MATH 38: Mathematical Analysis III: Unit 3: Differentiation of Functions of More Than One Variable

MATH 38: Mathematical Analysis III
Unit 3: Differentiation of Functions of More than One Variable

I. F. Evidente
IMSP (UPLB)
Outline
Relative Extreme Function Values
Absolute Extrema of Functions of Two Variables
Figures taken from: J. Stewart, The Calculus: Early Transcendentals,

Brooks/Cole, 6th Edition, 2008.
Outline
Definition
Given a function of two variables f (x, y) and a point (x 0 , y 0 ) on the
x y -plane:
1
f is said to have a relative maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if
Definition
x y -plane:
1
f is said to have a relative maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if there exists an

open ball B on the x y -plane centered at (x 0 , y 0 ) such that
Definition
x y -plane:
1

f (x 0 , y 0 ) f (x, y) for every (x, y) B .
Definition
x y -plane:
1

f is said to have a relative minumum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if
Definition
x y -plane:
1

f is said to have a relative minumum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if there exists an

Definition
x y -plane:
1


f (x 0 , y 0 ) f (x, y) for every (x, y) B
Definition
x y -plane:
1


f is said to have a relative extremum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if
Definition
x y -plane:
1


f is said to have a relative extremum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if either f has a

relative maximum or a relative minimum at (x 0 , y 0 ).
Remark
Suppose f has a relative minimum [maximum, extremum] at P .
Remark
The value f (x 0 , y 0 ) is said to be a relative minimum [maximum,
extremum] value of f .
Remark
The value f (x 0 , y 0 ) is said to be a relative minimum [maximum,
extremum] value of f .
The point (x 0 , y 0 , f (x 0 , y 0 )) is called a relative minimum [maximum,
extremum] point of f .
Graphically, the graph of z = f (x, y) has peaks and trenches at relative

maximum and relative minimum points, respectively.

It is "relative" or "local" because the point is highest or lowest relative to

its very close neighbors.

It is "relative" or "local" because the point is highest or lowest relative to

its very close neighbors.
Note that a function may have several relative extrema.
Problem:
How do we find the relative minima and relative maxima of f ?
Definition
The point (x 0 , y 0 ) is a critical point of the function f (x, y) if
Definition
(x 0 , y 0 ) dom f and either
Definition
1
f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 and f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 (Type 1), or
Definition
1
f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 and f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 (Type 1), or
f x (x 0 , y 0 ) or f y (x 0 , y 0 ) does not exist (Type 2)
Example
Find the critical points of f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y .
Example
f x (x, y) = 6x
Example
f x (x, y) = 6x 2y
Example
f x (x, y) = 6x 2y and f y (x, y) =
Example
f x (x, y) = 6x 2y and f y (x, y) = 2x
Example
f x (x, y) = 6x 2y and f y (x, y) = 2x + 2y
Example
f x (x, y) = 6x 2y and f y (x, y) = 2x + 2y 8
Example
Critical Points:
Example
Critical Points:
6x 2y
=0
2x + 2y 8 = 0
Example
Critical Points:
6x 2y
=0
2x + 2y 8 = 0
4x 8 = 0
Example
Critical Points:
6x 2y
=0
2x + 2y 8 = 0
4x 8 = 0 x = 2 &
Example
Critical Points:
6x 2y
=0
2x + 2y 8 = 0
4x 8 = 0 x = 2 & y = 6
Example
Critical Points:
6x 2y
=0
2x + 2y 8 = 0
(2, 6) is a critical point of f .
4x 8 = 0 x = 2 & y = 6
Theorem
If the function f (x, y) has a relative extremum at (x 0, y 0 ) and f x (x 0 , y 0 ) and
f y (x 0 , y 0 ) exist, then
Theorem
If the function f (x, y) has a relative extremum at (x 0, y 0 ) and f x (x 0 , y 0 ) and
f y (x 0 , y 0 ) exist, then f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 and f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0.
The theorem tells us the following:
Remark
If f (x, y) has a relative extrema at (x 0 , y 0 ) and the partial derivatives
of f exist at that point, then (x 0 , y 0 ) must be
Remark
of f exist at that point, then (x 0 , y 0 ) must be a Type 1 critical point.
Remark
If f is differentiable for all points in its domain, then the candidates
for points where relative extrema occur come from
Remark
for points where relative extrema occur come from the critical points
of f .
Remark
of f . (Naturally, these are all Type 1 critical points)
Remark
of f . (Naturally, these are all Type 1 critical points) Venn Diagram?
Remark
of f . (Naturally, these are all Type 1 critical points) Venn Diagram?
The converse of the theorem is NOT true. It is not true that if (x 0 , y 0 )
is a critical point of f , then f has a relative extrema at (x 0 , y 0 ).
Geometrically
Suppose the following:
z = f (x, y) has a relative extremum at (x 0 , y 0 )
The tangent plane of the graph of f at this point exists.
Geometrically

