ABC-UL ENGLEZEI PE GLOB

BASIC ENGLISH WORLDWIDE

BY LILY HUZDUP

DONATII IN CONTUL :
RO16 MILB 0000 0000 B0268 9640 /MILLENIUM BANK /
LILIANA HUZDUP

I.THE VERB
1.PRESENT SIMPLE

FORM

EXAMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE:short infinitive

I speak, you speak, she speaks

NEGATIVE:don't/doesn/t+short infinitive I don't speak/she doesn't speak

INTERROGATIVE:do/does+short
infinitive

Do I speak?/Does she speak?

INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE:don't/doesn't

Don't I speak/Doesn't she speak?

It is used with : usually, often, always, every day/week/year/in the morning/afternoon, at

night, at the weekend, on Monday.
The verbs ending in y receive an -i at the third person singular.
to try-tries
USE/SITUATION

EXAMPLE

Repeated actions and daily routines

He goes to work every morning.

General truths

Water boils at 100 degrees.

Official timetables and programmes

The plane arrives at 8:30.

Commentaries,reviews, narration

She speeds up in the end and wins the

race.

2.PRESENT CONTINUOUS

FORM
AFFIRMATIVE:
infinitive+ing

EXAMPLE
subject+to

be+shirt I am dancing

NEGATIVE:to be+not+short infinitive+ing I am not reading

INTERROGATIVE:to

be+subject+short Am I dancing?

infinitive+ing
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE:To Am I not reading?
be+not+subject+short infinitive+ing
It is used with :now, at the moment, at present, these days, still, nowadays, today,
tonight.
Verbs not used in the continuous aspect:verbs of senses(feel, hear), verbs expressing
emotions (adore, desire, dislike), verbs of mental activity (agree, assume, believe,
forget, expect), verbs of possession (own, possesion).
Exceptions:
EXCEPTION

MEANING

I am seeing a doctor

Meeting him

I am having lunch

Eating it

I am having my hair cut

Somebody else is doing it for me

I am tasting the cake

Performing the activity of tasting

USE/SITUATION

EXAMPLE

Actions taking place in the moment of What are you doing now?
speaking
Temporary actions

I am walking to work this week.

Actions expressing irritation, annoyance, You are always interrupting me!

anger
Personal plans

Next week, I/m leaving for Sibiu.

Changing or developping situations

It is getting late.

3.PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

FORM

EXAMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE:have/has+third form of I have done my job

the verb
NEGATIVE:have+not+third form of the You haven't done yours.

verb
INTERROGATIVE:have/has+subject+the Have they done their job?
third form of the verb
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE:have/has+subject+not+the
third form of the verb

Hasn't she done hers?

It is used with:for, since, already, just, ever, never, so far, today, this week/year, how
long, lately, recently, still(negations)
HAVE GONE AND HAVE BEEN TO
She has gone to the market(she hasn't come back yet)
She has been to Rome twice(has visited, she has come back)

USE/SITUATION

EXAMPLE

Unfinished action

I have known you for years

Action recently finished in which we see She has washed her dress
the result
Past action in which we are not interested My uncle has bought a house
in the time
Action happened over a specific period of I have read 10 pages today
time (today, tomorrow,this week)

4.PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORM
AFFIRMATIVE:
infinitive+ing

EXAMPLE
have/has

been+short I have been reading for two hours

NEGATIVE:have not/has not been+short She hasn't been reading for more than five
infinitive+ing
minutes
INTERROGATIVE:have/has+subject+bee Have you been reading?
n+short infinitive+ing?

INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE:have/has Haven't they been reading?

=subject+not+been+short infinitive+ing

It is used with:for, since, how long, lately, recently

USE/SITUATION

EXAMPLE

To emphasize the duration of an action

She has been running for an hour

Past action with the visible result

Her arms hurt.She has been working too

much.

To express anger, irritation, annoyance

You have been giving away your plans.

5.PAST SIMPLE
FORM
AFFIRMATIVE:short
(regular)or
second
verb(irregular)

EXAMPLE
infinitive+ed I played two days ago
form
of
the I ate a pizza yesterday

NEGATIVE: did not+short infinitive

I didn't buy anything

INTERROGATIVE:did+subject+short
infinitive

Did you finish your job?

INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE: Didn't you grow vegetables in the garden?
did+subject_not+short infinitive

USE/SITUATION

EXAMPLE

Action that happened at a definite time in We went home last night

the past
Actions happened one after the other

I paid the driver and I got off.

