Math 38 Mathematical Analysis III: I. F. Evidente

MATH 38
Mathematical Analysis III

I. F. Evidente
IMSP (UPLB)
Outline
Limits of Functions of Two or More Variables

Limits Along Paths
Intuitive Notion of Limits
Basic Limit Theorems
Showing the nonexistence of limits
Limits: Formal Definition
Continuity
Figures taken from: J. Stewart, The Calculus: Early Transcendentals,

Brooks/Cole, 6th Edition, 2008.
Definition
A function of two variables f (x, y) is a rule that assigns a unique real
number to each point (x, y) in some subset D of 2 .
Remark
The graph of f (x, y) is the surface in
the equation z = f (x, y).
R3 (Euclidean 3-space) satisfying
Remark
Suppose is the graph of f . Geometrically:
The domain of f is Projx y ()
Remark
Suppose is the graph of f . Geometrically:
The domain of f is Projx y ()
The range of f is the "projection" of onto the z -axis.
Example
Use the graph of f to determine its domain and range:

1
2
f (x, y) = 4x 2 + y 2
p
f (x, y) = 9 x 2 y 2
Example
f (x, y) = 4x 2 + y 2
Example
f (x, y) =
p
9 x2 y 2
Outline

Limits Along Paths
Continuity
Limits Along Paths

Let f (x, y) be a function of two variables.
Limits Along Paths

Let f (x, y) be a function of two variables. Let C be a smooth curve on the
x y -plane with equation y = g (x) whose points are in the domain of f .
Limits Along Paths

x y -plane with equation y = g (x) whose points are in the domain of f . Let
(x 0 , y 0 ) be a point on C .
Limits Along Paths

(x 0 , y 0 ) be a point on C . The limit of f (x, y) as (x, y) approaches the
point (x 0 , y 0 ) along the curve C is:
lim
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
f (x, y) = lim f (x, g (x))

xx 0
Limits Along Paths

(x 0 , y 0 ) be a point on C . The limit of f (x, y) as (x, y) approaches the
point (x 0 , y 0 ) along the curve C is:
lim
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
f (x, y) = lim f (x, g (x))

xx 0
In the case that C has equation x = g (y), then

lim
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
f (x, y) = lim f (g (y), y)

xy 0
Examples
Example
1
Find
x2
along the path y = 0, x = 0 and y = x .
(x,y)(0,0) x 2 + y 2
Find
x9 y
along the path y = x and y = x 2 .
(x,y)(0,0) (x 6 + y 2 )2
lim
lim
Recall
For functions of one variable:
Recall
There two ways of approaching x 0 : from the left and from the right
Recall
Concept of one-sided limits: only two types
Recall
Concept of one-sided limits: only two types
Since the limit is the unique value that the y -values approach as the
x -values approach x 0 from both sides, lim f (x) exists if and only if
xa
lim+ f (x) = lim f (x)
xa
xa
For functions of two variables:


The point (x, y) may approach (x 0 , y 0 ) via an infinite number of paths.

Intuitively, the limit of f (x, y) as (x, y) approaches (x 0 , y 0 ) is the
unique value that f (x, y) approaches as (x, y) approaches (x 0 , y 0 ) via
all these possible paths!

This makes the computation of limits of functions of two variables
much more complex.

This makes the computation of limits of functions of two variables
much more complex.
We restrict our computation of limits to very simple types of
functions: polynomial and rational functions.
Theorem
1
lim
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
2
c =c
If f (x, y) is a polyomial function, then
lim
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
f (x, y) = f (x 0 , y 0 )
Examples
lim
(x,y)(1,2)
2x 3y =
Examples
lim
(x,y)(1,2)
2x 3y = 2 1 3 2 =
Examples
lim
(x,y)(1,2)
2x 3y = 2 1 3 2 = 2
Examples
lim
2x 3y = 2 1 3 2 = 2
lim
1000 =
(x,y)(1,2)
2
(x,y)(0,0)
Examples
lim
2x 3y = 2 1 3 2 = 2
lim
1000 = 1000
(x,y)(1,2)
2
(x,y)(0,0)
Theorem (Properties of Limits)