f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 and f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0
Geometrically

f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 and f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0
Equation of tangent plane:

z
= L(x, y)
Geometrically

f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 and f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0

z
= L(x, y)
f x (x 0 , y 0 )(x x 0 ) + f y (x 0 , y 0 )(y y 0 ) + f (x 0 , y 0 )
Geometrically

f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 and f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0

z
= L(x, y)
f (x 0 , y 0 )
Geometrically

f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 and f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0

z
= L(x, y)
f (x 0 , y 0 )
What kind of plane is this?
Geometrically

f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 and f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0

z
= L(x, y)
f (x 0 , y 0 )
What kind of plane is this? HORIZONTAL!
Geometrically

f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 and f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0

z
= L(x, y)
f (x 0 , y 0 )
Remark
If the tangent plane of the graph of f at a relative extreme point exists,
then
Geometrically

f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 and f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0

z
= L(x, y)
f (x 0 , y 0 )
Remark
If the tangent plane of the graph of f at a relative extreme point exists,
then it must be horizontal!
Definition
A point (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) is said to be a saddle point of a surface if
Definition
A point (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) is said to be a saddle point of a surface if there exist
two vertical planes such that
Definition
two vertical planes such that the trace of in one plane has a relative
maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ) and
Definition
two vertical planes such that the trace of in one plane has a relative
maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ) and the trace of in the other plane has a relative
minimum at (x 0 , y 0 ).
f (x, y) = x 2 y 2 has a saddle point at (0, 0)
Theorem (Second Derivative Test for Relative Extrema)

Suppose that the first and second order partial derivatives of a
differentiable function f (x, y) is continuous on some open ball B (x 0 , y 0 ), r

and f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0.


and f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0. Let
2
D = f xx (x 0 , y 0 ) f y y (x 0 , y 0 ) f x y (x 0 , y 0 ) .


and f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0. Let
2
If D > 0 and


and f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0. Let
2
If D > 0 and
1
f xx (x 0 , y 0 ) > 0, then


and f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0. Let
2
If D > 0 and
1
f xx (x 0 , y 0 ) > 0, then f (x, y) has a relative minimum at (x 0 , y 0 ).


and f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0. Let
2
If D > 0 and
1
2

f xx (x 0 , y 0 ) < 0, then


and f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0. Let
2
If D > 0 and
1
2

f xx (x 0 , y 0 ) < 0, then f (x, y) has a relative maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ).


and f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0. Let
2
If D > 0 and
1
2

If D < 0, then


and f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0. Let
2
If D > 0 and
1
2

If D < 0, then f (x, y) has a saddle point at (x 0 , y 0 ).


and f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0. Let
2
If D > 0 and
1
2

If D = 0, then


and f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0. Let
2
If D > 0 and
1
2

