefferson ordered
many of his books, the scholar Frank Dewey
discovered that Jefferson bought this copy of
the Quran around 1765, when he was still a
student of law at the College of William &
Mary in Virginia. This quickly refutes the
notion that Jeffersons interest in Islam came
in response to the Barbary threat to shipping.
Instead, it situates his interest in the Quran
in the context of his legal studiesa conclusion that is consistent with his shelving of it
in the section on jurisprudence.
Jeffersons legal interest in the Quran was
not without precedent. There is of course
the entire Islamic juridical tradition of religious law (Shariah) based on Quranic exegesis, but Jefferson had an example at hand that
was closer to his own tradition: The standard
work on comparative law during his time was
Of the Law of Nature and Nations, written by
the German scholar Samuel von Pufendorf
and rst published in 1672. As Dewey shows,
Jefferson studied Pufendorfs treatise intensively and, in his own legal writings, cited it
more frequently than any other text. Pufendorfs book contains numerous references
to Islam and to the Quran. Although many
of these were disparagingtypical for European works of the periodon other occasions
Pufendorf cited Quranic legal precedents
approvingly, including the Qurans emphasis on promoting moral behavior, its proscription of games of chance and its admonition
to make peace between warring countries.
As Kevin Hayes, another eminent Jefferson
scholar, writes: Wanting to broaden his legal

that characterize most European works on

Islam of this period. However, Sale did not
stoop to the kinds of affronts that tend to ll
the pages of earlier such attempts at translation. To the contrary, Sale felt himself obliged
to treat with common decency, and even to
approve such particulars as seemed to me to
deserve approbation. In keeping with this
commitment, Sale described the Prophet
studies as much as posof Islam as richly furnished with personal
sible, Jefferson found the
endowments, beautiful in person, of a subtle
Quran well worth his
wit, agreeable behaviour, shewing liberality
attention.
to the poor, courtesy to every one, fortitude
In his reading of the
against his enemies, and, above all, a high
Quran as a law book,
reverence for the name of God. This porJefferson was aided by a
trayal is markedly different from those of earrelatively new English
lier translators, whose primary motive was to
translation that was not
assert the superiority of Christianity.
only technically superior
In addition to the relative liberality of
to earlier attempts, but also produced with a
Sales approach, he also surpassed earlier
sensitivity that was not unlike Jeffersons own
writers in the quality of his translation. Previemerging attitudes. Entitled The Koran; comous English versions of the Quran were not
monly called the Alcoran of Mohammed, it was
based on the original Arabic, but rather on
prepared by the Englishman George Sale and
Latin or French versions, a process that laypublished in 1734 in
ered fresh mistakes
London. A second
upon the errors of
edition was printed
their sources. Sale,
We the General Assembly of
in 1764, and it was
by contrast, worked
Virginia do enact that no man
this edition that Jeffrom the Arabic
ferson bought. Like
text. It was not true,
shall be compelled to frequent or
Jefferson, Sale was a
as Voltaire claimed
support any religious worship,
lawyer, although his
in his famous Dicplace, or ministry whatsoever,
heart lay in oriental
tionnaire philosscholarship. In the
ophique of 1764,
nor shall be enforced, restrained,
preface to his transthat le savant Sale
molested, or burthened in his
lation, he lamented
had acquired his
body or goods, nor shall otherwise
that the work was
Arabic skills by
carried on at leisure
having lived for
suffer, on account of his religious
time only, and
25 years among
opinions or belief; but that all
amidst the necessary
Arabs; rather, Sale
men shall be free to profess, and
avocations of a troubhad learnt the lanlesome profession.
guage through his
by argument to maintain, their
This preface also
involvement in preopinions in matters of religion,
informed the reader
paring an Arabic
and that the same shall in no wise
of Sales motives:
translation of the
diminish, enlarge, or affect their
If the religious and
New Testament to
civil Institutions of
be used by Syrian
civil capacities.
foreign nations are
Christians, a projworth our knowlect that was under From the Virginia Statute for
edge, those of
written by the
Religious Freedom, ratied 1786;
Mohammed, the
Society for the Prodrafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1777
lawgiver of the Aramotion of Chrisbians, and founder of
tian Knowledge
an empire which in
in London. Studyless than a century spread itself over a greater
ing alongside Arab scholars who had come
part of the world than the Romans were ever
to London to assist in this work, he acquired
masters of, must needs be so. Like Pufendorf,
within a few years such good command of the
Sale stressed Muhammads role as a lawlanguage that he was able to serve as a proofgiver and the Quran as an example of a disreader of the Arabic text.
tinct legal tradition.
It is thus not so surprising that Sale
This is not to say that Sales translation is
turned from translating the holy text of
free of the kind of prejudices against Muslims Christians into Arabic to rendering the holy
July/August 2011

Translation or Interpretation?

text of Muslims into his

native English. Noting the
absence of a reliable English translation, he aimed
to provide a more genuine idea of the original.
Lest his readers be unduly
daunted, he justied his
choice of delity to the
original by stating that we
must not expect to read a
version of so extraordinary
a book with the same ease
and pleasure as a modern
composition. Indeed, even
though Sales English may
appear overwrought today,
there is no denying that he
strove to convey some of
the beauty and poetry of
the original Arabic.
Sales aspiration to provide an accurate rendition of the Quran was
matched by his desire also
to provide his readers with
a more honest introduction to Islam. This Preliminary Discourse, as he
entitled it, runs to more
than 200 pages in the
An inscription inside the
Jefferson Memorial in
Washington, D.C. quotes
Jeffersons 1777 statute on
religious pluralism that
inspired the constitutional
right that no religious
Test shall ever be required
as a Qualication to any
Ofce or public Trust.
6

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Muslims also regard the eloquence of the Quran

as evidence of its divine provenance. A popular
story recounts how, in the time of Muhammad, the
most famous poet of Makkah converted to Islam
after reading one of its verses, convinced that no
human could ever produce a work of such beauty.
This makes any attempt to render the Quran
into another language a daunting task, and
explains why Muslims prefer to call non-Arabic
versions of the Quran interpretations. The difculties are compounded further by the interpretive
problems inherent in all translations, that is, the
word-by-word demand for decisions about the
intended meaning of the original and the most suitable equivalent in the target language. These

issues the Quran itself seems to anticipate: Some

of its verses are denite in meaningthese are
the cornerstone of the scriptureand others are
ambiguous. The perverse at heart eagerly pursue
the ambiguities in their attempt to make trouble
and to pin down a specic meaning of their own:
only God knows the true meaning. (Surah 3,
Verse 7, Abdel Haleem version)
Most modern-day translators of the Quran
explicitly engage these issues and explain their
particular approach and decisions. While there
will never be a denitive Quran in any language
other than Arabic, these days English readers are
able to choose from among a wide selection of
careful interpretations.

edition Jefferson purchased. Fairly presented

and conscientiously documented, it contains a section on Islamic civil law
that repeatedly points out
parallels to Jewish legal
precepts in regard to marriage, divorce, inheritance, lawful retaliation
and the rules of warfare.
In this substantial discussion, Sale displays the
same quality of dispassionate interest in comparative law that later
moved Jefferson.

ut did reading the

Quran inuence
Thomas Jefferson? That question is difcult to answer, because
the few scattered references he made to it in his
writings do not reveal
his views. Though it may
have sparked in him a
desire to learn the Arabic language (during
the 1770s Jefferson purchased a number of Arabic grammars), it is far
more signicant that it
may have reinforced his
commitment to religious
freedom. Two examples
support this idea.
In 1777, the year
after he drafted the

SEBASTIAN R. PRANGE

In this Quran, We have put forward all kinds of

illustrations for people, so that they may take
heedan Arabic Quran, free from any distortion.
That quotation from Surah 39, Verses 27-28, of
the Quran was rendered into English by Muhammad A. S. Abdel Haleem, Professor of Islamic Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies in
London. It emphasizes a basic yet far-reaching fact
about the holy book of Islam: It was received and
recorded in the Arabic language. Muslims believe
that the Quran is inseparable from the language in
which it was revealed, and for this reason, all Muslims worldwide recite it in Arabic, even though
today the vast majority of Muslims are neither
Arabs nor native speakers of Arabic. Many

The style of the Korn is

generally beautiful and uent,
especially where it imitates
the prophetic manner, and
scripture phrases. It is concise,
and often obscure, adorned with
bold gures after the eastern
taste, enlivened with orid and
sententious expressions, and in
many places, especially where
the majesty and attributes of
God are described, sublime
and magnicent; of which the
reader cannot but observe several
instances, though he must not
imagine the translation comes up
to the original, notwithstanding
my endeavours to do it justice.
from A Preliminary Discourse
by George Sale

Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was

tasked with excising colonial legacies from
Virginias legal code. As part of this undertaking, he drafted a bill for the establishment of religious freedom, which was
enacted in 1786. In his autobiography, Jefferson recounted his strong desire that the
bill not only should extend to Christians of
all denominations but should also include
within the mantle of its protection, the Jew
and the Gentile, the Christian and Mahometan [Muslim], the Hindoo, and indel of
every denomination.
This all-encompassing attitude to religious pluralism was by no means universally shared by Jeffersons contemporaries.
As the historian Robert Allison documents,
many American writers and statesmen
in the late 18th century made reference to
Islam for less salutary aims. Armed with
tendentious translations and often grossly
distorted accounts, they portrayed Islam as
embodying the very dangers of tyranny and
despotism that the young republic had just
overcome. Allison argues that many American politicians who used the Muslim world
as a reference point for their own society
were not concerned with historical truth
or with an accurate description of Islam,
but rather with this descriptions political
convenience.
These attitudes again came into conict with Jeffersons vision in 1788, when the

states voted to ratify the United States Constitution. One of the matters at issue was the
provisionnow Article VI, Section 3that
no religious Test shall ever be required as
a Qualication to any Ofce or public Trust
under the United States. Some Anti-Federalists singled out and opposed this ban on
religious discrimination by painting a hypothetical scenario in which a Muslim could
become president. On the other side of the
argument, despite their frequent opposition
to Jefferson on other matters, the Federalists praised and drew on Jeffersons vision of
religious tolerance in supporting uncircumscribed rights both to faith and to elected
ofce for all citizens. As the historian Denise
Spellberg shows in her examination of this
dispute among delegates in North Carolina,
in the course of these constitutional debates
Sebastian R. Prange (s.prange@
gmail.com) holds a doctorate
in history from the School of
Oriental and African Studies at the
University of London. He studies
the organization of Muslim trade networks in
the pre-modern Indian Ocean, with a regional
focus on South India.

Muslims became symbolically embroiled in the definition of what it meant to

be American citizens.
It is intriguing to think
that Jeffersons study of the
Quran may have inoculated himto a degree that
today we can only surmise
against such popular prejudices about Islam, and it may
have informed his conviction that Muslims, no less
and no more than any other
religious group, were entitled to all the legal rights
his new nation could offer.
And although Jefferson was
an early and vocal proponent of going to war
against the Barbary states over their attacks
on US shipping, he never framed his arguments for doing so in religious terms, sticking
rmly to a position of political principle. Far
from reading the Quran to better understand
the mindset of his adversaries, it is likely that
his earlier knowledge of it conrmed his
analysis that the roots of the Barbary conict
were economic, not religious.
Sales Koran remained the best available
English version of the Quran for another 150
years. Today, along with the original copy of
Jeffersons Quran, the Library of Congress
holds nearly one million printed items relating to Islama vast collection of knowledge
for every new generation of lawmakers and
citizens, with its roots in the law students
leather-bound volumes.
Aasil Ahmad (www.aasilahmad.
net) is a freelance photographer and
photo editor for Islamic Monthly
magazine. He recently completed
a project in Kashmir teaching
photography to children affected by the 2005
earthquake. His photos of the Hajj were featured
at the Contact Photography Festival in Toronto.
He lives in Washington, D.C.

Related articles from past issues can be found on our Web site, www.saudiaramcoworld.com.
Click on indexes, then on the cover of the issue indicated below.
US treaty with Morocco: S/O 98

Barbary pirates: M/J 10, M/A 93

Could a Muslim Be President? An Eighteenth-Century Constitutional Debate. Denise A.

Spellberg. Eighteenth-Century Studies, 2006, 39:4.
The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World, 17761815. Robert J. Allison.
2000, University of Chicago Press, 978-0-226-01490-6.
How Thomas Jefferson Read the Quran. Kevin J. Hayes. Early American Literature, 2004, 39:2.
Thomas Jefferson, Lawyer. Frank L. Dewey. 1986, University of Virginia Press, 978-0-8139-1079-6.
Thomas Jeffersons Library: A Catalog with the Entries in His Own Order. James Gilreath and
Douglas L. Wilson, eds. 1989, Library of Congress, 0-8444-0634-1, hb; 2010, Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.,
978-1-61619068-2, $24.95 pb
Virginia Gazette Daybooks (17501752 and 17641766). Paul P. Hoffman, ed. 1967, University of
Charlottesville [Virginia] Library Microlm Publications.
July/August 2011

In the Shade of
the Royal Umbrella
Written by Stewart Gordon

n the title scene of the 1952 classic movie Singin in the Rain,
Gene Kelly escorts his newfound love to her home, in the rain.
They share the shelter of his umbrella. He kisses her at her
door and then dances with his umbrella in the downpour until a
do
beat cop squelches his exuberance. Kelly folds the umbrella, hands
it to a passerby and walks off the scene. This sums up how most of
us today think of the umbrella: a practical item unworthy of notice
until its raining.
It was not always so. Behind this prosaic present is a powerful
past. I rst encountered a much different sort of umbrella in India.
In a market in the western province of Rajasthan, I purchased a
large, heavy bamboo umbrella whose cotton fabric was all colorful cutwork, embroidered with animals. It could not possibly have kept out the rain.
Years later, I found out I owned a traditional wedding umbrella: At the head of a
procession of his relatives, the groom rides to his wedding on a white horse while an
attendant holds this sort of large, ornate umbrella over him. This umbrella signies
that, at least for this one day, the groom is a king.

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Top: In Rajasthan, India, a shop sells

brightly patterned sunshade umbrellas,
which are still used in wedding and festival
processions such as this one above.

TOP LEFT: H.E. WINLOCK, EXCAVATIONS AT DEIR EL BAHRI, 1911-1931, PLATE 13; TOP RIGHT: CONSTANTINE AND ADELPHI ZANGAKI / LIBRARY OF CONGRESS; LOWER: ERICH LESSING
/ ART RESOURCE; OPPOSITE, TOP: GRANT ROONEY / ALAMY; LOWER: DINODIA PHOTOS / ALAMY

Just right of center, on the lower register

of this fragment of a fresco excavated
from the 14th-century BCE tomb of Queen
Nefertiti, there appears a sunshade
umbrella, supported by a pair of crossed
sticks on a pole, with an additional hanging
ap. Right: This detail of an albumen print,
dated between 1860 and 1890, shows a
Cairo market in which vendors are using
sunshades of a nearly identical design.

The royal umbrella, carried by an attendant, not only shaded the king from the sun,
but also symbolized his power in procession, battle and the hunt. For millennia, it has
been a common symbol among rulers in a huge portion of the world that includes the
Middle East, Egypt and North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, Persia, South and Southeast
Asia, China, Japan and Korea. The royal umbrella ourished in Muslim, Hindu, Confucian, Buddhist, animist and some Christian courts. Rulers sometimes bestowed umbrellas on high ofcials and generals as a visible recognition of their loyalty.
The royal umbrella was not an idea that spread from invention in one placein fact
it was invented at least four times. The earliest recorded examples are from Egypts
Fifth Dynasty, from about 2500 to 2400 BCE. Decorations on tombs and temples from
these times portray a at, square, crossed-stick umbrella shading gods and kings. The
hieroglyph for umbrella signied sovereignty as well as the shadow, or inuence, of
a person. Thus the umbrella augmented a pharaohs shadow. The
history of the square umbrella is long, and, although it is no longer
associated with kings, such umbrellas can still be found shading
market carts in Egypt.

