Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh
Ho Chi Minh

Portrait c. 1946
Chairman of the Communist Party of Vietnam
In office
19 February 1951 2 September 1969
Preceded by

Position established

Succeeded by

Post abolished

General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam

In office
1 November 1956 10 September 1960
Preceded by

Truong Chinh

Succeeded by

Le Duan
President of Vietnam

In office
2 September 1945 2 September 1969
Preceded by

Position established

Succeeded by

Ton Duc Thang

Prime Minister of Vietnam

In office
2 September 1945 20 September 1955
Preceded by

Position established

Succeeded by

Pham Van Dong

Personal details

Born

Nguyn Sinh Cung

19 May 1890
Nghe An Province, French Indochina

Ho Chi Minh

2
Died

Nationality
Political party

2 September 1969 (aged79)

Hanoi, North Vietnam
Vietnamese
Workers' Party of Vietnam

Signature

H Ch Minh (Vietnamese pronunciation:[h tm]( listen)); 19 May 1890 2 September 1969), born Nguyn Sinh
Cung and also known as Nguyn Tt Thnh and Nguyn i Quc, was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary
leader who was prime minister (19451955) and president (19451969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
(North Vietnam). He was a key figure in the foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945, as well as
the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong (NLF or VC) during the Vietnam War.
He led the Viet Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-ruled Democratic
Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at battle of Dien Bien Phu. He officially
stepped down from power in 1955 due to health problems, but remained a highly visible figurehead and inspiration
for Vietnamese fighting for his cause a united, communist Vietnam until his death. After the war, Saigon, capital
of the Republic of Vietnam, was renamed Ho Chi Minh City.

Early life
Nguyn Sinh Cung was born in 1890 in the village of Hong Tr (the name of the local temple near to Lng Sen),
his mother's village. From 1895, he grew up in his father Nguyn Sinh Sc's village of Lng Sen, Kim Lien, Nam
n, Nghe An Province. He had three siblings: his sister Bch Lin (or Nguyn Th Thanh), a clerk in the French
Army; his brother Nguyen Sinh Khiem (or Nguyn Tt t), a geomancer and traditional herbalist; and another
brother (Nguyn Sinh Nhun) who died in his infancy. As a young child, Nguyn studied with his father before more
formal classes with a scholar named Vuong Thuc Do. Nguyn quickly mastered Chinese writing, a requisite for any
serious study of Confucianism, while honing his colloquial Vietnamese writing.[1] In addition to his studious
endeavors, he was fond of adventure, and loved to fly kites and go fishing.[1] Following Confucian tradition, at the
age of 10, his father gave him a new name: Nguyn Tt Thnh (Nguyn the Accomplished).
Nguyns father, Nguyn Sinh Sc, was a Confucian scholar and teacher, and later an imperial magistrate in the
small remote district of Binh Khe (Qui Nhon). He was demoted for abuse of power after an influential local figure
died several days after receiving 100 strokes of the cane as punishment for an infraction.[2] In deference to his father,
Nguyn received a French education, attended lyce in Hu, the alma mater of his later disciples, Pham Van Dong
and Vo Nguyen Giap. He later left his studies and chose to teach at Dc Thanh school in Phan Thit.

In the United States

In 1911, working as the cook's helper on a ship, Nguyn traveled to the United States. From 1912-13, he lived in
New York (Harlem) and Boston, where he worked as a baker at the Parker House Hotel. Among a series of menial
jobs, he claimed to have worked for a wealthy family in Brooklyn between 191718, and for General Motors as a
line manager. It is believed that, while in the United States, he made contact with Korean nationalists, an experience
that developed his political outlook.[3]

Ho Chi Minh

In the United Kingdom

At various points between 1913 and 1919, Nguyn lived in West Ealing, and later in Crouch End, Hornsey. He
reportedly worked as a chef at the Drayton Court Hotel in West Ealing.[4] It is claimed that Nguyn trained as a
pastry chef under Auguste Escoffier at the Carlton Hotel in the Haymarket, Westminster, but there is no evidence to
support this.[3] [5]However, the wall of New Zealand House, home of the New Zealand High Commission, which
now stands on the site of the Carlton Hotel, displays a blue plaque, stating that Nguyn worked there in 1913 as a
waiter.