If D = 0, then no conclusion can be made.
Remark
This test is only for Type 1 critical points!
If f is differentiable, then this test allows you to get ALL critical
points.
Remark
One way to remember the formula for D :
Remark
The Jacobian of f is the matrix of partial derivatives of f
f xx
fyx
fx y
fyy
Remark
f xx
fyx
fx y
fyy
D is the determinant of the Jacobian of f .
Remark
f xx
fyx
fx y
fyy
D is the determinant of the Jacobian of f .
Theorem
Let f be a function in 2 variables and R a region on the x y -plane. If f x y
and f y x are continuous on R , then f x y = f y x on that open ball.
Example
Locate all relative extrema and saddle points of
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.
Critical Point:
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.
Critical Point: (2, 6)
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

Second Partial Derivatives:
f xx (x, y) =
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) =
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
f x y (x, y) =
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
Thus,
f y y (x, y) = 2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
Thus,
6
D =
f y y (x, y) = 2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
Thus,
6
D =
f y y (x, y) = 2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
Thus,
6
D =
f x y (x, y) = 2
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
Thus,
6
D =
2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
Thus,
6
D =
2
2
=
2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
Thus,
6
D =
2
2
= 12
2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
Thus,
6
D =
2
2
= 12 4 =
2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
Thus,
6
D =
2
2
= 12 4 = 8
2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Thus,
6
D =
2
2
= 12 4 = 8 > 0
2
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Thus,
6
D =
2
2
= 12 4 = 8 > 0 (rel ext)
2
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Thus,
6
D =
2
2
= 12 4 = 8 > 0 (rel ext)
2
Now
f xx (2, 6) =
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Thus,
6
D =
2
2
= 12 4 = 8 > 0 (rel ext)
2
Now
f xx (2, 6) = 6
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Thus,
6
D =
2
2
= 12 4 = 8 > 0 (rel ext)
2
Now
f xx (2, 6) = 6 > 0
Example
f (x, y) = 3x 2 2x y + y 2 8y
.

f xx (x, y) = 6
f y y (x, y) = 2
f x y (x, y) = 2
Thus,
6
D =
2
2
= 12 4 = 8 > 0 (rel ext)
2
Now
f xx (2, 6) = 6 > 0
f has a relative minimum at (2, 6)
Example
Locate all relative extrema and saddle points of f (x, y) = 4x y x 4 y 4 .
Example
f x (x, y) =
Example
f x (x, y) = 4y 4x 3
Example
f x (x, y) = 4y 4x 3 and
Example
f x (x, y) = 4y 4x 3 and f y (x, y) =
Example
f x (x, y) = 4y 4x 3 and f y (x, y) = 4x 4y 3
Example
Critical Points:
Example
Critical Points:
4y 4x 3
4x 4y 3
= 0 (1)
= 0 (2)
Example
Critical Points:
4y 4x 3
4x 4y 3
= 0 (1)
= 0 (2)
y=
x=
x3
y3
(1)
(2)
y=
x=
x3
y3
(1)
(2)
y=
x=
Substituting (1) into (2):
x3
y3
(1)
(2)
y=
x=
x3
y3
(1)
(2)

x
= (x 3 )3
y=
x=
x3
y3
(1)
(2)

x
= (x 3 )3
x9
y=
x=
x3
y3
(1)
(2)

x
= (x 3 )3
x9 x
x9
= 0
y=
x=
x3
y3
(1)
(2)

x
= (x 3 )3
x9 x
8
x9
= 0
x(x 1) = 0
y=
x=
x3
y3
(1)
(2)

x
= (x 3 )3
x9 x
x9
= 0
x(x 1) = 0
4
x(x 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
y=
x=
x3
y3
(1)
(2)

x
= (x 3 )3
x9 x
x9
= 0
x(x 1) = 0
4
x(x 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 2 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
y=
x=
x3
y3
(1)
(2)

x
= (x 3 )3
x9 x
x9
= 0
x(x 1) = 0
4
x(x 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 2 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 1)(x + 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
y=
x=
x3
y3
(1)
(2)

