Bossard Catalogue

Technical information
T
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Materials screws & nuts
Definitions of mechanical properties for screws
Screws Property class 4.6 to 12.9/12.9
Mechanical and physical properties of screws

Minimum ultimate tensile loads
Proof loads of screws
from
page
T.002
T.002
T.002
T.004
T.004
T.005
T.006
Materials, heat treatment, chemical compositions T.007

Characteristics at elevated temperatures
Characteristics at higher strength
(if1000N/mm2)
T.008
Mechanical properties of nuts with ISO metric

threads (coarse)
T.009
Nuts Property classes 04 to 12
Designation system and stress under proof load

for nuts with height 0,5 d, but <0,8 d
Test loads for nuts
Test loads for nuts 0,8d
Chemical compositions of nuts
Set screws Property classes 14 H to 45 H

Mechanical properties
Materials, heat treatment and chemical

composition
Screws, bolts, nuts
Marking and mechanical properties of hex head

fasteners UNC/UNF
Marking and designation of fasteners with

reduced loadability
Marking of fasteners
Marking of studbolts
Marking of nuts according to ISO
Marking of nuts according to DIN

Pairing screws and nuts 0,8d
Screws and nuts for high and low temperatures
Mechanical properties min. 0,2% yield strength

values at increased temperatures
Typical values for the density and static modulus

of elasticity
Typical values for the coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity and heat capacity
Table of materials for temperature over +300C
Table of materials for low temperatures from
200C to 10C
Pairing materials for screws and nuts
Ductility of steels at low temperatures
Yield strength and tensile strength of steels at low

temperatures
Elastic elongation of bolts with reduced shanks
Stainless steel fasteners
ISO-designated steel groups
Chemical composition of austenitic stainless

steels
T.008
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T.009
T.010
T.010
T.011
T.011
T.012
T.012
T.012
T.013
T.013
T.014
T.014
T.015
T.015
T.016
T.016
T.017
T.017
T.017
T.017
T.018
T.018
T.018
T.019
T.019
T.020
T.021
T.021
T.022
from
page
Chemical composition of corrosion resistant

stainless steels
T.022
Time-temperature diagram of intergranular

corrosion in austenitic stainless steels
T.023
Distinctive properties of stainless steels

Chemical stability
Technical arguments for the use of fasteners

made from rust-resistant austenitic chrome-nickel
steels A1, A2, A4
Mechanical properties for fasteners made from
austenitic stainless steel
Minimum breaking torque MB min for screws made

from austenitic steel with threads M1,6 to M16
(normal thread)
T.023
T.024
T.024
T.025
T.025
Reference values for 0,2% Rp0, 2 at higher temperatures as % of the values at room temperature T.025
Marking of screws and nuts
T.026
Non-ferrous metal
T.027
Fasteners of various materials

Special materials
Thermoplastics
Elastomere
T.027
T.029
T.030
T.032
Corrosion protection
T.033
Galvanic process
T.033
T.033
Coating thicknesses for parts with external thread T.034

Further galvanic coating processes
Further surface treatments
Arrangement, design, assembly

Selection of fasteners
Estimation of screw diameters
Fatigue resistance
Strength under dynamic load
Length of engaged thread
Recommended minimum lengths of engaged

thread in cutted internal threads on components
Surface pressure when mounted
Typical values for allowable surface pressures for

different materials
Surface pressure under the head of a hexagon
screw
Surface pressure under the head of a socket
head cap screw
Surface pressure under the screw head
Guide to the use of flat washers for screws and

nuts
Friction and friction coefficients
Relation of friction coefficient classes to guideline

values for various materials/surfaces and types
of lubrication, for screw connections
T.035
T.036
T.037
T.037
T.037
T.038
T.038
T.039
T.039
T.040
T.040
T.041
T.042
T.042
T.043
T.044
T.044
Bossard, EN, 2015.03
Tightening method, tightening factor A
Approximate values for static coefficient of f riction

T in the separation joint
Guideline values for the tightening factor A and

the resulting pre-stress forces in assembly
Preload and tightening torques

How to use reference values
Approximate values for metric coarse threads

VDI2230
Approximate values for metric fine threads
VDI2230
Stud bolts with reduced shank
Tightening torques for plastic screws/

Polyamide6.6
Approximate values for austenitic stainless steel

A1/A2/A4
Fasteners with internal drives and lower head

shape
Flange screws and flange nuts
Reference values for tightening torque

NORD-LOCK washers wedge-locking system
High strength structural bolts
Securely fastened joints
Summary of constructive measures for locking

screw joints
Overview of effectiveness for bolted joint locking

solutions and solutions for prevention of loss
Shear loads for pins
Static shear loads for double-shear spring-pin

joints
Construction recommendations
Direct assembly into metals using thread forming

screws
Direct assembly in thermoplastics using
DeltaPT screws
Direct assembly in thermoplastics using

PTscrews/ecosyn-plast
Sheet metal joints
Minimum breaking torque for sheet metal screws

Selection criteria for self-tapping Ensat inserts
Internal drives for screws
Assembly tools
Shapes of driving features and assigned tool

sizes
Limits for metric fine threads
T.081
T.045
Permissible tolerances for plastic fasteners
T.081
T.045
T.047
T.047
T.048
T.050
T.050
T.051
T.051
Limits for metric (standard) coarse threads

Selection series for coarse threads
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Tolerances, tables, standards
Basic tolerances and tolerance fields

SI units system
Conversion tables
Conversion tables metricUSA, USAmetric

IP protection classes for electric machines and
appliances
Hardness comparison table
Designations of different national standards
T.082
T.082
T.082
T.083
T.083
T.085
T.086
T.087
T.088
T.055
T.057
T.060
T.060
T.061
T.063
T.063
T.064
T.064
T.066
T.069
T.071
T.072
T.073
T.075
T.077
T.077
T.079
Tolerance fields for commercial screws and nuts
T.081
T.054
General
Clearance fit on metric ISO threads
Selection series for fine threads
T.052
T.079
Basic concept and nominal dimensions
from
page
T.045
Metric ISO threads

Metric ISO threads
from
page
T.079
T.079
T.079
T.079
T.080
T.080
T.001


Tensile strength Rm [N/mm2]
Determines how much axial load a screw must withstand without
breaking. If full size screws are tested, the yield strength
can only be approximately established. Under ISO 898 Part 1, the
exact yield strength and elongation after fracture can be determined using machined specimens. Exceptions are stainless
steel screws A1 to A4 (ISO 3506).
Tensile strength at rupture in thread:
Rm = max. tensile force F

stress area
N
mm2
Tensile test
on machined
screw
Tensile test on
full size screw
S
tress area As [mm2] of thread
Pages T.041, T.042
Tensile strength at rupture in cylindrical shank:

Rm = max. tensile force F
initial cross section of specimen
N
mm2
max. tensile force
yield point
Yield strength ReL [N/mm2]

Yield strength is the amount of resistance of a material to plastic
deformation. In general terms, yield strength determines how
much stress a screw (specimen) must withstand without being
permanently elongated. This applies to relatively soft materials.
tensile force
1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa = 145.03 psi
elongation
max. tensile force
limit Rp0,2
tensile force
0,2% limit Rp0,2 [N/mm2]

The yield point of somewhat harder materials is not sharply pronounced. It is then replaced by the stress at which the permanent
elongation is 0.2%.
In practice, neither the working load of the fastener nor the stress
from tightening should exceed the yield strength or the 0.2% limit.
T.002
www.bossard.com
elongation

Elongation at fracture A [%]

is the permanent elongation measured on the fractured specimen
related to the original measured length. Exceptions: screws
A1 to A4, where this is measured on fullsize screws (ISO 3506).
do
measuring
length
Lo = 5 x do
Tensile strength under wedge loading