Political education in France

From 191923, while living in France, Nguyn began to approach the idea of communism, through his friend and
Socialist Party of France comrade Marcel Cachin. Nguyn claimed to have arrived in Paris from London in 1917, but
the French police only had documents of his arrival in June 1919.[3] Following World War I, under the name Nguyn
i Quc ("Nguyn the Patriot"), he petitioned for recognition of the civil rights of the Vietnamese people in French
Indochina to the Western powers at the Versailles peace talks, but was ignored.[6] Citing the language and the spirit
of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, Quc petitioned U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to help remove the
French from Vietnam and replace them with a new, nationalist government. Although he was unable to obtain
consideration at Versailles, the failure further radicalized Nguyn, while also making him a national hero of the
anti-colonial movement at home in Vietnam.[7]
In 1920, during the Congress of Tours, in France, Quc became a founding member of the Parti Communiste
Franais (FCP) and spent much of his time in Moscow afterward, becoming the Comintern's Asia hand and the
principal theorist on colonial warfare. During the Indochina War, the PCF would be involved with anti-war
propaganda, sabotage and support for the revolutionary effort. In May 1922, Nguyn wrote an article for a French
magazine criticizing the use of English words by French sportswriters.[8] The article implores Prime Minister
Raymond Poincar to outlaw such Franglais as le manager, le round and le knock-out. While living in Paris, he
reportedly had a relationship with a dressmaker named Marie Brire.[8]

In the Soviet Union and China

In 1923, Nguyn (Ho) left Paris for Moscow, where he was employed by the Comintern, studied at the Communist
University of the Toilers of the East,[9][10] and participated in the Fifth Comintern Congress in June 1924, before
arriving in Canton (present-day Guangzhou), China, in November 1924. In June 1925, Hoang Van Chi claimed
Nguyn (Ho) betrayed Phan Boi Chau, the head of a rival revolutionary faction, to French police in Shanghai for
100,000 piastres.[11] Nguyn (Ho) later claimed he did it because he expected Chau's trial to stir up anti-French
resentment, and because he needed the money to establish a communist organization.[11] In Ho Chi Minh: A Life,
William Duiker repudiated this hypothesis. Other sources claim that Nguyen Thuong Hien was responsible for
Chau's capture. Chau never denounced Nguyn.
In 1925-26 he organized "Youth Education Classes" and occasionally gave lectures at the Whampoa Military
Academy on the revolutionary movement in Indochina. According to Duiker, he lived with and married a Chinese
woman, Tang Tuyet Minh (Zeng Xueming), on 18 October 1926.[12] When his comrades objected to the match, he
told them, I will get married despite your disapproval because I need a woman to teach me the language and keep
house.[12] She was 21 and he was 36.[12] They married in the same place where Zhou Enlai had married earlier and
then lived together at the residence of a Comintern agent, Mikhail Borodin.[12]
Chiang Kai-shek's anti-communist 1927 coup triggered a new round of exile for Nguyn. He left Canton again in
April 1927 and returned to Moscow, spending some of the summer of 1927 recuperating from tuberculosis in the
Crimea, before returning to Paris once more in November. He then returned to Asia by way of Brussels, Berlin,
Switzerland, and Italy, from where he sailed to Bangkok, Thailand, where he arrived in July 1928. Although we

Ho Chi Minh
have been separated for almost a year, our feelings for each other do not have to be said in order to be felt, he
reassured Minh in an intercepted letter.[12]
He remained in Thailand, staying in the Thai village of Nachok,[13] until late 1929 when he moved on to India, and
Shanghai. In June 1931, he was arrested in Hong Kong. To reduce French pressure for extradition, it was (falsely)
announced in 1932 that Nguyn i Quc had died.[14] The British quietly released him in January 1933. He made his
way back to Milan, Italy, where he served in a restaurant. The restaurant now serves traditional Lombard-cuisine and
harbors a portrait of Ho Chi Minh on the wall of its main dining hall.[15][16] He moved to the Soviet Union, where he
spent several more years recovering from tuberculosis.
In 1938, he returned to China and served as an adviser with Chinese Communist armed forces, which later forced
China's government to the island of Taiwan.[3] Around 1940, Quc began regularly using the name "H Ch
Minh",[3] a Vietnamese name combining a common Vietnamese surname (H, ) with a given name meaning "He
Who enlightens" (from Sino-Vietnamese ; Ch meaning 'will' (or spirit), and Minh meaning "light").[17]

Independence movement
In 1941, Ho returned to Vietnam to lead the Viet Minh independence movement. The "men in black" were a 10,000
member guerrilla force that operated with the Viet Minh.[18] He oversaw many successful military actions against the
Vichy French and Japanese occupation of Vietnam during World War II, supported closely but clandestinely by the
United States Office of Strategic Services, and later against the French bid to reoccupy the country (194654). He
was jailed in China by Chiang Kai-shek's local authorities before being rescued by Chinese Communists.[19]
Following his release in 1943, he returned to Vietnam. He was treated for malaria and dysentery by American OSS
doctors.
Following the August Revolution (1945) organized by the Viet Minh, Ho became Chairman of the Provisional
Government (Premier of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and issued a Proclamation of Independence of the
Democratic Republic of Vietnam.[20] Although he convinced Emperor Bao Dai to abdicate, his government was not
recognized by any country. He repeatedly petitioned American President Harry S. Truman for support for
Vietnamese independence,[21] citing the Atlantic Charter, but Truman never responded.[22]
According to some sources,[23] 1945, in a power struggle, the Viet Minh killed members of rival groups, such as the
leader of the Constitutional Party, the head of the Party for Independence, and Ngo Dinh Diem's brother, Ngo Dinh
Khoi.[24] Purges and killings of Trotskyists were also documented in The Black Book of Communism.
In 1946, when Ho traveled outside of the country, his subordinates imprisoned 2,500 non-communist nationalists and
forced 6,000 others to flee.[25] Hundreds of political opponents were jailed or exiled in July 1946, notably members
of the National Party of Vietnam and the Dai Viet National Party, after a failed attempt to raise a coup against the
Vietminh government.[26][27] All rival political parties were hereafter banned and local governments were purged[28]
to minimize opposition later on.
However, it was noted that the Democratic Republic of Vietnam's first Congress had over two-third of its members
come from non-Viet Minh political factions, some without election. NPV party leader Nguyen Hai Than was named
Vice President.[29] They also held four out of ten ministerial positions.[30]

