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Detailedanalysisofplanetablesurveying
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Detailedanalysisofplanetablesurveying
1. 1.DETAILEDANALYSISOFPLANETABLESURVEYINGSUMITVIKRAMSINGHROLL
NO:120107234,CIVIL2NDYEAR,SECDCOURSENAME:PRINCIPLESOFSURVEYINGCOURSE
CODE:CVL210DEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERINGSCHOOLOFENGINEERINGAND
TECHNOLOGYSHARDAUNIVERSITY,GREATERNOIDA,U.P,INDIACONTACT:
[email protected]
2. 2.ABSTRACTThemainobjectiveofthisresearchpaperistopresentadeepandspecifiedpresentationon
planetablesurveying.What,howandwhereisplanetablesurveyingusedisexplainedindetailinthese
papers.Abriefintroductionfollowedbythehistoryandplottingmethodsandusesandbenefitsofthistypeof
surveyinghavebeendiscussedahead.Alsothethreemainphasesofplanetableinthetimehasbeen
discussed.Emphasisisgiveneventosmalldetailsregardingtypesandusesofalidadesinplanetable
surveying.Subjectsaresupportedwithgoodclearimagesinorderforbetterunderstanding.Themainpurpose
ofwritingthesepaperswastoprovideaflexible,clearanddetailinformationononeoftheoldestsurveying
methodsintheworld.Beforetheadvancementsincivilengineeringandtheintroductionofmoderncivil
engineeringinstrumentsandequipments,planetablesurveyingwastheinitialandbaseofsurveying.This
wasoneofthewidestusedmethods.Agoodsystematicanalysisisdoneonthetopicaheadinthesepapers.2
3. 3.INTRODUCTIONPlanetableisagraphicalmethodofsurveyinginwhichthefieldworksandtheplotting
isdonesimultaneously.Itisparticularlyadoptinginsmallmapping.Planetablesurveyingisusedforlocating
thefieldcomputationofareaoffield.Itisparticularlyadaptedforsmallormediumscalemappinginwhich
greataccuracyindetailisnotrequired.Aplanetable(plaintablepriorto1830)isadeviceusedinsurveying
andrelateddisciplinestoprovideasolidandlevelsurfaceonwhichtomakefielddrawings,chartsandmaps.
Theearlyuseofthenameplaintablereflecteditssimplicityandplainnessratherthanitsflatness.Planetable
surveyingisbasedontheprinciplethatlinesdrawnduringplottingalwayslieparalleltothecorresponding
linesactuallypresentontheground.Forquickandapproximatesurveying,whengreatprecisionandaccuracy
isnotneeded,planetablesurveyingtechniquesisverysuitable.Itisparticularlyconvenientforfillingthe
detailsbetweenthestationsalreadyfixedandsurveyedbymoreprecisemethodoftriangulationortheodolite
traversing.Forsmallareasurveys,planetableisrecommended.Thegreatadvantageofthistechniqueisthat
fieldworkandmapplottingisachievedsimultaneouslybyuseofgraphicalsurveying.Theprincipleusedin
planetablesurveyingisthatanunknownpointofinterestcanbeestablishedbymeasuringitsdirectionsfrom
knownpoints.3
4. 4.BACKGROUNDThefirstknowninstrumentfordirectlyproducingadrawingofasitewasdevelopedby

JohannRichter.HeisalsoknownasJohannesPraetorius,aNurembergmathematician,bornin1610.
Thiscirculartable,calledatabulapraetoriana,mensulapraetorianaorPretoriantable,usedwithasimplealidade
andallowedapieceofpapertobeslippedunderthealidadefordrawing.Laterthedevicesadopteda
rectangulartableandenhancedthetypeandfeaturesofthealidadeTHEORIGINOFALIDADE1.An
indicatororasightingapparatusonaplanetable,usedinangularmeasurement.2.Atopographicsurveying
andmappinginstrumentusedfordeterminingdirections,consistingofatelescopeandattachedparts.There
areanumberofcommonusages,themainsubjectofthiswebpageisthemapmakingsurveyinginstrument
usedonatablethathasbeenleveled.OnshipsanAlidadeisusedtomeasuretheanglefromtheship's
longitudinalaxistosometargetortargets,typicallytohelpdeterminetheshipspositionrelativetothe
target(s).Largetelescopeshaveanalidadesystemthatsusedtopointinazimuth.Thesewereusedona
woodentablethathadadrawingattached.Theideawastomakeamapwhileinthefieldusingstadiafor
distancetotherod.4
5. 5.WORKDONE:TheveryearlyAlidadeswerejustarulerwithsightingwiresheldinaframeateachend.