This bronze model of an umbrella-covered

sulky-like carriage from Gansu, China dates
to the second century CE.

he second invention of the umbrella took place in China. A

classical text titled The Rites of Zhou from 400 BCE describes
the construction and use of a round, segmented, silk umbrella
whose function was to shade ceremonial chariots. Somewhat later
reliefs illustrate such an umbrella, and archeologists have excavated
several complex brass castings used to hold the ribs of such umbrellas.
This kind of royal umbrella remained a symbol of Chinese royal privilege, and it appears in countless court paintings. When Marco Polo
arrived at the court of Kublai Khan in 1275, he found the Mongols had
adopted many Chinese customs, including the bestowal of a special
umbrella on the highest commanders in the army:
An ofcer who holds the chief command of 100,000 men, or
who is the general-in-chief of a great host, is entitled to a [gold]
tablet that weighs 300 saggi. Every one, moreover, who holds a tablet of this
exalted degree is entitled, whenever he goes abroad, to have a little golden
canopy, such as is called an umbrella, carried on a spear over his head in token of
his high command.
From China, the royal umbrella spread to Japan and Korea. In Japan, it ceased to be
a royal prerogative within a few centuries, and it found widespread use throughout
society. Woodblock prints and paintings of the 18th century often feature a theme of
ordinary people under umbrellas in the rain. Korea, however, could not have been more
July/August 2011

different. There the umbrella remained a strictly royal

symbol. Because Korean artwork never pictured the
emperor, his presence was signied by a horse with an
empty saddle, shaded by the royal umbrella.

he third invention of the royal umbrella was

in Mesopotamia, centuries after the Egyptian
square parasol. In bas-reliefs at Nineveh, shading King
Kin Ashurbanipal of Assyria, who ruled from
668 to 627 BCE, is a round and pointed umbrella. From
there, the royal umbrella drifted both west and east. In
Greece, it lost its association with kingship and became
particularly associated with women. Aristophanes play
Women at Thesmophoria satirized Athenian attitudes
toward both women and men. In the nal scene, the
women boast of their steadfastness:
And then theres your omission
To keep up your old tradition
As the women of the race have always done:
We maintain our ancient craft
With the shuttle and the shaft
And the parasolour shield against the sun.
These attitudes carried west to Rome, where the
umbrella was deemed too effeminate for mens use.
Juvenal, for example, wrote of a pretty fellow, to have
presents sent to him of green sunshades. On Roman
coins, the umbrella appeared only twice, both times in
association with the Middle East: One coin was issued
around 40 CE in Palestine and the other between 218
and 222 CE by Emperor Heliogabalus, who was from
Syria. Overall, the Roman Empire passed on to Europe
no legacy of a royal umbrella.
East of its Mesopotamian origins, however, the royal
umbrella ourished. Bas-reliefs on the walls of Persepolis, dating from 500 BCE, show the king seated or walkOn a doorway that led to the fth-century BCE throne room in Persepolis, Iran,
a relief shows King Xerxes I shaded by an umbrella. Some two centuries
ing under his royal umbrella.
earlier, Assyrian artists showed King Ashurbanipal, below, shaded by an
Later, from the third to seventh centuries, the Sassaumbrella with a hanging ap that resembles those depicted in Egypt.
nians ruled the next great empire that included Persia.
From their original homeland on the borders of China,
they migrated west across the Central Asian steppe, and they either brought with
them the Chinese tradition of the royal umbrella or they adopted the Persian royal
umbrella when they arrived. In either case, Sassanian kings ruled beneath royal
umbrellas, as shown on the rock-cut bas-relief at Taq-e Bostan, from about 380 CE.
In Constantinople, founded in 330 CE, umbrellas appear prominently in Christian artwork. With the rise of Islam in the seventh century, it becomes more difcult to document the uses of royal umbrellas because most Islamic art favored
geometry and calligraphy over depictions of people. In Abbasid Baghdad, from the
eighth to the 13th centuries, courtiers and scholars wrote on mathematics, astronomy, history, medicine and philosophy, but nothing about day-to-day court ritual.
It is from later texts in Egypt that we get some insight. Paula Sanders of Rice
University has analyzed three texts from Egypt that describe processions and court
ritual under the 10th- and 11th-century Fatimids, whose caliphs appeared in procession under a royal umbrellaa practice that they attributed to the earlier Abbasid dynasty. For the whole of the Fatimid period, factional power was constantly
shifting, and the caliph selectively bestowed the right to display an umbrella,
which signaled the recipients support and commitment to the caliph.
In sub-Saharan West Africa, the royal umbrella frequently appears in both
Islamic and non-Islamic kingdoms. There, it is possible that the umbrella came
south from Islamic Tunisia and Morocco, along the trade routes across the Sahara.
It is equally possible that it was indigenousand thus yet another independent,
parallel invention. Umbrellas were part of the kings regalia in all major kingdoms
of West Africa, including Ashanti, Benin, Sokoto and Dahomey. In European
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drawings from the 18th century and in early photographs

from the 19th century, kings of these states conduct royal
business from beneath a large royal umbrella.
Rulers in East Africa, too, adopted the royal umbrella. It
is prominent in texts and frescoes in Ethiopia that date to
the 1200s, and its use continued in an unbroken tradition
well into the 20th century. Royal umbrellas were also found
in courts on the East African coast, where it is likely that
they spread via Muslim trade ties with Egypt and the lands
of the Arabian Peninsula. Ibn Battuta, the most traveled man
of the Middle Ages, reached East Africa in the 14th century.
At Mogadishu, he wrote that the king entertained him well,
feeding him delicacies from the Middle East. During processions, Ibn Battuta noted that royal umbrellas protected the
king from the sun:
Over his head were carried four canopies of colored
silk, with the gure of a bird in gold on the top of
each canopy. In front of him were sounded drums
and trumpets and fes, and behind him were the
commanders of the troops, while the qadi, the doctors
of law, and the sharifs walked alongside him.
Later, both Ottoman Turkish and Safavid Persian court paintings also show
royal umbrellas.

Prominently displaying large, colorful

umbrellas, this engraving dated 1820 is
titled English Embassy in Komassi,
West Africa.

TOP: ALINARI / ART RESOURCE; LOWER: MARC CHARMET / THE ART ARCHIVE; OPPOSITE PAGE, TOP: BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRARY;
LOWER: MUSE DU LOUVRE / BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRARY

The sub-Saharan umbrella may have

arrived with trade, or it may be a fth
independent invention.

Ruling in Persia more than 1000 years

after Xerxes I, Khosrau II was depicted at
Taq-e Bostan watching a hunt from under
a royal umbrella.

July/August 2011

11

Both this Chinese-inuenced Tibetan

depiction of the Buddha, below, and
this Muslim Mughal miniature of
Shah Jahan, right, date from the
17th century, and both show their
subjects seated under umbrellas.

Hindus, too, adopted the umbrella

in both religious and royal settings.
At Angkor, Cambodia, a statue above
depicts the Hindu god Vishnu, and a
relief detail, right, depicts a battle in
which a ruler ghts from beneath
an umbrella.

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TOP LEFT: MUSEO NAZIONALE DARTE ORIENTALE / GIRAUDON / BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRARY; TOP RIGHT: GIANNI DAGLI ORTI / THE ART ARCHIVE / ALAMY; LOWER LEFT: JON BOWER CAMBODIA / ALAMY; LOWER RIGHT: STEWART GORDON

he fourth invention of the

royal umbrella was in India,
where the earliest evidence
is from Buddhist literature and
reliefs dating back to about 300
BCE. In these early texts, when
Siddhartha Gautama left behind
his royal upbringing to meditate
on the sufferings of the world, he
was shaded by a cobras hood, a
tree, or an umbrella. In particular,
the umbrella became a symbol of
his successful search for enlightenment, and in these texts he is
referred to as the Buddha of the
White Umbrella. Early Buddhist
sculpture does not portray the Buddha, but rather objects associated
with him: An empty platform and
the bodhi tree, a cobra or an honoric umbrella signify his presence.
After the Buddhas death, his
followers sent small portions of his
ashes to other groups of followers,
who built mounds over the ashes.
Several umbrellas mounted on a
single shaft topped these mounds,
and these became known as stupas,
such as those built at Sanchi in
Central India around 100 BCE.
The reliefs on the stupas at Sanchi also show kings, under royal
umbrellas, arriving in
procession to honor the
Buddha. (Incidentally, multiple umbrellas on the tops
of stupas are the origin of
the Chinese pagoda, which
added walls and made the
multiple umbrella into an
architectural form.)
Also in the earliest
Hindu writings, dating to
the rst four centuries of
our era, umbrellas regularly
shade kings. In this quotation from the Ramayana,
Rams father contemplates
his life:
In my fathers footsteps treading I have sought the ancient path,
Nursed my people as my children, free from passion, pride and wrath,
Underneath this white umbrella, seated on this royal throne,
I have toiled to win their welfare and my task is almost done!
The royal umbrella continued as an unbroken tradition for all Indian kings for the
next millennium and a half. The artwork of the southern Islamic kingdoms makes
it clear that both Muslim and Hindu kings used the royal umbrella. For example, the
Battle of Talikota, in 1386, pitted the Hindu king of Vijayanagar against the Muslim sultans of Bijapur, Golconda, Bidar and Ahmadnagar. A contemporary painting shows the
adversaries approaching the battle under their respective royal umbrellas. Throughout
the British colonial period, Indias princes ruled from beneath royal umbrellassome
of which were by then manufactured in London. When he visited India in 1911, King
George of England walked beneath a royal umbrella.

TOP LEFT: GAHOE MUSEUM / BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRARY; TOP RIGHT: MELVYN LONGHURST / ALAMY; LOWER LEFT: MUSE GUIMET / GIANNI DAGLI ORTI / THE ART ARCHIVE / ALAMY; LOWER RIGHT: THE PRINT COLLECTOR / ALAMY

ometime around 800 CE, the royal umbrella began to ourish in Southeast Asia,
adopted by kings in Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam and Java. The
custom may have come from India or China, as both cultures strongly inuenced the
t region at the time. A charming story from 12th-century Burma illustrates the
umbrellas symbolic power: The king was unable to choose his successor from among
his ve sons. One night, he ordered his royal umbrella set up, and he commanded that
his sons sleep in a circle around it. The successor was chosen when the umbrella fell
in one sons direction, and in the chronicles he became known as the king whom the
umbrella placed on the throne.
Two of the most famous early sites in Southeast
Asia, Borobudur in Central Java, which dates from
the eighth and ninth centuries, and Angkor in Cambodia, dating from the 10th to 12th centuries, are
both replete with umbrellas. Among the nearly 3000
reliefs adorning Borobudur, umbrellas identify kings,
nobility and famous gures from the Buddhas life.
At Angkor, a huge bas-relief portrays a battle
between the Cambodians and the Champa kingdom
(in current-day Vietnam). On it, generals and noble
advisors all have umbrellas, supporting speculation
that, as in Fatimid Egypt, bestowal of an umbrella
cemented loyalty. The king, however, has more
umbrellas surrounding him than anyone else15 in
allcomplete with an entourage of umbrella carriers.

From Korea, a religious painting uses an

umbrella, below left, as does a modern
statue of King Naresuan in Thailand, below.

In India, the royal

umbrella was a
virtually unbroken
tradition among
both Muslim and
Hindu rulers.
In Burma as in India, the tradition continued
into the 19th century. Dutch and British emissaries
observed the king shaded by umbrellas in processions,
and they negotiated with the king while he was seated
under his royal umbrella. In 1867, the English resident
at the Burmese court and his wife were granted the
privilege of an umbrella, likely a political move aimed
at holding off a British takeover. (It was not enough,
however, and the British did take over Burma in 1885.)
Thailand, which remained more or less independent,
continued its tradition of the royal umbrella until
recent decades, and in 1967, Jacqueline Kennedy, wife
of US president John F. Kennedy, was granted a ceremonial umbrella when she visited Thailand.

he earliest evidence of an umbrella in Europe

comes from the Utrecht Psalter, which is generally dated to the 900s. One of its
illustrations shows an angel holding an umbrella over King David. However, it is
not unt
until the 13th century that scholars have found evidence of a royal umbrella, and then
only in Italy, which at that time was receiving much culture and learning from Islamic
Spain, including medicine, philosophy, cuisine, music and the game of chess. Venice, with
its close trading ties to the Islamic world, adopted the umbrella for the doge when he was
in a procession, and so did the pope in Rome. But the royal umbrella just never caught on

Above left: Arriving in Japan in the 17th

century, the Portuguese ambassador was
depicted under an elaborate umbrella.
Above right: Japan was one of the few places
where umbrellas became objects of fashion
from an early time, and today the bamboo
parasol remains a national folkloric symbol.

July/August 2011

13

his long and complicated history of the umbrella shows that it did not simply
diffuse from one place of invention outward to a wider world. It was invented at
least four times, and it moved in unpredictable ways, sometimes never leaving its
country of origin, like the Egyptian square umbrella, and other times moving into a society
that completely changed its meanings and uses. Greece, Rome and 18th-century England
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TOP: PHOTOSERVICE ELECTA MONDADORI / ART RESOURCE; LOWER LEFT: ERICH LESSING / ART RESOURCE; LOWER RIGHT: PHOTOS12 / ALAMY

in Europe. In addition to its

cooler climate, the inuence
of the Crusades led courts
by 1300 to regard the royal
umbrella as a foreign symbol,
one used by enemies. By the
end of the 18th century, even
the papal umbrella had been
replaced by a four-cornered,
at canopy.
Later, there were exceptions. Portuguese and Spanish colonial traders returned
from Asia with umbrellas,
and around the 16th century
those lost their royal status
and became occasional items
of courtly fashion. Though
Mary Queen of Scots owned
one in 1562, and the term
ombrello appeared in an
ItalianEnglish dictionary
of 1598, they were unknown
in the larger society. It was
only in the 18th century that
umbrellas caught on as a
fashion itemand that still
as sunshades made of cotton
or thin leather, of no use in
the rain. In the 19th century,
these ladies parasols went
through almost yearly fashion shifts.
The water-resistant
umbrella rst appeared in
England in the late 18th
century to protect clerics
and ofcials during outdoor
duties. They were heavy,
stiff and slow to dry. They
leaked, their whalebone ribs
rotted quickly, and the folding mechanisms often failed.
All umbrellas, whether to
protect from rain or sun,
Although Europe never fully embraced the royal
were deemed too feminine
umbrella, the late-18th-century artist Laurent Pechaux
painted one over Pope Gregory XI, top; the 17thfor ordinary Englishmen.
century French artist Charles Le Brun painted two
With the Industrial Revoabove a chancellor, above, and an 1894 fashion print
lution came lightweight steel and, with that, a drive to make a light, foldable,
from France shows a ladys parasol tensioned by
rainproof umbrella. Inventors in Europe and America led hundreds of patents
springy ribs of newly available lightweight steel.
for folding mechanisms, rib arrangements and even provisions for concealing
swords or pistols in umbrellas. Following dozens of minor improvements, the
modern umbrella began to emerge, and by 1910, Britain was exporting more than three
million a yearmany to Asia. Germany and Italy were Britians chief competitors, making
cheaper models.

TOP LEFT: ASIA IMAGES GROUP / ALAMY; TOP RIGHT: OLIVIER ASSELIN / ALAMY; LOWER LEFT: MUSEE DE LA VILLE DE PARIS / MUSEE CARNAVALET / GIRAUDON / BRIDGEMAN ART
LIBRARY; LOWER RIGHT: THE ART ARCHIVE

In modern times, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei, above left, used a yellow umbrella at a ceremony on his birthday, and a traditional ruler
in Ghana, right, used several in his party for a corn festival parade in Accra. The large umbrellas in the background resemble the ones
depicted in the early 19th century. (See page 11.)

deemed the umbrella feminine, while the

Japanese umbrella was acceptable for both
men and women but spread from royal to
general use.
Several points about this complicated
process seem signicant. Rulers everywhere seek symbols that enhance dignity,
visibility and the loyalty of subjects. They
were willing to experiment with new
symbols, such as the royal umbrella. Several
sorts of travelers, such as emissaries, traders, monks, learned men and professional
soldiers, brought back, often over long distances, information about royal symbols. For
centuries, the royal umbrella was part of a
shared courtly world that stretched from
Asia to Africa and Spain. It was part of a
familiar courtly scene to those who traveled
for political reasons, business or advancement. The royal umbrella was frequently a
potent political symbol. Because it was tied to
no religion, region, language or ethnic group,
kings could use it to rally disparate groups.
The umbrella was also, however, granted
to a select few at court. When the recipient
traveled under it, every observer knew of his
personal ties to the king. It was a public commitment of personal loyalty, important in times
of factional strife and threats to the thronea situation all too frequent among kings.
Today, the world of the royal umbrella is almost entirely gone, but with imagination
and the memory of history, we can recall the lavish decorations, dignied processions and
royal associations it carriedevery time it rains and we pop open our umbrella.

Through modern times, the umbrella

was part of a familiar courtly scene.

The unreliability of Europes early steel

umbrellas caught the eye of French satirist
Daumier, above left, but by the time Gene
Kelly turned his bumbershoot into an iconic
Hollywood dance prop in Singin in the
Rain, the waterproof umbrella had become
plain and practical, offering little hint of its
symbolic and powerful past.

Stewart Gordon is a senior research scholar at the Center for South Asian Studies,
University of Michigan. His recent books include When Asia Was the World
(Da Capo, 2008) and Routes: How the Pathways of Goods and Ideas Shaped Our
World (University of California Press, forthcoming 2012).
Travels of Marco Polo. Manuel Komroff, ed. 1926, Garden City Publishing Co.
July/August 2011

15

WRITTEN BY ANDREW F. LAWLER

PHOTOGRAPHED BY TOM SCHUTYSER

SPINE

16

Saudi Aramco World

OF

THE

IT WAS A HOT NIGHT IN THE NILE DELTA IN 1326. WHEN THE INVETERATE TRAVELER
IBN BATTUTA CLIMBED WEARILY TO THE BREEZY ROOF OF HIS LODGING, he was pleasantly surprised to nd set out for him a straw mattress and a leather mat, vessels for ritual ablutions, a jar of water, and
a drinking cup. For the 14th century, these were four-star accommodations.
Without such places to rest in safety and relative comfort, Ibn Battutas famous 28-year journey across Africa and
Asia might never have taken place. Indeed, it was not until the Islamic era, beginning in the seventh century CE, that
long-distance travel became a matter of at least as much routine as risk. Essential to this change was the spread of
systems of travelers lodgings, from Spain to China, which opened the world to innumerable merchants, pilgrims
and others who, like Ibn Battuta, were driven by sheer curiosity.
Today, the evocative ruins of sturdy, walled roadside caravanserai compounds still dot the landscape, from the deserts
of North Africa to the highlands of Iran and even as far east as the humid lowlands of Bangladesh. Other lodging
compounds, known as khans and funduqs, can still be found crammed into the old quarters of cities in the Middle East
and Central Asia, most now dilapidated and variously used as cheap housing, parking lots or commercial storage. For
these buildings, ofcial protection from decay or demolition is rare, but, despite this, a few have been restored. No one
knows for sure how many remain.

SILK

ROADS

On a plain now pockmarked by archeological looters, the walled city of Resafa, Syria welcomed centuries of merchants throughout the early Islamic era, before it was eventually abandoned in the 13th century after the Mongol armies swept through. At the
center of the prosperous, wool-producing city, an early caravanserai hosted traders from Palmyra and Damascus to the south;
Turkey to the north; Persia, Central Asia and India to the east; and the Mediterranean coast to the west.

July/August 2011

17

They dont have the religious signicance of a mosque, or the

political importance of a palace, so they dont merit preservation
in the same way, says Olivia Constable of the University of Notre
Dame, who is one of the few scholars to delve deeply into the historical economy and architecture of the caravanserais
and khans.
The buildings were
more than just early roadside hotels, she explains. As
their name suggests, caravanserais accommodated
whole caravans en route,
while khans were substantial compounds built in
towns alongside markets
(suqs). Funduqs (the word
still often used today for
hotel in Arabic) tended
to be more like boardinghouses, also often built
near markets. All three
were, to varying degrees
across continents and centuries, vibrant centers
where peoples, religions
and ethnicities mingled. In
particular, caravanserais

The largest khan in todays best-preserved city of khansAleppo,

Syriais the Khan al-Jumruk (Customs Khan), which was built in
the late 16th century as a typical, two-story plaza of shops and
consulates below merchant residences. At its center, the small,
domed mosque still stands.