If
lim
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
1
f (x, y) = L and
lim
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
2
If c
R, then (x,y)(x
lim
c f (x, y) = c L .
,y )
lim
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
4
g (x, y) = M , then
f (x, y) g (x, y) = L M
0
lim
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
f (x, y) g (x, y) = L M .
If M 6= 0, then
lim
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
f (x, y)
L
= .
g (x, y) M
Remark
As a consequence of the last two theorems, if h(x, y) =
function where f and g are polynomial functions,
lim
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
provided that g (x 0 , y 0 ) 6= 0.
h(x, y) =
f (x 0 , y 0 )
g (x 0 , y 0 )
f (x, y)
is a rational
g (x, y)
Examples
x 2 2y + 2
(x,y)(0,0) x y + 1
x2
(x,y)(0,0) x 2 + y 2
x4 y 4
(x,y)(0,0) x 2 + y 2
lim
lim
lim
Remark
Let f (x, y) be a function of two variables and let C 1 and C 2 be different
paths in the domain of f containing the point (x 0 , y 0 ).
Remark
paths in the domain of f containing the point (x 0 , y 0 ). If the limits of
f (x, y) as (x, y) approaches the point (x 0 , y 0 ) along the curves C 1 and C 2
are not equal, then
Remark
paths in the domain of f containing the point (x 0 , y 0 ). If the limits of
f (x, y) as (x, y) approaches the point (x 0 , y 0 ) along the curves C 1 and C 2
are not equal, then the limit of f (x, y) as (x, y) approaches the point
(x 0 , y 0 ) does not exist.
Standard Curves
x = 0, y = 0, y = x , y = x 2 , y = x 3
Example
Show that the given limit does not exist:
1
x2
(x,y)(0,0) x 2 + y 2
x9 y
(x,y)(0,0) (x 6 + y 2 )2
x(y 1) 3x 5
(x,y)(0,1) x 2 + 3(y 1)2
lim
lim
lim
Distance
Let P and Q be points in 2- or 3-space. We denote the distance d between
P and Q by d = ||P Q||.
Distance
1
2-space:
Distance
1
2-space: d = ||P Q|| =
(x 1 x 2 )2 + (y 1 y 2 )2
Distance
1
2-space: d = ||P Q|| =
3-space:
(x 1 x 2 )2 + (y 1 y 2 )2
Distance
1
2
2-space: d = ||P Q|| =
(x 1 x 2 )2 + (y 1 y 2 )2
3-space: d = ||P Q|| =
(x 1 x 2 )2 + (y 1 y 2 )2 + (z 1 z 2 )2
Definition
If P
r is
R2 or R3 and r > 0, then the open ball centered at P and of radius

B (P, r ) = {Q R2 | ||P Q|| < r }
Definition
Let P 2 and let f be a function in 2 variables defined on some open ball

B (P, r ) centered at P , except possibly at P . Then
lim
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
f (x, y) = f (x 0 , y 0 )
if the following condition is satisfied:

p
For every > 0, there exists > 0 such that if (x x 0 )2 + (y y 0 )2 < ,
then | f (x, y) L| < .
For every > 0, there exists > 0 such that if