Is tested by means of having a wedge positioned underneath the
screw head. When tensioned, the screw must break in the thread
or in the shank. Bolts and screws are subjected to a wedge test to
measure the ductility and head integrity.
Head soundness
The head of the screw must withstand several hammer blows.
After being bent to a specified angle, the shank head fillet shall
not show any signs of cracking. For details see ISO 898, part 1.
Hardness
Hardness is generally the resistance of the material to penetration
by a test body. The advantage of the Vickers hardness test is that
the entire hardness range encountered in the screw is covered by
the method. For details see ISO 898, part 1.
Vickers hardness HV: ISO 6507
Test body-pyramid
(encompasses the complete hardness range usual for screws)
Brinell hardness HB: ISO 6506
Test body ball
Rockwell hardness HRC: ISO 6508
Test body cone
H
ardness comparison tables
Page T.087
www.bossard.com
Notch Impact Strength [Joule] ISO 83

Notch impact energy is the impact energy consumed during
notch impact testing. A notched sample is taken from the screw
near the surface. This sample is broken in a pendulum impact
tester with a single stroke. It gives information on micro-structure,
steel making process, inclusion content etc. The values cannot
be used for calculations.
Surface Flaws
Surface defects arising in the semi-finished product are slag
inclusions, material folds and die marks. Cracks on the other
hand are crystalline breaks without inclusion of foreign materials.
For details see EN 493 and ISO 6157.
Decarburization
Decarburization is a loss of carbon at the surface of ferrous
materials (steels). For details see ISO 898, part 1.
T.003

Mechanical and physical properties of screws
according to ISO 898, part 1
The mechanical properties are given for tests at room temperature.

No. Mechanical or physical property
Tensile strength, Rm, MPa, [N/mm2]
Lower yield strength, ReLd, MPa, [N/mm2]
Stress at 0,2 % non-proportional elongation

Rp0,2, MPa, [N/mm2]
4
5
Stress at 0,0048 d non-proportional elongation

for full-size fasteners Rpf, MPa, [N/mm2]
Stress under proof load, Spf, MPa, [N/mm2]
Sp, nom/ReL min or
Proof strength ratio

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
5.6
5.8
6.8
nom.c
min.
nom.c
min.
nom.c
min.
nom.c
min.
nom.
400
400
240
240
225
0,94
400
420
320
340e
310
0,91
500
500
300
300
280
0,93
500
520
400
420e
380
0,90
min.
22
20
min.
min.
0,24
min.
max.
min.
max.
min.
max.
min.
max.
max.
min.
d > 16
mmb
800
830
640
660
600
0,91
9.8
d 16
mm
900
900
720
720
650
0,90
10.9
12.9/
12.9
600
600
480
480e
440
0,92
8.8
d 16
mma
800
800
640
640
580
0,91
1000
1040
900
940
830
0,88
1200
1220
1080
1100
970
0,88
12
12
10
52
52
48
48
44
0,22
0,20
no fracture
120
130
220g
220g
114
124
209g
209g
67
71
95,0g
95,0g
155
220g
147
209g
79
95,0g
160
220g
152
209g
82
95,0g
190
250
181
238
89
99,5
250
320
238
304
22
32
255
335
242
318
23
34
290
360
276
342
28
37
320
380
304
361
32
39
385
435
366
414
39
44
max.
0,015
max.
min.
min.
27
20
20
20
20
in accordance with ISO 898-7
27
27
27
27
Sp, nom/Rp0,2 min or

Sp, nom/Rpf min
Percentage elongation after fracture for machined

test pieces, A, %
Percentage reduction of area after

fracture for machined test pieces, Z, %
Elongation after fracture for full-size fasteners, Af

(see also ISO 898-1 Annex C)
Head soundness
Vickers hardness, HV
F 98 N
Brinell hardness, HBW

F = 30 D2
Rockwell hardness, HRB

Rockwell hardness, HRC
13
14
Property class
4.6
4.8
Surface hardness, HV 0,3

Height of non-decarburized thread zone,
E, mm
Depth of complete decarburization in the thread,

G, mm
15
16
17
Reduction of hardness after retempering, HV

Breaking torque, MB Nm
Impact strength Kvk, l, J
18
Surface integrity in accordance with
ISO 6157-1n
/2 H1
/2 H1
0,015
/2 H1
0,015
h,i
2
/3 H1
h,j
/4 H1
0,015 0,015
20
m
ISO
6157-3
Values do not apply for structural bolting.

For structural bolting d M12.
Nominal values are specified only for the purpose of the desigation system for property classes. See clause 5.
d
In cases where the lower yield strength ReL cannot be determined, it is permissible to measure the stress at 0,2 % non-proportional elongation Rp0,2.
e
For the property classes 4.8, 5.8 and 6.8 the values for Rpfmin are under investigation. The present values are given for calculation of the proof stress ratio
only. They are not test values.
f
Proof loads are specified in tables T.006.
g
Hardness determined at the end of a fastener shall be 250 HV, 238 HB or 99,5 HRB maximum.
h
Surface hardness shall not be more than 30 Vickers points above the measured core hardness of the fastener when determination of both surface hardness
and core hardness are carried out with HV 0,3.
i
Any increase in hardness at the surface which indicates that the surface hardness exceeds 390 HV is not acceptable.
j
Any increase in hardness at the surface which indicates that the surface hardness exceeds 435 HV is not acceptable.
k
Values are determined at a test temperature of 20 C.
l
Applies to d 16 mm.
m
Value for KV is under investigation.
n
Instead of ISO 6157-1, ISO 6157-3 may apply by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
a
T.004
www.bossard.com

Minimum ultimate tensile loads
Minimum ultimate tensile loads ISO metric coarse pitch thread

Thread1)
d
Nominal
stress area
As, nom
[mm2]
Property class
Minimum ultimate tensile load Fm min (As, nom x Rm, min) [N]
4.6
4.8
5.6
5.8
6.8
8.8
9.8
10.9
12.9/12.9
M3
M3,5
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
5,03
6,78
8,78
14,2
20,1
28,9
36,6
58,0
84,3
115
157
192
245
303
353
459
561
694
817
976
2010
2710
3510
5680
8040
11600
146002)
232002)
33700
46000
62800
76800
98000
121000
141000
184000
224000
278000
327000
390000
2110
2850
3690
5960
8440
12100
15400
24400
35400
48300
65900
80600
103000
127000
148000
193000
236000
292000
343000
410000
2510
3390
4390
7100
10000
14400
183002)
290002)
42200
57500
78500
96000
122000
152 000
176000
230000
280000
347000
408000
488000
2620
3530
4570
7380
10400
15000
19000
30200
43800
59800
81600
99800
127000
158000
184000
239000
292000
361000
425000
508000
3020
4070
5270
8520
12100
17300
22000
34800
50600
69000
94000
115000
147000
182000
212000
275000
337000
416000
490000
586000
4020
5420
7020
11350
16100
23100
292002)
464002)
674003)
920003)
1250003)
159000
203000
252000
293000
381000
466000
576000
678000
810000
4530
6100
7900
12800
18100
26000
32900
52200
75900
104000
141000
5230
7050
9130
14800
20900
30100
381002)
603002)
87700
120000
163000
200000
255000
315000
367000
477000
583000
722000
850000
1020000
6140
8270
10700
17300
24500
35300
44600
70800
103000
140000
192000
234000
299000
370000
431000
560000
684000
847000
997000
1200000
Where no thread pitch is indicated in a thread designation, coarse pitch is specified.