ThatwaswhatwasusedontheSketchBoards.AcompasscanbeusedasanAlidadewhenascaleisaligned
withtheNorthposition.TheDietzgenCompasswithsquarescaleisinthiscategoryandyoucangetascale
baseforsomemodelsoftheBruntonComPropockettransitsTheK&EEarly1800sAlidadeappearstobea
transitinstrumentwithaverticalanglemeasuringverniercapabilityandprobablywithstadiahairsinthe
scopesothatdistancecanbemanuallycomputedforinclinedshots.NocompassaspartoftheAlidadeFigure:
differenttypeofalidades5
6. 6.THEEXPENSIONOFTHEPLANETABLEPlanetablemappingisasubjectthathasreceivedminimum
attentionovertheyears,butitplayedaveryimportantroleinthehistoryofsurveying.Theplanetabledates
toapproximatelythebeginningofthe17thcentury.Someofthefirstreferencestotheplanetablearefoundin
earlysurveytextbooks.Theearlyplanetablewasamappingtool,asopposedtothecompassandchainthat
wasaboundarytool.Theearlyplanetabledealtmainlywithplanimetricfeaturesandnotwithvertical
elevation.Theuseanddevelopmentoftheplanetablehasgonethroughfourdistinctchangessinceabout
1600.Iwilladdresseachoneoftheseplanetablesanditsuse.PLANETABLECONSTRUCTIONAplane
tableconsistsofasmoothtablesurfacemountedonasturdybase.Theconnectionbetweenthetabletopand
thebasepermitsonetolevelthetableprecisely,usingbubblelevels,inahorizontalplane.Thebase,atripod,
isdesignedtosupportthetableoveraspecificpointonland.Byadjustingthelengthofthelegs,onecanbring
thetablelevelregardlessoftheroughnessoftheterrain.6
7. 7.PHASESINPLANETABLE:1.THEFIRSTPHASE:Figure1.Thefirstalidadewasarulerorscaleof
brasswithfolddownsights.Thefirstplanetableconsistedofwoodenboardsplacedtogethertoformatable
about14x11"mountedonatripod.Apaperorcardboardsheetwasplacedontopofthisboard.The
planimetricmaportraversewasdrawnonthepaper.Thealidadeistheitemthathasgonethroughthemost
changes.Thefirstalidadewasarulerorscaleofbrasswithfolddownsights,aboutthesameconfigurationas
compasssights2.SECONDPHASE:Figure2.A19thcenturyplanetableThesecondphasebroughtabouta
namechangefromplaintabletoplanetable.Bythemiddletotheendofthe19thcentury,theinstrument
becameinshapeandsizetheplanetablemostsurveyorswouldrecognize(seeFigure2).Thealidadenowhad
atelescope.Thetablewasabout2'squareandwasmountedonatripodwithanadjustablemountforleveling
and7
8. 8.rotatingthetabletoorientatetonorth.Thealidadehadaverticalcircletoturnaverticalangleandcalculate
thedifferenceinelevationbetweenpoints.3.THIRDPHASE:THEMODERNERAFigure4.Planetable
mappinginthefieldUnfortunatelyorfortunatelythetotalstationwithdatacollectionmadetheplanetable
andalidadeintomuseumpieces.Noarticlewouldbecompletewithoutamentionofthesurveyorswho
utilizedplanetableboards.Therewereonlyafewdayseachyearsuitedforplanetablemapping.Theweather
neededtobewarmbutnothotsweatdrippingfromyourfaceandhandscouldmakeamassofthepaper
drawing.TheUSGSusedanumbrellaovertheboardwhenmapping.Surveyorsalsoneededadaywithvery
littlewind.Andthereflectionofthesunofftheboardwouldquicklyturnyourfaceintooldshoeleather.In
thewinter,yourfingerswouldgetstifffromthecold,makingitverydifficulttodrawthemap.Bendingover
theboardforeighthourseachdaywithoutbeingabletoleanonthetabletookaphysicaltollontheback.8
9. 9.METHODSOFSURVEY:USINGPLANETABLEANDALIDADESURVEY1.Thisisamethodof
surveythatallowsasurveyortoplotandcreateanaccuratescaledrawingonsite.Theideaistoscaledown
thesitetoasizethatfitsontothedrawingboard.2.Aplanetableisadrawingboardwhichisfixedtoatripod,
leveled,andorientated.Analidadeisasightingdeviceusedtoobservethesalientpointsofthesite.3.Havea
goodlookatthesitebeforeyoustartthesurvey,timeshouldbetakentowalkroundandhaveagoodlookat

thesiteorbuildingthatyouaregoingtorecord.Onabuilding,theobviousfeaturesthatyouwouldwantto
recordarethecorners,doorandwindowopenings,fireplaces.Moresubtlefeaturesthatyouwouldlookout
forarechangesinwalldirection,straightjoints,blockeddoorsorwindows,crackslots,changesinthe
stonework,changesinfloorcovering,byredrains.STEP1:SELECTASURVEYSTATIONOnceyouhave
hadagoodlookatthesite,youwillselectapositionforyoursurveystationfromwhichyouhavealineofsite
toasmanyofthemainpointsaspossible.Itisparticularlyimportanttobeabletoseeallthecornersand
placeswhereafeaturehasachangeindirection.Setupthetripodlegsoveryourselectedsurveystation.