then | f (x, y) L| <
(x x 0 )2 + (y y 0 )2 < ,
Outline

Limits Along Paths
Continuity
Definition
The function f (x, y) is continuous at P = (x 0 , y 0 ) if and only if
lim
f (x, y) = f (x 0 , y 0 ).
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
Example
Determine whether the given function is continuous at (0, 0).
1
f (x, y) =
x 2 2y + 2
x y +1
f (x, y) =
x4 y 4
x2 + y 2
f (x, y) =
x2
x2 + y 2
1
f (x, y) = 2
x + y2
4
4
x y ,
f (x, y) = x 2 + y 2
(0, 0),
(x, y) 6= (0, 0)
(x, y) = (0, 0)
Types of Discontinuities
1
Removable: limit exists, but is not equal to the function value
Essential: limit does not exist
Example
Determine the type of discontinuity at (0, 0):
1
f (x, y) =
x4 y 4
x2 + y 2
x2
x2 + y 2
1
f (x, y) = 2
x + y2
f (x, y) =
Example
1
f (x, y) =
x4 y 4
(removable)
x2 + y 2
x2
x2 + y 2
1
f (x, y) = 2
x + y2
f (x, y) =
Example
1
f (x, y) =
x4 y 4
(removable)
x2 + y 2
x2
(essential)
x2 + y 2
1
f (x, y) = 2
x + y2
f (x, y) =
Example
1
f (x, y) =
x4 y 4
(removable)
x2 + y 2
x2
(essential)
x2 + y 2
1
f (x, y) = 2
(essential)
x + y2
f (x, y) =
f (x, y) =
x 2 2y + 2
(continuous)
x y +1
f (x, y) =
x4 y 4
(removable)
x2 + y 2
f (x, y) =
1
x2 + y 2
(essential)
f (x, y) =
x2
(essential)
x2 + y 2
Definition
A function of 2 variables that is continuous at every point (x, y) is said to
be continuous everywhere, or simply continuous.
Theorem (Continuity Theorems)

1
A polynomial function is continuous everywhere.

1
A rational function is continuous at every point in its domain.

1
A rational function is continuous at every point in its domain.
A sum, difference, product, quotient (except where the denominator is

0) or composition of continuous functions are continuous.
Theorem
If
g (x, y) = b and f is a function of one variable that is
continuous at b , then
lim
( f g )(x, y) = f
lim
g (x, y) = f (b)
lim
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
(x,y)(x 0 ,y 0 )
Example
Evaluate the following limits:
1
lim
cos(x + y)
lim
ln(x y 2 )
(x,y)(,0)
2
(x,y)(e,1)

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MATH 38

Mathematical Analysis III

Limits of Functions of Two or More Variables

Figures taken from: J. Stewart, The Calculus: Early Transcendentals,

R3 (Euclidean 3-space) satisfying

Use the graph of f to determine its domain and range:

Limits of Functions of Two or More Variables

Limits Along Paths

Limits Along Paths

Limits Along Paths

Limits Along Paths

f (x, y) = lim f (x, g (x))

Limits Along Paths

f (x, y) = lim f (x, g (x))

In the case that C has equation x = g (y), then

f (x, y) = lim f (g (y), y)

lim+ f (x) = lim f (x)

For functions of two variables:

Intuitive Notion of Limits

Intuitive Notion of Limits

Intuitive Notion of Limits

Intuitive Notion of Limits

Intuitive Notion of Limits

If f (x, y) is a polyomial function, then

Theorem (Properties of Limits)

2-space: d = ||P Q|| =

2-space: d = ||P Q|| =

2-space: d = ||P Q|| =

3-space: d = ||P Q|| =

R2 or R3 and r > 0, then the open ball centered at P and of radius

Let P 2 and let f be a function in 2 variables defined on some open ball

if the following condition is satisfied:

For every > 0, there exists > 0 such that if

Limits of Functions of Two or More Variables

Removable: limit exists, but is not equal to the function value

Essential: limit does not exist

Theorem (Continuity Theorems)

A polynomial function is continuous everywhere.

Theorem (Continuity Theorems)

A polynomial function is continuous everywhere.

A rational function is continuous at every point in its domain.

Theorem (Continuity Theorems)

A polynomial function is continuous everywhere.

A rational function is continuous at every point in its domain.

A sum, difference, product, quotient (except where the denominator is

g (x, y) = b and f is a function of one variable that is

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