FROM NORTH AFRICA TO THE MIDDLE EAST TO INDIA,

A STRANGER COULD USUALLY EXPECT TO FIND
A K H A N S TA F F E D A N D R U N B Y P E O P L E F R O M H I S O W N LA N D .

were probably more like airports

today, resembling small towns in
themselves, with places to sleep, eat,
shop, pray, meet and mingle while
livestock rested, awaiting the next
stage of the journey. Here you might
make an unexpected prot on a load
of exotic goods, trade rumors of bandits or tax collectors, or just savor tea
with your own countrymen in a distant land.
By the 19th century, steamships
and trains began to render caravanserais and khans obsolete. But for more
than a millennium, they were essential to the vibrancy, prosperity and
cosmopolitan character of the medieval world, the vertebrae that formed
the spine of the storied Silk Roads.
At each of these stations between
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Cairo and Gaza, Ibn Battuta

noted, travelers alight, and outside each khan is a public watering hole and a shop where he
may buy what he requires for
himself and his beast.
Less well known is the fact
that the khans were also the
centers of trade in cities. During the 15th century, there were
more than 300 khans in Cairo
alone. And in mercantile hubs
like Alexandria in Egypt and
Aleppo in Syria, a stranger could
Like hotel meeting rooms today,
spaces for conversation and
negotiation, such as this one on
the Khan al-Jumruks second
oor, were essential to a khans
commercial success.

Most khans and caravanserais were entered through a single gate,

below, made tall and wide enough for loaded camels to pass. Once
through this gate into the Khan al-Tamathili, near the port in Tripoli,
Lebanon, travelers found some 74 rooms like this vaulted one, lower,
for storage, stabling and sleeping.

usually nd one staffed and run by people from his own

land, or even from his own city. Built in what might be
called an early international style, most caravanserais
and khans were remarkably similar in appearance and
design, whether you were in Morocco or India. That
generic look was probably no less comforting to tired
travelers then than a Holiday Inn logo is today.
Visitors would approach plain high walls and enter
a rectangular courtyard through a single gate, tall and
wide enough to allow loaded camels to pass through.
Just inside the gate, a scribe might jot down your name,
your hometown, the nature of your goods and the
number of your livestock. Many compounds had second stories to lodge the human visitors, leaving the
ground oor to house goods and animals. Good ventilation, running
water, clean latrines and private rooms were among the amenities
guests could expect from a good caravanserai or khan. This simple and
efcient design proved both durable and adaptable over the centuries,
and it was itself a remarkable melding of East and West.

n the Mesopotamian epic of Gilgamesh, composed in the third

millennium BCE, the hero makes a journey to obtain the elixir
of immortality. Along the way, he nds rest at an inn: Its the
rst known written reference to a lodging-place for travelers. But
the true roots of the caravanserai, as part of an organized system

of trade, date to the fth century BCE, when the Persian Empire
built the 2500-kilometer road from Sardis to Susa. It necessarily
included, at regular intervals along its length, stables with feed for
horses, camels, donkeys and other beasts of burden, as well as housing for the caravaneers
who guided them. The
effort required immense
organization in a vast
land lled with mountains, deserts and bandits. Royal stations exist
along its whole length,
and excellent caravanserais free from danger, wrote an impressed
Herodotus.
In the later Greekspeaking Mediterranean
world, inns called pandocheionsaccepting
all comerswere widespread. (It was at a pandocheion that the Good
Samaritan mentioned
in the Christian New
Testament left the traveler who had fallen
among thieves.) Pandocheions were a
motley lot, sometimes little more
than ramshackle
taverns, and often
considered unsavory places.
In the Byzantine centuries that followed,
Christians began
to make pilgrimages throughout
that empire, and
the quality and
reputation of pandocheions gradually improved. Some of the inns that catered to pilgrims did so for free. Beginning in the seventh century, Islam picked
up both this tradition and the word: the Arabic funduq has its roots
in pandocheion, and the Umayyad caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz in
719 instructed the governor of Samarkand to build caravanserais
throughout his lands and provide travelers with free room and board
for up to two days and two nights. Such organization and patronage
not only facilitated the ow of trade, but also helped rulers collect
taxes on it and keep an eye on strangers as well.
In their architecture, these medieval caravanserais drew variously on the designs of square Roman forts, Persian palaces and
July/August 2011

19

Tigris Riv
er

TURKEY

Euphra

Se

Aleppo

ed

r
te

Ri

ve

an

ea

CYPRUS

Resafa

tes

SYRIA
Palmyra

Tripoli
LEBANON
Beirut

IRAQ
Damascus

Left: One of the only

khans not built for
commerce, Tripolis Khan
al-Saboun (Soap Khan)
was constructed in the
early 17th century as a
barracks, but it was soon
adapted as a center for
the citys soap industry,
which is today beginning
to reclaim its legacy.
Right: Where once horses,
camels and mules might
have been tethered, a
courtyard in Aleppos
17th-century Ottoman
Khan al-Wazir (Viziers
Khan) reects the
traditional design.
Opposite: Once specializing in the product its
name suggests, Aleppos
Khan al-Zeit (Olive Oil
Khan) has a fountain at
its center.

Central Asian family houses to produce their pragmatic, universal

design theme. Local masons could use local materialsmud brick,
red brick or stoneto create a structure, open to the sky but protected by high walls, that looked similar whether it was near the
Mediterranean coast or the Hindu Kush.
By the ninth and 10th centuries, caravanserais dotted the hills
of Muslim Spain, the deserts of Iran and the mountainous borders
of China. At times, they inspired poets, including Omar Khayyam,
who in the late 11th century used the caravanserai as a metaphor for
the transience of life:
Think, in this batterd Caravanserai
Whose Portals are alternate Night and Day,
How Sultan after Sultan with his Pomp
Abode his destined Hour, and went his way
In urban settings, the walls of the khans also ensured protection and increased privacy as well. Some khans were simple compounds; others were elaborate, nearly palatial, establishments, with
intricately carved columns and marble courtyards. Merchants could
20

Saudi Aramco World

use them, rent a nearby shop and stay for the short or the
long term, says Katia Cytryn-Silverman, an archeologist at
Hebrew University who has studied khans. And they were
often in the heart of the city.

ne of the oldest and best preserved of the ancient

urban khans lies at the center of abandoned Resafa
in central Syria. Today, it is hard to imagine that
this desolate desert spot was once an eastern anchor of the
Roman Empire, and that its tumbledown white stone walls
once dazzled in the sun, built on an economy based largely
on a prized local wool. During the Byzantine era, pilgrims visited the
nearby tomb of St. Sergius and the cathedral built to commemorate
him. The khan may date to the sixth century, but there are no written records.
Later, the city became a favored one under the Umayyad Dynasty
and the khan became the citys economic center. But in the 13th century, the Mongols destroyed Resafa on their westward march, and it
was never rebuilt. Tourists now wander past the unornamented khan,
half-buried in its own rubble, on their way to see the more impressive
remains of the basilica. Yet this low-slung caravanserai, on what was
Resafas main street, still exudes a solid and pragmatic air, as if loaded
camels might yet emerge from the arched gate and pace down the
road carrying bales of ne wool to Constantinople or Damascus.

eeping caravanserais from deteriorationand keeping the

ewers lled, the straw mattresses fresh and the feed-boxes
replenishedrequired organization and money. Rulers,
charitable foundations, and religious and merchant groups all ran

DESIGNS OF CARAVANSERAIS AND KHANS DREW ON MOSQUES

AND VILLAS, FORTS AND PALACES TO CREATE A PRAGMATIC AND
NEARLY UNIVERSAL DESIGN THEME.

caravanserais, khans, funduqs and other varieties of lodgings. Constable has found legal records in the Middle East that show that caravanserai managers were explicitly expected to take good care of the
building and ensure clean latrines, access to water and security.
When that societal support crumbled with the coming of industrialized travel in the 19th century, the khans and caravanserais
became relics. In Cairo, most have been demolished. In the cities of
the Levant, however, particularly Lebanon and Syria, a number survive and, in a few, a handful of modern merchants keep the buildings and the institution alive.
In the old Phoenician port of Tripoli, in todays Lebanon,
Mohammad Amir Hassoun proudly works out of a corner ofce in
a 600- year-old khan not far from the citys high citadel. Long a center of trade and later of learningonce boasting a library with 10,000
booksTripoli derived much of its wealth from olive oil and soap. For
generations, Hassouns family traded in traditional soaps, but in the
early 20th century, factory-made soaps drove his grandfather and
others out of the business and, with their departure, the citys Khan
Al-Saboun (Soap Khan) went into decline. Hassoun grew up knowing nothing of soap-making; he sold gold jewelry. But after his shop
was robbed one night in 1985, his great-uncle encouraged him to
restart the family business. He now owns several shops, a small factory and elds where he grows herbs and aromatics. Now he says hes
able to make a decent living while maintaining a family tradition and

making a local, organic and

sustainable product. Villagers can stay on their land,
and we even feed the pits
from the apricots we use to
their animals, he says.
Although Hassoun
shares ownership of the
khan with other families, it
is still a ramshackle affair,
receiving neither government help nor charitable
donations. Water drips from
the roof onto rubble scattered on the second-oor
arcade. But Hassouns success has drawn other merchants, who now cluster in
shops along the rst oor
part petite renaissance and
part backward glimpse to
the time when khans were
a vital part of the urban
fabric, says Constable.

One of few khans to be restored in

Lebanon, Tripolis Khan al-Khayyatin
(Tailors Khan) is also an unusual
example of a khan that may have been
built not around a courtyard, but by
roong over a much older street.
July/August 2011

21

n the other side of the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains, east from the Mediterranean, the Syrian city of
Aleppo boasts dozens of khans amid the twisting and
narrow alleys that make up the citys famously labyrinthine suq.

ways khans adapt to their times. On the second oor, a cloth merchant named Ali Khour walks from his small curtain shop down
the hall to a corner room with high ceilings. Here, he says, visiting
merchants of old spent their evenings talking, drinking sweet tea

Custodian of the museum-like

upper quarters of Aleppos Khan
al-Nahaseen (Coppersmiths
Khan), Madame Jenny Poche,
left, is a descendant of Bohemian
crystal traders. Above: Along the
perimeter of the square of Aleppos
main mosque, recently restored
merchant housing shows traditional
woodwork. Above right: Restoration
returned a quiet elegance to
Aleppos Khan al-Shibani, which
now hosts cultural events and a
permanent exhibition about urban
restoration efforts in the historic
Syrian city.

In the large compound called Khan

al-Jumruk (Customs
Khan), textile merchants move rolls of
carpets and bales of
cloth in and out of the shops under the arcades, much as they have
for more than 400 years. The courtyard is large enough to contain
its own mosque. Above the entrance are nely carved details dating
from the 17th century.
Today, the tangles of electrical wires, the glare of uorescent
lights and the echoing rumbles of Korean-made trucks small
enough to pass through the narrow alleys are all reminders of the
22

Saudi Aramco World

or coffee and playing chess and backgammon.

As he prepares coffee on a small stove at his desk,
Khour tells how he journeys on the modern Silk Road
a ight to Dubaito buy the Chinese textiles favored by
his customers. The khan, he says, is in disrepair, and
hes not sure how much longer hell be able to hold out
in the face of global competition.
Another short walk from Khours shop lives
another tenacious holdout, Madame Jenny Poche.
Diminutive and elegant at 71, dressed in black and
smoking a long cigarette, she speaks in Frenchaccented English. She gestures for me to be seated in
her drawing room. A liveried servant hands out coffee in small china cups. We might be in an 18th-century townhouse in Brussels. Madame Poche explains that her familys life in
the khan began in the early 19th century when her great-grandfathera crystal merchant from Bohemiaarrived to seek his fortune.
That put him near the end of a tradition that began in 1539, when
the khan was built as a home for Venetian travelers, who used it as a
base for their trade throughout the Middle East.
The vibrant days when foreign traders lived in Aleppos old city
are forgotten by all save a handful of such people as Madame Poche.
But scholars are gradually discovering that khans, and especially
the ones for foreigners (fondacos), formed a practical cornerstone for
more than a millennium of relations between Europe and the Middle East. Two centuries before Ibn Battuta slept on the rooftop in

the Nile Delta, Benjamin of Tudela marveled at the multicultural

feel of Alexandria: Merchants come thither from all the Christian
kingdoms, he wrote, mentioning lands as far away as Norway
and Ireland.
When they arrived,
they went to a khan
set aside for their
countrymen. These
compounds allowed
foreigners to speak
their own tongue,
eat their own foods
and practice their
own religion. Over
time, some Islamic
governments in the
region insisted that
Christian merchants
reside exclusively in
these khanswhich
were often locked at
night. This made it
possible both to keep
a watchful eye on the
foreigners and ensure
their safety.
Ibn Jubayr, who
visited the Mediterranean port of Acre
during the Crusader era, noted that at the entrance to one khan
are stone benches, spread with carpets, where are the Christian clerks of the customs with their ebony inkstands ornamented with gold. They write Arabic, which they also
speak. The merchants deposited their baggage there and
lodged in the upper story. The baggage of any who had no
merchandise was also examined in case it contained concealed (and dutiable) merchandise, after which the owner
was permitted to go his way and seek lodging where he
would. All this was done with civility and respect, and
without harshness and unfairness.
Even at the height of the Crusades, Venetian and other European
merchants continued a lucrative trade with their Muslim counterparts, often selling timber and iron and buying silks and spices. In the
Khan al-Jumruk and many other khans, there are hints of European
inuence in the architecturea curved stairway here, a neoclassical
balustrade there.

nlike Aleppo, Damascus started smartening up its suq back

in the 19th century and kept going. But if you look closely
behind the faades on the old Roman main streetnow
called Straight Streetyou will encounter the medieval city, in both
restored and faded splendors.
The most impressive restoration is the Khan Asad Pasha, a massive, multi-domed building dating from 1751 that was restored in
1990. It is constructed around an expansive courtyard with high

ablaq columnsbuilt in alternating layers of black and white stone

and a circular fountain at its center; the courtyard was open to the
sky but is today covered with a modern glass skylight that helps illuminate an art gallery.
More typical of the remaining urban khans in Damascus is Khan
al-Zeit (Olive Oil Khan), just a few alleys away. This 500-year-old
khan is small, even intimate, with a graceful arcade and an enormous tree shading its fountain. Today it hosts stores selling womens
clothes. Here, the bustle of the Damascus suq recedes as birds chirp
in the branches above the sunny stone courtyard.
Until a half-century or so ago, camels and horses were stabled in
an area behind it, says Maher Almisski, who owns a nearby shop.
He is proud to show off the khan, but he adds that the shop owners
worry that one day it may be turned into a single commercial space,
forcing them to move out.
Even as urban khans around the Middle East are demolished,
left to decay or turned into boutique hotels or historical monuments,
Constable says that scholars and governments may be waking
to their imporItalianate motifs in Aleppos Khan al-Olabia
tance. Caravansereect the cultural cross-fertilization that took
rais helped forge
place over centuries when each khan and
caravanserai helped shape the geography and
that world that
economy of transcontinental trade.
preserved classical learning, tied
East with West and
made the medieval Middle East a
dynamic, wealthy,
multicultural
region. The loaded
camels may be gone,
but the weathered
walls still testify to
that long eras bold
and roving spirit.
Andrew F. Lawler ([email protected]) is a freelance
writer living in Maine. He is a contributing editor of Science
and Archaeology magazines, and a frequent writer for Smithsonian, Discover and other publications.
Belgian-born Tom Schutyser ([email protected]) is a
documentary photographer specializing in architecture and
history. His coverage of caravanserais has been shown in
galleries in Beiteddine and Beirut, Lebanon; Portland,
Oregon; and Paris.
Related articles from past issues can be found on our Web site,
www.saudiaramcoworld.com. Click on indexes, then on the
cover of the issue indicated below.
Aleppo: M/A 04; M/J 99; J/A 87
Tripoli: M/J 00
Soapmaking: J/A 10
Venice: M/A 08; J/A 05

Pilgrimage Routes: J/F 04

Silk Roads: J/A 88
Ibn Battuta: J/A 00

Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging,

Trade and Travel in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Olivia Remie Constable. 2009, Cambridge University Press, 978-0-52110976-5, $42 pb.
July/August 2011

23

34

Saudi Aramco World

Threads of silk and cotton seem to pour

and swirl in intricate, hand-stitched
embroidery designs of beads, disks,
sequins, glass, crystals, lace and their
own patterned and built-up stitching:
Its all precious goodsmaal.

