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    Psychology 7 Santrock Notes Pages 288-303

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    OliviaLimón
    This document summarizes key concepts from psychology notes on pages 288-303 related to operant conditioning, observational learning, purposive behavior, expectancy learning, latent learning, insight learning, biological constraints on learning, and taste aversion. It discusses applying operant conditioning to change behaviors, how observational learning occurs through attention, retention, reproduction, and reinforcement of observed behaviors, and Tolman's view that behavior is purposive and goal-oriented rather than just reinforced. It also outlines latent learning, insight learning, biological predispositions that allow or prohibit certain types of learning, and how taste aversion is a biological constraint.

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    Psychology 7 Santrock Notes Pages 288-303

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    OliviaLimón
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    This document summarizes key concepts from psychology notes on pages 288-303 related to operant conditioning, observational learning, purposive behavior, expectancy learning, latent learning, insight learning, biological constraints on learning, and taste aversion. It discusses applying operant conditioning to change behaviors, how observational learning occurs through attention, retention, reproduction, and reinforcement of observed behaviors, and Tolman's view that behavior is purposive and goal-oriented rather than just reinforced. It also outlines latent learning, insight learning, biological predispositions that allow or prohibit certain types of learning, and how taste aversion is a biological constraint.

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    notes on Psychology 7 by John W. Santrock. Covers pages 288-303

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    This document summarizes key concepts from psychology notes on pages 288-303 related to operant conditioning, observational learning, purposive behavior, expectancy learning, latent learning, insight learning, biological constraints on learning, and taste aversion. It discusses applying operant conditioning to change behaviors, how observational learning occurs through attention, retention, reproduction, and reinforcement of observed behaviors, and Tolman's view that behavior is purposive and goal-oriented rather than just reinforced. It also outlines latent learning, insight learning, biological predispositions that allow or prohibit certain types of learning, and how taste aversion is a biological constraint.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    575 views3 pages

    Psychology 7 Santrock Notes Pages 288-303

    Uploaded by

    OliviaLimón
    This document summarizes key concepts from psychology notes on pages 288-303 related to operant conditioning, observational learning, purposive behavior, expectancy learning, latent learning, insight learning, biological constraints on learning, and taste aversion. It discusses applying operant conditioning to change behaviors, how observational learning occurs through attention, retention, reproduction, and reinforcement of observed behaviors, and Tolman's view that behavior is purposive and goal-oriented rather than just reinforced. It also outlines latent learning, insight learning, biological predispositions that allow or prohibit certain types of learning, and how taste aversion is a biological constraint.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    The key takeaways from the text discuss applying operant conditioning principles to change behaviors as well as different theories of learning such as observational learning, latent learning, and insight learning.

    The four processes in observational learning according to Bandura are: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement.

    Latent learning involves unreinforced learning that is stored cognitively but not immediately expressed in behavior, while insight learning refers to sudden understanding of how to solve a problem.

    Psychology Notes pages 288-303

    Applying Operant Conditioning:

    • Define the behavior to be changed.


    – Has to be concrete, with a precise goal and precise ways to reach it.
    • Make a commitment to change
    – Knowledge and commitment.
    • Collect data about behavior
    -important in decreasing behaviors to see progress
    • Design a program of self control.
    -long term and short term goals
    -positive self-talk to encourage you
    • Maintenance- making program a lasting one
    – Specific dates for postchecks
    – Plan a course of action

    Education

    • Behavior modification has been shown to improve education of children.


    Teaching Machines and Computer instructions:
    – Skinner developed teaching machine to help students learn. Today’s version is the
    computer, helps with math drill and produce s better results.
    • Choosing Effective Reinforcers
    – The Premack principle: high-probability activity can be used to reinforce a low-
    probability activity. Probability means likelihood of occurrence.

    How does observational learning occur?

    • We can acquire knowledge, skills, rules, strategies, beliefs and attitudes by observing
    other people.
    • Observational learning: Also called imitation or modeling. Learning by observing
    and then imitating another person’s behavior.
    • Eliminates trial and error learning. Takes less time than operant conditioning.
    • Bandura described four processes in observational learning: attention, retention,
    motor reproduction, and reinforcement.
    – You must pay attention to be able to reproduce the action
    – Retention means you have to store it in your memory so you can recall it
    – Production means to imitate the model’s actions.
    – Reinforcement is necessary to fully learn the action.

    Purposive Behavior

    • EC Tolman (1932) talked about the purposiveness of behavior. He thought that behavior
    was mostly goal-oriented.
    • Our behaviors aren’t just because they’ve been reinforced, but because it’s a means to
    attain some goal that we keep in mind.

    Expectancy Learning and Information

    • Tolman went beyond Pavlov and Skinner to focus on cognitive mechanisms.


    • Classical and operant conditioning occur and the organism starts to acquire certain
    expectations.
    • We get the expectancies from our experiences in the environment.
    • Cognitive maps are one type of expectancy
    – Organisms form cognitive maps that are made up of expectancies
    – Mental representation of the structure of physical spaces.
    – We all form cognitive maps of our locations on small and large scales.

    Latent Learning

    • Latent Learning is unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.


    • Stored cognitively but not expressed in a behavior
    • Shows itself in animals exploring their surroundings. Might not benefit immediately, but
    is beneficial for the future when it might be needed.

    Insight Learning

    • Insight Learning is a form of problem solving in which an organism gains sudden


    insight into a problem’s solution.
    • Think Kohler and Apes – stacking boxes.
    Biological Constraints

    • The structure of an organisms body allows for and prohibits certain kinds of learning
    • Instinctive Drift: tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes
    with learning.

    Preparedness and Taste Aversion

    • Preparedness is the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways


    but no others.
    • Another biological constraint to learning is taste aversion.
    – If you get sick from something you tend to develop a taste aversion to it.

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