For fasteners with thread tolerance 6az according to ISO 965-4 subject to hot dip galvanizing, reduced values in accordance with ISO 10684.
3)
For structural bolting 70 000 N (for M12), 95 500 N (for M14) and 130 000 N (for M16).
1)
2)
T
o calculate the nominal stress area As, nom
Page T.041
Minimum ultimate tensile loads ISO metric fine pitch thread

Thread
dxP
Nominal
stress area
As, nom
[mm2]
Minimum ultimate tensile load Fm min (As, nom x Rm, min) [N]
4.6
4.8
5.6
5.8
6.8
8.8
9.8
10.9
12.9/12.9
M8x 1
M10x 1
M10x1,25
M12x1,25
M12x1,5
M14x1,5
M16x1,5
M18x1,5
M20x1,5
M22x1,5
M24x2
M27x2
M30x2
M33 x 2
M36 x 3
M39 x 3
39,2
64,5
61,2
92,1
88,1
125
167
216
272
333
384
496
621
761
865
1030
15700
25800
24500
36800
35200
50000
66800
86400
109000
133000
154000
198000
248000
304000
346000
412000
16500
27100
25700
38700
37000
52500
70100
90700
114000
140000
161000
208000
261000
320000
363000
433000
19600
32300
30600
46100
44100
62500
83500
108000
136000
166000
192000
248000
310000
380000
432000
515000
20400
33500
31800
47900
45800
65000
86800
112000
141000
173000
200000
258000
323000
396000
450000
536000
23500
38700
36700
55300
52900
75000
100000
130000
163000
200000
230000
298000
373000
457000
519000
618000
31 360
51 600
49 000
73 700
70 500
100 000
134 000
179 000
226 000
276 000
319 000
412 000
515 000
632 000
718 000
855 000
35 300
58 100
55 100
82 900
79 300
112 000
150 000
40 800
67 100
63 600
95 800
91 600
130 000
174 000
225 000
283 000
346 000
399 000
516 000
646 000
791 000
900 000
1 070 000
47 800
78 700
74 700
112 000
107 000
152 000
204 000
264 000
332 000
406 000
469 000
605 000
758 000
928 000
1 055 000
1 260 000
Property class
www.bossard.com
T.005

Proof loads of screws

Proof loads ISO metric coarse pitch thread
Thread1)
d
Nominal
stress area
As, nom
[mm2]
Property class
4.6
4.8
5.6
5.8
6.8
8.8
9.8
10.9
12.9/12.9
M3
M3,5
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
5,03
6,78
8,78
14,2
20,1
28,9
36,6
58,0
84,3
115
157
192
245
303
353
459
561
694
817
976
1 130
1 530
1 980
3 200
4 520
6 500
8 2402)
13 0002)
19 000
25 900
35 300
43 200
55 100
68 200
79 400
103 000
126 000
156 000
184 000
220 000
1 560
2 100
2 720
4 400
6 230
8 960
11 400
18 000
26 100
35 600
48 700
59 500
76 000
93 900
109 000
142 000
174 000
215 000
253 000
303 000
1 410
1 900
2 460
3 980
5 630
8 090
10 2002)
16 2002)
23 600
32 200
44 000
53 800
68 600
84 800
98 800
128 000
157 000
194 000
229 000
273 000
1 910
2 580
3 340
5 400
7 640
11 000
13 900
22 000
32 000
43 700
59 700
73 000
93 100
115 000
134 000
174 000
213 000
264 000
310 000
371 000
2 210
2 980
3 860
6 250
8 840
12 700
16 100
25 500
37 100
50 600
69 100
84 500
108 000
133 000
155 000
202 000
247 000
305 000
359 000
429 000
2 920
3 940
5 100
8 230
11 600
16 800
21 2002)
33 7002)
48 9003)
66 7003)
91 0003)
115 000
147 000
182 000
212 000
275 000
337 000
416 000
490 000
586 000
3 270
4 410
5 710
9 230
13 100
18 800
23 800
37 700
54 800
74 800
102 000
4 180
5 630
7 290
11 800
16 700
24 000
30 4002)
48 1002)
70 000
95 500
130 000
159 000
203 000
252 000
293 000
381 000
466 000
576 000
678 000
810 000
4 880
6 580
8 520
13 800
19 500
28 000
35 500
56 300
81 800
112 000
152 000
186 000
238 000
294 000
342 000
445 000
544 000
673 000
792 000
947 000
1)
2)
3)
Proof load Fp (As, nom x Sp, nom) [N]
Where no thread pitch is indicated in a thread designation, coarse pitch is specified.

For fasteners with thread tolerance 6az according to ISO 965-4 subject to hot dip galvanizing, reduced values in accordance with ISO 10684.
For structural bolting 50 700 N (for M12), 68 800 N (for M14) and 94 500 N (for M16).
T
o calculate the nominal stress area As, nom
Page T.041
Proof loads ISO metric fine pitch thread

Nominal
stress area
As, nom
[mm2]
M8 x 1
M10 x 1,25
M10 x 1
M12 x 1,25
M12 x 1,5
M14 x 1,5
M16 x 1,5
M18 x 1,5
M20 x 1,5
M22 x 1,5
M24 x 2
M27 x 2
M30 x 2
M33 x 2
M36 x 3
M39 x 3
39,2
61,2
64,5
92,1
88,1
125
167
216
272
333
384
496
621
761
865
1030
T.006
www.bossard.com
Proof load Fp (As, nom x Sp, nom) [N]

Property class
4.6
4.8
5.6
5.8
6.8
8.8
9.8
10.9
12.9/12.9
8 820
13 800
14 500
20 700
19 800
28 100
37 600
48 600
61 200
74 900
86 400
112 000
140 000
171 000
195 000
232 000
12 200
19 000
20 000
28 600
27 300
38 800
51 800
67 000
84 300
103 000
119 000
154 000
192 000
236 000
268 000
319 000
11 000
17 100
18 100
25 800
24 700
35 000
46 800
60 500
76 200
93 200
108 000
139 000
174 000
213 000
242 000
288 000
14 900
23 300
24 500
35 000
33 500
47 500
63 500
82 100
103 000
126 000
146 000
188 000
236 000
289 000
329 000
391 000
17 200
26 900
28 400
40 500
38 800
55 000
73 500
95 000
120 000
146 000
169 000
218 000
273 000
335 000
381 000
453 000
22 700
35 500
37 400
53 400
51 100
72 500
96 900
130 000
163 000
200 000
230 000
298 000
373 000
457 000
519 000
618 000
25 500
39 800
41 900
59 900
57 300
81 200
109 000
32 500
50 800
53 500
76 400
73 100
104 000
139 000
179 000
226 000
276 000
319 000
412 000
515 000
632 000
718 000
855 000
38 000
59 400
62 700
89 300
85 500
121 000
162 000
210 000
264 000
323 000
372 000
481 000
602 000
738 000
839 000
999 000
Thread
dxP

Materials, heat treatment, chemical compositions

Steels
Property
class
Material and heat treatment
Chemical composition limits

(cast analysis, %)1)
C
Tempering
temperature
P
B2)
min.
max.
max.
max.
max.
min.
0,55
0,05
0,06
not
specified
5.63)
0,13
0,55
0,05
0,06
6.84)
0,15
0,55
0,05
0,003
425
0,003
425
0,003
425
4.63), 4)
4.84)
Carbon steel or carbon steel with additives
5.84)
8.86)
12.96), 8), 9)
0,06
0,40
0,025
0,025
or
0,25
0,55
0,025
0,025
or
0,20
0,55
0,025
0,025
Carbon steel with additives (e.g. Boron or Mn or Cr),

quenched and tempered
0,155)
0,40
0,025
0,025
or
0,25
0,55
0,025
0,025
or
0,20
0,55
0,025
0,025
Carbon steel with additives (e.g. Boron, Mn or Cr),

0,205)
0,55
0,025
0,025
or
0,25
0,55
0,025
0,025
or
0,20
0,55
0,025
0,025
Alloyed steel, quenched and tempered7)
Carbon steel, quenched and tempered
12.96), 8), 9)
0,06
0,155)
10.96)
0,05
Carbon steel with additives (e.g. Boron or Mn or Cr),

9.86)
0,55
Carbon steel with additives (e.g. Boron, Mn or Cr or

Molybdenum), quenched and tempered
0,30
0,28
0,50
0,50
0,025
0,025
0,025
0,025
0,003
0,003
425
380
In case of dispute, the product analysis applies.