Written by

Louis Werner
Photography and multimedia at
www.saudiaramcoworld.com by

David H. Wells

A hush has fallen over this upstairs room in north Mumbai,

hot and humid in November despite the slow-turning ceiling fans. Indias wedding season is approaching full swing, and the workers sit at
their bed-frame-size embroidery stands,
cross-legged, busy and hunched close over
their needles and threads. Around them are
arrays of round, square and tubular beads;
circular and attened wire; metallic ribbon;
sequins; and short lengths of spun wire with
varied gold and silver textures, called nakshi,
saadi and kohra.
July/August 2011

25

edrolls and suitcases line the

workshops walls,
but their owners are
not likely to get much sleep, nor
will they be visiting their families back in West Bengal and
Bihar anytime soon. Nor is the
overhead television turned on,
as it might be if a cricket match
were being played and work
were slow. Only the days several
tea breaks interrupt the breakneck schedule.
In coming weeks, brides,
grooms and their extended families from many of Indias top
socialite families will depend
on these men to nish bedecking their wedding garments in
a manner that, in a former time,
would have well pleased even
the most demanding prince or
rajah. For design partners and
workshop owners Abu Jani
and Sandeep Kholsa, this is as
it should be: Indian pride in the
famous Indian art of embroidery, which they
have done much to foster.
Abu and Sandeep have placed Indian
embroidered garments, such as the shervani (knee-length coat tted closely at the
waist), the gote (wide, ared pajama pants),
the ghagra (multi-panel wedding skirt), the
dupatta (stole-like head covering) and the
kurta and kurti (long and short tunic), on
Hollywood red carpets and Mayfair runwaysnot to mention in Bollywood itself and
at the lavish parties of New Delhi industrialists. Their Mumbai shop, in smart Kemps
Corner, sells saris for $9000 and shervanis
for $16,000. For a single wedding, some 50
garments might be sold to one family for the

several daytime and nighttime appearances

that custom requires.
Yet for 37-year-old embroiderer Rehmat
Shaikh, a married man with a young son
in his West Bengal village four hours from
Calcutta, his monthly salary of 8000 rupees
($200) seems like decent pay. His brother
working on the railroad back home makes
much less, he says, and risks his life every
day. Shaikh meanwhile takes pride in his
precise and artful work. I know no less
than 1000 different designs, he says, not an
unreasonable number given the great variety of embroidery piecesin metal, cotton,
silk, plastic, glass and Swarovski crystal, all
known collectively as maal, literally meaning material or
stuff, but here with
the connotation of
precious goodsthat
he applies to the fabric
with different stitches
and knots.
Franois Bernier,
the French physician
in Mughal emperor
Aurangzebs court,
wrote of much the
same work 300 years
ago in his Travels in
the Moghal Empire:
Large halls are seen
in many places, called

The art of Mughal-style embroidery starts

with an abundance of raw materials, from
a profusion of ornamental maal above to
thread, below, that varies by material, weight
and color. Opposite: Shamina Talyarkhan,
founder of Shameeza Embroideries, reviews
orders from New York, which are then listed
on an erasable board opposite, lower.

karkanahs, or workshops for the artisans. In

one hall, embroiderers are busily employed,
superintended by a master. He continued,
[M]anufactures of silk, ne brocade, and
other ne muslins, of which are made turbans, girdles of gold owers, and drawers
worn by females, so delicately ne as to wear
out in one night might cost up to 10 or 12
crowns, or even more when embroidered
with ne needlework.
But in at least one way, things have
changed. Bernier noted, In this quiet and
regular manner, their time glides away, no
one aspiring to any improvement in the condition of life wherein he happens to have
been born. The embroiderer brings up
his son as an embroiderer. No more: Shaikhs father was a farmer, and Shaikh wants
his own son to grow up to work as an IT
man in an ofce in Bangalore. Perhaps due
to the globalized garment trade and to the
growth of Indias middle class, both at home
and abroad, whose members can afford
ne embroidery work, many more workers have entered the embroidery trade than

My motifs are
inspired from all kinds
of sources, from
metal and glassware
patterns, Mughal
textiles and even
miniature paintings.
Shamina Talyarkhan

July/August 2011

27

I know no
less than 1000
different designs.
Rehmat Shaikh

in previous generations, and it seems likely

that many kinds of ofce work will be available to the generation that will follow.
Shaikhs specialty is zardozi. This uses
a straight needle with cotton or silk thread
in a cross-stitch, often to apply all varieties
of maal, frequently in gold and silver, to the
fabric. Zardozi is a highly creative art and
may use nothing more than colored threads
to create organic or geometric designs,
sometimes couched over a paper cutout
called a wasli to raise the pattern or runstitched along the folds of a pleated metallic
ribbon, called gota, to create the veins and
ribs of a leaf or petal. The craftsman can

also freely modulate both the length of the

stitch and its orientation on the fabric, crosshatch the stitching alternately on the diagonal or use French knotting to vary shimmer
and smoothness.
Abus and Sandeeps 33-year-old oor
supervisor is soft-spoken Firoz Malik, who
can lend a hand with the workshops other
Working four, ve or six to a frame, lower,
young craftsmen often choose the embroidery trade in pursuit of upward mobility.
During the height of the wedding season,
many sleep in the shop at night and each
morning place their bedrolls on overhead
shelves, right.

main embroidery technique,

ari, which is done with the same
kind of hooked needle used in
French tambour lace-making,
itself a craft of Eastern origin.
Firozs eighth-grade education is
considered advanced for a man
in the needle trade.
The ari needle is held vertically like a dental pick, moving up and down rapidly in a
sewing-machine motion. Firoz
rst picks up the maal one by
one onto the barrel of his needle. He punches the needle

PAKISTAN

NEPAL
New Delhi

INDIA
Mumbai
A r a b i a n
S e a

B a y
o f
B e n g a l

SRI LANKA

down through the fabric and, with his left

hand holding a spool of thread underneath
the embroidery frame, makes a quick loop
around the needles hook before pulling the
thread back up through the fabric and over
a millimeter left or right, thereby xing the
maal in place before making the next upand-down needle punch. The ari needles are
of different sizes, depending on whether the

thread is single, double or

triple, and according to
the diameter of the holes
in the sequins and beads
that are being attached.
Ari work goes faster
than zardozi, but if its
done carelessly, the chain
stitch on the underside
of the fabric can unravel
if the thread is broken in
any one place. Having to
tie stop knots to mend it
breaks the rhythm and
jars the smooth, fast lines
that ari is known for, so
embroiderers must get
it right the rst time. A
ower pattern measuring
10 by 25 centimeters (4 x
10") might take an ari man
15 hours, which is about
half the time of a zardozi
job of the same area.
Both ari and zardozi
embroidery work are said
to be of Persian origin and
were perfected under the
Mughals. An even ner
Persian embroidery called
chikan kari reached nearperfection under the nawabs of Awadh in
the 19th century; that has been revived and
brought to an even higher level by Abu and
Sandeep. Using untwisted cotton thread on
cotton fabric in white and off-white tones,
chikan work is known for its 35 unique
stitches, including shadow (applied underneath the fabric, so the top side is smooth
yet shaded from below); jaali (separates the
warp and weft threads into bundles of four
within a reinforced perimeter, thereby making screen-like perforations in the fabric);
and murri (shaped like grains of puffed rice).
Each one is simple yet very elegant. The
chikan workers are all village women, and
they do not work with the men in Mumbai: They work in a haveli, or country house,
outside Lucknow.
Abu and Sandeeps design department is
staffed with recent graduates of Indias top
fashion institutes, all with a practical, problem-solving outlook. One recent project was
to lighten a Rabari-style coattraditionally
made by that tribe in the Kutch area of Gujaratwhich uses glass mirrors stitched into
place in a mosaic pattern. But such work is
impractical for modern wear and impossible
to drape attractively. The designers replaced
the glass with metal foil in different hues,
thus achieving the same reective quality,
broadening the color palette and at the same
July/August 2011

29

time lightening the wearers shoulder load

enormously.
In the 16th century, in the time of the
Mughal emperor Akbar, his vizier Abu alFazl ibn Mubarak wrote in the Ain-i Akbari,
a logbook of his emperors reign:
His majesty pays much attention to
various stuffs; hence Irani, European,
and Mongolian articles of wear are
in much abundance. The imperial
workshops in the towns of Lahore,
Agra, Fatehpur, Ahmedabad and
Gujarat turn out many masterpieces
of workmanship, and the gures and
patterns, knots and variety of fashions
which now prevail astonish experienced travelers. [A] taste for ne
material has since become general,
and the drapery used at feasts surpasses every description.
In central Mumbai, Shamina
Talyarkhan has long astonished even the
most experienced travelers with her eye for
fashion. Recently named by Time magazine
as one of the worlds top businesswomen in
the luxury trade, she remembers how she
started in the 1970s. Freshly arrived in
New York, wearing saris and lugging suitcases of embroidered dresses up and down
Fifth Avenue, she found disappointment.
They didnt buy, she says, but I learned
30

Saudi Aramco World

something importanthow to design and

sell embroidered pieces to famous couturierspeople like Valentino, Yves Saint
Laurent, Escada, Ralph Lauren and Reem
Acraso they could t them into their
own creations.
Now, her busy workshop in Mumbais
Worli district turns out swatches, samples
and full production runs for these and other
top designers. We start with pure ideas,
she says, playing back and forth with mood
prompts and word associations. Then I turn
them into a swatch, and I get feedback, then
into a full size sample, and get more feedback. Only then do I go into production.
The order board hanging near the supervisors station lists current and upcoming
jobs by level of urgency. Today, all of them
seem to need to be nished and shipped
by tonight.
Her men embroider Mughal-style elements onto panels of western fabrics like
tulle, georgette and chiffon, which are then
re-sewn into garments ranging from ball
gowns and wedding dresses to fancy sweaters and casual jackets. At rst, it seems
strange to see ne Indian stitchery combined
with suede, or crushed and coiled crepe, or
tiger-stripe-printed silk, pleated and covered with peekaboo black netting. But then
it all makes perfect fashion sense: Just as in

Akbars time,
it is an amalgam of diverse
tastes and
traditions.
My motifs
are inspired
by all kinds of
sources, says
Shamina, as
she points to
her library of
pattern books
and museum
catalogues, from bidri, or inlaid metal, and
glassware patterns, Mughal textiles in the
V&As collection, even miniature paintings.
But I had to educate my workers too about
quality control. My fabrics are mostly pale
greens and pinks, lavenders and peach tones,
and their hands were often soiled from long
bus commutes. Luckily, soap akes usually did the job. My biggest problem was
the apprentices reluctance to use thimbles.
Blood dripping from pricked ngers just
doesnt wash out!
The process of arranging an embroidery frame is almost as complicated as setting up a loom. Cloth must be stretched
tight to be embroidered, but Shaminas fabrics are usually too delicate to be stretched

The ari needle is held vertically like a dental pick, moving up and
down rapidly in a sewing-machine motion. Firoz picks up the maal
one by one onto the barrel of his needle. He punches the needle
down through the fabric and, with his left hand holding a spool of
thread underneath the embroidery frame, makes a quick loop around
the needles hook before pulling the thread back up through the fabric
and over a millimeter left or right, thereby fixing the maal in place
before making the next up-and-down needle punch.
July/August 2011

31

and embroidered directly; they must rst

be stitched at onto a stronger nylon-mesh
backing. The backing is then stretched over
the frame by a cord with multiple loops.
The desired patterns are then pounced
onto the stretched fabric using chalk powder and paper templates perforated with pinholes. Four to six men can work comfortably
around one frame,
sometimes working on a single
large pattern, more
frequently working
on multiple smaller
pieces to be cut out
and sewn individually onto sleeves,
backs and bodices.
The needle must
be pushed rmly
through both the
base fabric and the
nylon-mesh backing. When the job
is complete, the
mesh threads are
unraveled and
pulled away one
by one, leaving the
ne fabric free with
the embroidery
work intact.
32

Haze silhouettes skyscrapers in Mumbai,

above; in New York, lower, a shipment of
embroidery awaits unpacking at Shameeza
Embroideries, where other nished dresses,
opposite, await their clients.

Twenty-six-year-old Muhammad Khalid from Bihar is working on a painstaking four-handed job with his bench-mate
Tasleem Muhammad, shaping and holding down the pleats of a ower design to
be sewn tightly in place. If it is not done
right and consistently, the quality controllers who inspect each piece will send it back
to be redone. Muhammad and Tasleem are
part of a larger production team responsible
for a six-week job: 270 pieces of four panels
each, later to be cut out of the fabric and
tailored individually into each dress.
At another frame, ari workers are xing ve different kinds of blue beads as
well as square and round sequins onto the
fabric. A needleman picks up each shape
in a repeated sequence, sometimes stacking two of the same shape at a single position in order to add a third dimension to the
design. To save time and motion, an expert
might pick up multiple beads onto his needle, which he can drop one by one into each
chain stitch without having to pick them
up individually. A needlemans eyes are the
rst thing to deteriorate in this worknot

backs or legs as in Mumbais unskilled

tradesand threading a needle is easy in
comparison to stitching tiny beads into a
perfect line with zero tolerance for disorder.
Shaminas best workers, she says, are her
swatch makers, because it is the swatches
that are scrutinized back in the New York or
Paris design studios before approval for full
production. Even so, swatches sometimes
go through several versions, sent back and
forth to Mumbai with cryptic comments
handwritten on the order card, like something on a doctors prescription pad: Only
1 and 3 dot rows, no 4 dots, or Add space
between oating fade out beads, or Fewer
sequins per dot, and on and on.
When jobs back up in Shaminas workshop, she sends them out to her subcontractor, Muhammad Muazzam Siddiqui, one of
Mumbais many start-up embroidery entrepreneurs who are satisfying the demand
for handmade pieces, which has exploded
thanks to Internet-based marketing and
sales. Any Web site selling low-end Indian
garments offers much the same kind of ari
and zardozi stitchery, but the difference is
not only that the maal is plastic and glass
rather than gold and crystal, but alsoand

criticallythat the detail, the quality control and the overall coverage of the cloth
is far less than what Shamina, Abu and
Sandeep produce.
Among Siddiquis 40 employees, all
clustered around 15 embroidery frames,
is 22-year-old Mustaqim Shaikh, from
Mednapur village in West Bengal. Shaikh
started as an apprentice near his home
after nishing fourth grade and, ever since

Louis Werner (wernerworks@

msn.com) is a writer and lmmaker living in New York City.

David H. Wells (www.david

hwells.com) is a freelance
documentary photographer
afliated with Aurora Photos.
He specializes in intercultural
communications and the use of light and
shadow to enhance visual narrative, and has
twice won Fulbright fellowships for work in
India. His photography regularly appears in
leading magazines. A frequent teacher of
photography, he publishes The Wells Point
at www.thewellspoint.com.

coming to Mumbai six years ago, has felt

that he made the right decision. Looking over at his boss, he says he sees himself
wearing those shoes in the not-so-distant
future. After all, he explains, in a prospering country that adds hundreds of thousands of cars to its roads every month, it is
only natural that more people than ever are
buying the most nely embroidered kurtas
and kurtis, saris and dupattas.

Related articles from past issues can be

found on our Web site, www.saudiaramco
world.com. Click on indexes, then on the cover
of the issue indicated below.
Embroidery in:
Ottoman Turkey: M/J 07
Central Asia: J/A 03
Saudi Arabia: M/J 03

Kashmir: J/A 02
Palestine: M/A 97

www.abusandeep.com

Visit Shamina Talyarkhans

workshop with multimedia
documentary photographer and
videographer David H. Wells at
www.saudiaramcoworld.com.
July/August 2011

33

In the year 1015, traveler Ahmad al-Yamani fell ill in Malaga, on the southern coast of al-Andalus Muslim Spain.
He complained that he couldnt sleep because of all the music-making. Around me, the strings of lutes, tunburs and other
instruments vibrated from all directions, and different voices blended in singing, which was bad for me and added to my
insomnia and suffering. He tried to nd quiet lodging, but it was impossible, because music was uppermost in the concerns of
the people of that region.

WRITTEN BY KAY HARDY CAMPBELL / PHOTOGRAPHED BY TOR EIGELAND

One of the worlds most inuential

musical cultures ourished from the
eighth to the 15th century in the southern
Iberian realm called al-Andalus by the
Arabs who lived and ruled there. Only
traces of that original music remain today,
in poems, written histories, illustrations
and oral traditions handed down through
generations, yet Andalusian music and its
many descendants still inspire performers
and audiences around the world.
Arabs have always considered the
music of al-Andalus a pinnacle of Arab
34

Saudi Aramco World

culture. It gave rise to poetry and song

forms that inuenced the European
troubadours, whose music in turn became
part of the Renaissance, and is still
heard today.
Often attracted rst by the romantic
reputation of al-Andalus, modern-day
musicians worldwide love to reimagine
its music, blending beautiful old Spanish
melodies with Middle Eastern, medieval,
amenco and gypsy inuences. Many
performers and audiences are also
inspired by the ideal of convivencia, the

complex co-existence that occurred

among Islamic, Jewish and Christian
cultures in al-Andalus.
Anthropologist Jonathan Shannon of
New Yorks Hunter College writes about
the music and culture of al-Andalus.
Today, people look at our world full of
conict, and romantically view the period
of al-Andalus as one of cultural tolerance
where Muslims, Jews and Christians all
got along and created wonderful poetry,
music, food and architecture. They think
that if we want to understand tolerance

MASTER MATEO / CATHEDRAL OF ST. JAMES / BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRARY

Listening for Al-Andalus

Echoing the Middle Ages from his Madrid

studio, Eduardo Paniagua plays a psaltery,
or lap harp, as longtime collaborator War
Sheikh el-Din plays an ud, or fretless lute.
Their Iberian predecessors include these
frieze gures, opposite, from Santiago de
Compostele, Spain, and the illustration,
below, that Paniagua chose for the cover
of one of his most popular recordings,
The Best of the Cantigas.

The musical and poetic ideas

of Al-Andalus spread into
Europe, North Africa, Egypt
and beyond.

today, lets look back to medieval Spain.

Some people see that as a potential loose
model for how the world should be.
Those people, he says, and many modern
Arabs as well, often see al-Andalus as
a golden age. In Spain itself, after
centuries of willful forgetting of the
contributions of Muslims and Jews to
the national history, Spanish musicians
and artists have for some decades reveled
in a kind of willful rememberingand

re-mythologizingof their multicultural past.

For Madrid
musician,
architect and
recording producer Eduardo
Paniagua, reimagining the
elusive music of
al-Andalus is a
lifelong passion
that has led him
on a musical journey across continents, centuries
and cultures.
Blending a
kind of musical
archeology with
his own imagination, Paniagua
has spent decades
teasing out
musical threads from the past and weaving them into something new and alive.
He plays on both medieval Spanish and
modern Middle Eastern instruments. He
hunts for songs and poems in old manuscripts, nds inspiration in poems on
palace walls and studies images of musical instruments in drawings and carved
reliefs. He seeks out living masters of
Arab music in North Africa and rescues
historic recordings from oblivion.

