Examples: Telegrapher's Equation: Rev 28 Jan 2013
Examples: Telegrapher's Equation: Rev 28 Jan 2013
Examples: Telegrapher's Equation: Rev 28 Jan 2013
It is assumed that we are talking about time varying signals, such as those that might
carry cable TV. We want to find functions for voltage and current in space and time:
V(x,t) and I(x,t).
We model the transmission line as
if it is a long string of inductors and
capacitors connected as shown.
L = inductance per unit length
C = capacitance per unit length
Ohms Law analysis of this circuit gives us two simultaneous equations:
V
I
L
x
t
I
V
C
x
t
We combine these by taking the appropriate derivatives:
2V
2 I
L 2
t x
t
2
I
2V
C
x 2
xt
and because mixed partials are equal, we obtain the second order PDE
which is a wave equation with velocity v
2 I
1 2 I
,
t 2 LC x 2
1
. Of course, all wave functions must
LC
inverse of resistance) between the wire and the ground as low as possible and we want
this coupling C to be fairly small as well.
The figure at right is a model of how these
factors fit together to explain the changing
voltage in a long wire. In the figure, all
these quantities are divided by length:
R = resistance (ohms) per unit length,
L = inductance (henries) per unit length,
C = capacitance (farads) per unit length,
G = conductance per unit length (mhos/m).
Ohms Law analysis of this circuit gives us two simultaneous equations:
V
I
GV
0
t
x
,
V
I
IR L 0
x
t
where V(x,t) is the solution function for the voltage and I(x,t) is the current in the
wire.
Show how these two equations combine into one second-order PDE for voltage:
2V
2V
V
LC
( RC GL)
GRV , or by combining constants
2
2
x
t
t
c2
2V 2V
V
G
R
1
2 ( a b)
abV , with a , b , c 2
2
x
t
t
C
L
LC
We see the wave equation plus a term in Vt and a term in V. We therefore suspect that
there is a traveling wave solution, V(x,t) = (f(x - ct) + f(x + ct)). The function f must
accommodate the loss of voltage due to both the cables internal resistance R and the
leakage due to G and C.
A perfectly insulated cable will have G = 0, leaving just the loss term R/L Vt. Just as in
the wave equation, at the end of such a transmission line, a reflection of the out-going
signal may be generated (depending on the BCs). For an animation, see
http://www.math.ubc.ca/~feldman/demos/demo8.html
Typical values for 1 km of coaxial cable: C = 70 nF L = 360 mH G = 2.9x10-8 mho
Set up separation of variables to obtain a solution for V(x,t). Use V(x,t) = u(x) w(t);
choose a negative separability constant, - 2.
You should obtain u ( x) A cos
x B sin
c
c
the wavenumber (2 divided by the wavelength).
k and k represents
The time equation should become w ''(t ) (a b) w '(t ) (ab 2 ) w(t ) 0 , which can be
solved by forming the characteristic polynomial of the 2nd order ODE. Verify that if
(a b) (a b) 2 4(ab 2 )
w(t ) e , we have r
.
2
rt
a b
t
2
ab
and therefore
2
Using initial conditions V(0,t) = V(L,t) = 0, you will find A = 0 and eigenfunctions in
2
your solution. Send a pulse V ( x, t ) f ( x) e x down the line.
V
G
I
0
V
0 0
t
L
1 V
R x R
1 I
G t
I
0
x
2V 2V
V
G
R
1
2 ( a b)
abV , with a , b , c 2
.
2
x
t
t
C
L
LC
c
( a b)
abV and make some clever substitutions.
2
2
t
x
t
Let V1 V , V2
V
V
, or as a system of three first-order equations:
, V3
x
t
V1
V2
x
V1
V3
,
t
V3
V
c 2 2 (a b)V3 abV1
t
x
equivalent to our second-order telegraph equation.
V1
V1
x
t
V1
V2
V2
and Vx
We now let the vectors V V2 , Vt
x
t
V3
V3
V3
t
x
and seek to rewrite the system in the form of a linear matrix equation
AVt + BVx + CV = 0, where A, B and C are 3x3 matrices.
0 0 0
1 0
1 0 0 V 0 0
t
0 0 1
0 c 2
0
0
0 1
0 Vx 0 0
1 V 0
ab 0 a b
0
kt
it ikx
.
course solved by e