Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 70 views

    Fractionally Spaced Adaptive Equalizer A Review

    Uploaded by

    Editor IJRITCC
    Due to non-linear channel behaviour, the bit error rate at the receiver side increases and receiver is not able to recognize the signal levels. Equalizer play an important role is such situations and is designed to have an impulse response which is reciprocal to the response of the channel, hence resulting in an overall linear response. As channel response is not static in nature, so equalizer should have adaptation property. Different adaptive equalizers have been quoted in literature, but due to their performance superiority and the availability of variants stochastic gradient algorithm that mitigate coefficient drift during decision-directed operation, fractionally spaced adaptive equalizers are gaining vital importance these days. This paper presents a detailed insight into the structure and superiority of fractionally spaced adaptive equalizers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Fractionally Spaced Adaptive Equalizer A Review

    Uploaded by

    Editor IJRITCC
    70 views3 pages
    Due to non-linear channel behaviour, the bit error rate at the receiver side increases and receiver is not able to recognize the signal levels. Equalizer play an important role is such situations and is designed to have an impulse response which is reciprocal to the response of the channel, hence resulting in an overall linear response. As channel response is not static in nature, so equalizer should have adaptation property. Different adaptive equalizers have been quoted in literature, but due to their performance superiority and the availability of variants stochastic gradient algorithm that mitigate coefficient drift during decision-directed operation, fractionally spaced adaptive equalizers are gaining vital importance these days. This paper presents a detailed insight into the structure and superiority of fractionally spaced adaptive equalizers.

    Original Title

    Fractionally Spaced Adaptive Equalizer a Review

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Due to non-linear channel behaviour, the bit error rate at the receiver side increases and receiver is not able to recognize the signal levels. Equalizer play an important role is such situations and is designed to have an impulse response which is reciprocal to the response of the channel, hence resulting in an overall linear response. As channel response is not static in nature, so equalizer should have adaptation property. Different adaptive equalizers have been quoted in literature, but due to their performance superiority and the availability of variants stochastic gradient algorithm that mitigate coefficient drift during decision-directed operation, fractionally spaced adaptive equalizers are gaining vital importance these days. This paper presents a detailed insight into the structure and superiority of fractionally spaced adaptive equalizers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    70 views3 pages

    Fractionally Spaced Adaptive Equalizer A Review

    Uploaded by

    Editor IJRITCC
    Due to non-linear channel behaviour, the bit error rate at the receiver side increases and receiver is not able to recognize the signal levels. Equalizer play an important role is such situations and is designed to have an impulse response which is reciprocal to the response of the channel, hence resulting in an overall linear response. As channel response is not static in nature, so equalizer should have adaptation property. Different adaptive equalizers have been quoted in literature, but due to their performance superiority and the availability of variants stochastic gradient algorithm that mitigate coefficient drift during decision-directed operation, fractionally spaced adaptive equalizers are gaining vital importance these days. This paper presents a detailed insight into the structure and superiority of fractionally spaced adaptive equalizers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

    Volume: 2 Issue: 7

    ISSN: 2321-8169
    1987 1989

    _______________________________________________________________________________________________

    Fractionally Spaced Adaptive Equalizer: A Review


    Harmanpreet Kaur, Amandeep Singh Sappal
    Department of Electronics &
    Communication Engineering
    Punjabi University Patiala,
    147002, Punjab, India
    Abstract: Due to non-linear channel behaviour, the bit error rate at the receiver side increases and receiver is not able to recognize the signal
    levels. Equalizer play an important role is such situations and is designed to have an impulse response which is reciprocal to the response of the
    channel, hence resulting in an overall linear response. As channel response is not static in nature, so equalizer should have adaptation property.
    Different adaptive equalizers have been quoted in literature, but due to their performance superiority and the availability of variants stochastic
    gradient algorithm that mitigate coefficient drift during decision-directed operation, fractionally spaced adaptive equalizers are gaining vital
    importance these days. This paper presents a detailed insight into the structure and superiority of fractionally spaced adaptive equalizers.
    Key Words: Adaptive, Bit Error Rate, Channel, Fractionally Spaced Equalizer, Signal to Noise Ratio.