Its a joy to be able to do this work,

Paniagua reects. Yet I dont know why it
entered me. I dont know why I have this
love of Arab music and early music. I only
know that I love it.

usic was an integral part of daily

life in al-Andalus, from the rst
days the Arabs arrived in 711 until years
after the last Arab ruler was expelled from
Granada in 1492. Holidays and weddings
were incomplete without music and dancing. Professional singers, male and female,
were attached to aristocratic homes and
royal courts. Al-Andaluss most famous
musician was Ziryab, originally from
Baghdad. After arriving in Crdoba in
822, he established a music school and
set down rules for classical music performances. These suites of vocal and
instrumental music are known now as
the nubah. He is best known for innovating the tuning and playing of the ud, the
unfretted lute, Arab musics signature
string instrument and predecessor of
the modern guitar. Especially in Seville,
craftsmen rened and invented musical
instruments. Polymath thinkers wrote
about music theory. Andalusian musicians
developed their own interpretations of the
maqamat, or modes and scales, that grew
distinct from those of the eastern Arab
world. Around the year 1000, when the
original Andalusian caliphate splintered
into smaller states, two new forms of
popular poetry sprang up and were set to
music: muwashshah and zajal.
July/August 2011

35

As the centuries passed, the musical

and poetic ideas of al-Andalus spread
north into Europe, south into North
Africa and east into Egypt and beyond.
Later, after 1492, additional waves of
exiles from the Muslim and Jewish communities of al-Andalus moved to North
Africa and points east, bringing with
them music and poetry, while those Arabs
and Jews who remained in Spain kept
making their own style of music until
speaking and singing in Arabic were ofcially banned in the 16th century.
Though most books on Andalusian
music theory were lost, anecdotes about
that musical world point to its exuberance.
Some old muwashshahat poems survived,
and they are still sung in Egypt, Lebanon
and Syria. The classical nubah vocal and
instrumental suite tradition incorporated
many muwashshahat, and the poems
live on in the nubah tradition, mainly in
Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia.
The trouble for musicians today is
that they cant be certain that the repertoires performed by modern ensembles in
North Africa and the eastern Arab world
in fact use the same melodies once played
in al-Andalus, or even close approximations. There are simply no written musical scores of music from Andalusian
times. Musicians in medieval Europe
and the Middle East didnt help the situation either, since they regularly set old
poems to new melodies, and
new poems to old melodies.
Thus a muwashshah heard
in Egypt today might be set to
an old Andalusian poem, but
the melody may be only 100
years old.
Folklore and music historian Dwight Reynolds has
been studying the music of
al-Andalus and North Africa
for two decades. It is quite
probable that a large part of
the Andalusi music repertoire
is old. We just cant tell which
part, he says.
This allowsor forces
modern musicians who
attempt to revive the sounds
of al-Andalus to make many
bold choices and judgments
that inevitably open them
up to criticism. First, they
must select repertoire from
36

Saudi Aramco World

There are no written musical scores from

Andalusian times. This leaves modern musicians
to make many carefuloften boldchoices.
the living, mostly North African, traditions or from written traces of lost
music. Then they must decide whether
to perform in a large ensemble (such
as the modern groups in North Africa)
or in a smaller group (such as a typical
eastern Arab ensemble), or to follow
historic Arabic sources that usually
describe a solo singer accompanied by a
single instrument. Musicians also have
to decide whether theyll play modern or
antique instruments, and then they must
also choose rhythmic and vocal stylistic
interpretation.

or Paniagua, such uncertainty has

become familiar territory, and one
key to his enduring passion, he says, is
that it started early, at home. Born in 1952
in Madrid to an unusually musical family, Paniagua was the son of a well-known
hematologist who collected records and
lled the house with music played on the
family record player.
We loved all kinds of music, not only
classical, Paniagua says, smiling. And in

our house there

was no television.
Only music.
Eduardo is the
third of four brothers: Gregorio and
Carlos are older
and Luis younger. Gregorio studied cello
at the Madrid conservatory, and as boys
the three younger Paniagua brothers also
picked up instruments. In the early 1960s,
Gregorio became fascinated with the
early-music movement in Europe and
the US. In 1964, when Eduardo was 12,
Gregorio formed a band called Atrium
Musicae (The Music Court) that included
his brothers. They began to perform
medieval music on period instruments,
using historic drawings and paintings as a
guide. The group rst performed in local
high schools, and gradually expanded to
museums and theaters.
It was a golden age in the family,
recalls Luis.
The Paniagua brothers made their rst
recordings in 1969. Eventually they made
22 records, including an album of classical
Greek music based on notations on papyrus fragments. The group toured Europe
and the US, and in 1972 it performed at
New Yorks Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Luis Delgado is another prominent
Spanish musician who nds inspiration
for his many compositions and recordings

TOP: COURTESY EDUARDO PANIAGUA

in the musical heritage of al-Andalus. As

a young man, he performed and recorded
with Atrium Musicae. I have a very positive feeling from that time, he recalls.
Gregorio, he says, opened our minds to
early music with a concept of freedom
and joy.
During the heyday of Atrium
Musicae, Eduardo and his brothers rst
encountered the classical music of North
Africa. Eduardo recalls that Gregorio
heard some recordings and, while on his

Together Paniagua
and Sheikh el-Din,
left, have toured
and collaborated
with dozens of
musicians and
groups since the
1990s. Above and
right: Medieval
artworks are characteristic elements
on the covers of
Pneumas more
than 120 recordings. Such art tells
us much about
instruments and
how music was
performed.

Growing up in Madrid with

brothers Luis (center), Carlos
(right) and Gregorio (not shown),
Eduardo (left) recalls, We loved
all kinds of music, not only
classical. And in our house there
was no television. Only music.

honeymoon in Morocco, sought

out masters of the traditional
music known as ala, the local
term for the nubah. Gregorio
later brought the
highly regarded
classical Tetouan
ensemble of Abd
al-Sadiq Shiqara
to Spain to record
courtly music from
the 12th and 13th
centuries.
The connections that
the Spanish members of
Atrium Musicae made with
their Moroccan counterparts launched them into
a far more profound series
of encounters with the
music of al-Andalus and
North Africa. Just three
years later, Atrium Musicae recorded instrumental
selections from the North

African repertoire played on medieval

Spanish instruments.
After Atrium Musicae disbanded in
1984, Eduardo, Carlos and Luis Paniagua formed Calamus, a group that also
included Luis Delgado and Begonia Olavide, whose specialty was the psaltery,
or medieval lap harp. Calamus produced
two CDs using medieval Spanish and Arab
instruments, which reected their growing knowledge of the traditions.
Reynolds has followed these musicians
over the decades. If their rst efforts now
seem uninformed, much to their
credit they all took it very seriously, and for a couple of decades
now have pushed further and
further into the tradition. They
could have stopped with the type
of music they were doing in the
1970s, but they didnt. They kept
on studying, and they kept on
collaborating.
Carlos married Olavide, and
the couple now lives in Tangier,
where he works as a luthier of
early string instruments, working
from medieval illustrations and
other artwork. He and Olavide
regularly perform, record and collaborate with Moroccan musicians.
Gregorio went on to pursue
both his own musical projects
as well as ne art. Luis Paniagua
became a well-known sitar player
who also, these days, plays a
classical Greek lyre made by his
brother Carlos.
July/August 2011

37

Eduardo began
to focus on the
production of
recordings. In
1994, he founded
his own label,
Pneuma, which
means spirit
in Greek. By
early this year,
Pneumas output had surpassed 120 CDs,
a pace of some eight to 10 each year in
a prolic, wide-ranging exploration of
music in medieval Spain, North Africa
and, increasingly aeld, in the eastern
Arab world. For bringing so much of this
music to the broader public, the Academy
of Spanish Music has nominated Paniagua
three times for its Best Classical Musical
Artist award.
For Delgado, Eduardos work in recent
decades has been of enormous importance
for the dissemination and knowledge of
Andalusian music, not only in Spain, but
in Europe. His recordings include not the

Its a joy to be able

to do this work. Yet
I dont know why it
entered me. I dont
know why I have
this love of Arab
music and early
music. I only know
that I love it,
Paniagua says.

38

Saudi Aramco World

new interpreters
of this music, but
classical recordings
of performers and
styles that have
received little attention in other previous labels. Thanks
to Pneuma, these
recordings are
now available.
One of Paniaguas rst recording quests is also
his most ambitious,
a still-unfolding
journey that, if he
completes it, will
mark an unprecedented feat: Initially
under contract with
Sony, and later on
Pneumas label, he
has set out to record
all 420 songs of the
13th-century songbook known as the
Cantigas de Santa
Maria, which was
compiled in Toledo
under the patronage
of King Alfonso X.
These songs chronicling the miracles of the Virgin Mary are
a mosaic of the regions traditions, Paniagua says, making them an exceptionally
rich source for exploring Spains medieval
music. Not surprisingly, the Cantigas
are popular with early music ensembles
worldwide.
Although no one knows for sure precisely which instruments were originally
used to perform the Cantigas, detailed
illustrations in surviving manuscripts
give a surprising amount of detailed
information. They also often depict
Arab and European musicians playing
together. Alfonso almost certainly had
Arab musicians in his court: Nine years
after his death, his son employed 27
salaried musicians, including 13 Arabs,
two of whom were women. Like other
early music ensembles around the world,
Paniaguas group, Musica Antigua, began
to experiment with Arab rhythms and
instruments in performances and recordings of the Cantigas, seeking a balance
between interpretive historical delity

and sounds that can please modern

ears, too.
As he continues to work through the
Cantigas, Paniagua has also recorded
North African groups playing the classical nubah suite music of Morocco,
Algeria and Tunisia, and joined with
other Spanish and Arab musicians to
play combinations of medieval period
and modern Middle Eastern instruments.
They recorded several popular nubat
and named their trans-Mediterranean
group Ibn Baya, after one of Paniaguas
most admired Andalusians: philosopher,
scientist, composer and musician Ibn Bajjah, also known as Avempace, who lived
in the late 11th and early 12th centuries.
The years of study and practice that
Paniagua and his Spanish colleagues had
invested came to fruition in these recordings: talented musicians, a perfect blend
of instruments, a careful choice of repertoire and high production values. (See
A Pneuma Sampler, page 40.)
I learned a lot from the Ibn Baya
recordings, Paniagua says. The music
of North Africa is a living tradition, not
xed. It sounds different at home or at a
wedding. And the poetry is very important. Its the expression of the music, and
they can change one bit of poetry for
another.

n Paniaguas home studio in suburban Madrid, hundreds of musical

instruments from around the Mediterranean ll two walls of oor-to-ceiling
display cases. A large collection of LPs and
books about the Middle East and its music
ank the others.
He picks up a medieval lap harp, a
two-winged psaltery made by his brother
Carlos from an illustration from the 13th
or 14th century. He begins to play an old
Andalusi tune from North Africa. A multiinstrumentalist, Paniagua also plays the
qanun, the plucked zither of the Arab world
and Turkey. On both psaltery and qanun,
he explains, he deliberately uses simple
plucking techniques and a pared-down
ornamentation that he believes would have
been prevalent in medieval times.
Later, he plays an improvisation on
the Eastern European ute, the kawala.
Though he also plays the end-blown reed
ute of the Arab world called nay, Paniagua chooses to use the kawala when hes

performing medieval Spanish music: It

sounds better to modern ears when playing the scales of North Africa and medieval Spain, he explains.
A frequent collaborator with Paniagua is War Sheikh el-Din, a Sudanese

scientic knowledge and turn it into an

actual experience. He knows how to put
something on the stage.
I think the most important work
we do, he adds, is the connection of
the three culturesJewish, Muslim and

period illustrations, many showing medieval musicians. Most CDs have their notes
translated into both English and French.
The music speaks for itself, Paniagua says, but whats really fascinating
is where it was found, where it comes

BIBLIOTECA MONASTERIO DEL ESCORIAL / BRIDGEMAN ART LIBRARY

A 13th-century
illustration accompanying one of the
Cantigas de Santa
Maria includes
musicians in the court
of King Alfonso X.

singer and ud player living in Madrid

who brings his Arab background to many
of Pneumas projects. An early member
of the popular world-music band from
southern Spain, Radio Tarifa, which
blended Spanish and Mediterranean
music, Sheikh el-Din was studying in
Madrid when he says he fell in love with a
recording by Calamus called Splendours
of al-Andalus. He made contact with
Paniagua, who happened to be looking for
an ud player to join the Cantigas project.

Christian. This is the main dish for me,

because in my personal life, I dedicate
myself to make a connection with religion. When we perform, we notice that
people are thirsty to nd connections
between the cultures.
Paniaguas own thirst for the subject
has led Pneuma to produce CDs exploring
not only the three cultures of al-Andalus,
but also Gregorian and Catalonian chants,
Sephardic songs, songs about the famous
Battle of Arcos in 1195, the legend of ElCid and the legacies
of the troubadours.
Despite this musical range, Pneuma
recordings maintain
a distinct graphic
style. This is where
Paniagua the architect comes in: He
is deeply involved in the design of each
one, and the liner notes, which he writes
himself, are usually extensive enough to
require their own booklet. The CD covers and notes are all lled with abundant

I think the most important work we do is the

connection of the three cultures.
War Sheikh el-Din
Sheikh el-Din has worked with Paniagua
ever since on many recordings, touring
with him in the eastern Arab world.
I love Eduardos work, he says, especially as a producer, because he can take

from, the history

of it. Sometimes it
takes twice as long
to do the texts as the
recordings, due to all
the translations and
research.
Alongside performing, recording
and producing,
Paniaguas job with
Madrids regional
government connects him to architecture much as he is
connected to music:
He advises landowners in rural areas on
the restoration of old structures, especially
in villages and town centers; he catalogues
signicant old buildings and tries to keep
them from being destroyed.
Indeed, some of Paniaguas most interpretive recordings connect the music of
al-Andalus to its architecture. The CD La
Felicidad Cumplida (Perfect Bliss) sets
poetic inscriptions carved on the walls
of Sevilles Alczar Palace to traditional
al-Andalus melodies from North Africa.
It includes a song set to this builders or
architects prayer, which appears in 18
places in the Alczar:
O my trusted Friend! O my Hope!
You are my Hope; you are my
Protector!
Bless my work with Your Seal
of Approval.
Similarly, the CD Mudejar Builders celebrates the multicultural history
evoked by the Church of St. Martin at
Cuellar, built in the 12th century by
mudejars, Arabs who lived in the Christian territories of Spain before 1492. The
July/August 2011

39

Following are a dozen recommendations for adventurous listeners.

Most Pneuma CDs can be ordered on-line, including at amazon.com
and cduniverse.com.

A Pneuma Sampler
Aire de al-Andalus (The Air of al-Andalus
/ PN-550) Lovers of the contemplative

woodwind sound of the Middle Eastern nay,

the end-blown reed ute, will enjoy this
compilation, which features Middle Eastern
utes spanning medieval and modern music
traditions from al-Andalus to Persia.
Al Muedano (Muezzin / PN-750) This re-

cording explores the melodious Muslim call

to prayer, as well as prayers and meditations
from around the Middle East, including a
stirring choral call to prayer recorded in
Damascus. Several tracks include fountains
or birdsong in the background.
La Felicidad Cumplida (Perfect Bliss / PN290) Virtuoso musicians El Arabi Serghini,

Larbi Akrim, Jamal Eddine ben Allal and

Eduardo Paniagua take Arabic inscriptions
from the walls of the Alczar of Seville
and set them to traditional Andalusi and
Andalusi-inspired melodies for a beautifully
interpretive recording.
La Noria de los Modos (The Wheel of
the Modes / PN 890) Music-master

Selim Ferghani of Constantine, Algeria,

performs traditional Andalusi songs and
instrumentals in several maqamat (modes)
in the Constantine style. Ferghani is
accompanied by Yousef Bounaas, Bachir
Ghouli, Kaled Smair and Nabil Taleb on this
intimately sound-textured recording.
Lo Mejor de las Cantigas (The Best of the
Cantigas / PN-600) This rich and wide-

ranging sampler of 20 songs from the

ongoing Cantigas project demonstrates
several of Paniaguas approaches to the
reconstruction of medieval Spanish music
from the time of Alphonso X.
Maqamat Ziryab by Naseer Shamma (PN480) The Iraqi ud master performs solo

improvisations and compositions exploring

the maqamat introduced to al-Andalus by
its most famous musician, Ziryab, who came
from Baghdad in the early ninth century.
Nuba al-Maya (PN-630) This is one of several
landmark recordings by Eduardo Paniaguas
Ibn Baya ensemble that bring together
European and Middle Eastern artists,
including the featured Omar Metioui

40

Saudi Aramco World

of Tangier, Morocco, to play selections

of the traditional nubat, the classical
North African musical suites said to have
originated in al-Andalus.
Poemas de la Alhambra (Poems of the
Alhambra / PN-230) Ibn Jamrak (13331393)

Alhambra Palace in Granada, too,

inspired several Pneuma recordings
featuring the verses of poets whose
words are inscribed on its walls. One
incorporates the soothing sounds of
the Alhambras fountains in the background, while another evokes three
stories from American author Washington Irvings beloved book Tales of
the Alhambra.
Paniagua has also delved into the
music of Islam. The CD Al Muedano
(Muezzin) features several versions
of the adhan, or call to prayer, including a stirring choral version recorded

is known as the Poet of the

Alhambra, since many of his
verses grace the walls and
fountains of the Granada
palace. Some of them are
performed to traditional
Andalusi tunes and the
ambient sounds of the
Alhambras fountains by
musicians including the
MoroccanSpanish ensemble
of El Arabi Serghini, Larbi
Akrim, Jamal Eddine Ben
Allal, Eduardo Paniagua and
Luis Delgado.
Ritual SuAndalusi (PN-530)

This is a rare recording of

the mystical brotherhoods of
Tangier, Morocco, based on
poems composed by the 13thcentury mystic al-Shushtari.
Tesoros de Al-Andalus
(Treasures of al-Andalus / PN1110) Using reconstructed

medieval and traditional

Middle Eastern instruments,
Paniaguas early music group
Musica Antiqua interprets
songs and melodies from North
Africa and farther East.
Tres Culturas (Three Cultures / PN-100)

Three ensembles perform music from the

Muslim, Jewish and Christian traditions
of medieval Spain, including romances
and Sephardic songs, music for the Road to
Santiago de Compostela and Andalusi music
accompanied by the ud.
Zambra de Moriscos (PN-1140) The
Moriscos were Muslims who stayed in
Spain after 1492, and they danced and sang
the exuberant evening entertainment
known as zambra. This CD combines
texts and melodies from Spanish and
Andalusi sources.

in the chanters hall of the Umayyad

mosque in Damascus. He has also
made recordings of the religious associations in Tangier singing Arabic
poetry of al-Andalus.
Pneuma is a small shop: Paniagua
works calmly with his longtime
sound engineer Hugo Westerdahl
in the Axiom sound studio off
Madrids bustling Plaza Santa Ana,
where locals sample tapas late into
the night. The two men are putting
the nishing touches on another
unusual project: a recording made
using instruments sketched by Leonardo da Vinci but never before built.