Boron content can reach 0,005%, provided that non-effective boron is controlled by addition of titanium and/or aluminium.
For cold forged fasteners of property classes 4.6 and 5.6, heat treatment of the wire used for cold forging or of the cold forged fastener itself may be
necessary to achieve required ductility.
4)
Free cutting steel is allowed for these property classes with the following maximum sulphur, phosphorus and lead contents: sulphur 0,34%; phosphorus
0,11%; lead 0,35%.
5)
In case of plain carbon boron steel with a carbon content below 0,25% (cast analysis), the minimum manganese content shall be 0,6% for property class 8.8
and 0,7% for 9.8 and 10.9.
6)
For the materials of these property classes, there shall be a sufficient hardenabiltity to ensure a structure consisting of approximately 90% martensite in the
core of the threaded sections for the fasteners in the as-hardened condition before tempering.
7)
This alloy steel shall contain at least one of the following elements in the minimum quantity given: chromium 0,3%, nickel 0,3%, molybdenum 0,2%,
vanadium 0,1%. Where elements are specified in combinations of two, three or four and have alloy contents less than those given above, the limit value to
be applied for class determination is 70% of the sum of the individual limit values shown above for the two, three or four elements concerned.
8)
A metallographically detectable white phosphorous enriched layer is not permitted for property class 12.9/12.9. It shall be detected by a suitable test method.
9)
Caution is advised when the use of property class 12.9/12.9 is considered. The capability of the fastener manufacturer, the service conditions and the
wrenching methods should be considered. Environments may cause stress corrosion cracking of fasterners as processed as well as those coated.
1)
2)
3)
www.bossard.com
T.007

Characteristics at elevated temperatures
Influence of elevated temperatures on mechanical

properties of fasteners
Elevated temperatures can cause changes in the mechanical
properties and in the functional performance of a fastener.
Up to typical service temperatures of 150 C, no detrimental
effects due to a change of mechanical properties of fasteners
are known. At temperatures over 150 C and up to a maximum
temperature of 300 C, the functional performance of fasteners
should be ensured by careful examination.
With encreasing temperatures, a progressive
reduction of lower yield strength or stress at 0,2% non-proportional elongation or stress at 0,0048 d non-proportional elongation
for finished fasteners, and
reduction of tensile strength can be experienced. The continuous operating of fasteners at elevated service temperatures can
result in stress relaxation, which increases with higher temperatures. Stress relaxation accompanies a loss of clamp force.
Work-hardened fasteners (property classes 4.8, 5.8, 6.8) are

more sensitive with regard to stress relaxation compared with
quenched and tempered or stress-relieved fasteners.
Care should be taken when lead-containing steels are used for
fasteners at elevated temperatures. For such fasteners, a risk of
liquid metal embrittlement (LME) should be taken into consideration when the service temperature is in the range of the melting
point of lead.
Information for example, in EN 10269 and in ASTM F2281.
Characteristics at higher strength (if1000N/m

m2)
Influence of higher screw property class under comprehension of the mechanical stress and environmental conditions.
R
isk of hydrogen embrittlement
Page T.033
Mechanical fracture
forced fracture
fatigue fracture
shear fracture
cleavage fracture
mixed fracture
oscillating fracture
High-strength material
Erosion corrosion
uniform corrosion
pitting corrosion
crevice corrosion
galvanic corrosion
Mechanical stress
Brittling of material
stress corrosion cracking
hydrogen embrittlement
Ambient medium
e.g. hydrogen, acid rain
T.008
www.bossard.com

Mechanical properties of nuts with ISO metric threads (coarse)

Property class
Thread-
04
Stress under proof load, Sp, [N/mm2]

Vickers hardness HV
05

Vickers hardness HV
Stress under proof load, Sp, [N/mm ]

Vickers hardness HV

Vickers hardness HV

Vickers hardness HV
83)

Vickers hardness HV

Vickers hardness HV
10

Vickers hardness HV
121)

Vickers hardness HV
12

Vickers hardness HV
2)
min.
max.
min.
max.
min.
max.
min.
max.
min.
max.
min.
max.
min.
max.
min.
max.
min.
max.
min.
max.
to M4
> M4 to M7
> M7 to M10
> M10 to M16
> M16 to M39
380
188
302
500
272
353
520
130
302
600
150
302
800
180
302
900
170
302
1040
272
353
1140
295
353
1150
272
353
380
188
302
500
272
353
580
130
302
670
150
302
855
200
302
915
188
302
1040
272
353
1140
295
353
1150
272
353
380
188
302
500
272
353
590
130
302
680
150
302
870
200
302
940
188
302
1040
272
353
1140
295
353
1160
272
353
380
188
302
500
272
353
610
130
302
700
150
302
880
200
302
950
188
302
1050
272
353
1170
295
353
1190
272
353
380
188
302
500
272
353
510
117
302
630
146
302
720
170
302
920
233
353
920
188
302
1060
272
353
1200
272
353
Nuts style 1 (ISO 4032) 0,9 d nuts

Nuts style 2 (ISO 4033) 1,0 d nuts
Class 8 M16 only type 1 (not heat-treated)
> M16 type 1 (hardened and tempered) and type 2 (not heat-treated)
1)
2)
3)
Notes
The minimum hardness values are binding only for nuts for
which a test stress measurement can not be performed and
for heat treated nuts. The minimum values are guidelines for
all other nuts.
The minimum hardness values for nuts with nominal thread
diameters above 39 and to 100 mm are for information only
and are considered reference values.
www.bossard.com
The mechanical properties as listed apply to heat-treated nuts:

Property class
05 to 8
05 to 8
10 and 12
Nuts
Thread
Type1
fine pitch thread
Type1
metric ISO thread > M16
metric ISO thread

fine pitch thread
T.009

Designation system and stress under proof load for nuts with height 0,5 d, but <0,8 d
The standard values for strip resistance relate to the given bolt
classes. The exterior thread may be expected to strip if the nuts
are paired with screws of lower property classes, while the thread
of the nut will strip if it is paired with screws of higher property
classes.
Property
class of
nut
Proof load
stress
of the nut
[N/mm2]
Minimum stress in the core of bolt when

stripping occurs for bolts with property class
6.8
8.8
10.9
12.9
04
05
380
500
260
290
300
370
330
410
350
480
[N/mm2]
Test loads for nuts

Thread1)
M3
M3,5
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
5,03
6,78
8,78
14,2
20,1
28,9
36,6
58,0
84,3
115
157
192
245
303
353
459
561
694
817
976
2600
3550
4550
8250
11 700
16 800
21 600
34200
51400
70 200
95 800
121 000
154000
190900
222 400
289200
353400
437200
514700
614900
3000
4050
5250
9500
13 500
19 400
24 900
39 400
59 000
80 500
109 900
138 200
176 400
218 200
254 200
330500
403900
499700
588200
702700
4000
5400
7000
12140
17 200
24 700
31 800
50 500
74 200
101 200
138 200
176 600
225 400
278 800
324 800
422300
516100
638500
751600
897900
1910
2580
3340
5400
7640
11000
13900
22 000
32 000
43 700
59 700
73 000
93 100
115 100
134 100
174400
213200
263700
310500
370900
2500
3400
4400
7100
10 000
14 500
18 300
29 000
42 200
57 500
78 500
96 000
122 500
151 500
176 500
229500
280500
347000
408500
488000
Style 1
97 900
125 000
154 500
180 000
234100
286100
353900
416700
497800
Style 1
Style 1
Style 1
Style 2
170 900
218 100
269 700
314 200
408500
499300
617700
727100
868600
10
12
4500
6100
7900
13 000
18 400
26 400
34 400
54 500
80 100
109 300
149 200
176 600
225 400
278 800
324 800
422300
516100
638500
751600
897900
5200
7050
9150
14800
20900
30100
38100
60300
88500
120800
164900
203500
259700
321200
374200
486500
594700
735600
866000
1035000
5700
7700
10000
16200
22 900
32 900
41 700
66 100
98 600
134 600
183 700
Style 2
Style 2
Style 2
Style 2
5800
7800
10 100
16 300
23 100
33 200
42 500
67 300
100 300
136 900
186 800
230 400
294 000
363 600
423 600
550800
673200
832800
980400
1171000
If the description of the thread does not include thread pitch then the reference is to coarse threads (see ISO 261 and ISO 262).
T.010
www.bossard.com
1)
Nominal stress Test load (AS x Sp), [N]

area of the
Property class
material AS
04
05
4
[mm2]