Ho Chi Minh

Birth of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

On 2 September 1945, following Emperor Bao Dai's abdication, Ho Chi Minh read the Declaration of Independence
of Vietnam,[31] under the name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In Saigon, with violence between rival
Vietnamese factions and French forces increasing, the British commander, General Sir Douglas Gracey, declared
martial law. On 24 September, the Viet Minh leaders responded with a call for a general strike.[32]
In September 1945, a force of 200,000 Republic of China Army troops arrived in Hanoi. Ho made a compromise
with their general, Lu Han, to dissolve the Communist Party and to hold an election which would yield a coalition
government. When Chiang later traded Chinese influence in Vietnam for French concessions in Shanghai, Ho Chi
Minh had no choice but to sign an agreement with France on 6 March 1946, in which Vietnam would be recognized
as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union. The agreement soon broke down. The
purpose of the agreement, for both the French and Vietminh, was to drive out Chiang's army from North Vietnam.
Fighting broke out in the North soon after the Chinese left.
"The last time the Chinese came, they stayed a thousand years. The French are foreigners. They are
weak. Colonialism is dying. The white man is finished in Asia. But if the Chinese stay now, they will
never go. As for me, I prefer to sniff French shit for five years than to eat Chinese shit for the rest of my
life." Ho Chi Minh, 1946[33]
The Viet Minh then collaborated with French colonial forces to massacre supporters of the Vietnamese nationalist
movements in 1945-6.[34] The Communists eventually suppressed all non-Communist parties but failed to secure a
peace deal with France. In the final days of 1946, after a year of diplomatic failure and many concessions in
agreements such as the Dalat and Fontainebleau conferences, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam government
found that war was inevitable. The bombardment of Haiphong by French forces at Hanoi only strengthened the
belief that France had no intention of allowing an autonomous, independent state in Vietnam. On 19 December 1946,
Ho, representing his government, declared war against the French Union, marked the beginning of the Indochina
War.[35] The Vietnam National Army, by then mostly armed with machetes and muskets immediately attacked,
waging assault against French positions, smoking them out with straw bundled with chili pepper, destroying armored
vehicles with Lunge Mines and Molotov cocktails, holding off attackers by using roadblocks, mines and gravel.
After two months of fighting, the exhausted Viet Minh forces withdrew after systematically destroying any valuable
infrastructure. Ho was reported to be captured by a group of French soldiers led by Jean-Etienne Valluy at Vit Bc
in Operation Lea which turned out to be a Viet Minh advisor, who was later killed trying to escape. According to
journalist Bernard Fall, after fighting the French for several years, Ho decided to negotiate a truce. The French
negotiators arrived at the meeting site: a mud hut with a thatched roof. Inside they found a long table with chairs and
were surprised to discover in one corner of the room a silver ice bucket containing ice and a bottle of good
Champagne which should have indicated that Ho expected the negotiations to succeed. One demand by the French
was the return to French custody of a number of Japanese military officers (who had been helping the Vietnamese
armed forces by training them in the use of weapons of Japanese origin), in order for them to stand trial for war
crimes committed during World War II. Ho replied that the Japanese officers were allies and friends whom he could
not betray. Then he walked out, to seven more years of war.[36]
In February 1950, after the successful removal of French border's blockade,[37] Ho met with Stalin and Mao Zedong
in Moscow after the Soviet Union recognized his government. They all agreed that China would be responsible for
backing the Viet Minh.[38] Mao's emissary to Moscow stated in August that China planned to train 60-70,000 Viet
Minh in the near future.[39] The road to the outside world was open for Viet Minh forces to receive additional
supplies which allow them to escalate the fight against the French regime throughout Indochina. In 1954, after the
crushing defeat of French Union forces at Battle of Dien Bien Phu, France was forced to give up its fight against the
Viet Minh.