Three artists from around the world

built prototypes, including a lightweight
paper organ, a mechanical bowed instrument with a keyboard known as a viola
organista and a silver viola with a neck
in the shape of a horses head. Paniagua
says their challenge is to eliminate the
mechanical sounds the instruments make
while being played and to soften some
harsh tones coming from the viola.
Then they turn to Paniaguas next project: a duet between ud and sitar with Iraqi
ud master Naseer Shamma, who runs
a music school in Cairo. Paniagua is also
putting nal touches on the latest Cantigas disksone about Jesus and another
of womens Cantigas featuring Samira
al-Qadiri, a singer from Tetouan, Morocco.
Playing a track from this recording, Paniagua points out how her vocal timbre and
delicate ornamentation produce a different overall sound than one hears from
western vocalists. Though it was challenging for the singer to learn the melodies by

Paniagua shows liner notes to

writer Kay Campbell. In some
cases, research for a Pneuma
recording, he explains, takes
more time than production of
the music.

ear, Paniagua seems delighted

to present another approach to
the music of medieval Spain to
his listeners.

merican musician Bill

Cooley recalls that it
was in the late 1990s that he
became fascinated with the
music of medieval Spain and came across
Splendours of al-Andalus by Calamus.
Although the music was compelling, he
says he was most intrigued by the blackand-white photograph of instruments
that appeared on the back cover. I used
to look at the photo with a magnifying
glass, w
wondering how the instruments
were m
made.
Insp
Inspired
by the music and a growing
t learn to build medieval instrudesire to
ments, Cooley traveled to Madrid to study
ud wit
with War Sheikh el-Din, as well as
instrum
instrument-making.
Sheikh el-Din soon
introdu him to Paniagua.
introduced
ca here because of the work EduI came
ardo do
does. It shows on an international
w that means. He has created a
level what
resource,
resourc not only for people in Spain,
but inte
internationally, for people to study
music tthat is no longer played so much or
recorde much. You can nd other recordrecorded
ings off Andalusian music from Morocco,
Algeria and Tunisia, but you have to go
there to nd them. So what Eduardos
w
doing when
he records these traditional
groups
group is very important.
A
As Paniagua reaches the halfway
mark of his quest to record all of the
mar
Ca
Cantigaswhich he estimates will
total 60 CDs in the endhe says he
tot

Crafted by Paniaguas brother Carlos

to resemble such instruments as the
one appearing on the cover of
Pneumas 2009 catalog, opposite,
this replica medieval ud is on
display in Granada at the Pabelln
de al-Andalus y la Ciencia.

feels freer and less guided by outside criticism, because the work is there. If something comes together really well, all the
elements work. Its a complex, intuitive
world. The more you learn about history,
the better you can step ahead with your
interpretations. Yet this music is always a
thesis. Its something you propose to do.
I can never put my hands in the re and
say with certainty, This is the way it
was done.

Kay Hardy Campbell (www.

kayhardycampbell.com) lives
near Boston, where she plays the
ud and helps direct the annual
Arabic Music Retreat at Mount
Holyoke College.
Photographer and writer Tor
Eigeland (www.toreigeland.com)
has covered assignments around
the world for Saudi Aramco World
and other publications, and has
contributed to 10 National Geographic Society
book projects.

Related articles from past issues

can be found on our Web site, www.
saudiaramcoworld.com. Click on indexes,
then on the cover of the issue indicated below.
Spanish history: M/J 09
Ziryab: J/A 03
Tunisian music: J/A 01
Saudi music: M/A 07
Alhambra: J/A 06, S/O 92
Washington Irving: S/O 08
roots of amenco: N/D 94
Portuguese fado: M/A 01
www.pneumapaniagua.es
July/August 2011

41

One

Card
AT A

Time

WRITTEN BY

PINEY KESTING
AASIL AHMAD

PHOTOGRAPHED BY

The designs are

inspired by pictures
that I see in books
and magazines,
says Saanya.
Mostly its just
ideas we come up
with by using different kinds of paper
and color combinations and stamps,
stickers, buttons,
ribbon and glitter.
Sometimes my
father will bring his
work down to the
basement where
we make cards, my
brother will help,
and my mom and
I always make
cards together. If
I have a lot to
make, Ill invite
friends and cousins
over, and well put
music on and dance
and make tons
of cards!
42

Saudi Aramco World

In

the late afternoon, 15-year old Saanya Hasan Ali can often be
found in the comfortable family room of her home in
Potomac, Maryland. But she isnt doing homework, and she
isnt in front of a computer screen. She is cutting, drawing, measuring,
gluing and folding, surrounded by a colorful chaos of paper, rubber
stamps, buttons, stickers, ribbons and glitter.
I just love arts and crafts, exclaims Saanya, whose talent for
designing and making greeting cards is matched by her dedication to
helping children and families in need. During the past six years, Saanya
has raised an astonishing $26,000 through the sale of her cards, all
while juggling the schedule of an active ninth-grader.
Saanyas unexpected success began in 2005, when her family was
moving from Houston to Washington, D.C. My mother received an
e-mail from friends who had just founded the Pennies for Education
and Health (PEH) organization. They were raising money for children
in Gujarat, India to be able to go to school, explains Saanya, who was
nine years old at the time. Her mother, Salma, offered to donate $75 in
Saanyas name, a sum that would pay for one childs schooling for a year.
But Saanya decided she wanted to raise the money herself.
I was in third grade then, and I couldnt even wrap my mind
around the fact that kids couldnt go to school over there, she says.
Saanya and her mom unpacked one of the moving boxes lled with
Saanyas crafts supplies, and she made cards to sell at a family wedding
that summer. To her own surprise, she earned $600enough to send
eight children to school for the yearthough her goal had been only $75.
I kept on making cards, and the following summer I was able to
help support the kids for another year, explains Saanya, who by then

In His

I couldnt do it without my family, says Saanya, shown here with

her mother, Salma, brother, Zayd and father, Arif, who adds that
sharing is a constant topic of discussion at the dinner table.

had established her own non-prot organization called Children

Helping Children. By 2007, she had earned a total of $10,000 for PEH.
One of her goals now, she says, is to support the schooling of these
rst eight children until they graduate from college.
Saanya has truly been the most inspiring person and a great role
model, not only for young girls and boys of her age but also for
adults, comments Saleha Khumawala, co-founder of PEH. She has
done this not only by making and selling innovative cards, which
have now become fairly well known, but also through her eloquent
speeches and articles, andmore importantlyby her passion, enthusiasm, relentless hard work and humility.
Encouraged by success, Saanya began to support other organizations, including SOS Childrens Villages and the Central Asia Institute,
which builds schools in Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as earthquake-relief efforts in Haiti, Pakistan and, most recently, Japan.
In 2007 she led a card-making workshop at the World Childrens
Festival on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., and in 2009, an
article about her appeared in Family Circle magazine. That not only
brought new orders, but also unsolicited donations of card-making
supplies. We had Federal Express boxes full of supplies arriving at
our home, recalls Salma.
As demand for Saanyas cards rose, card-making became a familyand-friends activity, too. I didnt want card-making to become a
chore, because it is something I love to do and it makes me feel really
good inside, explains Saanya.
I couldnt do it without my family, she emphasizes, adding that it
is often hard to nd the time to make cards amid school and sports
activities. Her mother often helps assemble the cards now, and when
her younger, brother, Zayd, was seven, he used his toy dump truck to
help clean up. Now nine, Zayd is making his own cards. (See above
right.) Saanyas friends join her during the summer and school breaks.
The most important thing we have tried to teach our children is
that it is important to give back at every stage of your life, emphasizes Salma. Her husband, Arif, notes that sharing is a constant topic
of discussion at the dinner table.
I would love to continue making cards, says Saanya, acknowledging that her project has helped her to see the world through different
eyes. Now that I am in high school, I would also like to start giving
talks in inner-city schools to try to inspire other kids to do their own
projects. No matter who you are, there is always an opportunity to
make a difference. Making cards is my small effort, she adds. If
everyone does their small part, it can grow into something beyond
your expectations.

Sisters Footsteps

Nine-year-old Zayd Ali is planting trees in Kenya. Inspired by his

sister Saanya, Zayd decided he too could raise money by making
cards. But Zayd wanted to choose his own charity, and when his
mother showed him the
Web site for the Green
Belt Movement (GBM),
he was hooked.
Founded by 2004
Nobel Peace Prize
laureate Wangari
Maathai, GBM has
planted more than 45
million trees in Kenya
and inspired the planting
of more than a million
additional trees around the world. I love trees and I love nature,
explains Zayd, who will enter fourth grade this fall. Wangari Maathai
said that planting seeds of trees is like planting seeds of hope, so I
GHFLGHGWRPDNHSHDFHWUHHFDUGVy=D\GVWDUWHGPDNLQJKLVoUVW
cards, often with the help of friends, this spring.
Since then, Zayd has raised more than $300. I really like it when
my mom gets an e-mail telling us that I have planted 150 trees. It
makes me feel so good inside, he smiles.
During his last birthday, Zayd raised more money when he asked
his friends not to bring presents but to instead donate to GBM by
purchasing his cards. But my mom still gave me presents, he
confesses with a twinkle in his eyes.

Pennies for Education and Health

Pennies for Education and Health (PEH) was founded in 2003 by

Basheer and Saleha Khumawala in the aftermath of the earthquake
LQ*XMDUDW,QGLD+HDGTXDUWHUHGLQ+RXVWRQ7H[DVWKHQRQSURoW
organization provides funding through donor sponsorships for the
education and health care of 510 children. It has more than 300
children on its waiting list.

Piney Kesting is a Boston-based freelance writer and

consultant. Inspired by her rst visit to Lebanon many years
ago, she has been exploring and writing about the Middle
East ever since. She is a frequent contributor to Saudi
Aramco World and other international publications.
Aasil Ahmad (www.aasilahmad.net) is a freelance photographer and photo editor for Islamic Monthly magazine. He
recently completed a project in Kashmir teaching photography
to children impacted by the 2005 earthquake. His photos of the
Hajj were featured in a series called A Minox in Mecca at the
Contact Photography Festival in Toronto. He lives in Washington, D.C.

www.thegivingcard.org
www.pehchildren.org
July/August 2011

43

ClassroomGuide
WRITTEN BY JULIE WEISS

July/August 2011
saudiaramcoworld.com

CLASS ACTIVITIES
Thomas
Jef fersons

Q U RA N

FOR STUDENTS
We hope this two-page
guide will help sharpen
your reading skills and
deepen your understanding of this issues articles.
FOR TEACHERS
We encourage reproduction and adaptation of
these ideas, freely and
without further permission
from Saudi Aramco World,
by teachers at any level,
whether working in a
classroom or through
home study.
THE EDITORS
Curriculum Alignments
To see alignments with
national standards for all
articles in this issue, click
Curriculum Alignments
at www.saudiaramco
world.com.
Professional
Development Workshops
The Middle East Policy
Council, an independent,
non-partisan educational
organization, offers free
Professional Development
Workshops to help K12
educators understand the
geographical, political and
human complexities of the
region and to provide valuable teaching resources.
MEPC will design a workshop to give your school,
organization or conference
innovative tools and strategies for teaching about the
Middle East and Islam. For
information, e-mail Barbara
Petzen at bpetzen@mepc.
org with your name, school
or organization, phone
number, and subject and
grade taught. MEPC has
also developed a companion Web site, TeachMid
east.org, with background
essays and lesson plans.
Julie Weiss is an education consultant based in
Eliot, Maine. She holds a
Ph.D. in American studies.
Her company, Unlimited
Horizons, develops social
studies, media literacy and
English as a Second Language curricula, and produces textbook materials.

44

Saudi Aramco World

This issue of Saudi Aramco World contains articles that in one way or another
are about the past. The activities in the
Classroom Guide approach studying
the past in a couple of different ways. In
the rst theme, On the Road, students
compare past and present to explore
continuity and change over time. In the
second theme, they consider how people
examine evidence, then draw conclusions and make inferences based on it.

Theme: On the Road

If youve traveled for any distance,
youre probably at least a little bit familiar with some of what makes it possible:
highways, airports, hotels, restaurants
and so on. Have you ever wondered
how travelers got to places before there
were trains, planes and automobiles?
Where did they stay before there was
a Motel 6 or a Comfort Inn? Where did
they eat? It can be hard to imagine what
things were like before people did things
the way we do them today. But they had
their waysover centuries and centuries. In
these activities, youll learn about services
for travelers who lived hundreds of years
ago. By the time youre done, you should
be able to imagine what it was like to travel
along the Silk Roads. Then youll see whats
changedand whats remained the same.
Your Own Travel Experience
Think about a trip youve taken. Maybe
your family got on a plane and ew to a
big city where you visited family or maybe
some museums. Or maybe you drove to a
national park. Or took the train to visit your
grandparents. Or rode the subway to the
beach. Decide on a trip, and write answers
to these questions about it: Where did you
go? Whom did you go with? What was the
purpose of the trip? What kind of transportation did you use? What did you do while you
were there? Where did you eat and sleep?
Write a paragraph describing some aspect
of the trip. For example, you could write
about the eight-hour ride with your family,
stuffed into the car with the dog panting on
your lap. Maybe what you remember most
was being hungry and having to wait for
what felt like forever until lunch. Have volunteers share their paragraphs with the class.
Now step back from the specics. As a
class, think about the things that made the
trip possible. Make a class list. Use the questions above as your guide. For example,
transportation will be one of things. Use
them as categories. When youve got the
list, leave it where everyone can see it so
you can use it to guide you in your reading.

Travel in the Past: Reviewing the Reading

Read Spine of the Silk Roads, on pages
16 to 23. When youre nished, discuss with
a small group the following questions, just
to be sure you understand what youve
read. What were caravanserais? What were
khans? What were funduqs? What did they
look like? What amenities could visitors nd
there? What were some different reasons
that people traveled? Who beneted from
the elaborate systems of funduqs and caravanserais? When did people stop using caravanserais? Why?
Comparing Travel Then and Now
Working with a partner, compare travel
accommodations on the Silk Road with
travel accommodations you might nd
today. Make a T-chart. Title the left-hand
column Travel Then and the right-hand
column Travel Now. Go through the
article to ll in the left-hand column with
descriptions of what caravanserais, khans
and funduqs looked like; who stayed there;
what was expected of travelers when they
stayed there; and what amenities travelers could expect. In the right-hand column,
identify elements of modern travel that correspond to each of the items in your rst list.
For example, in the left-hand column, you
may have written, travelers who stayed in
a caravanserai had to provide their name,
hometown and what they had with them,
including livestock. In the right-hand column, you might write, travelers who stay
in motels have to register, including providing their address, credit card information,
and license plate number. Have pairs get

together to compare their

charts. Add to your chart if
you get new ideas from the
pair youve met with.
Advertising Travel
Accommodations
No doubt youve seen or
heard advertisements for
travel accommodations. If
youve traveled on a highway, youve probably seen
billboards; if you listen to
the radio, you may have
heard jingles; and if you
watch TV, youve likely seen
ads. Web sites also function like ads. Visit the Web
site for a motel or hotel
chain. Notice what the site
emphasizes. Working with
a small group, take the role
of someone developing an
ad campaign for a caravanserai. Here are some things to consider:
UVi`>>`ii
(Billboards, radio, TV, newspapers/mag>i]7iLi
vi-i
U/Li>i}
>VV`>
U7>ii``i>VV`>ii
U7>i>i
>`V>>}
UHow will you distinguish yourself from
iV>>>i>]v`>`>
With your group, put together an ad
campaign for your caravanserai. Choose at
least two media in which to advertise, and
be able to explain why you chose those
media (that is, why they are appropriate for
>}i>`iVi*}ii>i
entation of your ad campaign, as though
you are pitching it to executives who run the
caravanserai you are advertising. Remember that you need to be persuasive on two
levels: First, you must persuade your listeners that the ad campaign will effectively
increase their business; second, your ads
must persuade potential travelers to visit
your caravanserai.
Evaluating What Youve Learned
Effective learners can explain what theyve
learned. As a class, discuss what you have
learned from this activity. Here are a few
questions to guide your self-evaluation:
What have you learned about continuity and
V>}iii7>>ii>i`
about the role that advertising plays in the
iV7>>ii>i`>L
Lii>i

Theme: Assumptions, Evidence,

Conclusions and Inferences

Historians love it when this happens: evidence answers specic factual questions.

Another way to learn about the past is to

study objects that people have left behind.
What can you learn from just oneLiV
How can one object help us understand the
>/>ivvi+>
us that we can learn a lot. Read the article,
>}i]Vi-iL>>
*>}iV>ivi>iivviV
vi+>>`iidence to gure out a piece of the past.