Test loads for nuts 0,8d
according to DIN 267, part 4

Nuts with test loads above 350000 N (values highlighted in blue) can be excluded from a test load trial. The buyer and the manufacturer
must agree minimum hardnesses for these particular nuts.
Thread1)
Nominal stress
area of the
material AS
[mm2]
Test load (AS x Sp), [N]

Property class (code number)
M3
M3,5
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
5,03
6,78
8,78
14,2
20,1
28,9
36,6
58,0
84,3
115
157
192
245
303
353
459
561
694
817
976
76800
98000
121000
141000
184000
224000
277000
327000
390000
1)
2500
3400
4400
7100
10000
14500
18300
29000
42100
57500
78500
96000
122000
151000
176000
230000
280000
347000
408000
488000
3000
4050
5250
8500
12000
17300
22000
35000
50500
69000
94000
115000
147000
182000
212000
276000
336000
416000
490000
585000
4000
5400
7000
11400
16000
23000
29000
46000
67000
92000
126000
154000
196000
242000
282000
367000
448000
555000
653000
780000
10
5000
6800
8750
14200
20000
29000
36500
58000
84000
115000
157000
192000
245000
303000
353000
459000
561000
694000
817000
976000
12
6000
8150
10500
17000
24000
34700
43000
69500
100000
138000
188000
230000
294000
364000
423000
550000
673000
833000
980000
1170000
If the designation of the thread does not indicate thread pitch then the reference is to coarse threads (see DIN 13).
Chemical compositions of nuts

Property class
41), 51), 61)

8, 9
102)
122)
Chemical composition in terms of % by weight

(test analysis)
041)
052)
Mn
max.
min.
max.
0,50
0,58
0,58
0,58
0,25
0,30
0,45
0,060
0,060
0,048
0,048
max.
0,150
0,150
0,058
0,058
Nuts of these strength classes may be made from free cutting steel, unless
other arrangements have been agreed upon between the buyer and the
supplier. When using free cutting steel, the following maximum proportions
of sulphur, phosphorus and lead are permitted:
sulfur 0,34%
phosphorus 0,11%
lead 0,35%
2)
For these strength classes it may be necessary to add alloys in order to
achieve the mechanical properties of the nuts.
1)
Note
Nuts of property classes 05, 8 (style 1 above M16 or style 1
fine thread), 10 and 12 must be quenched and tempered.
www.bossard.com
T.011

Set screws Property classes 14 H to 45 H

The mechanical properties apply to set screws and similar, which
are not subject to tension and which have threads of diameter
from 1,6 to 39 mm, made from unalloyed or alloyed steel.
For further details of the mechanical properties of set screws
please refer to ISO 898, part 5.
Vickers hardness HV
Brinell hardness HB,
F = 30 D2
Rockwell hardness HRB
Rockwell hardness HRC

Surface hardness HV 0,3
1)
Property class1)
min.
max.
min.
max.
min.
max.
min.
max.
max.
14 H
140
290
133
276
75
105
22 H
220
300
209
285
95
30
320
33 H
45 H
330
440
314
418
33
44
450
450
560
428
532
45
53
580
Property class 14 H, 22 H and 33 H are not for hexagon socket set screws
Materials, heat treatment and chemical composition

Property class
Material
Heat treatment
14 H
22 H
33 H
45 H
High-carbon steel1) 2)
High-carbon steel3)
High-carbon steel3)
Alloy steel3) 4) 5) 6)

Chemical composition
in % by weight (random analysis)
C
P
S
min.
max.
max.
max.
0,19
0,50
0,50
0,50
0,50
0,11
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,15
0,05
0,05
0,05
Free-cutting steel may be used, with lead content 0,35% maximum, phosphorus content 0,11% maximum and sulphur content 0,34% maximum.
Case hardening is allowed in the case of square-head set screws.
Steel with lead content 0,35% maximum may be used.
4)
The alloying steel must contain an alloying element or several alloying elements like chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium or bor.
5)
For thread pins with property class 45H other steels may be used if the conditions of the torque test is conform to ISO 898, part 5. Boron alloyed steels shall
content boron between 0,0008 and 0,005. Hard steel is permitted with min. 0,45% C if alloying elements contains at least 50% according to ISO 8981, part 1.
6)
To M16 boron alloyed carbon steel contents min. 0,35% C.
1)
2)
T.012
www.bossard.com
3)

Screws, bolts, nuts
Marking and mechanical properties of hex head fasteners UNC/UNF
according to SAE J429

Identification
grade mark
Specification
SAE J429
Grade 1
No grade mark
Material
Low or medium
carbon steel
SAE J429
Grade 2
Nominal size range
[in.]
[psi/MPa]
[psi/MPa]
[psi/MPa]
> 1
55000 / 379,21
33000 / 227,53
57000 / 393,00
36000 / 248,21
74000 / 510,21
60000 / 413,69
Proof load
33000 / 227,53
Yield strength
36000 / 248,21
Tensile strength
60000 / 413,69
SAE J429
Grade 5
Medium carbon
1
steel, quenched and > 1 1
tempered
85000 / 586,05
74000 / 510,21
92000 / 634,32
81000 / 558,48
120000 / 827,37
105000 / 723,95
SAE J429
Grade 5.2
Low carbon
martensitic steel,
quenched and
tempered
85000 / 586,05
92000 / 634,32
120000 / 827,37
120000 / 827,37
130000 / 896,32
150000 / 1034,20
SAE J429
Grade 8
Medium carbon alloy 1

steel, quenched and
tempered
1 ksi = 1000 psi = 6,8948 MPa = 6,8948 N/mm

ksi = kilopounds per square inch
psi = pounds per square inch
www.bossard.com
T.013

Screws, bolts, nuts
Marking and designation of fasteners with reduced loadability
The revised standard as of April 2009 has been for the application
for bolts, screws and studs with specified property classes
coarse thread and fine pitch thread.
Judgment of the change for the user:

Fasteners that are manufactured according to the old
standard have no functional differences compared to the
revised standard.
Fasteners according to the mentioned specification are
always subjected to reduced loadability due to the head
geometry according to ISO 898-1 this means that
tightening torques has to be taken into account.
Fasteners according to a product standard with reduced loadability need to be marked with property class preceded with the digit
0. The objective of the revised head marking is an indicative
instruction for the assembly process. The user can further look up
for additional notes in the Bossard catalogue. The revised head
marking is a defined identification in accordance to the revised
standard.
Marking of fasteners