Ho Chi Minh

Becoming president
The 1954 Geneva Accords, concluded between France and the Viet
Minh, provided Vietminh forces would regroup in the North and the
anti-communist & pro-democracy forces regroup in the South. Ho's
Democratic Republic of Vietnam relocated to Hanoi and became the
government of North Vietnam, a communist-led single party state. The
Geneva accords also provided for a national presidential election to
reunify the country in 1956, but this was rejected by Diem's
government and the United States as they feared that Ho's government
would probably win considering the slightly larger population of North
Vietnam.[40] The U.S government committed itself to contain the
spread of communism in Asia beginning in 1950, when they funded
80% of the French effort. After Geneva, the U.S became the
replacement for France as Republic of Vietnam's chief sponsor and
financial backer, but there was never a written treaty between the
United States and South Vietnam.
Following the Geneva Accords, there was to be a 300-day period in
which people could freely move between the two regions of Vietnam,
later known as South Vietnam and North Vietnam. Some 900,000 to 1
million Vietnamese, mostly Catholics, as well as many anti-communist
intellectuals, former French colonial civil servants and wealthy
Vietnamese, left for the South, while around 250,000 people, mostly
former Vietminh soldiers, went from South to North.[41][42] Some
Canadian observers claimed many were forced by North Vietnamese
authorities to remain against their will.[43] With the backing of the
U.S., the 1956 elections were canceled by Diem, Vietnam's premier,
and later the first president of Republic of Vietnam. Diem formed
another election, which he won by fraud.[44]
In North Vietnam during the 1950s, political opposition groups were
suppressed; those publicly opposing the government were imprisoned
in hard labor camps. Many middle-class, intellectual Northerners had
been lured into speaking out against Ho's communist regime, and most
of them were later imprisoned in gulags, or executed, known as the
Nhan Van-Giai Pham Affair. Prisoners were abused and beaten atop of
labor-intensive work forced upon them. Many died of exhaustion,
starvation, illness (who often died without any medical attention), or
assault by prison guards. The government engaged in a drastic land
reform program in which more than 100,000 perceived "class enemies"
were executed.[45][46][47] Some estimates range from 200,000 to
900,000 deaths from executions, camps, and famine.[48][49][50][51][52]
Torture was used on a wide scale, so much so that by 1956 Ho Chi
Minh became concerned, and had it banned.[53]

Ho Chi Minh (right) with Vo Nguyen Giap (left)

in Hanoi, 1945

Ho Chi Minh with East German sailors in

Stralsund harbour, 1957

House of "Uncle Ho" in Hanoi

Ho Chi Minh
At the end of 1959, Le Duan was appointed by Ho to be the acting party leader, after becoming aware that the
nationwide election would never happen and Diem's intention to purge out all opposing forces (mostly ex-Viet
Minh). Ho began requesting the Politburo to send aid to the Vietcong's uprising in South Vietnam. This was
considered by Western's analyzers as a loss of power by Ho, who is said to have preferred the more moderate Giap
for the position.[54] The Ho Chi Minh Trail was established in late 1959 to allow aid to be sent to the Vietcong
through Laos and Cambodia, thus escalating the war and tipping the balance, turning it to their favor.[55] Duan was
officially named party leader in 1960, leaving Ho a public figure rather than actually governing the country. Ho
maintained much influence in the government, To Huu, Le Duan, Truong Chinh, and Pham Van Dong would often
share dinner with him, and later all of them remained key figures of Vietnam throughout and after the war. In 1963,
Ho purportedly corresponded with South Vietnamese President Die in the hopes of achieving a negotiated peace.[56]
This correspondence was a factor in the U.S. decision to tacitly support a coup against Diem in November later that
year.[56]
In late 1964, PAVN combat troops were sent southwest into officially neutral Laos and Cambodia.[57] According to
Chen Jian, during the mid-to-late 1960s, Le Duan permitted 320,000 Chinese volunteers into North Vietnam to help
build infrastructure for the country, thereby freeing a similar number of PAVN personnel to go south.[58] However,
there is no sources from Vietnam, US or Soviet confirmed about the number of Chinese troops stationed in Northern
Vietnam. By early 1965, U.S. combat troops began arriving in South Vietnam, first to protect the airbases around
Chu Lai and Danang, later to take on most of the fight, as "More and more American troops were put in to replace
Saigon troops who could not, or would not, get involved in the fighting".[59]
As the "quick victory" promises by Ho failed and fighting escalated, widespread bombing all over North Vietnam by
the U.S. Air Force and Navy escalated Operation Rolling Thunder. Ho remained in Hanoi during his final years,
demanding the unconditional withdrawal of all foreign troops in Southern Vietnam. In July 1967, Ho and most of the
Politburo of Workers Party of Vietnam met in a high profile conference where they all concluded the war had fallen
into a stalemate, since the United States Army presence forced the People's Army of Vietnam to expend the majority
of their resources maintaining the Hochiminh Trail instead of reinforcing their comrade's ranks in the South. With
Ho's permission, the Viet Cong planned to execute the Tet Offensive to begin on January 31, 1968, gambling on
taking the South by force and defeating the U.S. military. The offensive came at great cost and with heavy casualties
on NLF's political branches and armed forces but achieving a fundamental change in the attitudes of people in the
South. Up until Tet, many inner city South Vietnamese civilians still favored the Vietcong; in the wake of mass
executions in the Hue Massacre and looting at Hue, popular support evaporated away from the Vietcong.[60] It
appeared to Ho and to the rest of his government that the scope of the action had shocked the American public on a
global scale, that up until then had been assured just before Tet that the Communists were "on the ropes". The overly
positive spin that the U.S. military had been attempting to achieve for years came crashing down. The bombing of
Northern Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh trail was halted, and U.S and Vietnamese negotiators began to discuss how to
end the war.
From then on, Ho and his government realized that instead of trying to face the might of the U.S. Army, which
would ultimately wear them down, merely prolonging the conflict would lead to eventual acceptance of Hanoi's
terms. By 1969, with negotiations still dragging on, Ho's health began to deteriorate from multiple health problems,
including diabetes which prevented him from participating in further active politics. However, he insisted that his
forces in the south continue fighting until all of Vietnam was reunited under his regime regardless of the length of
time that it might take, believing that time and politics were on his side.

