Advance Engineering Mathematics

Infinite Series
Tags:
sequence
series
finite series
infinites series
standard series
general term
logarithmic series
binomial series
exponential series
hyperbolic series
trigonometric series
Sequences and Series

Sequence is a succession of numbers formed according to some fixed rule. Example is
which is a sequence so that the nth term is given by n3.
Series is the indicated sum of a sequence of numbers. Thus,
is the series corresponding to the sequence
Finite and Infinite Series

A series is said to be finite if the number of terms is limited. It is infinite series if the number of terms is
unlimited.
General Term of a Series
The general term of a series is an expression involving n, such that by taking n = 1, 2, 3, ..., one obtains
the first, second, third, ... term of the series.
Standard Series
Binomial Series
1.
2.
Trigonometric Series
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exponential Series
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Logarithmic Series
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Hyperbolic Series
1.
2.
Laplace Transform
Tags:
Laplace
parameter
integrator
Laplace transform operator
Definition of Laplace Transform

Let
be a given function which is defined for
. If there exists a function
so that
then
integrator
is called the Laplace Transform of

where
, and will be denoted by
. Notice the
is a parameter which may be real or complex.
Thus,
The symbol
which transform
into
is called the Laplace transform operator.
Laplace transformation is a powerful method of solving linear differential equations. It reduces the
problem of solving differential equations into algebraic equations. For more information about the
application of Laplace transform in engineering, see this Wikipedia article and this Wolfram article.
Laplace Transform by Direct Integration

Tags:
Laplace
To get the Laplace transform of the given function

respect to
from zero to infinity. In symbol,
, multiply
by
Problem 01 | Laplace Transform by Integration

Tags:
Laplace
Problem 01
Find the Laplace transform of
when
Solution 01
Show Click here to show or hide the solution
and integrate with
Thus,
answer

Tags:
Laplace
Problem 02
Solution 02
Thus,
answer

Tags:
integration by parts
Laplace
Problem 03
Problem 03
For
Using integration by parts:
. Let
Using integration by parts again. Let
Thus,
Therefore,
answer
Table of Laplace Transforms of Elementary Functions

Tags:
Laplace
Below are some functions
and their Laplace transforms
Properties of Laplace Transform

Constant Multiple
If
is a constant and
is a function of
, then
Example:
Linearity Property
If
and
then
are constants while
Example:
First Shifting Property

If
, then,
and
are functions of
whose Laplace transform exists,
Second Shifting Property
If
, and
then,
Change of Scale Property

If
, then,
Multiplication by Power of
If
, then,
where
Division by
If
provided
, then,
exists.
Transforms of Derivatives
The Laplace transform of the derivative
exists when
, and
In general, the Laplace transform of nth derivative is
Linearity Property | Laplace Transform

Tags:
Laplace
linear operator
proof
linearity property
Linearity Property
If
and
then
are constants while
and
are functions of
whose Laplace transform exists,
Proof of Linearity Property
okay
This property can be easily extended to more than two functions as shown from the above proof. With the
linearity property, Laplace transform can also be called the linear operator.
Problem 01
Solution 01
answer
Problem 02 | Linearity Property of Laplace Transform

Tags:
Laplace
linearity property
Laplace transform
hyperbolic cosine
Problem 02
By using the linearity property, show that
Solution 02
But
Thus,
From the table of Laplace transform,

and
Hence,
okay
First Shifting Property | Laplace Transform

Tags:
Laplace
proof
Laplace transform
first shifting
First Shifting Property
If
, when
then,
In words, the substitution

function by
for
in the transform corresponds to the multiplication of the original
Proof of First Shifting Property
okay
Problem 01 | First Shifting Property of Laplace Transform

Tags:
Laplace
Laplace transform
first shifting
Problem 01
Solution 01
Thus,
answer

Tags:
Laplace
Laplace transform
first shifting
Problem 02
Solution 02
Thus,
answer

Tags:
Laplace
Laplace transform
first shifting
Problem 03
Solution 03
Thus,
answer

Tags:
Laplace
Laplace transform
first shifting
hyperbolic sine
Problem 04
Solution 04
Thus,
answer
Second Shifting Property | Laplace Transform