    __________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________
    1. INTRODUCTION
    In communication, multi-path effect causes signal fading.
    Multi-path effect means that signals transmitted from a
    transmitter may have multiple copies traversing different
    paths to reach a receiver. Thus, at the receiver, the received
    signals should be the sum of all these multi-path signals.
    Because the paths traversed by these signals are different;
    some are longer and some are shorter. The one should be the
    shortest at the direction of light of signal (LOS) and
    interaction of these signals occur with each other. If signals
    are in phase, they would intensify the resultant signal;
    otherwise, the resultant signal is weakened due to out of
    phase. This phenomenon is called channel fading [1, 2].
    Here, removing the channels distortion has a vital
    importance. The ideal aim of the receiver is to recover the
    original symbols without error, the distortions or intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by the channel, noise and
    other sources are tried to be minimized and this is done by
    equalizers. The channel has amplitude and phase dispersion

    which results in the interference of the transmitted signals


    with one another. To overcome this problem, the need of
    equalizers arise. The design of the transmitters and receivers
    depends on the assumption of the channel transfer function
    is known. But, in most of the applications of digital
    communications, the transfer function of the channel is not
    known at enough level to incorporate filters to remove the
    channel effect at the transmitters and receivers. For example,
    in circuit switching communications, the transfer function of
    the channel is usually constant, but, for every different path,
    it changes from the transmitter to the receiver. But, there are
    also non stationary channels such as wireless
    communications. The transfer functions of these channels
    vary with time, so that it is not possible to use an optimum
    filter for these types of channels. So, equalizers are designed
    in order to solve this problem. Equalizer is meant to work in
    such a way that BER (Bit Error Rate) should be low and
    SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) should be high [1].

    Fig.1. Concept of equalizer


    Equalizer gives the inverse of channel to the Received signal
    A Fractionally Spaced Adaptive Equalizer [5] is a linear
    and combination of channel and equalizer gives a flat
    equalizer that is similar to a symbol-spaced linear equalizer.
    frequency response and linear phase [2,3].
    However, a Fractionally Spaced Equalizer receives say K
    input samples before it produces one output sample and
    2.
    FRACTIONALLY
    SPACED
    ADAPTIVE
    updates the weights, where K is an integer. , The value K is
    EQUALIZER
    2 in many applications. The output sample rate and the input
    1987
    IJRITCC | July 2014, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication


    Volume: 2 Issue: 7

    ISSN: 2321-8169
    1987 1989

    _______________________________________________________________________________________________
    sample rate are 1/T and K/T respectively. The weight-

    updating occurs at the output rate, which is the slower rate.

    Fig.2. Fractionally Spaced Adaptive Equalizer [5]


    Sometimes the input to the equalizer is oversampled such
    that the sample interval is shorter than the symbol interval
    and the resulting equalizer is said to be Fractionally Spaced
    Adaptive Equalizer. Equalizer Taps are spaced closer than
    the reciprocal of symbol rate. FSE have advantages such as
    it has ability to be not affected by aliasing problem, it shows
    fast convergence and its sample rate is less the symbol rate.
    3. SUPERIORITY OF FRACTIONALLY SPACED
    ADAPTIVE EQUALIZER
    More recently, Fractionally Spaced Adaptive Equalizers
    (FSEs) have assumed an increasing presence, especially in
    the area of voice band data transmission. This is the
    technological shift which is based upon at least two factors:
    first, the performance superiority of FSEs relative to that of
    Conventional equalizer and second, the availability of
    variants on the conventional stochastic gradient algorithm
    that mitigate coefficient drift during decision-directed
    operation. With regard to the former, many studies have
    clarified the performance attributes of FSEs. It is known,
    for example, that Conventional equalizer operates on an
    aliased spectrum of the received signal, thus rendering
    performance acutely sensitive to timing phase of the
    receiver. However, FSEs are far less sensitive to timing
    phase provided the delay line tap spacing T ' is less than or
    equal to the reciprocal of twice the highest frequency