Ho Chi Minh

Death
With the outcome of the Vietnam War still in question, Ho Chi Minh
died at 9:47 a.m. on the morning of 2 September 1969 from heart
failure at his home in Hanoi, aged 79. His embalmed body is currently
on display in a mausoleum in Ba Dinh Square in Hanoi despite his will
requesting that he be cremated.[61] News of his death was withheld
from the North Vietnamese public for nearly 48 hours because he had
died on the anniversary of the founding of the Democratic Republic of
Vietnam. He was not initially replaced as president, but a "collective
leadership" composed of several ministers and military leaders took
over, known as the Politburo.

Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hanoi

During the campaign against the Americans, a famous song written by

Huy Thuc was often sung by People's Army of Vietnam soldiers, "Bc
vn cng chng chu hnh qun" ("You are always marching with us,
Uncle Ho").[62] Six years after his death, at the Fall of Saigon, several
PAVN tanks in Saigon displayed a poster with those words.

Hi Chi Minh statue outside Ho Chi Minh City

Hall, Ho Chi Minh City

Legacy
The former capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, was officially renamed
Ho Chi Minh City on 1 May 1975 shortly after its capture which
officially ended the war. However, the people of the city continued to
refer to their home as Si Gn,[63] and there is a growing demand to
change the city's name back to its original name.[64]

Ho Chi Minh, Elizabeth Aubrac, and Lucie

Aubrac in 1946

Ho's embalmed body is on display in Hanoi in a granite mausoleum

modeled after Lenin's Tomb in Moscow. Streams of people queue each
day, sometimes for hours, to pass his body in silence. This is
reminiscent to other Communist leaders like Kim Jong-Il and his father
Kim Il-Sung, Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong.

The Ho Chi Minh Museum in Hanoi is dedicated to his life and work.
Chilean musician Victor Jara referenced Ho Chi Minh in his song "El Derecho de Vivir en Paz" ("The Right to Live
in Peace").

Ho Chi Minh
In Vietnam today, Ho's image appears on the front of all Vietnamese currency notes. His portrait and bust are
featured prominently in most of Vietnam's public buildings, classrooms (both public and private schools) and in
some families' altars. There's at least one temple dedicated to him, built in Vinh Long in 1970, shortly after his death
in Viet Cong-controlled areas.[65]
The Communist regime has also continually maintained a personality cult around Ho Chi Minh since the 1950s in
the North, and later extended to the South, which it sees as a crucial part in their propaganda campaign about Ho and
the Party's past. This is similar to personality cults created around Mao Zedong, Kim Jong-Il and Kim Il-Sung, and
Vladimir Lenin in other communist nations.[66] Ho Chi Minh is frequently glorified in schools to schoolchildren.
Opinions, publications and broadcasts that are critical of Ho Chi Minh or identifying his flaws are banned in
Vietnam, with the commentators arrested or fined for "opposing the people's revolution". Ho Chi Minh is even
glorified to a religious status as an "immortal saint" by the Vietnamese Communist Party, and some people "worship
the President", according to a BBC report.[64]
In 1987, UNESCO officially recommended to member states that they "join in the commemoration of the centenary
of the birth of President Ho Chi Minh by organizing various events as a tribute to his memory", considering "the
important and many-sided contribution of President Ho Chi Minh in the fields of culture, education and the arts" who
"devoted his whole life to the national liberation of the Vietnamese people, contributing to the common struggle of
peoples for peace, national independence, democracy and social progress."[67] However, this was met with an uproar
amongst some overseas Vietnamese, especially in North America, Europe and Australia, who criticize Ho as a
Stalinist dictator and for the human rights abuses of his government.[68]
Publications about Ho's non-celibacy are banned in Vietnam, as the Party maintains that Ho had no romantic
relationship with anyone in order to portray a puritanical image of Ho in the Vietnamese public. A newspaper editor
in Vietnam was dismissed from her post in 1991 for publishing a story about Tang Tuyet Minh.[69][70] William
Duiker's Ho Chi Minh: A Life (2000) presents much information on Ho's relationships.[71] The government requested
substantial cuts in the official Vietnamese translation of Duiker's book, which was refused.[72] In 2002, the
Vietnamese government suppressed a review of Duiker's book in the Far Eastern Economic Review.[72]

References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]

Duiker, William J. Ho Chi Minh: A Life. New York: Hyperion, 2000.