Tags:
Laplace
proof
Laplace transform
second shifting
Second Shifting Property
If
, and
then,
Proof of Second Shifting Property
Let
when
when
okay
Problem 01 | Second Shifting Property of Laplace Transform

Tags:
Laplace transform
second shifting
checking
Problem 01
Solution 01
and
Thus,
answer
Checking
Let
when
when
okay
Problem 02 | Second Shifting Property of Laplace Transform

Tags:
Laplace transform
second shifting
checking
Problem 01
Solution 01
and
Thus,
answer
Checking
when
when
okay
Change of Scale Property | Laplace Transform

Tags:
Laplace
proof
Laplace transform
change of scale
Change of Scale Property
If
, then,
Proof of Change of Scale Property
Let
when
when
Hence,
okay
Problem 01 | Change of Scale Property of Laplace Transform

Tags:
Laplace transform
change of scale
Problem 01
Solution 01
using the change of scale property.
Thus,
answer

Tags:
Laplace transform
change of scale
Problem 02
Given that
Solution 02
, find
, thus,
answer

Tags:
Laplace transform
change of scale
Problem 03
Supposed that the Laplace transform of a certain function

transform of
Solution 03
If
, then by change of scale property,
is
, find the Laplace
answer
Multiplication by Power of t | Laplace Transform

Tags:
proof
Laplace transform
power of t
Leibniz rule
derivative of integral
Multiplication by Power of
If
, then,
where
Proof of Multiplication by Power of
Differentiate both sides in
From Leibniz rule of differentiation under integral sign,
Thus,
Equation (1)
which proves the theorem for
Assuming the theorem is true for
then,
Equation (2)
Differentiate both sides in
Equation (3)
This shows that the theorem is true for

from Equation (2) and for
(3). From Equation (1), the theorem is true for
. Hence, it is true for
, and so on, and thus, for all positive integer values of
.
Therefore,
where
okay
Problem 01 | Multiplication by Power of t

Tags:
Laplace transform
power of t
Problem 01
Solution 01
, from Equation
and

Tags:
Laplace transform
power of t
Problem 02
Solution 02
answer

Tags:
Laplace transform
power of t
Problem 03
Solution 03
answer
Division by t | Laplace Transform

Tags:
Laplace
proof
Laplace transform
division by t
Division by
If
, then,
provided
exists.
Proof of Division by
Let
, then
From Multiplication by Power of
Integrate both sides
Problem 01 | Division by t
Tags:
Laplace transform
division by t
Problem 01
Solution 01
Let
Hence,
Thus,
answer
Tags:
Laplace transform
division by t
Problem 02
Solution 03
Since
and
Then,
Tags:
Laplace transform
division by t
Problem 03
Solution 03
Since
and
Then,
answer
Tags:
Laplace transform
division by t
Problem 04
Solution 04
Since
Then,
answer
Laplace Transform of Derivatives

Tags:
Laplace
proof
Laplace transform
transform of derivative
For first-order derivative:
For second-order derivative:
For third-order derivative:
For nth order derivative:
Proof of Laplace Transform of Derivatives
Using integration by parts,
Thus,
Apply the limits from 0 to :
okay
Problem 01 | Laplace Transform of Derivatives

Tags:
Problem 01
using the transform of derivatives.
Solution 01
..........
..........
..........
answer

Tags:
Problem 02
Solution 02
..........
answer
Tags:
Problem 03
Solution 03
..........
answer

Tags:
Laplace transform
Problem 04
Solution 04
..........
..........
answer
Laplace Transform of Intergrals

Tags:
Laplace
proof
Laplace transform
transform of integral
Theorem
If
, then
Proof
Let
then,
and
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides,
From Laplace transform of derivative,
and from the Theorem above,
Thus,
Problem 01 | Laplace Transform of Intergrals

Tags:
Problem 01
if
Solution 01
Since,
Then,
answer

Tags:
Problem 02
Solution 02
Hence,
answer

Tags:
Problem 03
Solution 03
From division by t:
answer
Evaluation of Integrals
Tags:
Laplace
If
, then
Taking the limit as
, then
assuming the integral to be convergent
Problem 01 | Evaluation of Integrals