Marking symbols
Property class
Marking symbols for fasteners with

full loadability1)
Marking symbols for fasteners with

reduced loadability1)
1)
4.6
4.6
4.8
4.8
5.6
5.6
5.8
5.8
6.8
6.8
8.8
8.8
9.8
9.8
10.9
10.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
12.9
04.6
04.8
05.6
05.8
06.8
08.8
09.8
010.9
012.9
012.9
The dot in the marking symbol may be omitted.
Identification with the manufacturers mark and the property

class is mandatory for hexagon screws 4.6 to 12.9 and hexagon
or hexalobular socket head cap screws 8.8 to 12.9 with thread
diameter d 5 mm, where the shape of the screw always allows
it. (Marking of bolts and screws are preferably on the head).
AB
CD
8.8
Examples of marking on hexagon

screws and bolts.
T.014
www.bossard.com
8.8
ABCD
ABCD
XYZ
12.9
8.8
12.9
Examples of marking on hexagon and

hexalobular socket head cap screws.
ABCD

Screws, bolts, nuts
Marking of studbolts
8.8
8.8
XYZ
Marking is obligatory for property classes of or higher than 5.6

and is preferably to be made on the threaded part by an indentation. For adjustment bolts with locking, the marking must be on
the side of the nut.
Marking is required for bolts of nominal diameter of or greater
than 5 mm.
The symbols shown in the table on the right are also authorised
as a method of identification.
Property class
5.6
8.8
9.8
10.9 12.9
Marking symbol
Marking of nuts according to ISO
Identification with the manufacturer is mark and property class

is mandatory for hexagon nuts with thread diameter d 5 mm.
The hexagon nuts must be marked with an indentation on the
bearing surface or on the side or by embossing on the chamfer.
Embossed markings must not protrude beyond the bearing
surface of the nut.
AB
AB
Example of marking with the property

class designation
www.bossard.com
AB
AB
Example of marking with the code

symbol (clock-face system)
T.015

Screws, bolts, nuts
Marking of nuts according to DIN

Property class
Characteristic
10
12
Identification mark
|4|
|5|
|6|
|8|
|10|
|12|
Hexagon nuts with nominal thread diameter d 5 mm must be

marked with the property class on the bearing surface or on the
side. Embossed markings must not protrude beyond the bearing
surface of the nut.
|8|
|8|
For hexagon nuts with nominal thread diameter d 5 mm acc. to

DIN 934 and DIN 935 made from free-cutting steel, the marking
must also include a groove on one chamfer of the nut (up to
property class 6).
Groove
Pairing screws and nuts 0,8d
Assignment of possible property classes of screws and nuts

Mating bolts
Nuts
Property class
3.6 to 12.9
reduced loadability
Diameter range
M39
Property class
Diameter range
04
05
4
5
> M16
M16
> M16 M39
M39
M16
> M16 M391)
M16
> M16 M391)
M391)
M161)
3.6, 4.6, 4.8

3.6, 4.6, 4.8
5.6, 5.8
6.8
08.8
reduced loadability
> M16
M16
M39
M39
M39
6
|8|
8.8
M39
9.8
10.9
12.9
M16
M39
M39
9
10
12
1)
Type 1
Type 2
Type 0,5 d
< M39
< M391)
> M16 M39
> M16 M39
M16
M391)
Quenched and tempered material
T.016
www.bossard.com
Remark
In general, nuts of a higher property class are preferable to
nuts of a lower property class. This is advisable for a bolt / nut
assembly stressed higher than the yield stress or the stress
under proof load.

Mechanical properties min. 0,2% yield strength values at increased temperatures
according to DIN EN 10269 (old DIN 17240)

Material abbreviation
Diameter
range
Material
number
Name
hardened and tempered steels

C35E
1.1181
35B2
1.5511
25CrMo4
1.7218
42CrMo4
1.7225
40CrMoV4-7
1.7711
X22CrMoV12-1
1.4923
X19CrMoNbVN11-1 1.4913
work-hardened austenitic steels
X5CrNi18-10
1.4301
X5CrNiMo17-12-2
1.4401
X5NiCrTi26-5
1.4980
Tensile
strength
Elongation
at facture
notch bar
impact value
Minimum value for the 0,2% limit

Rp0,2 at [N/mm2]
at a temperature [C] of
[mm]
[N/mm2]
Rm
Amin
KVmin
[J]
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
d 60
d 60
d 100
d 60
d 100
d 160
d 160
500 to 650
500 to 650
600 to 750
860 to 1060
850 to 1000
800 to 950
900 to 1050
22
22
18
14
14
14
12
55
55
60
50
30
27
20
300
300
440
730
700
600
750
270
270
428
702
670
560
701
229
229
412
640
631
530
651
192
192
363
562
593
480
627
173
173
304
475
554
420
577
235
375
470
335
495
293
d 35
d 35
d 160
700 to 850
700 to 850
900 to 1150
20
20
15
80
80
50
350
350
600
155
175
580
127
145
560
110
127
540
98
115
520
92
110
490
[%]
305
430
Typical values for the density and static modulus of elasticity
according to DIN EN 10269 (old DIN 17240)

Density
Material
number
Name

C35E
1.1181
40CrMoV4-7
1.7711
X19CrMoNbVN11-1 1.4913
X22 CrMoV12-1
1.4923
X5CrNi18-10
1.4301
X5CrNiMo17-12-2
1.4401
X5NiCrTi26-15
1.4980
Static modulus of elasticity E in [kN/mm2]

at a temperature [C]
[kg/dm3]
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
7,85
211
204
196
186
177
164
127
7,7
216
209
200
190
179
167
127
7,9
8,0
8,0
200
172
165
183
173
1621)
211
194
206
1)
186
1)
200
179
1)
192
1)
1)
1)
Dynamic modulus of elasticity
1)
Typical values for the coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity and heat capacity
excerpt from DIN EN 10269 (old DIN 17240)

Name
Coefficient of thermal expansion in 10-6 / K

between 20 C and
Material
number

C35E
1.1181
40CrMoV4-7
1.7711
X5CrNi18-10
1.4301
X5CrNiMo17-12-2
1.4401
X5NiCrTi26-15
1.4980
Thermal conductivity
at 20 C
W
]
[mK
Specific thermal
conductivity at 20C
[J/(kgK)]
100 C
200 C
300 C
400 C
500 C
600 C
11,1
12,1
12,9
13,5
13,9
14,1
42
33
460
16,0
16,5
17,0
17,5
18,0
n.a.
15
500
17,0
17,5
17,7
18,0
18,2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a. = no data available
www.bossard.com
T.017

Table of materials for temperature over +300C

Name
C35E(N)1)
C35E (QT)
35B2
24CrMo5
25CrMo4
42CrMo4
21CrMoV5-7
40CrMoV4-6
X22CrMoV12-1
X19CrMoNbVN11-1
X7CrNiMoBNb16-16
X6NiCrTiMoVB25-15-2
NiCr20TiAl
Material number
1.1181
1.1181
1.5511
1.7258
1.7218
1.7225
1.7709
1.7711
1.4923
1.4913
1.4986
1.4980
2.4952
Marking
Y
YK
YB
G
KG
GC
GA
GB
V3), VH4)
VW
S
SD
SB
Utilisation temperature limits

+350 C
+350 C2)
+350 C2)
+400 C
+400 C
+500 C
+540 C
+520 C
+580 C
+580 C
+650 C
+650 C
+700 C
Applies only to nuts

For nuts the usual upper bound of the temperature in service may be around 50 C higher.
Symbol V for material with a 0,2% proof strength Rp0,2 600 N/mm2
4)
Symbol VH for material with a 0,2% proof strength Rp0,2 700 N/mm2
1)
2)
3)
Table of materials for low temperatures from 200C to 10C

Name
25CrMo4
X12Ni5
X5CrNi18-10
X4CrNi18-12
X2CrNi18-9
X6CrNiMoTi-17-12-2
Material number
1.7218
1.5680
1.4301
1.4303
1.4307
1.4571
Marking
KG
KB
A21)
A21)
A2L1)
A51)
Screws
X2CrNi17-12-2
1.4404
A4L1)
with head2)
without head2)
The property class must be added to this marking of austenitic steel grades,
e.g. A270
Application temperatures down to 200 C for screw property class 70
and 80, nut property class 80. Lower strengths down to 60 C.
2)
As a result of the molybdenum content when below the temperature
shown these can no longer be expected to have a homogenous austenitic
micro-structure.
with head2)
without head2)
Utilisation temperature limits