Duiker, p. 41
Quinn-Judge, Sophie. H Ch Minh: The Missing Years, University of California Press, 2002; ISBN 0-520-23533-9
"The Drayton Court Hotel" (http:/ / www. ealing. gov. uk/ services/ leisure/ local_history/ historic_buildings/ drayton_court_hotel. html).
Ealing.gov.uk. . Retrieved 2009-09-26.
[5] Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: Vietnam Past and Present: The North (Section on Ho Chi Minh in the United Kingdom). Chiang Mai.
Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q.
[6] For a thumbnail of a photograph in the Library of Congress collection showing Quc at the Versailles Conference, see "Ho Chi Minh,
1890-1969, half length, standing, facing left; as member of French Socialist Party at Versailles Peace Conference, 1919" (http:/ / www. loc.
gov/ pictures/ item/ 2005684873), Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Online Catalog.
[7] Huynh, Kim Khhn, Vietnamese Communism, 1925-1945. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982; pg. 60.
[8] Brocheux, Pierre. Ho Chi Minh: A Biography, p. 21, Cambridge University Press (2007).
[9] Obituary in The New York Times, 4 September 1969 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ learning/ general/ onthisday/ bday/ 0519. html)
[10] Cf. Duiker (2000), p.92 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=ztSNxW9qf7MC& printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q=Communist
University of the Toilers of the East& f=false)
[11] Davidson, Phillip B., Vietnam at War: The History: 1946-1975 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=seXWfsD46QQC) (1991), p. 4.
Hoang Van Chi. From Colonialism to Communism (1964), p. 18.
[12] Brocheux, P. pp. 39-40
Duiker, p. 143.
[13] Brocheux, P., pp. 44 and xiii (2007)
[14] Brocheux, P., pp. 57-58.
[15] (http:/ / www. terraligure. it/ blog/ lapide_minh. jpg)
[16] (http:/ / www. terraligure. it/ blog/ trattoria_minh. jpg)
[17] Duiker, pp. 248-49.

