Analysis of Portal Frame

ANALYSIS OF PORTAL FRAME
INPUTS
Nodes
Beams
When both supports are pinned
When both supports are fixed
Beam Sections
For case 1, 2 & 3
For case 4
Supports
For case 1, 2 & 4
For case 3
Beam Loads
RESULTS
Max Bending
Moment
Elem
ent
BM
(kNm
)
Max Shear
Force
Eleme
nt
SF
(kN)
Max Axial
Force
Eleme
nt
AF
(kN)
Roof
4-5
19-20
-203.1
-203.1
4-5
19-20
44.09
-44.09
4-5
19-20
42.18
42.18
(C)
Column
s
3-4
20-21
-203.1
-203.1
1--4
20--23
-33.8
-33.8
1-2
22-13
53.94
53.94
(C)
Roof
19-20
-141.7
19-20
-36.5
4-5
32.15
(C)
Column
s
20-21
-141.7
3-4
-27.57
22-23
44.38
(C)
Roof
19-20
-132.5
19-20
-34.2
4-5
48.31
(C)
Case
1
Case
2
Case
3
Deflectio
n
(mm)
Node 12
X : 0.00
Y:
-250.51
Node 20
X: 43.71
Y : -0.23
Node 12
X : -21.13
Y:
-167.13
Node 20
X: 8.02
Y : -0.19
Node 12
X : -6.26
Y:
-114.76
Case
4
Column
s
20-21
-132.6
3-4
-44.1
22-23
44.96
(C)
Roof
19-20
-147
19-20
-36.81
4-5
33.1
(C)
Column
s
20-21
-147
3-4
-28.46
22-23
45.1
(C)
Node 20
X: 13.36
Y : -0.19
Node 12
X : -21.43
Y:
-135.84
Node 20
X: 8.74
Y : -0.13
Bending Moment, Axial Load and Shear Force Variations

Over the Entire Frame
Bending Moment
CASE 1:
CASE 2:
CASE 3:
CASE 4:
Axial Load
CASE 1:
CASE 2:
CASE 3:
CASE 4:
Shear Force
CASE 1:
CASE 2:
CASE 3:
CASE 4:
DISCUSSION
Comparison of results among different cases:
Overall Comparison
Bending moments in all cases
When analyzing beam envelopes it is clear that the highest
bending moment has been occurred near the joints which connect
columns and roof members. Of the four cases the bending moment
is highest when there is dead load only (case 1). Also we can
observe a considerable reduction in bending moments when both
supports are fixed.
Shear forces in all cases
Of the four cases, the shear force in roof members is highest when
there is dead load only (case 1), whereas in column members it is
highest when supports are fixed. There is no huge change in shear
force values in corresponding elements, between the different
cases and the beam envelope for shear force variation has an
overall common shape except slight differences.
Axial forces in all cases
In most of the cases except the case 3, the highest axial force
values occur at the column members. That is because the axial
forces increase when the self weights of each member accumulate.
a) Case 1 and 2
When comparing the results, in case 1 & 2, it is obvious that the shear
forces, axial forces and bending moments in all members have reduced
in case 2 when wind is present. This is because the wind loads act in a
direction opposite to the dead loads. As vertical sheets are also affected
by the wind forces we can see deflection of one column is reduced in
case 2 as wind force counters moment acting on it. We can see that the
vertical deflection of roof has reduced in case 2 due to the wind force
action perpendicular to the roof
b) Case 2 and 3
When the supports are fixed, shear forces and bending moments in
members have reduced. It is clear from the beam envelopes that
bending moments at supports are very high when the supports are fixed,
whereas in case 2 when supports are pinned bending moment at
supports is zero. Hence the supports have to be designed carefully in

case 3 to withstand that large moment. Deflection of the structure has
considerably reduced when the supports are fixed.
c) Case 2 and 4
When moment resisting joints are introduced there is no any significant
change in other aspects except the Y direction deflection. It is the only
difference we can see in case 4 with respect to case 2. The Y direction
deflection has reduced when moment resisting joints are present. It
seems that deflections of the columns are not very much affected with
the change in joints. Although we have used haunched moment resisting
joints, there is no reasonable change in bending moments.
Advantages & disadvantages of pinned foundation joints :

Pinned foundation joints are capable of accepting the resulting
rotations under the design loads. Therefore the foundation needs not to
be designed to resist the moments. Hence, the structure will be cost
effective.
The disadvantage is the deflection of the members
in both directions. If this deflection is not controlled perfectly the frame
will undergo considerable sway.
Advantages & disadvantages of haunched moment resisting

joints
Haunched moment resisting joints can withstand large bending moments
without failing. They stiffen the structure. Also the deflection of the
structure will be reduced. Using these types of joints is economical
rather than using a larger section throughout the whole member to
enhance stiffness.
The disadvantage is that these type of joints need more
bolting or welding which results in a higher fabrication cost.
Answers for Questions:

(a)
In practice, a pinned foundation joint will be introduced by
bolting the column, through the welded base plate. Theoretically
the bending moment in a pinned joint is zero. However, in reality it
is not possible to achieve either a purely fixed or purely pinned

connection. In actual practice, the pinned joint will be able to carry
a moment due to the spacing of the bolts, friction and etc.
However, this moment will be comparatively small . An error will
occur due to this in analysing using PROKON. As these moments
are negligible, we can use it in actual practice with a safety factor .
(b)
Haunches are introduced at places where there are maximum
bending moments. This way the section can be kept small, hence
leading to economical structure. In a portal frame haunches are
introduced at the ridge (apex) and the eaves. Usually the haunch is
a section cut out from a roof beam (rafter) section.
In
modelling the
haunch we assumed
the I value of both the stanchion and
the rafter to be increased by 1.5
where there is a haunch.
There are two ways to model a haunch. First is to model it physically by
allowing all physical changes such
as area and second moment of
area. Second or the more indirect
method will be to model the
influence of the haunch. As it is not
possible to model a varying section
in PROKON, we have to make
changes to the structure such that
the effect of having a haunch is felt,
as much as possible.
Having a haunch will increase both the stiffness and the moment
capacity of the joint, as well as of the surrounding area. This happens as
a direct result of the change in the second
moment of area of the section. As the effect of the haunch is felt by both
the column and the rafter near the joint, change should be done to both.
The magnitude of the change will have to be reasonable.
In our case we could not observe a significant reduction
in bending moments by following the above mentioned method in
PROKON. Hence, I suppose that the analysis should be changed to
accommodate the actual practice.

Analysis of Portal Frame

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What are the different load cases analyzed?

How do the bending moments, shear forces and axial forces vary across the different cases?

ANALYSIS OF PORTAL FRAME

When both supports are fixed

Bending Moment, Axial Load and Shear Force Variations

supports is zero. Hence the supports have to be designed carefully in

Advantages & disadvantages of pinned foundation joints :

Advantages & disadvantages of haunched moment resisting

Answers for Questions:

is not possible to achieve either a purely fixed or purely pinned

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