Ventilation: Types of Systems
Ventilation: Types of Systems
Ventilation: Types of Systems
Depending upon the location of the fan or fans within the system. In general type
(a) will maintain a slight positive pressure within the spaces served. Type (b) will
maintain a slight negative pressure within the space served. This type of system
is used in spaces such as galleys, toilets, and pantries where a positive pressure
might dispel the heat and odors into adjacent spaces. Type (c) may produce
either a slight positive or negative pressure within the spaces served depending
on the relative ratings of the supply and exhaust fans.
Mechanical ventilation can also be classified as open or closed system. The open
system uses axial flow fans fitted in the inlet and exhaust trunks. The air is
supplied along trunking and ducts to the bottom of the hold.
The air is drawn from the top of the hold just below the decks. The exhaust fans
can be reversed if condensation is likely near the deck heads, for example with a
low outside air temperature.
The closed system recirculates air and a controlled amount of fresh air can be
admitted. The ventilation air is distributed around the hold and cargo, forming an
insulating wall or curtain between the two. Exhaust air is drawn from the bottom
of the hold.
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Machinery Spaces
The machinery space requires an air supply for the operation of boilers,
combustion engines, compressors, etc., and to maintain a satisfactory climate for
the operating staff to work in.
Certain machinery consumes or requires air for its operation and sufficient air at
as low temperature as practically possible should be provided. Under pressure
occurring in the machinery space will affect the efficiency and performance of
I.C.E. Over pressure may lead to leakage of hot air into the accommodation.
Ventilation is also necessary to remove the heat generated within the machinery
space and thus provide a reasonable climate for the staff to work in. This very
difficult task is achieved by the provision of ducted supplies of filtered but
uncooled air to as many regions as possible. Particular areas such as workshops
and control rooms, being small, may be air conditioned and more readily
provided with an acceptable working climate.
Various systems of air supply to the machinery space and casing are shown in
the figure.
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Figure (a) utilizes a medium pressure axial flow fan supplying air down a
trunking, which is proportionally released at the various platform levels and
exhausts through the top of the casing. Figure (b) uses a low pressure axial flow
fan to supply air into the casing area. Also a high pressure centrifugal fan
provides air through ducts to outlets at the various platforms. Figure (c) uses
medium pressure axial flow fans to provide a through trunking system to the
various outlets at the various platforms. This method has proved to be the best.
Double-Bottom Tanks
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These include cowls, goosenecks, mushrooms, louvers and air lift boxes on deck
or in bulkheads. All of these devices are fitted with wire mesh for rat-proofing.
Weather terminals should be so located that exhaust air or stack gasses do not
contaminate supply air.
c) Interior Terminals
High velocity directional terminals are used in galleys, pantries, laundries,
machinery spaces, and similar heat-producing spaces where spot cooling is
desired. Slotted outlets may be used in front of galleys hoods and switchboards.
Ceiling or wall type diffusers are used for ventilated living spaces, with terminal
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10
These are used to modify the outside fresh air to improve the ships interior
environment by heating, cooling, dehumidifying, and contaminant removal
processes. Air conditioning is used almost exclusively for living spaces and
sometimes for spaces containing electronic equipment. Conditioning of the air is
accomplished by a cooling medium of chilled water or Freon and a heating
medium of steam, hot water or electricity.
Types of Systems
a) Combination heating and cooling systems.
b) Cooling systems.
c) Dehumidification: for preventing moisture damage or condensation of
moisture on cargo and internal structures of all those portions of holds
suitable for carrying dry cargo.
Design Criteria
Shipboard air conditioning systems are usually designed to maintain inside air
temperatures ranging from 24oC to 29oC dry bulb, and a relative humidity of 50%
with an outside air temperature of 35oC dry bulb and 28oC wet bulb during the
summer season and inside air temperature of 21oC dry bulb with an outside
temperature of -18oC dry bulb during the winter season.
The criteria for cargo hold dehumidification is normally to maintain the dew-point
of atmosphere within the hold at a minimum design depression of 6oC dew-point
below the surface temperature of the cargo or ships structure.
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