Chapter 2

1/13/2012
Daltons Atomic Theory (1808)

1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms. 2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass and chemical properties. The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements. 3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. In any compound, the ratio of the numbers of atoms of any two of the elements present is either an integer or a simple fraction. 4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or destruction.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Atoms, Molecules and Ions

Chapter 2
Daltons Atomic Theory
16 X Law of Multiple Proportions

3
8Y
8 X2Y
4
Law of Conservation of Mass
Cathode Ray Tube
Cathode Ray Tube
J.J. Thomson, measured mass/charge of e(1906 Nobel Prize in Physics)

5 6
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Millikans Experiment
Thomsons Model
Measured mass of e(1923 Nobel Prize in Physics)
e- charge = -1.60 x 10-19 C Thomsons charge/mass of e- = -1.76 x 108 C/g e- mass = 9.10 x 10-28 g
7 8
Rutherfords Experiment
(1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
Rutherfords Model of the Atom
atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m

particle velocity ~ 1.4 x 107 m/s (~5% speed of light)
nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m
1. atoms positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus 2. proton (p) has opposite (+) charge of electron (-) 3. mass of p is 1840 x mass of e- (1.67 x 10-24 g) 9
If the atom is the Houston Astrodome, then the nucleus is a marble on the 50-yard line. 10
Chadwicks Experiment (1932)

(1935 Noble Prize in Physics) H atoms - 1 p; He atoms - 2 p mass He/mass H should = 2 measured mass He/mass H = 4
+ 9Be
1n
+ 12C + energy
neutron (n) is neutral (charge = 0) n mass ~ p mass = 1.67 x 10-24 g

11
mass p mass n 1840 x mass e12
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Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes

Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
Mass Number Atomic Number
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ? 6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons
14
A ZX 2 1H
Element Symbol
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ? 6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons
11
1 1H 235 92
(D)
238 92
3 1H
(T)
13
14
The Modern Periodic Table

Alkali Earth Metal H2
Chemistry In Action
Natural abundance of elements in Earths crust
Alkali Metal
Noble Gas
Group
Halogen
Period
Natural abundance of elements in human body
15
16
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical forces
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive or negative charge. cation ion with a positive charge If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a cation. Na
11 protons 11 electrons
H2O
NH3
CH4
A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO
diatomic elements
Na+
A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms

O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
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anion ion with a negative charge If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes an anion. Cl
Cl-
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A monatomic ion contains only one atom Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-
Common Ions Shown on the Periodic Table
A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-
19
20
Formulas and Models How many protons and electrons are in

27 3+ 13 Al
13 protons, 10 (13 3) electrons
How many protons and electrons are in
78 234 Se ?
34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons
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A molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a substance An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance molecular H2O C6H12O6 O3 N2H4 empirical H2O CH2O O NH2
23
ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations and an anions

The formula is usually the same as the empirical formula The sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each formula unit must equal zero
The ionic compound NaCl
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Formula of Ionic Compounds

2 x +3 = +6 3 x -2 = -6
Al3+
1 x +2 = +2
Al2O3
O22 x -1 = -2
Ca2+ The most reactive metals (green) and the most reactive nonmetals (blue) combine to form ionic compounds.
25
CaBr2
Br1 x -2 = -2
1 x +2 = +2
Na+
Na2CO3
CO3226
Transition metal ionic compounds
Chemical Nomenclature
Ionic Compounds
Nearly always a metal + nonmetal Anion (nonmetal)
if monatomic add -ide to element root name If polyatomic then correct ion name, usually ate or ite ending (sometimes ide)
indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals
BaCl2 K2O Mg(OH)2 KNO3
barium chloride potassium oxide magnesium hydroxide potassium nitrate

27
FeCl2 FeCl3 Cr2S3
2 Cl- -2 so Fe is +2 3 Cl- -3 so Fe is +3
iron(II) chloride iron(III) chloride
3 S-2 -6 so Cr is +3 (6/2) chromium(III) sulfide

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Molecular compounds
Nonmetals or nonmetals + metalloids Common name exceptions
H2O, NH3, CH4 (water, ammonia, methane)
Molecular Compounds
HI NF3 SO2 N2Cl4 NO2 N2O
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hydrogen iodide nitrogen trifluoride sulfur dioxide dinitrogen tetrachloride nitrogen dioxide dinitrogen monoxide
32
Element furthest to the left in a period and closest to the bottom of a group on periodic table is placed first in formula Use prefixes to indicate number of each kind of atom, except when only one of first element Last element name ends in ide
An acid can be defined as a substance that yields hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. For example: HCl gas and HCl in water Pure substance, hydrogen chloride
Dissolved in water (H3O+ and Cl), hydrochloric acid
33
34
An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and another element. HNO3 nitric acid
H2CO3
carbonic acid
H3PO4
phosphoric acid
35
36
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Naming Oxoacids and Oxoanions
37
The rules for naming oxoanions, anions of oxoacids, are as follows: 1. When all the H ions are removed from the -ic acid, the anions name ends with -ate. 2. When all the H ions are removed from the -ous acid, the anions name ends with -ite. 3. The names of anions in which one or more but not all the hydrogen ions have been removed must indicate the number of H ions present. For example: H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate HPO4 2- hydrogen phosphate PO43- phosphate 38
A base can be defined as a substance that yields hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water. NaOH KOH Ba(OH)2 sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide barium hydroxide
39
40
Hydrates are compounds that have a specific number of water molecules attached to them. BaCl22H2O LiClH2O MgSO47H2O Sr(NO3)2 4H2O barium chloride dihydrate lithium chloride monohydrate magnesium sulfate heptahydrate strontium nitrate tetrahydrate
CuSO45H2O
CuSO4
41 42

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1/13/2012

Daltons Atomic Theory (1808)

Atoms, Molecules and Ions

Daltons Atomic Theory

16 X Law of Multiple Proportions

Law of Conservation of Mass

Cathode Ray Tube

Cathode Ray Tube

J.J. Thomson, measured mass/charge of e(1906 Nobel Prize in Physics)

Measured mass of e(1923 Nobel Prize in Physics)

Rutherfords Model of the Atom

atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m

nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m

Chadwicks Experiment (1932)

neutron (n) is neutral (charge = 0) n mass ~ p mass = 1.67 x 10-24 g

mass p mass n 1840 x mass e12

Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes

The Modern Periodic Table

Natural abundance of elements in human body

A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms

Common Ions Shown on the Periodic Table

Formulas and Models How many protons and electrons are in

13 protons, 10 (13 3) electrons

How many protons and electrons are in

34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons

ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations and an anions

The ionic compound NaCl

Formula of Ionic Compounds

Transition metal ionic compounds

indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals

BaCl2 K2O Mg(OH)2 KNO3

barium chloride potassium oxide magnesium hydroxide potassium nitrate

FeCl2 FeCl3 Cr2S3

iron(II) chloride iron(III) chloride

3 S-2 -6 so Cr is +3 (6/2) chromium(III) sulfide

Dissolved in water (H3O+ and Cl), hydrochloric acid

Naming Oxoacids and Oxoanions

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