    component present in the transmitted signal. Due to which


    fractional equalizers compensate for timing phase offset or
    channel delay within the limits of their finite tapped delay
    lines (TDL).
    As an additional attribute, FSEs theoretically
    approach the properties of an optimal receiver. Operating in
    the presence of Gaussian noise, the mean-square distortion
    between the estimated binary data and actual sampler output
    is minimized, as is the average error probability.
    Theoretically, the performance of infinite fractional
    equalizers can also be shown to be independent of channel
    phase or timing phase. To the extent that FSEs can operate
    on the unaliased input spectrum and thus permit operation
    with Nyquist channel spectra up to the baud frequency, they
    can also be used to minimize the timing jitters effects
    relative to that of Synchronous equalizer, offering more
    robust operation.
    FSE performance for voice band channels has been
    extensively studied. In simulations reported by [6], 48 tap,

    ( T ' ) fractional equalizers were compared to 24 tap

    Conventional equalizer in a 9.6 kb/s 4-level QAM system


    and were found to offer superior performance. In the earlier
    work of [7], simulations for somewhat different channels
    and system characteristics showed FSEs almost as good as
    or better than Conventional equalizer counterparts, although
    1988

    IJRITCC | July 2014, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication


    Volume: 2 Issue: 7

    ISSN: 2321-8169
    1987 1989

    _______________________________________________________________________________________________
    the numbers of taps were the same in each equalizer. In spite
    of their advantages, only lately have FSEs been seriously
    considered for high-speed digital radio where they can
    improve the effects of dispersion caused by not normal
    propagation.
    Probably, The tardy application is due to the
    satisfactory operation of Synchronous equalizer for lowlevel QAM systems and the complexity of implementing the
    least mean-square (LMS) algorithm. It should be mentioned
    that in spite of the widely cited advantages of the linear
    LMS algorithm relative to zero-forcing (ZF), the latter is
    almost universally used in digital radio systems.
    4. CONCLUSION
    Among the equalizers like Fractionally Spaced Adaptive
    Equalizer (FSE), Blind Equalization, Decision-Feedback
    Equalization, Linear Phase Equalizer,T-Shaped Equalizer,
    Dual Mode EqualizerandSymbol spaced Equalizer, the
    Fractional Spaced Adaptive Equalizer shows better
    performance. Because it has ability to be not affected by
    aliasing problem, shows fast convergence and sample rate is
    less the symbol rate and better ISI mitigation over the other
    equalizers. Thus fractionally spaced equalizers can be
    explored in the design of adaptive equalizer in a fast fading
    environment.
    REFERENCES
    [1] S.Haykins (2002) Adaptive Filter Theory. Fourth
    edition. India: Dorling Kindersley.
    [2] Herbert Taub, Donald L Schilling, GoutamSaha
    (1996) Principles of Communication Systems. 2 nd
    edition. McGRAW-HILL.
    [3] John G.Proakis (2001) Digital Communications.
    Fourth edition. McGRAW-HILL.
    [4] B.P.Lathi (1998) Modern Digital and Analog
    Communications system. Third edition. USA:
    Oxford University Press.
    [5] J.R. Treichler, I. Fijalkow, and C.R. Johnson, JR.
    (1996) Fractionally Spaced Equalizers.IEEE Signal
    Processing Magazine,13(3):65-81.
    [6] R.D. Gitlin and S. B.Weinstein (February 1981)
    Fractionally-Spaced Equalization an improved
    digital transversal Equalizer. Bell Syst. Tech. J., 60
    (2):275-296.
    [7] S. U. H. Qureshi (1985) Adaptive equalization.
    Proceedings of the IEEE, 73(9):1349-1387.

    1989
    IJRITCC | July 2014, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    You might also like