Past habits or states

Everything was different a hundred years

ago.

After wish, as if, as though, if only , I wish I were here

would rather
I would rather you went there

USED TO/BE USED TO/GET USED TO/WOULD

USE /SITUATION

EXAMPLE

Past habits and states

We used to travel a lot

Repeated actions

We used to have lunch in the family on

Sunday

A habit

I am not used to not finding public toilets.

Becoming accustomed with something

I am getting used to the cold weather

6.PAST CONTINUOUS

FORM

EXAMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE:subject+was/were+short
infinitive+ing

I was writing an email yesterday at noon

NEGATIVE:subject+was /were not+short You weren't reading

infinitive+ing
INTERROGATIVE:was/were+subject+sho Was she digging in the garden last week?
rt infinitive+ing
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE:was/were+subject+not+short
infinitive+ing

Weren't you listening?

It is used with:while, when, as , all morning/evening, day

USE/SITUATION

EXAMPLE

Action in progress at a certain time in the They were taking pictures yesterday at 12

past

o'clock

Long action interrupted by short action

I was having a rest when she sent me a

message

Two long simultaneous actions

I was cooking while he was writing

Setting the atmosphere

The birds were singing, the trees were

blossoming and the wind was blowing
gently

7.PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

FORM

EXAMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE:had+the third form of the I had finished dinner before I went out
verb
NEGATIVE:had not+the third form of the You hadn't finished your work yet
verb
INTERROGATIVE:had+subject+the third Had they done their job?
form of the verb
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE:had+subject+not+the
form of the verb

Hadn't they forgot anything?

third

It is used with:before, after, never, already, just, for, since, till/until,by the time.

USE /SITUATION

EXAMPLE

Past action that took place before another I had finished washing before the phone
past action
rang.
Action endede in the past, result visible in He was happy.He had closed the deal.
the present

8.PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORM

EXAMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE:
infinitive+ing
NEGATIVE:
infinitive+ing

had
had

not

been+short I had been speaking for 2 minutes when

you saw me
been+short You hadn't been running at all when winter
came

INTERROGATIVE:had+subject+been+sh Had you

ort infinitive+ing
footsteps?

been

following

mother's

INTERROGATIVE
Hadn't you been speaking to her?
NEGATIVE:had+subject+not+been+short
infinitive+ing

USE/SITUATION

EXAMPLE

Emphasizes the duration of a past action

He had been looking for a flat for more

than two years before he found one

A past action whose result could be seen

He was succesfull. He had worked hard.

9.FUTURE SIMPLE

FORM

EXAMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE:will+short infinitive

I will write you tomorrow

NEGATIVE:will not +short infinitive

She will not come

INTERROGATIVE;will+subject+short
infinitive

Will they go?

INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE:will+subject+not+short
infinitive

Won't they plan their trip?

It is used with: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/year, in a
week, month.
USE/SITUATION

EXAMPLE

Predictions

I'm afraid I won't be there in time

Decisions taken on the spot

Promisses,
warnings

offers,

requests,

I'll take the orange juice, please

hopes, Will you help me please?

Future events that cannot be taken under The temperature will reach 42 degrees next
control
week.
10.FUTURE CONTINUOUS

FORM

EXAMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE:will+be+short
infinitive+ing

I will be dancing this time tomorrow

NEGATIVE:will+not+be+short
infinitive+ing

You won't be readind

INTERROGATIVE:will+subject+be+short Will they be drawing?

infinitive+ing
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE:will+subject+not+be+short
infinitive+ing

Won't she be singing?

USE/SITUATION

EXAMPLE

Action in progress in a future moment

I will be travelling next month

Action which will happen as a result of an I''ll be seeing

arrangement
tomorrow
Plans for the near future

specialist

designer

Will you be lending me the bike?

11.FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

FORM

EXAMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE:will+have+third form of She will have finished her essay by 8

the verb
o'clock
NEGATIVE: will+not+have+third form of We won't have come unless you called us
the verb

INTERROGATIVE:will+subject+have+thi Will you have been travelling all summer?

rd form of the verb
INTERROGATIVE
Won't she have chosen her way back to the
NEGATIVE;will+subject+not+have+third challet?
form of the verb
It is used with: before, by, by then, by the time, until/till

USE/SITUATION

EXAMPLE

For a future action finished before another She will have finished her job before dark.
future action/moment in the future

12.FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORM

EXAMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE:will+have+been+short
infinitive+ing

By the end of the week, I will have been

digging for ten hours

NEGATIVE;will+not+have+been+short
infinitive+ing

By the end of the year, you will

been watching 10 old movies

not have

INTERROGATIVE:will+subject+have+be Will she have been listening to her?

en+short infinitive+ing
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE:
+subject+not+have+been+short
infinitive+ing

will Won't they have been speaking Spanish for

five years now?