x
= (x 3 )3
x9 x
x9
= 0
x(x 1) = 0
4
x(x 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 2 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 1)(x + 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
y=
x=
x3
y3
(1)
(2)

x
= (x 3 )3
x9 x
x9
= 0
x(x 1) = 0
4
x(x 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 2 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 1)(x + 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x =0
x3
y3
y=
x=
(1)
(2)

x
= (x 3 )3
x9 x
x9
= 0
x(x 1) = 0
4
x(x 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 2 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 1)(x + 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x =0
x = 1
x3
y3
y=
x=
(1)
(2)

x
= (x 3 )3
x9 x
x9
= 0
x(x 1) = 0
4
x(x 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 2 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 1)(x + 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x =0
x = 1
x =1
x3
y3
y=
x=
(1)
(2)

x
= (x 3 )3
x9 x
x9
= 0
x(x 1) = 0
4
x(x 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 2 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 1)(x + 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x =0
y =0
x = 1
x =1
x3
y3
y=
x=
(1)
(2)

x
= (x 3 )3
x9 x
x9
= 0
x(x 1) = 0
4
x(x 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 2 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 1)(x + 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x =0
y =0
x = 1
y = 1
x =1
x3
y3
y=
x=
(1)
(2)

x
= (x 3 )3
x9 x
x9
= 0
x(x 1) = 0
4
x(x 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 2 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x(x 1)(x + 1)(x 2 + 1)(x 4 + 1) = 0
x =0
y =0
x = 1
y = 1
x =1
y =1
First Partial Derivatives:

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
conclusion
(0, 0)
(1, 1)
(1, 1)

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
conclusion
(0, 0)
0
(1, 1)
(1, 1)

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
conclusion
(0, 0)
0
(1, 1)
12
(1, 1)

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
conclusion
(0, 0)
0
(1, 1)
12
(1, 1)
12

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
conclusion
(0, 0)
0
0
(1, 1)
12
(1, 1)
12

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
conclusion
(0, 0)
0
0
(1, 1)
12
12
(1, 1)
12

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
conclusion
(0, 0)
0
0
(1, 1)
12
12
(1, 1)
12
12

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
conclusion
(0, 0)
0
0
4
(1, 1)
12
12
(1, 1)
12
12

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
conclusion
(0, 0)
0
0
4
(1, 1)
12
12
4
(1, 1)
12
12

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
conclusion
(0, 0)
0
0
4
(1, 1)
12
12
4
(1, 1)
12
12
4

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
conclusion
(0, 0)
0
0
4
16
(1, 1)
12
12
4
(1, 1)
12
12
4

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
conclusion
(0, 0)
0
0
4
16
(1, 1)
12
12
4
128
(1, 1)
12
12
4

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
conclusion
(0, 0)
0
0
4
16
(1, 1)
12
12
4
128
(1, 1)
12
12
4
128

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
(0, 0)
0
0
4
16
conclusion
saddle pt
(1, 1)
12
12
4
128
(1, 1)
12
12
4
128

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
(0, 0)
0
0
4
16
(1, 1)
12
12
4
128
conclusion
saddle pt
rel max
(1, 1)
12
12
4
128

Critical Points: (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)

C.P.
f xx (x, y) = 12x 2
f y y (x, y) = 12y 2
f x y (x, y) = 4
D
(0, 0)
0
0
4
16
(1, 1)
12
12
4
128
(1, 1)
12
12
4
128
conclusion
saddle pt
rel max
rel max
Outline
Definition
Let f be a function of two variables x and y . Let R be a region on the
x y -plane and (x 0 , y 0 ) a point in R .
Definition
1
f is said to have an absolute maximum on R at (x 0 , y 0 ) if

f (x 0 , y 0 ) f (x, y) for every (x, y) R .
Definition
1

f is said to have an absolute minimum on R at (x 0 , y 0 ) if

Definition
1


f is said to have an absolute extremum on R at (x 0 , y 0 ) if either f

has an absolute maximum value or absolute minimum value on R at
(x 0 , y 0 ).
Definition
1


