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    L01 Matter & Balancing Equations

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    Lucy Byrne
    This document discusses the classification and properties of matter. It defines key terms like atom, molecule, element, compound, and mixture. Atoms are the smallest unit of matter, molecules are two or more atoms bound together, elements are collections of one atom type, compounds are collections of different atom types, and mixtures are collections containing more than one molecule or atom type. The document also covers physical and chemical properties of matter, physical and chemical changes, and provides examples of balancing chemical equations.

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    L01 Matter & Balancing Equations

    Uploaded by

    Lucy Byrne
    69 views14 pages
    This document discusses the classification and properties of matter. It defines key terms like atom, molecule, element, compound, and mixture. Atoms are the smallest unit of matter, molecules are two or more atoms bound together, elements are collections of one atom type, compounds are collections of different atom types, and mixtures are collections containing more than one molecule or atom type. The document also covers physical and chemical properties of matter, physical and chemical changes, and provides examples of balancing chemical equations.

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    This document discusses the classification and properties of matter. It defines key terms like atom, molecule, element, compound, and mixture. Atoms are the smallest unit of matter, molecules are two or more atoms bound together, elements are collections of one atom type, compounds are collections of different atom types, and mixtures are collections containing more than one molecule or atom type. The document also covers physical and chemical properties of matter, physical and chemical changes, and provides examples of balancing chemical equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    69 views14 pages

    L01 Matter & Balancing Equations

    Uploaded by

    Lucy Byrne
    This document discusses the classification and properties of matter. It defines key terms like atom, molecule, element, compound, and mixture. Atoms are the smallest unit of matter, molecules are two or more atoms bound together, elements are collections of one atom type, compounds are collections of different atom types, and mixtures are collections containing more than one molecule or atom type. The document also covers physical and chemical properties of matter, physical and chemical changes, and provides examples of balancing chemical equations.

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    of 14

    MATTER

    Dr S. Lawrence
    Kane Room 2.04B
    [email protected]

    Chemistry: The Central Science


    Sections 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 (12th Edition)

    CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
    ATOM - the smallest unit of matter (H, Fe, Cl, Zn, C, O, etc.)
    (made up of neutrons, protons and electrons)
    MOLECULE - two or more atoms bound together
    by chemical bonding (O2, NaCl, H2O, C6H12O6)
    ELEMENT a collection of atoms of one atom type (H2, S8,
    He, Cl2, Fen)
    COMPOUND collections of different atom types
    (H2O, FeCl3, CO2)
    PURE SUBSTANCE collections of one identical molecule/atom
    (H2O, S8)
    MIXTURE collections of more than one atom or molecules
    (H2O + CO2 + C6H12O6)

    CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
    USING MODELS

    ATOMS
    OF AN ELEMENT

    MOLECULES
    OF AN ELEMENT

    MOLECULES
    OF A COMPOUND

    e.g. He

    e.g. H2

    e.g. BF3

    MIXTURE
    OF ELEMENTS
    AND A COMPOUND

    ELEMENTS
    Only one type of atoms.
    Different elements have atoms containing different numbers
    of protons (in the neutral atom).
    Listed in the Periodic Table of Elements.
    H

    He

    Li

    Be

    Ne

    Na

    Mg

    Al

    Si

    Cl

    Ar

    Ca

    Sc

    Ti

    Cr

    Mn

    Fe

    Co

    Ni

    Cu

    Zn

    Ga

    Ge

    As

    Se

    Br

    Kr

    Rb

    Sr

    Zr

    Nb

    Mo

    Tc

    Ru

    Rh

    Pd

    Ag

    Cd

    In

    Sn

    Sb

    Te

    Xe

    Cs

    Ba

    La

    Hf

    Ta

    Re

    Os

    Ir

    Pt

    Au

    Hg

    Tl

    Pb

    Bi

    Po

    At

    Rn

    Fr

    Ra

    Ac
    Ce

    Pr

    Nd

    Pm

    Sm

    Eu

    Gd

    Tb

    Dy

    Ho

    Er

    Tm

    Yb

    Lu

    Th

    Pa

    Np

    Pu

    Am

    Cm

    Bk

    Cf

    Es

    Fm

    Md

    No

    Lr

    MOLECULES
    Molecules are groups of atoms joined together by chemical bonds.

    Chemical bonds: attractive forces involving electrons


    either shared by the atoms
    or transferred to create ions of opposite charge.

    PROPERTIES OF MATTER
    Every substance has a unique set of properties
    determined by the atoms present in the molecules
    Physical - colour, density, melting point, boiling point
    Chemical - the way the substance may react to form
    other substances (flammability)

    MATTER can be converted to ENERGY and vice versa

    Einstein equation: E = mc2

    PHYSICAL CHANGES AND PROPERTIES


    Substances change their physical state, but not composition.
    Cooling

    Cooling

    Steam

    Water
    Heating

    GAS

    Ice
    Heating

    LIQUID

    SOLID

    Mixtures form from, or can be separated into, their components.

    CHEMICAL CHANGES
    A chemical change is when new molecules are formed by
    reaction of other atoms or molecules.
    Called a chemical reaction
    Described by a chemical equation: indicates the numbers
    of atoms/molecules involved in the reaction.
    Combustion

    2 H2 + O2

    Reactants

    2 H2O + Energy

    form

    products

    Atoms combine, but are neither created nor destroyed.


    Chemical energy may be released as heat - thermodynamics.
    Heating may also accelerate a chemical reaction - kinetics.

    BALANCING EQUATIONS

    Chemistry the Central Science: 3.1 (12th Edition)

    Chemical Symbols
    Chemical Meaning
    Symbol
    H 2O
    One molecule of water
    2H2O

    Two molecules of water

    H2O2

    One molecule of
    hydrogen peroxide

    Composition
    Two atoms of hydrogen and one
    atom of oxygen
    Four atoms of hydrogen and
    two atoms of oxygen
    Two atoms of hydrogen and two
    atoms of oxygen

    Thoughts for Balancing Equations


    1

    Chemical symbols stay the same,


    i.e. cannot change subscripts.
    H2O is water

    H2O2 is hydrogen peroxide

    The ONLY thing you can do is to put numbers in


    front of formulae.

    Can change H2O to 2H2O


    3

    Before you start, count each element it may


    already be balanced!
    (it does happen.)
    Balanced No. of Reactants = No. of Products

    Deal first with elements which occur in the fewest


    formulae.

    BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS - Combustion


    1. Write the unbalanced chemical equation

    C2H5OH + O2

    CO2 + H2O

    2. Balance the carbons first


    C2H5OH +

    O2

    2 CO2 +

    H2O

    3. Balance the hydrogen


    C2H5OH +

    O2

    2 CO2 + 3 H2O

    4. Finally, balance oxygen


    C2H5OH + 3 O2
    5. Check the sums of atoms

    2 CO2 + 3 H2O

    EXAMPLE: Combustion of methanol


    1. Write the unbalanced chemical equation
    CH3OH + O2

    CO2 + H2O

    2. Balance the carbons first


    CH3OH +

    O2

    CO2 +

    H2O

    3. Balance the hydrogen


    CH3OH +

    O2

    CO2 + 2 H2O

    4. Balance the oxygen


    CH3OH + 3/2 O2

    CO2 + 2 H2O

    5. Multiply the equation by 2 to get whole numbers


    2 CH3OH + 3 O2

    2 CO2 + 4 H2O

    O2

    CO2

    O2

    CO

    S8

    O2

    SO2

    P4

    Cl2

    PCl3

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