Inferences
Now that youve got the information and
you understand what it reveals, move on, as
*>}i``]ii`vwVi\
7>V>vi>Li+>
yiVi`ivvi i}L}i
`vi9Vi>ii>i
several denitions. One suggests that inferences are conclusions based on evidence,
but another suggests that inferences can also
Assumptions
be guesses. For the purposes of this activity,
Research always begins with assumptions.
lets make this assumption: inferences are
-iii>>i>i
tentative conclusions we can draw based on
as assuming that something is important
evidence, but proving these inferences would
>`v>i-ivi-
iiii`iVi*>}iiv
,>`]vi>i]i>>vi
cautious when he suggests that making inferpeople have assumed that caravanserais are
ences from the data he has gathered is tricky.
ii}>``}/>
Find the part of the article where he states
ivvi+>assumes that this one
what he is hoping to infer from the work he
particular copy of the holy book is worthy
has done. Highlight it.
of attentionthat it can reveal something
7>`i*>}iii>Livworth our knowing.
vi+>}}i>Vii
iV>ivivvi+>]-iL>article where he makes these hypotheses.
>*>}i`iwi>i>p
Notice that he frames his ideas with condibut its one that he sets out to disprove. Find
>`i>7>i`iVi`i
that assumption in the article, and underline
*>}ivvii
it or highlight it. Discuss with a partner why
w`i>i7
*>}i}Liii>`Now take a step off the solid ground of
prove this assumption. As you proceed with
evidence and conclusion and make some
the rest of these activities, remember what
inferences of your own. What evidence do
*>}i}>VVii>}
you imagine you would need in order to be
iv]`ii`iVii
VVi`>>i+>yiVi`
*>}iivv
ivvi`i>>Li}vii`
With your partner, write down one or more
Evidence
examples. Then ask the opposite question:
i>Vi]*>}i}i}]iL
What evidence would you need to prove to
step, the process of posing questions, iden>i+>``notyiViivvitifying evidence and determining what that
`i>>Li}vii`
evidence shows. Fill in the chart below to
Finally, create a new piece of evidence:
help you see clearly what he has done.
a ctional document that wouldif it were
realeither prove
`i*>}i
Whats
the
Question
What Does It
hypothesis about how
Evidence?
Reveal?
i+>yiVi`
`i+>
ivvi/}i`i>
Li}i`ivvi
about what kind of
Where in his collection did
document you might
ivviV>>}ii+>
create, look at the kinds
vi`iVi*>}i>
7i``ivviL
used to make his case.
i+>
9V>>>
7V>>vi+>
the kinds of evidence
``ivvi>i
presented in another
>Vi]i->`i
Notice that all the questions in the table
vi,>1Li>]>}inx]v
can be answered based on the evidence.
i>i
i>i`Vi>`i
Its possible, with the right documents, to
sent it to the class, explaining how it proves
iivviL}+>
`i*>}iviiVi>L
and where he catalogued it in his collection.
i+>yiVi`/>ivvi
July/August 2011

{x

Archaeologists and Travelers in Ottoman Lands. In the

late 1800s, the University of Pennsylvania began excavating the ancient city of Nippur, located in present-day Iraq. This
marked the rst American expedition in the Middle East. Over
a decade, the excavation team unearthed a remarkable collection of nearly 30,000 cuneiform tablets. This exhibition tells the
stories of three men whose lives intertwined during the Nippur excavation, as well as the story of the excavation. Osman
Hamdi Bey, director of the Imperial Museum in Istanbul (now
the Istanbul Archaeological Museum), was the gatekeeper for
all excavations in the Ottoman Empire. Also an accomplished
painter, Hamdi Bey created a painting of the excavations at
Nippur. This painting, along with another Hamdi Bey painting in
the Penn Museums collection, is featured in the exhibit. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, through June 26.

features more than 20 works by the 10 artists and designers

shortlisted for the biennial international Jameel Prize. Their works
draw strongly on the artists own local and regional traditions, using
particular materials and iconography with strong connections to
traditional Islamic art, and range from felt costumes to sculpture
made of handmade terra-cotta brick, from mirror mosaic to digital
collages inspired by traditional Persian miniature paintings. Much
of the work refers to the artists own hybrid cultural identity: the
mix of old and new, minimalism versus ornament, tradition versus
modernity and home versus exile. The winner of the 25,000 Jameel
Prize 2011 will be announced at the V&A on September 12. Victoria
& Albert Museum, London, July 21 through September 22.

Current July
No Equal in All the World: Artistic Legacies of Herat,
Afghanistan celebrates the visual culture of Herat and Afghanistan, developed in this region from the 1100s to the present day and inuential far beyond the modern boundaries of
Afghanistan. In the medieval period, Herat was renowned for
its production of inlaid metalwork. In the 1400s, the city was
lauded for the countless cultural achievements of the Timurids,
and the sophistication achieved in the courtly art and architecture of this period inspired the work of Safavid, Uzbek, Mughal
and Ottoman artists active later in, respectively, Iran, Central Asia, India and Turkey. British Museum, London, through
July 3.
Numinous: Paintings by Yari Ostovany, an Iranian artist living
in the us, explores the space between his two cultures and the
symbiotic relationship between Persian and western art. Lucid
Art Foundation, Inverness, California, through July 4.
The Spirit of the East: Modern Europe and the Arts of Islam.
A new visual universe opened for 19th-century Europe with
the discovery of the arts of Islam. The expansion and democratization of travel and the development of photography helped
art dealers and their patrons develop a new way of seeing;
publications and exhibitions diffused the new eld of artistic
knowledge. Collections of Islamic art were built whose range
and depth still testify to Europes fascination with the East, and
this exhibition suggests that we are today the heirs and beneciaries of the new visual vocabulary. European art developed
not only the fantasies embodied in orientalist painting, but also
looked eastward for a new esthetic that might transform western representation, examining textiles and carpets, ceramics,
metalwork, marquetry and ivory carving for a new repertory
of forms, themes and techniques. Muse des Beaux Arts de
Lyon, France, through July 4.
Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World highlights
some of the most important archeological discoveries from
ancient Afghanistan. The exhibition showcases more than 200
unique pieces on loan from the National Museum of Afghanistan in Kabul, accompanied by selected items from the British Museum, ranging from classical sculptures and ivory inlays
to gold-inlaid personal ornaments worn by a nomadic elite.
Together they showcase the trading and cultural connections
of Afghanistan and how it beneted from being an important
crossroads of the ancient world. The earliest objects in the
exhibition were found at the site of Tepe Fullol, which dates to
2000 BCE. The later nds come from three additional sites dating between the third century BCE and the rst century CE. British Museum, London, through July 17.
Reconnecting East and West traces the remarkably rich documentation of Islamic ornament and design by European scholars, artists and architects who traveled to the Middle East in
the 19th century. The 45 works on view reveal the diversity
of Islamic ornamental vocabulary and its application to a wide
variety of buildings, books, textiles and objects. Featured are
spectacular color lithographs from mile Prisse dAvennes
Islamic Art in Cairo, plates from Owen Joness Grammar of
Ornament and Alhambra, paintings by orientalist artists and
prints after Jean-Lon Grme that reect the ubiquity of
these motifs in orientalist art. Dubai Community Theatre and
Arts Centre, United Arab Emirates, through July 18.
Captured Hearts: The Lure of Courtly Lucknow. A cosmopolitan IndoIslamicEuropean capital, Lucknow was the 18th- and

46

Jameel Prize 2011: Shortlist Exhibition

Saudi Aramco World

Babak Golkars Negotiating the Space for Possible Coexistences

No. 2 was built in 2009 of Persian carpet, wood, Plexiglas and paint
and measures 119 x 110 x 47 centimeters (47 x 43 x 18).

19th-century cultural successor of the

resplendent Mughal Empire. It fostered some of the most vibrant artistic expression of its day in a variety of
media, and represented a rare intersection of eastern and western artistic traditions. The exhibition features album
paintings, historical and religious manuscripts, textiles, period photographs,
metalwork, glassware and jewelry that
offer proof of a rich and dynamic culture. Muse Guimet, Paris, through
July 18.
Rebirth: Lebanon 21st-Century Contemporary Art features 48 Lebanese artists whose works tackle the theme of
rebirth. The pieces on show are either
recent or were created for the exhibition by artists including Talar Aghbashian, Christina Anid, Ara Azad,
Zena Assi, Issam Barhouch, Huguette
Caland, Joseph Chahfe, Flavia Codsi
and Targheed Darghouth. Beirut Exhibition Center, through July 24.
Paradise Lost addresses the relationship between art, nature and technology. Consisting of digital media
and video works, the exhibition features pieces by 21 artists whose works
examine the impact of technology on
the environment. Istanbul Modern,
through July 24.
Central Nigeria Unmasked: Arts of
the Benue River Valley reviews the arts

produced in the Benue River Valley,

source of some of the most abstract,
dramatic and inventive sculpture in subSaharan Africa. The exhibition includes
more than 150 objects used in a range
of ritual contexts, with genres as varied
and complex as the region itselfgurative wood sculptures, masks, gurative ceramic vessels, and elaborate
bronze and iron regaliaand explores
the history of central Nigeria through the
dynamic interrelationships of its peoples
and their arts. Fowler Museum at UCLA,
Los Angeles, through July 24; National
Museum of African Art, Washington,
D.C., September 14 through March 4.
Tents, Camels, Textiles of Saudi Arabia and More: An Exhibit of Bedouin
Weaving shows pieces acquired by
Joy Totah Hilden and Robert Hilden
between 1982 and 1994 in Saudi Arabia and nearby countries. Initially, Joy
Hilden says, I simply loved the pieces
I saw and wanted them. Then I began
to realize that they were being sold
because the owner had abandoned the
nomadic life. It became clear not only
that nomadism was dying out but that
the techniques of spinning, dyeing and
weaving were falling by the wayside as
well. I saw the opportunity to create a
collection in order to pass on my love of
the craft and what I learned from it to
others.
415-399-0333, ext. 15. Mills
Building, 220 Montgomery Street, San
Francisco, through July 29.

COURTESY OF THE SAMMLUNG SANZIANY & PALAIS RASUMOFSKY COLLECTION, VIENNA

Events & Exhibitions

Current June
Homage to Shac Abboud: Works by 12 International Arab
Artists. Espace Claude Lemand, Paris, through June 25.

Dis[Locating] Culture: Contemporary Islamic Art in America showcases American Islamic artists, broadly
dened, and aims to problematize stereotypes and challenge notions of
cultural and religious homogeneity.
Michael Berger Gallery, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, through July 30.

undertaken has led to the reconstruction of the monumental stone sculptures and relief panels, pieced together
from 27,000 fragments. Visitors can
now view sculptures that were once
thought to be lost forever. Staatliche
Museen zu Berlin, Pergamon Museum,
through August 14.

Battleground: War Rugs from Afghanistan features examples of a new and

electrifying kind of Oriental rug. The rug
weavers of Afghanistan, renowned for
their artistry, depict on their rugs the
world that they see. Since the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and
throughout more than three decades
of international and civil war, they have
borne witness to disaster by weaving unprecedented images of battle
and weaponry into their rugs. Flowers
have turned into bullets, landmines and
hand grenades. Birds have turned into
helicopters and ghter jets, sheep and
horses have turned into tanks. Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and
Anthropology, Philadelphia, through
July 31.

Dubai Then: Charlie Koolhaas investigates the Dubai that unites the new,
the old, the global, the local. Gleaming architecture, high-prole structures,
seven-star hotels and the largest malls
coexist with labor camps, old souks,
street food and public beaches, all demonstrating the assimilation and collision
of cultures. The photographs trace the
geography of the city, uncovering unexpected new dimensions of it along with
a new concept of globalization and cultural integrationa harmony without
mixingthat is unique to Dubai. Pavilion Downtown Dubai, United Arab
Emirates, through August 18.

Contemporary Views IV: Contemporary Egypt features an overview of

Egyptian art, with pieces from early artists who helped pave the way for Egyptian contemporary art, to works by
todays emerging generation. Artists
displayed include Tahia Halim, Mounir
Canaan, Taha Hussein, Omar El-Nagdy,
George Bahgory, Adel El-Siwi, Hamdi
Attia, Khaled Hafez, Hazem Taha Hussein, Gihan Suleiman, Kareem El-Qurity
and Hany Rashed. Al-Masar Gallery
of Contemporary Art, Cairo, through
July 31.
Current August
Cleopatras World focuses on the
image of Cleopatra as last Queen
of Egypt, at a time when Egyptians,
Greeks and Romans all left their mark
on life and death and when love, international politics and power struggles
changed the world order. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, through
August 7.
Bayt Al-Aqqad: A House In Damascus
marks the reopening of the David Collection and features a building that the
Syrian government placed at the disposal of the Danish Institute in Damascus in 1997. After major restoration,
Bayt Al-Aqqad now stands as a splendid example of Islamic urban architecture. The houses oldest parts date back
to the 15th century, although changing
styles left their mark in ensuing centuries. Visitors can examine the houses
history from 1470, when it was built on
the ruins of a Roman theater, through
its massive restoration. David Collection, Copenhagen, through August 7.
The Salvaged Gods From the Palace of Tell Halaf. During an expedition
in the Middle East in 1899, Max von
Oppenheim unearthed the remains of
a palace dating from the early rst millennium BCE on the Tell Halaf mound
in what is today northeast Syria. Most
of the spectacular nds were brought
to Berlin and were notas originally intendedexhibited on Berlins
Museum Island, but were displayed in a
renovated factory in 1930. During World
War II, a bomb destroyed the private
museum and the unique sculptures it
housed. Nearly 60 years later, one of
the largest restoration projects ever

11001900: The 40 Greatest Masters

of Indian Painting presents 240 of the
works of artists who, in their own tradition, are equivalent to Drer, Michelangelo, Rembrandt or Vermeer in the
West: Abd al-Samad, Farrukh Beg,
Nainsukh, the Master of the Elephants and many others. The milestone exhibition provides an overview
of the development of Indian painting
from 1100 to 1900. Museum Rietberg,
Zurich, through August 21.
Patterns of Life: The Art of Tibetan Carpets explores the stylistic variety and
uses of Tibetan carpets, saddle rugs,
sleeping rugs, pile pillows, cushion covers and door rugs, placing them alongside paintings, sculptures and everyday
objects. Tibetans have created carpets
for decorative and functional purposes
for centuries, using both indigenous
motifs and designs, such as snow lions,
as well as medallions and checkerboard
patterns, which suggest considerable
inuence from Tibets historical trading partners as far aeld as Iran. Rubin
Museum of Art, New York, through
August 22.
Heracles to Alexander the Great: Treasures from the Royal Court of Macedon, A Hellenic Kingdom in the Age
of Democracy shows more than 500
extraordinary objects, most never
before exhibited. Recently discovered in the royal tombs and the palace
at Aegae, the ancient capital of Macedon, they rewrite the history of early
Greece. Aegaerelatively unknown
until the unlooted tombs of Philip II
and his grandson Alexander IV were
found 30 years agohas continued to
yield a wealth of objects, from beautifully intricate gold jewelry, silverware and pottery to sculpture, mosaic
oors and architectural remains. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, UK, through
August 29.
Current September
Roads of Arabia: Archaeological Treasures From the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study of archeological remains
only really began in Saudi Arabia in the
1970s, yet broughtand is still bringinga wealth of unsuspected treasures to light: temples, palaces adorned
with frescoes, monumental sculpture, silver dishes and precious jewelry
left in tombs. The exhibition, organized as a series of points along trade

and pilgrimage routes, focuses on the

regions rich history as a major center of
commercial and cultural exchange, provides both chronological and geographical information about the discoveries
made during recent excavations and
emphasizes the important role played
by this region as a trading center during the past 6000 years. More than 300
workssculptures, ceramics, jewelry,
frescoesare on display, dating from
antiquity to the beginning of the modern period, the majority never before
exhibited. State Hermitage Museum,
St. Petersburg, Russia, through September 4; Pergamon Museum, Berlin,
October through December.
To Live Forever: Egyptian Treasures
From the Brooklyn Museum uses some
100 pieces of jewelry, statues, cofns
and vessels dating from 3600 BCE to
400 CE to illustrate the range of strategies and preparations that the ancient
Egyptians developed to defeat death
and to achieve success in the afterlife. The exhibition explores the belief
that death was an enemy that could
be vanquished, a primary cultural tenet
of ancient Egyptian civilization. Exhibits include the vividly painted cofn of a
mayor of Thebes, mummies, stone statues, gold jewelry, amulets and canopic
jars. Nevada Museum of Art, Reno,
through September 4; Frist Center for
Visual Arts, Nashville, Tennessee,
October 7 through January 8.
Trade Goods and Souvenirs: Islamic
Art From the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam presents more than 170 works of
art ranging from opulent ceramic vessels from medieval Iran to rare textiles
from Spain and miniatures from Iran
and India. The Amsterdam artifacts are
complemented by pre-Islamic art from
the National Museum of Antiquities in
Leiden, including colorful perfume asks
and glass dishes, Coptic textiles, bronze
weapons and a unique decorated shield
from Iran. These objects demonstrate
how much the Islamic tradition inherited
from such earlier cultures as classical
antiquity and the Byzantine and Sassanian Empires, and at the same time
illuminate the historical ties between
the West and Islamic cultures. Rijksmuseum van Oudheiden, Leiden, Netherlands, through September 4.
Cleopatra: The Search for the Last
Queen of Egypt features nearly 150
artifacts from the time of Cleopatra VII,
taking visitors inside the modern-day
search for the elusive queen, a search
that reached the desert sands of Egypt
to the depths of the Bay of Aboukir
near Alexandria. The exhibition includes
statuary, jewelry, everyday artifacts,
coins and religious tokens from the
time around Cleopatras rule. Cincinnati [Ohio] Museum Center, through
September 5.
Gifts of the Sultan: The Arts of Giving at the Islamic Courts is a pan-Islamic
exhibition spanning the eighth through
19th centuries and including more than
240 works of art from three continents:
carpets, costumes and textiles, jewelry and other objects of precious metals, miniature paintings and other arts of
the book, mosque furnishings and arms
and armor. Gifts of the Sultan introduces viewers to Islamic art and culture with objects of undisputed quality
and appeal, viewed through the universal lens of gift givinga practice that

proliferated at the great Islamic courts

not only for diplomatic and political purposes but also as expressions of piety,
often associated with the construction or enhancement of religious monuments. Los Angeles County Museum
of Art, through September 5; Museum
of Fine Arts Houston, October 23
through January 15.
Turkish Taste at the Court of MarieAntoinette features objects made in
the Turkish manner for members of the
French court. France has long been fascinated by the Ottoman Empire, and for
hundreds of years the taste for turqueriepieces produced in the West that
evoked or imitated Turkish culturewas
evident in French fashion, literature,
theater and opera, painting, architecture
and interior decoration. It was during
the late 18th century that the Turkish style reached new heights, inspiring some of the periods most original
creations. Frick Collection, New York,
through September 11.
Adornment and Identity: Jewellery
and Costume From Oman features a
selection of 20th-century silver jewelry,
weaponry and clothing from Oman,
including bracelets, anklets, necklaces,
earrings, hair ornaments, kohl pots and
mens accessories. The jewelry is decorated with coins, coral and glass beads
and gold leaf, with many amuletic
pieces incorporating elaborate Quran
cases. British Museum, London,
through September 11.
In Search of Biblical Lands: From
Jerusalem to Jordan in 19th-Century
Photography presents photographs created between the 1840s and the early
1900s. On view are daguerreotypes,
salted-paper prints and albumen silver prints by leading photographers of
the time, including Flix Bonls, Felice
Beato, Maxime du Camp, Auguste Salzmann, James Graham, Louis Vignes,
Frank Mason Good and Frdric GoupilFesquet. Rather than soaring vistas or
monumental architecture, photographers captured a more modest scene:
ancient villages nestled in a stony landscape, a once-great city subsiding
within its walls, and people repeating
patterns of life unchanged over millennia. Getty Villa, Malibu, California,
through September 12.
Abbas: 45 Years in Photography features 133 black and white photographs
and four audio-visual clips by acclaimed
Iranian photographer Abbas Kiarostami.
As a member of the Magnum agency
since 1981, he has covered important
political and social events. Through his
photographs, which also depict the Iranian Revolution, he aims to show his
dedication to the struggles within different societies of the world. National
Museum of Singapore, through
September 18.
The Golden Temple of Amritsar:
Reections of the Past is the rst major
exhibition documenting one of the
worlds most beautiful and iconic buildings, both the center of the Sikh faith
and a place of pilgrimage for followers
of other traditions. On show are original
photographs, paintings and engravings,
enhanced with extracts from over 70
eyewitness accounts by, among others,
European spies, travelers, artists, memsahibs and raconteurs who visited the
shrine in the 19th century.

