State of Stress at Point
State of Stress at Point
State of Stress at Point
Einstein Notation
The basic idea of Einstein notation is that a covector and a vector can form a scalar:
This is typically written as an explicit sum:
x3
e3
x1
e1
Unit Vector =
a
n
e2
x2
In Einstein notation, the summation symbol is omitted since the index i is repeated once
as an upper index and once as a lower index, and we simply write
Using e1, e2, and e3 instead of i, j, and k, together with Einstein notation, we obtain
a concise algebraic presentation of vector and tensor equations. For example,
Matrix multiplication
We can represent matrix multiplication as:
Examples: 4-Dimensional space indices run from 0 to 3 :
with ijk
Defintions
Continuum mechanics deals with deformable bodies
The stresses considered in continuum mechanics are only those produced by
deformation of the body by surface forces contact forces, can act either on the
bounding surface of the body and Body Forces originate from sources outside of the
body that act on its volume (or mass) (gravitational field).
When external contact forces act on a body, internal contact forces pass from point to
point inside the body to balance their action, according to Newton's second law of
motion of conservation of linear and angular momentum (principle of transmissibility).
These laws are called Euler's equations of motion for continuous bodies.
The density of internal forces at every point in a deformable body is not necessarily
even, i.e. there is a distribution of stresses. This variation of internal forces is governed
by the laws of conservation of linear and angular momentum, which normally apply to
a mass particle but extend in continuum mechanics to a body of continuously
distributed mass.
Let us consider such a body subjected to contact and body forces
as shown in this Figure.
The Cauchy Stress Principle provides a framework for calculating
The state of stress at any point P of the body under arbitrary
distributions of contact forces Fi and Body forces bi :
Cauchys fundamental lemma is equivalent to Newton's third law of motion of action and
reaction, and is expressed as
and the other to this plane, called the shear stress where dFs is the tangential component of the
force dF to the differential surface area dS
stress vector
The nine components ij of the stress vectors are the components of a second-order
Cartesian tensor called the Cauchy stress tensor, which completely defines the state of
stress at a point and is given by
where 11, 22, and 33 are normal stresses, and 12, 13, 21, 23, 31, and 32 are shear
stresses. The first index i indicates that the stress acts on a plane normal to the xi-axis, and
the second index j denotes the direction in which the stress acts.
Or
Examples of components of the stress tensor
Shear stress component on
Normal stress component
11, 22, and 33 are normal stresses, and
12, 13, 21, 23, 31, and 32 are shear
stresses.
plane
plane
The magnitude of the shear stress component n, acting in the plane spanned by the two vectors
T(n) and n, can then be found using the Pythagorean theorem
where
At every point in a stressed body there are at least three planes, called principal planes,
with normal vectors , called principal directions, where the corresponding stress vector i
perpendicular to the plane, i.e., parallel or in the same direction as the normal vector ,
and where there are no normal shear stresses . The three stresses normal to these
principal planes are called principal stresses.
A stress vector parallel to the normal vector is given by:
where is a constant of proportionality, and in this particular case corresponds to the
magnitudes of the normal stress vectors or principal stresses. Knowing that
This is a homogeneous system, i.e. equal to zero, of three linear equations where are the
unknowns. To obtain a nontrivial (non-zero) solution for , the determinant matrix of the
coefficients must be equal to zero, i.e. the system is singular. Thus
The characteristic equation has three real roots , i.e. not imaginary due to the symmetry of the
stress tensor. The three roots , , and are the eigenvalues or principal stresses, and they are the
roots . The principal stresses are unique for a given stress tensor. Therefore, from the
characteristic equation, the coefficients , and
, called the first, second, and third stress
invariants, respectively, have always the same value regardless of the coordinate system's
orientation.
The maximum shear stress or maximum principal shear stress is equal to one-half the difference
between the largest and smallest principal stresses, and acts on the plane that bisects the angle
between the directions of the largest and smallest principal stresses, i.e. the plane of the
maximum shear stress is oriented from the principal stress planes. The maximum shear stress is
expressed as
assming
Note that convention in solid mechanics differs slightly from what is listed above. In solid
mechanics, pressure is generally defined as negative one-third the trace of the stress tensor.
The deviatoric stress tensor can be obtained by subtracting the hydrostatic stress tensor from
the stress tensor:
Stress
deviator
tensor
Stress
deviator
tensor
Invariants
2.
3.
4.