It is used with by.........for.

USE/SITUATION

EXAMPLE

Emphasizes the duration of an action up to By the time you reach Paris, you will have
a certain future moment
been flying for two hours

OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE:

USE/SITUATION

EXAMPLE

To be to

I am to visit Rome next month

To be about to

I'm about to leave

To be due to

The train is due to arrive

To be bound to

My plan is bound to succeed

To be going to

I/m going to buy a house

II.MODAL VERBS
Characteristics:
1.They are defective(lack some verbal forms)
2.They don't receive -s in the third person singular.
3.They form the interrogative with inversion(without auxiliary)
4.They are followed by the short infinitive
I.CAN/COULD
can=to be able to/to be capable of
It expresses :
-ability
I can speak four languages.
-permission
Can I borrow your pen?
-possibility(present or past)
You can ski now(there is enough snow)
She could have helped me.
-polite request
Can you wait a few moments, please?

-negative deduction:
You can't be broke;you have just received a large sum of money!
II.MAY/MIGHT
may=be allowed to/be permitted to
It can express:
-permission
May I go now?
-polite request
May I wait here?
-present or future possibility
He may come soon.
-speculation
He might have arrived
III.MUST/HAVE TO/NEED
*must expresses an inner obligation:
I must go now(it's my decision)
*have to expresses an obligation that comes from the outside:
You have to call first when you come to visit.
*mustn't expresses prohibition:
You mustn't shout out loud!
*needn't expresses lack of obligation:

You needn't buy all these things!

*must also expresses a logical deduction(or a past deduction):
She must be at home by now.
She must have worked very hard.
IV.SHALL/SHOULD
It expresses:
-an obbligation
I shall bring you all the documents.
-a suggestion, an order, an offer
I suggest we should leave now
Shall I bring you a coffee?
-a supposition
He should be there by now
-unfulfillment of an obligation:
We should have talked to them .
V.OUGHT TO
It expresses:
-an obligation or a moral duty
You ought to help your parents.
-an unfulfillled duty
I ought to have written all the details.
VI/WILL/WOULD
It expresses:

-an impersonal command

You will come here at once!
-the determination for an action
He will study design whatever his parents say.
-a repeated action
He will sit on the bench for hours
-an invitation
Will you have a cup of coffee?
-a spontaneous intention
I''ll fetch you some fruits.
-a request
Would you do me a favour?
-a probability
That would be their house
III.PASSIVE VOICE
Form:
the verb to be+3rd form of the verb
Active:
I write a letter
I have painted the floor

Passive:
A letter is written by me.
Ther floor has been painted by me.

Technique:
the object of the active clause becomes subject of the passive clause.

Personal/Impersonal constructions:
It is believed that he lied in front of the jury.
He is believed to have lied in front of the jury.
IV.IF CLAUSES
TYPE 0

IF CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

Present simple

Present simple

If it's sunny, there is much light in the room.

TYPE 1

IF CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

Present

Future/Modal

If it's warm, we'll go walking in the woods.

TYPE 2

IF CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

Past simple/continuous

Would/could/might

If we work hard, we might succeed.

TYPE 3

IF CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

Past perfect(had+3rd form)

Would/could/might+3rd
form

If we had known,we could have done something better.

Other ways of forming conditional:
-unless
Unless you help me, I won't finish my essay.
-providing/provided that

I''ll do that provided that I have some free time.

-what if
What if he needs it?
-but for
But for your advice, I wouldn't have managed.
-suppose
Supposing you were broke, what would you do?
-in case of
In case of a fire, call me!
-were
If I were you, I wouldn't do that.
-omission of if:
Should he fail, it would be a great disappointment
Were he more attentive, he would never make mistakes.
Had she known this,she wouldn't have involved in uncertain situation.
V.IMPERSONAL MOODS:
1.SUBJUNCTIVE
A.Synthetical
Present subjunctive=short infinitive
God save the queen!
Heaven help us!
Past subjunctive=past tense
I wish I were abroad.
It's high time for you to understand the whole situation.