f is said to have an absolute extremum on R at (x 0 , y 0 ) if either f

has an absolute maximum value or absolute minimum value on R at
(x 0 , y 0 ).
Remark
Suppose that f has an absolute maximum [minimum, extremum] at
(x 0 , y 0 ).
Remark
(x 0 , y 0 ).
1
We say f (x 0 , y 0 ) is the absolute maximum [minimum, extremum] value

of f on R .
Remark
(x 0 , y 0 ).
1

of f on R .
What is the difference between a relative extremum point and an

absolute extremum point?
Remark
(x 0 , y 0 ).
1

of f on R .
What is the difference between a relative extremum point and an

absolute extremum point?
Definition
Let R be a region in the x y -plane
Definition
1
R is bounded if it can be contained in some rectangle.
Definition
1
R is bounded if it can be contained in some rectangle.
R closed if R contains its boundary.
Theorem (Extreme Value Theorem)

If f (x, y) is continuous on a closed and bounded set R , then
Theorem (Extreme Value Theorem)

If f (x, y) is continuous on a closed and bounded set R , then f has both an
absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on R .
Remark
If f and R satisfy the conditions of EVT, the absolute extrema occur at
1
critical points inside R
Remark
If f and R satisfy the conditions of EVT, the absolute extrema occur at
1
critical points inside R
points on the boundary of R
Procedure
Finding Absolute Extrema on a Region R satisfying EVT:
1
Find the critical numbers of f (x, y) in R .
Procedure
1
Find the critical numbers of f (x, y) in R . Evaluate f (x, y) at the

critical numbers.
Procedure
1

critical numbers.
Evaluate f (x, y) at the vertices of R (if any).
Procedure
1

critical numbers.
Convert f (x, y) to a function of one variable g (x) or g y on the

boundaries of R .
Procedure
1

critical numbers.

boundaries of R .
Find the critical numbers of g and evaluate f (x, y) at these numbers.
Procedure
1

critical numbers.

boundaries of R .
Recall: For a function of one variable, the critical numbers are points
for which the derivative of g is 0 or does not exist.
Procedure
1

critical numbers.

boundaries of R .
Recall: For a function of one variable, the critical numbers are points
for which the derivative of g is 0 or does not exist.
5
Compare the values obtained.
Example
Find the absolute minimum and maximum of f (x, y) = x 2 + 2y 2 x in the
closed disk {(x, y) | x 2 + y 2 4}
Example
f x (x, y) =
Example
f x (x, y) = 2x 1
Example
f x (x, y) = 2x 1 and
Example
f x (x, y) = 2x 1 and f y (x, y) =
Example
f x (x, y) = 2x 1 and f y (x, y) = 4y
Example
f x (x, y) = 2x 1 and f y (x, y) = 4y
1
Critical Point: 2 , 0
Example
f x (x, y) = 2x 1 and f y (x, y) = 4y
1
At critical point inside R : f
2,0
Example
f x (x, y) = 2x 1 and f y (x, y) = 4y
1
2,0
= 14
Example
f x (x, y) = 2x 1 and f y (x, y) = 4y
1

At vertices:
2,0
= 14
Example
f x (x, y) = 2x 1 and f y (x, y) = 4y
1

At vertices: none
2,0
= 14
Example
f x (x, y) = 2x 1 and f y (x, y) = 4y
1
At critical point inside R : f 21 , 0 = 14

At vertices: none
p
p
At boundary: f 21 , 215 = f 12 , 215 = 33
4
Example
f x (x, y) = 2x 1 and f y (x, y) = 4y
1
At critical point inside R : f 21 , 0 = 14