Tags:
Laplace
Laplace transform
division by t
Problem 01
Evaluate
Solution 01
Since
and
Then,
Therefore,
answer

Tags:
Laplace
Laplace transform
division by t
Problem 02
Find the value of
Solution 02
Therefore,
Therefore,
answer

Tags:
Laplace
Laplace transform
first shifting
power of t
Problem 03
Find the value of
Solution 03
By "first shifting property" of Laplace transformation:
From "multiplication by power of t":
Therefore,
answer

Tags:
Laplace
Laplace transform
first shifting
division by t
Problem 04
Evaluate
Solution 04
From Problem 01 | Division by t:
By first shifting property:
Thus,
answer
The Inverse Laplace Transform

Tags:
inverse transform
inverse Laplace
Definition
From
where
, the value
Table of Inverse Laplace Transform
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
. In symbol,
is called the inverse Laplace transform operator.
To find the inverse transform, express

one of the following standard forms.
1.
is called the inverse Laplace transform of
into partial fractions which will, then, be recognizable as
10.
11.
12.
Theorems on Inverse Laplace Transformation

Theorem 1
If
and
are constants,
Theorem 2
Problem 01 | Inverse Laplace Transform

Tags:
inverse transform
inverse Laplace
Problem 01
Find the inverse transform of
Solution 01
answer

Tags:
inverse transform
inverse Laplace
Problem 02
Solution 02
answer

Tags:
inverse transform
inverse Laplace
Problem 03
Solution 03
answer

Tags:
inverse transform
inverse Laplace
Problem 04
Perform the indicated operation:
Problem 04
For
set
set
Thus,
answer

Tags:
inverse transform
inverse Laplace
Problem 05
Solution 05
Factor the denominator by factor theorem
is a factor
Thus,
For
Set
Set
Set
Therefore,
is a factor
is a factor

Advance Engineering Mathematics

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Infinite Series

Sequences and Series

which is a sequence so that the nth term is given by n3.

Series is the indicated sum of a sequence of numbers. Thus,

is the series corresponding to the sequence

Finite and Infinite Series

Definition of Laplace Transform

be a given function which is defined for

. If there exists a function

is called the Laplace Transform of

, and will be denoted by

is a parameter which may be real or complex.

is called the Laplace transform operator.

Laplace Transform by Direct Integration

To get the Laplace transform of the given function

Problem 01 | Laplace Transform by Integration

and integrate with

Problem 02 | Laplace Transform by Integration

Problem 03 | Laplace Transform by Integration

Using integration by parts:

Using integration by parts again. Let

Table of Laplace Transforms of Elementary Functions

and their Laplace transforms

Properties of Laplace Transform

are constants while

First Shifting Property

whose Laplace transform exists,

Second Shifting Property

Change of Scale Property

In general, the Laplace transform of nth derivative is

Linearity Property | Laplace Transform

are constants while

whose Laplace transform exists,

Proof of Linearity Property

Problem 02 | Linearity Property of Laplace Transform

From the table of Laplace transform,

First Shifting Property | Laplace Transform

In words, the substitution

in the transform corresponds to the multiplication of the original

Proof of First Shifting Property

Problem 01 | First Shifting Property of Laplace Transform

Problem 02 | First Shifting Property of Laplace Transform

Problem 03 | First Shifting Property of Laplace Transform

Problem 04 | First Shifting Property of Laplace Transform

Second Shifting Property | Laplace Transform

Proof of Second Shifting Property

Problem 01 | Second Shifting Property of Laplace Transform

Find the Laplace transform of

Problem 02 | Second Shifting Property of Laplace Transform

Find the Laplace transform of

Change of Scale Property | Laplace Transform

Proof of Change of Scale Property

Problem 01 | Change of Scale Property of Laplace Transform

using the change of scale property.

Problem 02 | Change of Scale Property of Laplace Transform

Show Click here to show or hide the solution

Problem 03 | Change of Scale Property of Laplace Transform

Supposed that the Laplace transform of a certain function

, then by change of scale property,