Preparethedrawingboardapieceofpolyesterdraftingfilmistapedontothedrawingboardwithmasking
tape.Thecornersaretapedfirst,withthefilmpulledtight,andthentheedgesaretaped.Theboardisfixed
ontothetripod.STEP2:ORIENTTHEDRAWINGBOARDWhendrawingabuildingyouwouldorientate
thelongsideoftheboardsothatitisparalleltothelongaxisofthebuilding.Ifpossible,forasiteplan,you
wouldorienttheboardsothatnorthisupthepage.Forallplansitisimportanttocheckthatthewholesiteis
goingtofitontheboardatyourchosenscale.Apinispositionedintotheboardtogiveafixedpointfrom
whichobservationsandmeasurementscanbetaken.Thepinmarksthepositionofyoursurveystationonthe
board.Oncethesurveyhascommencedtheplanetableshouldnotbemoved.9
10. 10.STEP3:CARRYOUTTHESURVEYThealidadeisplacedagainstthepinandusedtoobserveinturn,
selectedpoints.Raysaredrawnonthefilmandmeasurementsbetweenthepinandthepointstakenwiththe
30mtape.Themeasurementiswrittenontothedrawnrayasarecord.Subsequently,eachpointisplotted
alongtherayattheselectedscale,'withascalerule.Observationsandmeasurementsaretakentoasmany
pointsasrequiredtoallowtheshapetoberecorded.Theseplottedpointscreateanaccurateframeworkaround
whichtherestoftheplancanbeconstructed.Thismethodismostusefulforplansofsinglebuildingsorsmall
siteswithinaradiusof30mfromtheplanetable.EQUIPMENTREQUIREDFORAPLANETABLE
ANDALIDADESURVEY:Planetable,tripodlegs,alidade,spiritlevel,30mtape,polyesterdraftingfilm,hi
polymer6Hpencil,maskingtape,pin,scaleruler,compass,rangingrodforsighting,plumbbob.EXAMPLE
OFPLANETABLESETUP:10
11. 11.EXAMPLEOFDRAWINGPAPERAFTERALIDADESURVEY:MERITSANDDEMERITSMerits:
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.Itismostsuitableforpreparingsmallscalemaporsurveyingsmallarea.Itismostrapid
method.Fieldbookisnotnecessary.Nogreatskillisrequiredforsatisfactorymap.Itisparticularlysuitable
formagneticareawhereprismaticcompassisnotreliable.Contourandirregularobjectmayberepresented
accurately.Itislesscostly.Demerits:1.2.3.4.PlaneTableEssentiallyatropicalinstruments.Itisnot
suitabletoworkinwetclimate.Thereareseveralaccessoriestobecarriedoutandthereforetheyarelikelyto
belost.Itisnotsuitableforaccuratework.11
12. 12.CONCLUSIONAsallweknowthattheuseoftotalstationhavemadetheplanetableandalidade
intomuseumpiecesbecauseofthetechnologychangesduring19thcentury.Theaimofusingtheplanetableis
toshowhowthetraditionalwaytousethealidadewithoutthehelpofthetheodoliteandthetotalstationwhile
drawingandplottingthepointsonthedrawingpaper.Weshouldbethankfulbecauseofthescientistthathas
madealotofexperimentduringinvertingthealidadeandthetheodolitetousewiththeplatetable.Now,
modernsurveyorcanusethetotalstationastheirmaininstrumentbuttheywillneverforgetwhatisplanetable
isabout.REFERENCESThefollowingsites,blogsandresearchpapershavebeenreferredinorderto
completethisreportwww.agriinfo.inwww.wikipedia.comwww.scribd.comwww.google.com
www.brittanica.comwww.alhea.com12
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