At vertices: none
p
p
At boundary: f 21 , 215 = f 12 , 215 = 33
4
CONCLUSION:
f has an absolute minimum at 21 , 0 and absolute
p
p
maxima at 12 , 215 and 12 , 215 with values 14 and 33
4 , respectively.
Example
Find the absolute minimum and maximum of f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7 on
the closed triangular region R with vertices at (0, 0), (3, 0) and (0, 5).
Example
f x (x, y) =
Example
f x (x, y) = 3y 6
Example
f x (x, y) = 3y 6 and
Example
f x (x, y) = 3y 6 and f y (x, y) =
Example
f x (x, y) = 3y 6 and f y (x, y) = 3x 3
Example
f x (x, y) = 3y 6 and f y (x, y) = 3x 3
Example
f x (x, y) = 3y 6 and f y (x, y) = 3x 3

At critical point: f (1, 2) =
Example
f x (x, y) = 3y 6 and f y (x, y) = 3x 3

At critical point: f (1, 2) = 1
Example
f x (x, y) = 3y 6 and f y (x, y) = 3x 3

At vertices:
Example
f x (x, y) = 3y 6 and f y (x, y) = 3x 3

At vertices:
f (0, 0) =
Example
f x (x, y) = 3y 6 and f y (x, y) = 3x 3

At vertices:
f (0, 0) = 7
Example
f x (x, y) = 3y 6 and f y (x, y) = 3x 3

At vertices:
f (0, 0) = 7
f (0, 5) =
Example
f x (x, y) = 3y 6 and f y (x, y) = 3x 3

At vertices:
f (0, 0) = 7
f (0, 5) = 8
Example
f x (x, y) = 3y 6 and f y (x, y) = 3x 3

At vertices:
f (0, 0) = 7
f (0, 5) = 8
f (3, 0) =
Example
f x (x, y) = 3y 6 and f y (x, y) = 3x 3

At vertices:
f (0, 0) = 7
f (0, 5) = 8
f (3, 0) = 11
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At boundary x = 0:
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At boundary x = 0:
g (y) =
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At boundary x = 0:
g (y) = f (0, y) =
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At boundary x = 0:
g (y) = f (0, y) =
3y + 7
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At boundary x = 0:
g (y) = f (0, y) =
0
g (y)
3y + 7
3
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At boundary x = 0:
g (y) = f (0, y) =
0
g (y)
no critical points
3y + 7
3
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At boundary x = 0:
g (y) = f (0, y) =
0
g (y)
no critical points
At boundary y = 0:
3y + 7
3
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At boundary x = 0:
g (y) = f (0, y) =
0
g (y)
no critical points
At boundary y = 0:
g (x) =
3y + 7
3
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At boundary x = 0:
g (y) = f (0, y) =
0
g (y)
no critical points
At boundary y = 0:
g (x) = f (x, 0) =
3y + 7
3
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At boundary x = 0:
g (y) = f (0, y) =
0
g (y)
3y + 7
3
no critical points
At boundary y = 0:
g (x) = f (x, 0) =
6x + 7
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At boundary x = 0:
g (y) = f (0, y) =
0
g (y)
3y + 7
3
no critical points
At boundary y = 0:
g (x) = f (x, 0) =
0
6x + 7
g (x) = 6
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At boundary x = 0:
g (y) = f (0, y) =
0
g (y)
3y + 7
3
no critical points
At boundary y = 0:
g (x) = f (x, 0) =
0
6x + 7
g (x) = 6
no critical points
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At boundary y = 35 x + 5:
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
g (x) =
5
f x, x + 5
3
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
5
g (x) = f x, x + 5
3
5
5
= 3x x + 5 6x 3 x + 5 + 7
3
3
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
5
g (x) = f x, x + 5
3
5
5
= 3x x + 5 6x 3 x + 5 + 7
3
3
= 5x 2 + 24x 8
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
5
g (x) = f x, x + 5
3
5
5
= 3x x + 5 6x 3 x + 5 + 7
3
3
= 5x 2 + 24x 8
g 0 (x) = 10x + 24
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
5
g (x) = f x, x + 5
3
5
5
= 3x x + 5 6x 3 x + 5 + 7
3
3
= 5x 2 + 24x 8
g 0 (x) = 10x + 24
Critical points:
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
5
g (x) = f x, x + 5
3
5
5
= 3x x + 5 6x 3 x + 5 + 7
3
3
= 5x 2 + 24x 8
g 0 (x) = 10x + 24
Critical points:
10x + 24 = 0
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
5
g (x) = f x, x + 5
3
5
5
= 3x x + 5 6x 3 x + 5 + 7
3
3
= 5x 2 + 24x 8
g 0 (x) = 10x + 24
Critical points:
10x + 24 = 0 x =
12
&
5
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
5
g (x) = f x, x + 5
3
5
5
= 3x x + 5 6x 3 x + 5 + 7
3
3
= 5x 2 + 24x 8
g 0 (x) = 10x + 24
Critical points:
10x + 24 = 0 x =
12
& y =1
5
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
5
g (x) = f x, x + 5
3
5
5
= 3x x + 5 6x 3 x + 5 + 7
3
3
= 5x 2 + 24x 8
g 0 (x) = 10x + 24
Critical points:
10x + 24 = 0 x =
f
12
5
, 1 = 20.8
12
& y =1
5
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At vertices: f (0, 0) = 7 f (0,
5) = 8
f (3, 0) = 11
At boundary y = 35 x + 5: f 12
,
1
=
20.8
5
Example
Given: f (x, y) = 3x y 6x 3y + 7
At vertices: f (0, 0) = 7 f (0,
5) = 8
f (3, 0) = 11
At boundary y = 35 x + 5: f 12
,
1
=
20.8
5
CONCLUSION: The function has an absolute maximum at 12
5 , 1 and an
absolute minimum at (3, 0) with values 20.8 and 11, respectively.
Remark
Let f be a function of two variables and R = (x, y) | x > 0 and y > 0 .