60C
120C
200C
200C
200C
60C
200C
60C
200C
1)
Note
At the lower limits of the operation temperature indicated in the
table, the impact work of notched bar (KV) of the material must
be at least 40 Joules.
Pairing materials for screws and nuts
Material Screw
C35E (QT), 35B2
25CrMo4, 24CrMo5
21CrMoV5-7
40CrMoV47, 42CrMo4
X22CrMoV12-1
X19CrMoNbVN11-1
X7CrNiMoBNb16-16
X6NiCrTiMoVB25-15-2
NiCr20TiAl
T.018
Material Nut
C35E (N), C35E (QT), 35B2
C35E (QT), 35B2, 25CrMo4
25CrMo4, 21CrMoV5-7
21CrMoV5-7, 42CrMo4
X22CrMoV12-1
X22CrMoV12-1
X7CrNiMoBNb16-16
X6NiCrTiMoVB25-15-2
NiCr20TiAl
www.bossard.com

Ductility of steels at low temperatures
according to manufacturers specifications

70
26 CrMo 4
X 12 CRNi 18 9
60
12 Ni 19
X 12 CrNi 18 9
X 10 CrNiTi 18 10
X 10 CrMoTo 18 10
50
40
[%]
30
12 Ni 19
26 CrMo4
20
X 12 CrNi 18 9
X 10 CrNiTi 18 10
12 Ni 19
26 CrMo4
10
0
-200
-150 -100
Temperature [C]
-50
Necking at rupture K
Elongation at rupture A
Impact strength specimen DVM
DVM [J]
0 +20
200
100
0
Yield strength and tensile strength of steels at low temperatures
according to manufacturers specifications

[N/mm2]
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
26 CrMo 4
12 Ni 19
600
CrNi 18 9
{ XX 12
10 CrNiTi 18 10
26 CrMo 4 (to -120 C)
{ 12 Ni 19
500
400
300
X 12 CrNi 18 9
X 10 CrNiTi 18 10
200
100
0
Tensile strength Rm
Yield strength ReL or Rp 0,2
-200
-150
-100
-50
0 +20
Temperature [C]
www.bossard.com
T.019

Elastic elongation of bolts with reduced shanks
according to DIN 2510
Materials
O
verview of material
Page T.018
Elastic elongation [mm] prestressed up to approx. 70% of yield stress at room temperature
L [mm]
E [103 N/mm2]
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
YK
211
0,056
0,065
0,074
0,084
0,093
0,102
0,112
0,121
0,130
0,140
0,149
0,158
0,167
0,177
0,186
0,195
0,205
0,214
0,223
0,233
0,242
0,251
0,260
0,270
0,279
G
211
0,088
0,102
0,117
0,131
0,146
0,161
0,175
0,190
0,204
0,291
0,234
0,248
0,263
0,277
0,292
0,307
0,321
0,336
0,350
0,365
0,380
0,394
0,409
0,423
0,438
GA
211
0,109
0,127
0,146
0,164
0,182
0,200
0,218
0,237
0,255
0,273
0,291
0,309
0,328
0,346
0,364
0,382
0,400
0,419
0,437
0,455
0,473
0,491
0,510
0,528
0,546
GB
211
0,139
0,162
0,186
0,209
0,232
0,255
0,278
0,302
0,325
0,348
0,371
0,394
0,418
0,441
0,464
0,487
0,510
0,534
0,557
0,580
0,603
0,626
0,650
0,673
0,696
V
216
0,116
0,136
0,155
0,175
0,194
0,213
0,233
0,252
0,272
0,291
0,310
0,330
0,349
0,369
0,388
0,407
0,427
0,446
0,466
0,485
0,504
0,524
0,543
0,563
0,582
VW
216
0,152
0,177
0,202
0,228
0,253
0,278
0,304
0,329
0,354
0,280
0,405
0,430
0,455
0,481
0,506
0,531
0,557
0,582
0,607
0,633
0,658
0,683
0,708
0,734
0,759
S
196
0,107
0,125
0,143
0,161
0,179
0,197
0,215
0,233
0,251
0,269
0,286
0,304
0,322
0,340
0,358
0,376
0,394
0,412
0,430
0,448
0,465
0,483
0,501
0,519
0,537
Calculation
Example
FV L [mm]
=
EA
X8CrNiMoBNb16-16
=[S]
Rp 0,2
=500 N/mm2
length of reduced shank L =220 mm
[mm]
=elastic elongation
under preload FV
FV [N]
=preload
2
E [N/mm ] =elasticity module
A [mm2] =cross section area of reduced shank
L [mm]
=reduced shank length
where:
FV
0,7
A
SB
216
0,116
0,136
0,155
0,175
0,194
0,213
0,233
0,252
0,272
0,291
0,310
0,330
0,349
0,690
0,388
0,407
0,427
0,446
0,466
0,485
0,504
0,524
0,543
0,563
0,582
Elastic elongation
= 0,7 500
220
196000
see table:
column S for L
=0,394 mm
=220 mm
=70% Rp 0,2
A
FV
FV
L
T.020
www.bossard.com
Length of reduced shank

ISO-designated steel groups
according to ISO 3506
Austenitic
Steel group
Identification of steel
grades
A1
A22) A31) A42) A51)
soft
cold
worked
Martensitic
C1
C4
Ferritic
C3
F1
Property classes
Screws, nuts type 1
Jam nuts
Studs, setscrews
Tapping screws
1)
2)
high
strength
soft hardened
and
tempered
soft hardened hardened

and
and
tempered tempered
soft
cold
worked
Stabilized against intergranular corrosion through addition of titanum, possibly niobium, tantalum.
Low carbon austenitic stainless steels with carbon content not exceeding 0,03% may additionally be marked with an L, e.g. A4L-80.
Descriptions using a letter/figure combination mean the following:

Abbreviation of composition group:
A =austenitic chromium-nickel steel
Abbreviation of chemical composition:
1 =free-cutting steel with sulphur additive
2 =cold-heading steel alloyed with chromium and nickel
3 =cold-heading steel alloyed with chromium and nickel stabilised with Ti, Nb, Ta
4 =cold-heading steel alloyed with chromium, nickel and molybdenum
5 =cold-heading steel alloyed with chromium, nickel and molybdenum
stabilized with Ti, Nb, Ta
A2 70
Abbreviation of property class:

50 =1/10 of tensile strength (min. 500 N/mm2)
Thin nuts:
025 =proof stress min. 250 N/mm2
The designation of the steel grade (first block) consists of one of the letters:
A for austenitic steel
Example: A2-70
indicates: austenitic steel, cold worked, min. 700 N/mm2 tensile strength
C for martensitic steel

C4-70 indicates: martensitic steel, hardened and tempered, min. 700 N/mm2 tensile
F for ferritic steel
strength
The designation of the property class consists of two digits representing 1/10 of the
tensile strength of the fasteners respectively 1/10 of the proof load of the nuts.
If fastener elements are classified over the hardness, the hardness class is given according to Vickers by 2 digits standing for 1/10 of
the minimum hardness value. The letter H refers to the hardness.
Designation example of a minimum hardness 250 HV: A4 25 H, austenitic steel, work hardened
www.bossard.com
T.021