Ho Chi Minh
[18] "Ho Chi Minh Was Noted for Success in Blending Nationalism and Communism" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ learning/ general/ onthisday/
bday/ 0519. html), The New York Times
[19] Brocheux, p. 198 (http:/ / books. google. com. ph/ books?id=fJtqjYiVbUAC& pg=PA198)
[20] Zinn, Howard (1995). A People's History of the United States: 1492-present. New York: Harper Perennial. p.460. ISBN0-06-092643-0.
[21] "Collection of Letters by Ho Chi Minh" (http:/ / rationalrevolution. net/ war/ collection_of_letters_by_ho_chi_. htm). Rationalrevolution.net.
. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
[22] Zinn, Howard (1995). A People's History of the United States. New York: Harper Perennial. p.461. ISBN0-06-092643-0.
[23] The Black Book of Communism
[24] Joseph Buttinnger, Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, vol 1 (New York: Praeger, 1967)
[25] Currey, Cecil B. Victory At Any Cost (Washington: Brassey's, 1997), p. 126
[26] (http:/ / vnca. cand. com. vn/ vi-vn/ truyenthong/ 2005/ 9/ 50213. cand)
[27] Tucker, Spencer. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: a political, social, and military history (vol. 2), 1998
[28] Colvin, John. Giap: the Volcano under the Snow (New York: Soho Press, 1996), p. 51
[29] Vietnamese Wikipedia profile of Nguyn Hi Thn
[30] vi:Chnh ph Lin hip Khng chin Vit Nam
[31] "Vietnam Declaration of Independence" (http:/ / coombs. anu. edu. au/ ~vern/ van_kien/ declar. html). Coombs.anu.edu.au. 1945-09-02. .
Retrieved 2009-09-26.
[32] Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: a History.
[33] "Why Vietnam loves and hates China" (http:/ / www. atimes. com/ atimes/ Southeast_Asia/ ID26Ae02. html), Asia Times Online, p. 2 (26
April 2007)
[34] Robert F. Turner, Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development (Hoover Institution Press, 1975), pp57-9, 67-9, 74 and Myths of
the Vietnam War, Southeast Asian Perspectives, September 1972, pp14-8; also Arthur J. Dommen, The Indochinese Experience of the French
and the Americans (Indiana University Press, 2001), pp153-4.
[35] vi:Li ku gi ton quc khng chin
[36] Fall, Bernard. Last reflections on a War, p. 88. New York: Doubleday (1967).
[37] vi:Chin dch Bin gii
[38] Luo, Guibo. pp. 233-36
[39] Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Chronology", p. 45.
[40] Marcus Raskin & Bernard Fall, The Viet-Nam Reader, p. 89; William Duiker, U. S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina, p.
212; Hu-Tam Ho Tai, The Country of Memory: Remaking the Past in Late Socialist Vietnam (2001) p. x notes that "totalitarian governments
could not promise a democratic future."
[41] [[Pentagon Papers (http:/ / www. mtholyoke. edu/ acad/ intrel/ pentagon/ pent11. htm)], volume 1, chapter 5, "Origins of the Insurgency in
South Vietnam, 1954-1960"]
[42] United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, State of the World's Refugees (http:/ / www. unhcr. org/ cgi-bin/ texis/ vtx/ publ/ opendoc.
pdf?id=3ebf9bad0& tbl=PUBL), Chapter 4, "Flight from Indochina".
[43] Thakur, p. 204
[44] (http:/ / sachhiem. net/ LICHSU/ D/ DaoVanBinh2. php)
[45] Rummel, R.J. Statistics of Democide. Statistics Of Vietnamese Democide And Mass Murder (http:/ / www. hawaii. edu/ powerkills/ SOD.
CHAP6. HTM)
[46] Robert F. Turner, Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development (Hoover Institution Press, 1975), pp141-3, 155-7.
[47] Nutt, Anita Lauve. "On the Question of Communist Reprisals in Vietnam." (http:/ / www. rand. org/ pubs/ papers/ 2008/ P4416. pdf) RAND
Corporation. August 1970.
[48] RFA. "Vietnamese Remember Land Reform Terror" (http:/ / www. rfa. org/ english/ news/ vietnam_landreform-20060608. html) June 8,
2006.
[49] Rosefielde (2009) Red Holocaust pp. 120121.
[50] "The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam" (http:/ / www. vietnam. ttu. edu/ star/ images/ 239/ 2390710003A. pdf)
[51] Turner, Robert F. "Expert Punctures 'No Bloodbath' Myth" (http:/ / www. paulbogdanor. com/ deniers/ vietnam/ turner. pdf). Human Events,
November 11, 1972.
[52] Lam Thanh Liem, "Chinh sach cai cach ruong dat cua Ho Chi Minh: sai lam hay toi ac?" in Jean-Francois Revel et al., Ho Chi Minh: Su that
ve Than the & Su nghiep (Paris: Nam A, 1990), pp179-214.
[53] Jean-Louis Margolin "Vietnam and Laos: the impasse of war communism" in The Black Book pp. 568569.
[54] Cheng Guan Ang & Ann Cheng Guan, The Vietnam War from the Other Side, p. 21. (2002)
[55] Lind, 1999
[56] Brocheux, P. & Duiker, Claire. Ho Chi Minh: A Biography, p. 174; ISBN 0-521-85062-2.
[57] Davidson, Vietnam at War: the history, 19461975, 1988
[58] Chen Jian. "China's Involvement in the Vietnam Conflict, 1964-69", China Quarterly, No. 142 (June 1995), pp. 36669.
[59] (http:/ / www. vvaw. org/ about/ warhistory. php)
[60] (http:/ / sachhiem. net/ SACHNGOAI/ snL/ LeHongPhong. php)
[61] Duiker 2000, p. 565

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Ho Chi Minh
[62] Vietnamese Wikipedia article on Huy Thuc
[63] Ben Brown (12). "Letter from Ho Chi Minh City A Tribute to My Vietnam Vet Father" (http:/ / www. counterpunch. org/ brown11122007.
html). CounterPunch. CounterPunch. . Retrieved 15 October 2012.
[64] (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-asia-18328455)
[65] (http:/ / www. skydoor. net/ place/ n_Th_Bc_H)
[66] (http:/ / www. changesinlongitude. com/ mao-tse-tung-mausoleum-kim-il-sung-ho-chi-minh-mausoleum/ )
[67] "UNESCO. General Conference; 24th; Records of the General Conference, 24th session, Paris, 20 October to 20 November 1987, v. 1:
Resolutions; 1988" (http:/ / unesdoc. unesco. org/ images/ 0007/ 000769/ 076995E. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2009-09-26.
[68] (http:/ / www. vietquoc. com/ hcm-04. htm)
[69] Ruane, Kevin, (2000), The Vietnam Wars (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3ZU2cZ8EU6MC& q=Tang+ Tuyet+ Minh), Manchester
University Press, p. 26; ISBN 0-7190-5490-7
[70] Boobbyer, Claire (2008) Footprint Vietnam (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=0FKCuR0i0SMC& q=Tang+ Tuyet+ Minh), Footprint
Travel Guides. p. 397; ISBN 1-906098-13-1.
[71] Duiker, p. 605, fn 58.
[72] "Great 'Uncle Ho' may have been a mere mortal" (http:/ / www. theage. com. au/ articles/ 2002/ 08/ 14/ 1029113955533. html). The Age.
2002-08-15. . Retrieved 2009-08-02.