Suppose f is continuous on R and (x 0 , y 0 ) is the only critical point of
f.
Remark

f.
If f (x, y) is very large when either x or y are very close to zero or very
large, then f has an absolute minimum at (x 0 , y 0 ).
Remark

f.
If f (x, y) is "very negative" when either x or y are very close to zero

or very large, then f has an absolute maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ).
Remark

f.
If f (x, y) is "very negative" when either x or y are very close to zero

or very large, then f has an absolute maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ).
Example
A manufacturer wishes to make an open rectangular box with volume
500 cm3 using the least possible amount of material. Find the dimensions
of the box.
Example
of the box.
Minimize:
Example
of the box.
Minimize: Surface Area
Example
of the box.
Constraint:
Example
of the box.
Constraint: V = 500 cm3
Example
of the box.
OR
Minimize: A = l w + 2wh + 2l h
Constraint: l wh = 500
Example
of the box.
OR
Minimize: A = l w + 2wh + 2l h
Constraint: l wh = 500
OR
1000 1000
Minimize: A(l , w) = l w +
+
l
Region: {(l , w) | l > 0, w > 0}
Example
Region: l > 0, w > 0
1000 1000
+
l
w
Example
A l (l , w) =
1000 1000
+
l
w
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w
A l (l , w) = w
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w
A l (l , w) = w
1000
l2
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w
A l (l , w) = w
1000
and
l2
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w
A l (l , w) = w
1000
and A w (l , w) =
l2
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w
A l (l , w) = w
1000
and A w (l , w) = l
l2
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w
A l (l , w) = w
1000
1000
and A w (l , w) = l 2
2
l
w
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w
A l (l , w) = w
1000
1000
and A w (l , w) = l 2
2
l
w
Critical Point: l = 10 and w = 10.
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w
Note that A(l , w) is continuous on the R .
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w

Hold w constant:
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w

Hold w constant:
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w

Hold w constant:
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w

Hold w constant:
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
l 0+
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w

Hold w constant:
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
l 0+
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w

Hold w constant:
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
l 0+
Hold l constant:
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w

Hold w constant:
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
l 0+
Hold l constant:
w
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w