Past perfect subjunctive=past perfect

You speak as if/as though you heaven't heard the news
B.Analitycal
shall/should+infinitive:
I have decided that she shall leave this place.
They suggest that you should say the truth.
may/might+infinitive:
May all your dreams come true!
She stood near the window so that she might breath fresh air.
-no matter. Whatever
No matter what they say, I'll do what I feel it's right!
-wish:
I wish I would come to visit you.
2.IMPERATIVE
Form: short infinitive
Go!(second person)/ Let me/him go!(first and third person)
Don't go/don't let me go!
It is used for:
-emphasis
Do be careful!
-command:
You two wash the dishes!
Will you show me the way?(checking if the person is willing to do this)

3.INFINITIVE
It has two tenses:present(to go) and perfect(to have gone)
I want to go there
He proved to have done the right thing(an action that preceeds the present moment)
Long infinitive:
to sing
Short infinitive:
sing
The short infinitive is used after modal verbs, verbs of perception, had better, would
rather:
I can see that everything is ok.
I heard you say those words.
You had better stay here.
Constructions:
*Accusative+infinitive
I saw her shut the window.
I want him to understand the truth.
I thought it to be right.
It's difficult for him to take a decision.
*Nominative+infinitive
She was known to be agreat singer
They seem to know the answers.
I was lucky to find a treasure.
4.GERUND
Present:
verb+ing
The idea of dancing pleased me
Perfect:
having+3rd form

Your having danced pleased me.

Characteristics:
-it can have a plural form;
comings and goings
-it can be preceeded by a noun, adjective
Tom's arriving/his arriving
-it can have a tense
your coming
your having said that
Examples:
-No smoking!(prohibition)
-I accused him of doing that(after verb+preposition)
-I'm interested in studying Geography(phrasal verbs)
-It's pleasure of meeting you(noun+preposition)
5.PARTICIPLE(PRESENT AND PAST)
Present:
verb+ing=speaking
I saw you dancing
Past:
having+3rd form =having spoken
Having understood the matter , made me more flexible.
Constructions:
-Accusative+participle:
I saw him reading.
-Nominative+participle:

He was seen leaving the place.

-Absolute nominative:
Weather permitting, we will go on a trip.
-Absolute participle:
Juding by appearances, he was right
The past participle can be used as an adjective(a forgotten story) or as a verb (I have
seen that film) or as a part of constructions:
-Our work being ready, we went home(Absolute participle)
-I saw his name written there(Accusative with participle)
VI.REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

Present simple
I want a dress

Past simple
She said she wanted a dress

Present continuous
I'm working now.

Past continuous
She said she was working then

Present perfect
I've had lunch

Past perfect
He said he had had lunch.

Past simple
I went to the shop yesterday.

Past perfect
He said he had gone to the shop yesterday.

Past continuous
I was sleeping at two o'clock last night.

Past perfect continuous

She said she had been sleeping at two
o'clock the night before.

Future
I will call you tomorrow.

Conditional(would)
She said she would call me the next day.

Time expression changing:

now

then , at that time

today

that day

tonight

that night

yesterday

the day before

tomorrow

the next day

this week

that week

last week

the week before

next week

the week after

two days ago

two days before

here

there

Reported questions:
Did you go there, she asked.
She asked if you had gone there
VII.SEQUENCE OF TENSES
MAIN CLAUSE

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

PRESENT
PRESENT PERFECT
FUTURE

ANY TENSE REQUIRED BY THE

MEANING

I know that Mary will go to Bucharest tomorrow.

I have found out that she would leave the town next week.

MAIN CLAUSE

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

Past simple-anterior action

Past perfect

Past simple-simultaneous action

Past simple

Past simple-posterior action

Future in the past

I found out that he had been there.

I foundout that he was there.

I found out that he would be there.
TIME CLAUSES:
MAIN CLAUSE

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

Future-simultaneous action

present

Future-anterior action

present perfect

She will tel us the truth when she knows it.

She will tell us the truth after she has known it.
VIII.QUESTION TAGS
SENTENCE

TAG QUESTION

He can swim(affirmative)

can't he(negative)

He plays tennis(affirmative),

doesn't he?(negative)

He won't come tomorrow(negative),

will he?(affirmative)