Further reading
Essays
Bernard B. Fall, ed., 1967. Ho Chi Minh on Revolution and War, Selected Writings 1920-1966. New American
Library.

Biography

William J. Duiker. 2000. Ho Chi Minh: A Life. Theia.

Jean Lacouture. 1968. Ho Chi Minh: A Political Biography. Random House.
Khc Huyn. 1971. Vision Accomplished? The Enigma of Ho Chi Minh. The Macmillan Company.
David Halberstam. 1971. Ho. Rowman & Littlefield.
H ch Minh ton tp. NXB chnh tr quc gia
Sophie Quinn-Judge. 2003. Ho Chi Minh: The missing years. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 1-85065-658-4
Ton That Thien, Was Ho Chi Minh a Nationalist? Ho Chi Minh and the Comintern Information and Resource
Centre, Singapore, 1990

The Vit Minh, NLF and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

William J. Duiker. 1981. The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam. Westview Press.
Hoang Van Chi. 1964. From colonialism to communism. Praeger.
Truong Nhu Tang. 1986. A Viet Cong Memoir. Vintage.

The War in Vietnam

Frances FitzGerald. 1972. Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam. Little, Brown and
Company.

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Ho Chi Minh

American foreign policy

Henry A. Kissinger. 1979. White House Years. Little, Brown.
Richard Nixon. 1987. No More Vietnams. Arbor House Pub Co.

External links
The Drayton Court Hotel (http://www.ealing.gov.uk/info/200622/historic_buildings/70/
other_notable_buildings/2)
H Ch Minh obituary, The New York Times, 4 September 1969 (http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/
onthisday/bday/0519.html)
TIME 100: H Ch Minh (http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/hochiminh.html)
H Ch Minh's biography (http://www.cpv.org.vn/english/archives/?topic=14&subtopic=99&
leader_topic=39)
Satellite photo of the mausoleum on Google Maps (http://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&ie=UTF8&ll=21.
036772,105.834383&spn=0.002333,0.003616&om=1)
(http://acjournal.org/holdings/vol3/Iss3/spec1/decaro.html)
Final Tribute to H from the Central Committee of the Vietnam Workers' Party (http://www.cpv.org.vn/
details_e.asp?id=BT2750372918)
Bibliography: Writings by and about H Ch Minh (http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/facultypages/
EdMoise/commlead.html#ho)
Booknotes interview with William Duiker on H Ch Minh: A Life, November 12, 2000 (http://www.booknotes.
org/Watch/160224-1/William+Duiker.aspx)

12

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Ho Chi Minh Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=519679882 Contributors: .:Ajvol:., 0pera, 123whatevs, 1297, 172, 198, 411963abc, 7 R O J A N, 96T, A380 Fan, ANB,
Abezgauz, Acclark, Acroterion, Action Jackson IV, Adam Bishop, Adashiel, Addboy, Aecis, Agentorange101, Aherunar, Ahoerstemeier, Aivazovsky, Akihabara, Akriasas, Akuyume, Alai,
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BaronLarf, Basilicum, Bbsrock, Bbx, Bcorr, BeanZull, Beano, Behun, Belgium EO, Benbest, Benji man, Bennyandwill, BertholdD, Beurenda, Bienhoisinh, Biruitorul, Bk0, Bl4ckdr4g00n,
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Formeruser-82, Frances76, FrancisTyers, Fraslet, Fremte, Freyr, Frood, FulhamMentalist, Func, Funky49, FurrySings, Fuzheado, Fuzzie, Fuzzy510, F, G913, GCarty, Gabbe, Gadfium,
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

file:Ho Chi Minh 1946 cropped.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ho_Chi_Minh_1946_cropped.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Arilang1234, DIREKTOR,
Vinhtantran
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lu Ly v li theo ngun trn
File:Ho Chi Minh Signature.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ho_Chi_Minh_Signature.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Connormah, Ho Chi Minh
File:Speaker Icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, Tehdog, 2 anonymous edits
File:Giap-Ho.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Giap-Ho.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Thi Nhi
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-48579-0009, Stralsund, Ho Chi Minh mit Matrosen der NVA.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-48579-0009,_Stralsund,_Ho_Chi_Minh_mit_Matrosen_der_NVA.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike
3.0 Germany Contributors: Concord, Klugschnacker, KuK, LutzBruno, Martin H., PDD, Wolfmann, 2 anonymous edits
File:Ho Chi Minh House 1463237026 5317a7aaed.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ho_Chi_Minh_House_1463237026_5317a7aaed.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: joxeankoret
File:Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum 2006.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum_2006.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License
Contributors: Rungbachduong
File:Ho Chi minh estatua.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ho_Chi_minh_estatua.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
Contributors: BrokenSphere, Ceresnet, DieBuche, Odessey, Trijnstel, Yuriybrisk, 1 anonymous edits
File:Hochiminh and Bebet.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hochiminh_and_Bebet.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Paul Durand, photojournalist of
Humanity daily

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License
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