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    Percentage Impedance

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    Anonymous vcadX45TD7
    The percentage impedance of a transformer is measured by applying a voltage to one winding to circulate full load current through the other shorted winding. This impedance voltage, expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage, provides a measure of the transformer's resistance and leakage reactance that determines maximum fault current. Higher impedance transformers supply lower fault currents while impedance can be altered during design by changing winding geometry and voltage-to-turn ratios. Sequence impedance involving positive, negative, and zero sequence components further defines transformer performance under non-symmetrical faults.

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    Percentage Impedance

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous vcadX45TD7
    271 views2 pages
    The percentage impedance of a transformer is measured by applying a voltage to one winding to circulate full load current through the other shorted winding. This impedance voltage, expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage, provides a measure of the transformer's resistance and leakage reactance that determines maximum fault current. Higher impedance transformers supply lower fault currents while impedance can be altered during design by changing winding geometry and voltage-to-turn ratios. Sequence impedance involving positive, negative, and zero sequence components further defines transformer performance under non-symmetrical faults.

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    Percentage Impedance

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    The percentage impedance of a transformer is measured by applying a voltage to one winding to circulate full load current through the other shorted winding. This impedance voltage, expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage, provides a measure of the transformer's resistance and leakage reactance that determines maximum fault current. Higher impedance transformers supply lower fault currents while impedance can be altered during design by changing winding geometry and voltage-to-turn ratios. Sequence impedance involving positive, negative, and zero sequence components further defines transformer performance under non-symmetrical faults.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    271 views2 pages

    Percentage Impedance

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous vcadX45TD7
    The percentage impedance of a transformer is measured by applying a voltage to one winding to circulate full load current through the other shorted winding. This impedance voltage, expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage, provides a measure of the transformer's resistance and leakage reactance that determines maximum fault current. Higher impedance transformers supply lower fault currents while impedance can be altered during design by changing winding geometry and voltage-to-turn ratios. Sequence impedance involving positive, negative, and zero sequence components further defines transformer performance under non-symmetrical faults.

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    Percentage Impedance (Z%)

    The impedance of a transformer is marked on most nameplates - but what is it and what does the Z%
    figure mean?
    Definition
    The percentage impedance of a transformer is the volt drop on full load due to the winding resistance and
    leakage reactance expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage.
    It is also the percentage of the normal terminal voltage required to circulate full-load current under short
    circuit conditions
    Measuring Impedance
    The impedance is measured by means of a short circuit test. With one winding shorted, a voltage at the
    rated frequency is applied to the other winding sufficient to circulate full load current - see below:

    The percentage impedance can then be calculated as follows:

    Z% = Impedance Voltage x 100


    Rated Voltage

    Changing the Impedance Value


    The most economical arrangement of core and windings leads to a 'natural' value of impedance
    determined by the leakage flux. The leakage flux is a function of winding ampere turns and the area and
    length of the leakage flux path. These can be varied at the design stage by changing the volts per turn
    and the geometric relationship of the windings.
    The Effect of Higher and Lower Impedances
    The impedance of a transformer has a major effect on system fault levels. It determines the maximum
    value of current that will flow under fault conditions.
    It is easy to calculate the maximum current that a transformer can deliver under symmetrical fault
    conditions. By way of example, consider a 2 MVA transformer with an impedance of 5%. The maximum
    fault level available on the secondary side is:
    2 MVA x 100/5 = 40 MVA
    and from this figure the equivalent primary and secondary fault currents can be calculated.

    A transformer with a lower impedance will lead to a higher fault level (and vice versa)
    The figure calculated above is a maximum. In practice, the actual fault level will be reduced by the source
    impedance, the impedance of cables and overhead lines between the transformer and the fault, and the
    fault impedance itself.
    As well as fault level considerations, the impedance value also:
    determines the volt drop that occurs under load - known as 'regulation'
    affects load sharing when two or more transformers operate in parallel
    Sequence Impedance (Z1 Z2 Z0)
    The calculation above deals with a balanced 3-phase fault. Non-symmetrical faults (phase-earth, phasephase etc) lead to more complex calculations requiring the application symmetrical component theory.
    This in turn involves the use of positive, negative and zero sequence impedances (Z 1, Z2 and
    Z0 respectively).
    As with all passive plant, the positive and negative sequence impedances (Z 1 and Z2) of a transformer are
    identical.
    However, the zero sequence impedance is dependent upon the path available for the flow of zero
    sequence current and the balancing ampere turns available within the transformer. Generally, zero
    sequence current requires a delta winding, or a star connection with the star point earthed. Any
    impedance in the connection between the star point and earth increases the overall zero sequence
    impedance. This has the effect of reducing the zero sequence current and is a feature that is frequently
    put to practical use in a distribution network to control the magnitude of current that will flow under earth
    fault conditions.

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