Hold w constant:
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
l 0+
Hold l constant:
w
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w

Hold w constant:
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim+ l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
l 0+
Hold l constant:
w
w0
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w

Hold w constant:
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim+ l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
l 0+
Hold l constant:
w
w0
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w

Hold w constant:
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim+ l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
l 0+
Hold l constant:
w
w0
Thus A(l , w) has an absolute minimum at l = 10 and w = 10.
Example
1000 1000
+
l
w

Hold w constant:
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
lim+ l w +
1000 1000
+
=
l
w
l 0+
Hold l constant:
w
w0
Thus A(l , w) has an absolute minimum at l = 10 and w = 10.

The minimum surface area is 300cm2 .
Announcements
Recall Class Policy:
1
Missed midterm, prefinal or final exam, with valid excuse: Special

Exam (Harder than the usual)
Missed Chapter Quiz, with valid excuse: 1st missed chapter quiz will
not be included in total, succeeding missed chapter quizzes grade of 0
Schedule of Chapter 3 Quiz: February 26, Wed (Recit Class)

MATH 38: Mathematical Analysis III: Unit 3: Differentiation of Functions of More Than One Variable

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MATH 38: Mathematical Analysis III: Unit 3: Differentiation of Functions of More Than One Variable

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MATH 38: Mathematical Analysis III: Unit 3: Differentiation of Functions of More Than One Variable

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MATH 38: Mathematical Analysis III

Unit 3: Differentiation of Functions of More than One Variable

Relative Extreme Function Values

Absolute Extrema of Functions of Two Variables

Figures taken from: J. Stewart, The Calculus: Early Transcendentals,

Relative Extreme Function Values

Absolute Extrema of Functions of Two Variables

f is said to have a relative maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if

f is said to have a relative maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if there exists an

f is said to have a relative maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if there exists an

f is said to have a relative maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if there exists an

f is said to have a relative minumum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if

f is said to have a relative maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if there exists an

f is said to have a relative minumum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if there exists an

f is said to have a relative maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if there exists an

f is said to have a relative minumum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if there exists an

f is said to have a relative maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if there exists an

f is said to have a relative minumum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if there exists an

f is said to have a relative extremum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if

f is said to have a relative maximum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if there exists an

f is said to have a relative minumum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if there exists an

f is said to have a relative extremum at (x 0 , y 0 ) if either f has a

Graphically, the graph of z = f (x, y) has peaks and trenches at relative

Graphically, the graph of z = f (x, y) has peaks and trenches at relative

It is "relative" or "local" because the point is highest or lowest relative to

Graphically, the graph of z = f (x, y) has peaks and trenches at relative

It is "relative" or "local" because the point is highest or lowest relative to

f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 and f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 (Type 1), or

f x (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 and f y (x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 (Type 1), or

f x (x 0 , y 0 ) or f y (x 0 , y 0 ) does not exist (Type 2)

(2, 6) is a critical point of f .

The theorem tells us the following:

The theorem tells us the following:

The theorem tells us the following:

The theorem tells us the following:

The theorem tells us the following:

The theorem tells us the following:

The theorem tells us the following:

The theorem tells us the following:

The tangent plane of the graph of f at this point exists.

The tangent plane of the graph of f at this point exists.

The tangent plane of the graph of f at this point exists.

Equation of tangent plane:

The tangent plane of the graph of f at this point exists.

Equation of tangent plane:

The tangent plane of the graph of f at this point exists.

Equation of tangent plane:

The tangent plane of the graph of f at this point exists.

Equation of tangent plane:

What kind of plane is this?

The tangent plane of the graph of f at this point exists.

Equation of tangent plane:

What kind of plane is this? HORIZONTAL!

The tangent plane of the graph of f at this point exists.

Equation of tangent plane:

What kind of plane is this? HORIZONTAL!

The tangent plane of the graph of f at this point exists.

Equation of tangent plane:

What kind of plane is this? HORIZONTAL!