IX.LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

FIRST FORM

SECOND FORM

THIRD FORM

be

was/were

been

bear

bore

born

beat

beat

beaten

become

became

become

begin

began

begun

bite

bit

bitten

blow

blew

blown

break

broke

broken

bring

brought

brought

build

buit

built

burn

burnt

burnt

buy

bought

bought

catch

caught

caught

come

came

come

cost

cost

cost

cut

cut

cut

dig

dug

dug

do

did

done

draw

drew

drawn

drink

drank

drunk

drive

drove

driven

eat

ate

eaten

fall

fell

fallen

feed

fed

fed

feel

felt

felt

fight

fought

fought

find

found

found

fly

flew

flown

forget

forgot

forgotten

forgive

forgave

forgiven

freeze

froze

frozen

get

got

got

give

gave

given

go

went

gone

grow

grew

grown

have

had

had

hear

heard

heard

hide

hid

hidden

hold

held

held

keep

kept

kept

know

knew

known

lay

laid

laid

lead

led

led

learn

learnt

learnt

leave

left

left

lend

lent

lent

let

let

let

lie

lay

lain

light

lit

lit

lose

lost

lost

make

made

made

mean

meant

meant

meet

met

met

pay

paid

paid

put

put

put

read

read

read

ride

rode

ridden

ring

rang

rung

run

ran

run

say

said

said

see

saw

seen

sell

sold

sold

send

sent

sent

set

set

set

shake

shake

shake

shine

shone

shone

shoot

shot

shot

show

showed

shown

shut

shut

shut

sing

sang

sung

sit

sat

sat

sleep

slept

slept

smell

smelt

smelt

speak

spoke

spoken

spend

spent

spent

spread

spread

spread

spring

sprang

sprung

stand

stood

stood

steal

stole

stolen

stick

stuck

stuck

sting

stung

stung

strike

struck

struck

swear

swore

sworn

sweep

swept

swept

swim

swam

swam

take

took

taken

teach

taught

taught

tear

tore

torn

tell

told

told

think

thought

thought

throw

threw

thrown

understand

understood

understood

wake

woke

woken

wear

wore

worn

win

won

won

write

wrote

written

X.THE NOUN
The nouns are simple(arm,board) and compound (armchair, boy friend),common (table, wood)) and
proper(Deborah, john), formed with prefixes (disability,supermarket) and suffixe(Yorkshire,Scotsman).
The common nouns are countable (pencil ,girl, dog) and uncountable (advice, anger, food,)
Nouns expressing

-amounts:
*a piece of
*a bar of
*a slife of
*a drop of
*a loaf of
*a lump of
*a pinch of
*a portion of
-containers:
*a bottle of milk
a mug of cocoa

-measures
*gallon of petrol
*a pair if glasses
Collective nouns: a band of musicians(people),a pack of wolves(animals), a bunch of flowers (plants),
a set of china (things)
Regarding gender, nouns are masculin(actor) and feminin (actress).
The formation of plural:
-nouns ending in y:
country

countries (changing y in I and adding -es)

-nouns ending in o:
cuckoo

cuckoos

-nouns ending in f/fe

belief

beliefs (turning f into v, addind -es)

-nouns ending in th:

month

months

Irregular plurals:
brotehr
tooth
child
mouse
woman

brethern
teeth
children
mice
women

Nouns used only in the singular(singularia tantum):advice, business, knowledge, news, luggage,
money, weather.
Nouns used only in the plural(pluralia tantum):
-clothes:
-diseases:
-tools:
-sciences:
-geographical names:
-miscellaneous
case:
-nominative
The boys are playingt tennis
He is a lawyer.
-accusative
I saw a boy in the street
-genitive
I'm going to buy today's paper(synthetical)
The windows of the room are open(analytical)
-dative
He told a story to the child.

XI.THE ARTICLE
There are three articles in English:
-the definite article(the)
-the indefinite article(a, an)
-the zero article
The definite article is used :
-when expressing unique things the sun, the earth, the Bible
-before names:the Danube, the Times
The indefinite article is used:
-when expressing one Can I have an apple?
-with measurements
80 km an hour/twice a week
-in phrases: as a rule, as a reward, at a distance, all of a sudden, in o low voice, to have a fancy for

The zero article is used:

-with nouns with general meaning life, love, liberty
-with names of material iron, gold, cotton
-with names of subjects chemistry, maths
-with months and seasons February is the last winter month
-in a number of phrases: arm in arm, face to face,from top to bottom, to make fun of, beyond hope,at
dawn/night, to be in debt

XII.THE ADJECTIVE
The adjectives are formed with prefixes(supernatural) and suffixes (economical).
The -ed and -ing adjectives:
amazed
embarassed
pleased
surprised

amazing
embarassing
pleasing
surprising

Adjectives designating nationalities:

Canadian
Chinese
Polish
Scottish
American
Finnish
Sweedish

the Canadians
the Chinese
the Poles
the Scots
the Americans
the Finns
The Sweeds

The comparison of adjectives:

Type of adjective

The positive degree

The comparative degree The superlative degree

Short adjective

bold

as bold as
bolder
less bold than

the boldest

Long adjective

beautiful

as beautiful as
more beautiful than
less beautiful than

the most beautiful

Irregular short adjectives:

good
bad
much/many
little

better
worse
more
less

the best
the worst
the most
the least

Idioms:
as blind as a bat
as brave as a lion
as fresh as a daisy
as obstinate as a mule
as graceful as a swan
a drunk as a lord
as proud as a peacock
to do one's best=to do everything possible
safe and sound=very healthy
sick and tired=very bored
up and going=very energetic
Types of adjectives:
-possesive adjectives
I

my book

you

your book

he, she

his book/her book

we

our book

you

your book

they

their book

-demonstrative adjectives
this ball

these balls

that ball

those balls

such a (he is such a man)

the other (the other child stayed at home)
the same (we have the same opinions)

-interrogative adjectives
what
which
whose

What book did you read?

Which painting do you like best?
Whose house is this?

-relative adjectives:
I told him what to do.
Tha girl whose hair is red is my friend.
-indefinite adjectives:
some
any
no

They gave me some information about the conference.

I didn't know any of this piece of news.
I have no money today.

each-refers to all members

Each pupil had a bag
every-refers to people as a a group
Every man in the group carries a lantern
idioms:
every now and then
all-entire quantity
All people sleep at night.
whole-complete
He read the whole book.
either -one or another of the two
You can take either book, it's not important.
neither-not one and not the other
I offered him three solutions, he accepted neither.
both -two persons/things considered together
Both men are charming.
several-a large but indefinite number
I waited for several months.
other-something different

I asked him other questions.

another-different or additional
Can I have another coffee?

XII.THE PRONOUN
The personal pronoun: I, you, she, he, it, we, you, they.
She is a wonderful woman.
The case:
Accusative-Dative(object): (to )me, (to )you,( to) her, (to )him, (to )it, (to )us,(to) you, (to )them.
I talked to him.
The pronoun it:
-impersonal it:
It is seven o'clock
-introductory it:
It is quite easy to learn this rule.
It is last week that I saw him.
The possessive pronoun:mine, yours,his, hers,ours,yours,theirs.
Is this pen yours?
The demonstrative pronoun: this, that, these, those.
This ball is made of rubber.
Those balls are made of silver.
The reflexive pronoun:myself, yourself,himself, herself, itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves.
Ex:Help yourself!
Enjoy oneself!
The indefinite pronoun:somebody, something, anybody, anything,nobody, nothing.
There's somebody on the phone.
Other indefinite pronouns:all, both, either, neither,little, a little, each,, much, many, few, a few, another,
others, the other, several, enough,one.

We have been thinking for several days now.

The reciprocal pronoun: each other, one another.
We love each other
The relative pronouns:who, whom, whose, which, that
This is the man to whom I gave some papers.
The interrogative pronouns:who, whose, whom,what, which.
Whose pen is this?

XII.THE NUMERAL
Cardinal numerals:
1=one
2=two
3=three
4=four
5=five
6=six
7=seven
8=eight
9=nine
10=ten
11=eleven
12=twelve
.
20=twenty
30=thirty
40=fourty
....
100=one hundred
..
1000=one thousand
1547=one thousand and fourty seven
Ways of calculating:
addition: 1+4 one plus four is five

subtraction:5-3 five take way three is two

multiplication:2x4 four times two is eight
division:8:4 eight divided by four is two
Telling the time:
It's two o'clock
It's a quarter past two.
It's half past two.
It's twenty to two.
Telephone numbers:
0733 566788 oh- seven-three-three-five-six-six-seven-eight-eight
Ordinal numerals:
the first
the second
the third
the fourth
the fifth
the sixth
the seventh
the eighth
the nineth
the tenth
.
the twentieth
...
the one hundredth
Writing the date:
May 1st 2015
Collective numerals: couple, pair, dozen,score
Multiplicative numerals:double, threefold, fourfould,...tenfold
Distributive numerals: one by one, two by two, ten by ten

XIV.THE ADVERB
Adverbs of manner: accurately, carefully,delicately, warmly
I stepped carefully.
Adverbs of place:abroad, underwater,backwards,forward
He went abroad.
Adverbs of time:yesterday, today, last year, all day long
I came back yesterday.
Adverbs of degree: almost, barely,extremely, fairly, rather
It is rather hot.