July/August 2011

47

Events & Exhibitions

The exhibition traces the temples history, beginning with its origins as a
place where the Buddha once meditated, to its role as the inspiration
behind a guerrilla insurgency that eventually led to the establishment of a Sikh
empire in the 18th century.
www.
soas.ac.uk/gallery. Brunei Gallery, SOAS,
London, through September 24.
Inside the Toshakhana: Treasures of
the Sikh Courts brings together some
of the nest examples of Sikh art and
heritage in public and private collections as a tribute to Punjabs rich artistic traditions. The toshakhana (treasury)
in question belonged to the one-eyed
ruler of Punjab, Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
who amassed a magnicent collection
of beautiful objects and works of art
jewelry, paintings, textiles and arms and
armor. The exhibition focuses on objects
connected with the Sikh court of Lahore
generally and Ranjit Singhs toshakhana
specically, which was dispersed a
decade after his death. Brunei Gallery,
SOAS, London, through September 24.
Innocent Surrogates: Photographs
by Lale Tara consists, the artist says,
of two-dimensional copies of the reality we believe in. In her latest cycle of
staged photographs, she introduces the
viewer to the concept of transcendental teleportationa journey in spacetimeand invites us into a world that
transcends the rational mind. Istanbul
Modern, through September 25.
The Art of the Writing Instrument
From Paris to Persia. Every culture that
values the art of writing has found ways
to reect the prestige and pleasure of
the craft through beautiful tools. Writing implements such as pens, knives
and scissors, as well as storage chests,
pen-cases and writing desks, were
often fashioned from precious materials:
mother-of-pearl, gems, imported woods,
gold and silver. Once owned by statesmen, calligraphers, wealthy merchants
and women of fashion, these objects
highlight the ingenuity of the artists who
created them and underline the centrality
of the written word in the cultures that
produced them. Walters Art Museum,
Baltimore, through September 25.
Rina Banerjee: Chimeras of India and
the West. Sensual sculptures made of
shells, animal skulls, feathers and Indian
fabrics; spectacular installations combining colonial objects and plastic materials found in the streets of New York;
dream drawings in exotic colors depicting the body in a trance stateBanerjees works express the ambiguities of

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Saudi Aramco World

her twofold identity as a product of both

East and West, the illusions bequeathed
by the past, the contradictions of the
post-colonial world and the underside
of globalization. Muse Guimet, Paris,
through September 26.
Out of Place features four artists
Hrair Sarkissian, Ahlam Shibli, Ion Grigorescu and Cevdet Erekwho explore
the relationship between dominant
political forces and personal and collective histories. The exhibition centers on
urban spaces, architectural structures
and the condition of displacement.
Darat Al-Funun, Amman, Jordan,
through September 29.
Current October
Sajjil: A Century of Modern Art is a
comprehensive cross-section of art
from the Arab world produced over the
last 100 years. The exhibition brings
together more than 200 artworks from
Mathafs extensive collection, presenting turning-points in artistic thought as
it evolved in the Arab world during the
century leading up to the 1990s, and
helping to set Arab modern art in its historical place within a larger art-historical
tradition. It also emphasizes the several
common moments and concerns that
make it possible to talk about a shared
identity in the region. Mathaf: Arab
Museum of Modern Art, Doha, Qatar,
through October 1.
Kashmir in 19th Century Photography is a contribution to the study
of early photography from South Asia
and presents a small but impressive
selection of the most important studios active in Kashmir, including such
great names in early Indian photography as Baker & Burke, Samuel Bourne,
William D. Holmes and John Edward
Sach. Museen Dahlem, Berlin,
through October 2.
The Use of the Astrolabe: A Masterpiece of 16th-Century Illumination
displays a scientic manuscript created between 1555 and 1559 by an
unknown master in French court circles.
It explains the functions of this ancient
instrument according to the teachings
of the German astronomer Johannes
Stoefer, presenting a geometry lesson
and a visual delight. Muse du Louvre,
Paris, through October 3.
Mummies of the World presents
150 human and animal mummies and
related artifacts from South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania and Egypt,
showing how science can shed light on
the historical and cultural record. The
exhibition includes interactive multimedia exhibits that illustrate how such
tools as computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, DNA analysis
and radiocarbon dating allow researchers to deduce facts about the lives,
history and cultures of the mummies. Franklin Institute, Philadelphia,
through October 23.
Zaha Hadid: An Architecture examines
over three decades of the groundbreaking IraqiBritish architects work through
a selection of projects (both completed
and in progress), allowing visitors to
fully enter the universe of Hadid. A
graduate of the prestigious Architectural
Association School in London, where
she later taught, Hadid typically interlaces taut lines and curves and uses
sharp corners and overlapping planes.

Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris, through

October 30.
Current November
Tutankhamun and the Golden Age
of the Pharaohs presents an array
of possessions unearthed from the
boy kings tomb, including his golden
canopic cofnette and the crown found
on his head when the tomb was discovered. The exhibition offers information about the extraordinary discovery
of the tomb, and the belief system and
burial rituals of ancient Egypt, and the
results of the latest scientic testing
conducted on Tutankhamuns mummy.
Melbourne [Australia] Museum,
through November 6.
Body Parts: Ancient Egyptian Fragments and Amulets features 35 representations of individual body parts from
the Museums ancient Egyptian collection, using both fragments of sculptures
and objects created as distinct elements
to illuminate the very realistic depiction of individual body parts in canonical
Egyptian sculpture. Ancient Egyptian artists carefully portrayed each part of the
human body, respecting the signicance
of every detail. Brooklyn [New York]
Museum, through November 27.
Current December
1001 Inventions: Discover the Muslim Heritage in Our World traces the
story of 1000 years of science from the
Muslim world dating from the seventh
century onward, looking at the social,
scientic and technological achievements that originated in the Muslim cultural sphere. It features more than 60
exhibits, interactive displays and dramatization showing that many modern inventions, spanning elds such
as engineering, medicine and design,
can trace their roots back to men and
women of different faiths and cultures
who lived in Muslim civilizations. California Science Center, Los Angeles,
through December 31.
Before the Pyramids: The Origins of
Egyptian Civilization explores Egypts
Pre-Dynastic and Early Dynastic material culture and shows how these early
materials shed light on our understanding of later Egyptian culture. The most
fundamental aspects of ancient Egyptian
civilizationarchitecture, hieroglyphic
writing, a belief in the afterlife and allegiance to a semi-divine kingcan be
traced to Egypts Pre-Dynastic era 1000
years before the pyramids were built.
The exhibition displays 140 objects,
including pottery, stonework, carved ivories and objects from the tombs of the
rst kings and of the retainers who were
buried alongside them. Catalog. Oriental Institute Museum, Chicago, through
December 31.
Current January and later
Global Patterns: Dress and Textiles in
Africa focuses on the accomplishments
of African weavers, dyers, bead embroiderers and tailors, and highlights the
continuities, innovation and exchange
of ideas that mark dress and textile production in Africa. Throughout centuries, African textile artists seamlessly
and joyfully integrated into their visual
vocabulary new design elements and
new materials such as glass beads,
buttons and fabrics that arrived as the
result of trade with places as far away
as India and Indonesia. Beadwork,
kente cloth and indigo-dyed cloths

called adire are among the highlights

of the display. Museum of Fine Arts
Boston, through January 8.
Second Lives: The Age-Old Art of
Recycling Textiles highlights the ways
people in various cultures have ingeniously repurposed worn but precious
fabrics to create beautiful new textile
forms. Examples include a rare sutra
cover made from a 15th-century Chinese rank badge, a large patchwork
hanging from Central Asia stitched
together from small scraps of silk ikat
and a pictorial kantha from India embroidered with threads recycled from old
saris. Textile Museum, Washington,
D.C., through January 8.
Of Gods and Mortals: Traditional Art
from India. In India, art is an integral
part of daily life. The importance of
paintings, sculpture, textiles and other
art forms comprises two basic categories, one related to religious practices
and the other to the expression of prestige and social position. This new installation of works from the Museums
collection features some 28 pieces,
principally representing the 1800s to
the present. Peabody Essex Museum,
Salem, Massachusetts, through
March 1, 2012.
Painting the Modern in India features
seven renowned painters who came
of age during the height of the movement to free India from British rule. To
move from the margins of an art world
shaped by the colonial establishment,
they organized path-breaking associations and pioneered new approaches
to painting, repositioning their own art
practices internationally and in relation to the 5000-year history of art
in India. These artists created hybrid
styles that are an essential component
of the broad sweep of art in the 20th
century. After independence in 1947,
they took advantage of new opportunities in art centers around the world,
especially Paris, London and New York;
at the same time, they looked deeply
into their own artistic heritage, learning
from the rst exhibition of Indian art in
1948 at Raj Bhavan in Delhi and taking
inspiration from ancient sites. Peabody
Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts, through June 1, 2012.
Coming September
Life and Death in the Pyramid Age:
The Emory Old Kingdom Mummy
places the mummyexcavated at the
sacred site of Abydos in Middle Egypt in
1920in the context of ancient Egypts
mummication and burial practices and
the cult of the dead, and explores the
social and political changes that marked
the end of the Pyramid Age. The development of the site of Abydos and the
cult of Osiris is also a focus of the exhibition, with a link to the current excavations at the Middle Cemetery where the
Old Kingdom mummy was found nearly
a century ago. Carlos Museum, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia, September 10 through December 11.
Patriots & Peacemakers: Arab Americans in Service to Our Country tells true
stories of heroism and self-sacrice that
afrm the important role ArabAmericans have played in the United States
throughout its history, contributing
greatly to society, ghting and dying in
every us war since the American Revolution, defending the Constitution and

supporting the nations democratic form

of government. The exhibition highlights service in the armed forces, the
diplomatic service and the Peace Corps.
Personal narratives highlight Arab
American men and women of different national and religious backgrounds.
Arab American National Museum, Dearborn, Michigan, from September 11.
12th Istanbul Biennial: Untitled. The
theme Untitled refers to the Cuban
American artist Feliz Gonzalez-Torres, the inspiration for this edition of
the fair, which explores the relationship between politics and art. Group
exhibitions have been arranged in ve
sections called Untitled (Passport),
Untitled (Ross), Untitled (Death by
Gun), Untitled (Abstraction) and
Untitled (History). The 45 solo exhibitions also relate to these sections, but
the artists names will be released only
at the opening of the fair, in keeping
with its theme. Istanbul, September 17
through November 13.
Golden Nights on the Silver Screen
explores musical gems from the classic Egyptian cinema of the 20th century and features live music by the
Georges Lammam Ensemble and Middle Eastern dance performances by the
Jawaahir Dance Company. Ritz Theater.
Minneapolis, Minnesota, September
22 through October 2.
Wonder of the Age: Master Painters of India, 11001900 presents some
220 works selected according to identiable hands and named artists, dispelling the notion of anonymity in Indian
art, which has traditionally been classied simply according to regional styles
or dynastic periods. The high points
of artistic innovation in the history
of Indian painting are demonstrated
through works by 40 of the greatest
painters, some identied for the rst
time and each represented by ve to
six seminal works. Recent scholarship
has begun to securely link innovations
in style with specic artists and their
lineages; together with careful study
of artists inscriptions and scribal colophons, it is now possible to construct a
more precise chronology of the development of Indian painting. Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York, September
28 through January 8.
Borusan Museum of Contemporary
Art will open in the Perili Ksk, a renovated 1910 building in the Istanbul suburb of Rumeli Hisar, exhibiting part of
the Borusan Holding companys 600piece collection of works by Turkish and
international artists. The building serves
as the companys headquarters and will
be open to the public on weekends.
Istanbul, September.
Coming October
In the Kingdom of Alexander the
Great: Ancient Macedonia retraces
the history of Alexanders homeland from the 15th century BCE to the
Roman period, presenting more than
1000 artifacts from museums in northern Greece and from French archeological digs, particularly the Portal of
the Enchanted Ones, a masterpiece of
Greco-Roman sculpture. People know
that Alexander was Greek, but they
dont know that he was also Macedonian, or that Macedonia is in Greece,
says the Louvres director of Greek
antiquities. The exhibition presents

an opportunity for visitors to rediscover

Alexander in the light of his origins.
Muse du Louvre, Paris, October 3
through January 2.
Vaults of Heaven: Visions of Byzantium offers a glimpse into the complex and vivid world of the Byzantine
Empire through large-scale contemporary photographs by Turkish photographer Ahmet Ertug. The images highlight
culturally signicant UNESCO heritage
sites in present-day Turkey, with a focus
on the Karanlk, Tokal and Merymana
churches in the dramatic Cappadocian region of central Anatolia. Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and
Anthropology, Philadelphia, October
15 through February 12.
Tutankhamun: The Golden King and
the Great Pharaohs features more than
100 artworks, most of which have
never been shown in the United States
before this tour. These spectacular treasuresmore than half of which come
from the tomb of King Tutankhamun
include the golden sandals found on the
boy kings mummy; a gold cofnette
that held his stomach; golden statues of
the gods; and King Tuts rings, ear ornaments and gold collar. Also showcased
are objects associated with the most
important rulers of the 30 dynasties that
reigned in Egypt over a 2000-year span.
The exhibition explores the splendor
of the pharaohs, their function in both
the earthly and divine worlds, and what
kingship meant to the Egyptian people. Among the highlights is the largest
likeness of King Tut ever discovered: a
three-meter (10) statue of the pharaoh
found at the ruins of a funerary temple.
Museum of Fine Arts Houston, October 16 through April 15.

Lost and Found: The Secrets of Archimedes. In Jerusalem in 1229 CE, the
greatest works of the Greek mathematician Archimedes were erased and
overwritten. In the year 2000, a team
of museum experts began a project to
read those erased texts. By the time
they had nished, the team had recovered Archimedess secrets, rewritten
the history of mathematics and discovered entirely new texts from the
ancient world. This exhibition tells the
story, recounting the history of the
book, detailing the patient conservation,
explaining the cutting-edge imaging
and highlighting the discoveries of the
dogged and determined scholars who
nally read what had been obliterated.
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, October 16 through January 1.
God Is Beautiful; He Loves Beauty:
The Object in Islamic Art and Culture is
a three-day symposium whose keynote
speaker will be Paul Goldberger, the
Pulitzer Prizewinning architecture critic
and writer for The New Yorker, who will
discuss the Museum building, designed
by I. M. Pei, as a work of Islamic art in
its own right. Other speakers, each presenting a paper on a work of art in the
Museums collection, include curators,
art historians, academics, researchers,
archeologists, independent scholars and
calligrapher Mohamed Zakariya. This
fourth biennial Hamad bin Khalifa Symposium on Islamic Art is free and open
to the public.
www.islamicartdoha.
org. Museum of Islamic Art, Doha,
Qatar, October 2931.
Coming November
Underground Revolution: 8000
Years of Istanbul displays nds uncovered in one of the most important

archeological excavations of Turkish history: the Yanikap dig in Istanbul, which

revealed Neolithic settlements dating
back 8500 years, including a unique
collection of 34 sunken ships. As the
actual artifacts are too fragile to move,
the exhibition presents them through
photographs, information panels and
digital demonstrations. Istanbul Centre in Brussels, November 30 through
November 31, 2012.
Coming January
Beauty and Belief: Crossing Bridges
With the Art of Islamic Culture opens at
the Brigham Young University Museum
of Art, Provo, Utah, in January. Later
venues are the Indianapolis [Indiana]
Art Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts,
Houston and the Brooklyn [New York]
Museum of Art.
Sacred Journey: Hajj opens at the British Museum, London, in January.
PERMANENT/ INDEFINITE
The Saudi Aramco Exhibit relates the
heritage of Arab-Islamic scientists and
scholars of the past to the technology
of todays petroleum exploration, production and transportation, set against
the background of the natural history of
Saudi Arabia. Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
Information is correct at press time,
but please reconrm dates and times
before traveling. Most institutions listed
have further information available at
their Web sites. Readers are welcome
to submit information eight weeks in
advance for possible inclusion in this
listing. Some listings have been kindly
provided to us by Canvas, the art and
culture magazine for the Middle East
and the Arab world.

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Young Readers
World

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saudiaramcoworld.com, offers
18 of our most popular feature
articles, abridged and adapted
for readers aged 9 to 14.

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