Chemical composition of austenitic stainless steels
More than 97% of all fasteners made from stainless steels are
produced from this steel composition group. They are characterised by impressive corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical
properties.
Steel
group
Austenitic stainless steels are divided into 5 main groups whose

chemical compositions are as follows:
Chemical composition in %
(maximum values, unless otherwise indicated)
Notes
Si
Mn
Cr
Mo
Ni
Cu
A2
0,10
1,0
2,0
0,050
0,03
1520
819
A4
0,08
1,0
2,0
0,045
0,03
1618,5
23
1015
A1
A3
A5
0,12
1,0
0,08
6,5
1,0
0,08
0,200
2,0
1,0
0,045
2,0
0,045
0,150,35
0,03
0,03
1619
1719
1618,5
0,7
510
912
23
10,514
1,752,25
1
1
2) 3) 4)
5) 6)
1) 7)
6) 8)
1) 7) 8)
Stabilized against intergranular corrosion through addition of titanium, possibly niobium, tantalum.
2)
Sulfur may be replaced by selenum.
3)
If the nickel content is below 8%, the min. manganese content shall be 5%.
4)
There is no min. limit to the copper content, provided that the nickel content is greater than 8%.
5)
If the chromium content is below 17%, the min. nickel content should be 12%.
6)
For austenitic stainless steels having a max. carbon content of 0,03%, nitrogen may be present to a max. of 0,22%.
7)
This shall contain titanium 5 x C up to 0,8% max. for stabilization and be marked appropriately as specified in this table, or shall contain niobium
(columbium) and/or tantalum 10 x C up to 1% maximum for stabilization and be marked approprately as specified in this table.
8)
At the discretion of the manufacturer, the carbon content may be higher where required in order to obtain the specified mechanical properties at larger
diameters, but shall not exceed 0,12% for austenitic steels.
1)
Chemical composition of corrosion resistant stainless steels

Material
number
Chemical composition, % by mass

C
Martensitic steels
1.4006
0,08 to 0,15
1.4034
0,43 to 0,50
1.4105
max. 0,08
1.4110
0,48 to 0,60
1.4116
0,45 to 0,55
1.4122
0,33 to 0,45
Austenitic steels
1.4301
max. 0,07
1.4305
max. 0,10
1.4310
0,05 to 0,15
1.4401
max. 0,07
1.4435
max. 0,03
max. 0,03
1.44391)
max. 0,02
1.45291)
1)
max. 0,02
1.4539
1)
max. 0,03
1.4462
1.4568
max. 0,09
1.4571
max. 0,08
Mn
max.
P
max.
S
max.
Cr
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,5
1,0
1,5
1,0
1,0
1,5
0,04
0,04
0,04
0,04
0,04
0,04
0,030
0,030
0,035
0,015
0,030
0,030
11,0 to 13,5
12,5 to 14,5
16,0 to 18,0
13,0 to 15,0
14,0 to 15,0
15,5 to 17,5
1,0
1,0
2,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
0,5
0,7
1,0
0,7
1,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
1,0
2,0
2,0
1,0
2,0
0,045
0,045
0,045
0,045
0,045
0,045
0,030
0,030
0,035
0,040
0,045
0,030
0,15 to 0,35
0,015
0,030
0,030
0,025
0,010
0,010
0,015
0,015
0,030
17,0 to 19,5
17,0 to 19,0
16,0 to 19,0
16,5 to 18,5
17,0 to 19,0
16,5 to 18,5
19,0 to 21,0
19,0 to 21,0
21,0 to 23,0
16,0 to 18,0
16,5 to 18,5
Mo
Ni
Other
max. 0,75
0,20 to 0,60
0,50 to 0,80
0,50 to 0,80
0,80 to 1,30
max. 0,80
2,00 to 2,50
2,50 to 3,00
4,00 to 5,00
6,00 to 7,00
4,00 to 5,00
2,50 to 3,50
2,00 to 2,50
max. 1,0
8,0 to 10,5
8,0 to 10,0
6,0 to 9,5
10,0 to 13,0
12,5 to 15,0
12,5 to 14,5
24,0 to 26,0
24,0 to 26,0
4,5 to 6,5
6,5 to 7,8
10,5 to 13,5
V max. 0,15
V 0,10 to 0,20
N max. 0,11
Cu max. 1,00 / N max. 0,11
N max. 0,11
N max. 0,11
N 0,12 to 0,22
N 0,15 to 0,25 / Cu 0,5 to 1,5
N max. 0,15 / Cu 1,2 to 2,0
N 0,10 to 0,22
Al 0,70 to 1,50
Ti 5xC 0,70
ustenitic stainless steels with particular resistance to chloride induced stress corrosion.
A
The risk of failure of bolts, screws and studs by chloride induced stress corrosion (for example in indoor swimming pools) can be reduced by using the
materials marked in the table.
T.022
www.bossard.com
1)
Si
max.

Distinctive properties of stainless steels

Material designation
Material number
A1
1.4300
1.4305
A2
1.4301
1.4303
1.4306
Standard quality
rust-resistant
A3
1.4541
1.4590
1.4550
A4
A5
1.4401
1.4436
1.4435
1.4571
1.4439
1.4580
Highest resistance to corrosion
rust-resistant
Properties
for machining
rust-resistant to a certain
degree
corrosion-resistant to a certain acid-resistant
highly acid-resistant
degree
weldable to a certain degree
weldable to a certain degree
easily weldable
A3, A5 as A2, A4 but stabilised against intergranular corrosion following welding,
annealing or when used at high temperatures.
F
urther details on the chemical stability of rust-resistant and
acid-resistant steels can be found on
Page T.024
Time-temperature diagram of intergranular c

orrosion in austenitic stainless steels
Note
With lower carbon contents, the resistance against intergranular corrosion is improved.
Temperature in C
Figure gives the approximate time for austenitic stainless steels,

grade A2 (18/8 steels), with different carbon contents in the tempera
ture zone between 550 C and 925 C before risk of intergranular
corrosion occours.
Time in minutes
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T.023

Chemical stability
based on information provided by the manufacturers

Austenitic steels A1, A2 and A4 obtain their resistance to
corrosion through a surface protective layer of oxide. If this is
damaged it uses atmospheric oxygen to regenerate itself. If
access to atmospheric oxygen is blocked by an unfavourable
style of construction or through dirt, then even these steels will
corrode!
General rules: A2 above water, inland climate

A4 under water, coastal climate

A1 this steel contains small particles of sulphur, which gives it a good machinability.
Its resistance to corrosion is lower than
that of A2.
Please avoid: cracks, separation joints, pockets of
water, poor ventilation, layers of dirt
The resistance to corrosion can be reduced in the presence of a
coating (prevents access to the air), or chemical blackening or a
roughening of the surface.
Media containing chlorine can under certain conditions lead to
dangerous inter-crystalline corrosion. This is often very difficult
to see from the outside, and can lead to a sudden failure of the
steel part.
ISO standard 3506 defines rust and acid-resistant steels. It also

contains details of their mechanical properties, chemical composition and a number of notes on the selection of the right steel for
high and low temperature applications.
The reference data with respect to corrosion
resistance
Indications on resistance to corrosion are preferably obtained
from laboratory and practical trials!
Ask for information on our Bossard Analysis service.
Attention
Martensitic chrome steels (e.g. 1.4110, 1.4116, 1.4112)
are normally used for corrosion-resistantretaining rings and
washers. The corrosion resistance of these steels is lower
than that of austenitic chrome-nickel steels.
Recent experience indicates that there is a risk of stress
corrosion cracking. In order to reduce this risk the depth of
the nuts can be selected so that the fitted rings are not
subjected to stress. This will reduce their load-bearing capacity.
Technical arguments for the use of fasteners made from rust-resistant austenitic chromenickel steels A1, A2, A4
Advantages
Avoidance of potential problems
Bright-finished surface, good appereance
Rusty screws create a bad impression. The customer loses trust in the product.
Savety
No traces of red-rust
Corrosion reduces the strength and operational reliability of the fasteners.

They become weak points.
Red rust can discolour white-coloured plastic components and textiles and make them unusable.
Food grade material
Parts made from zinc-coated steel must not be allowed to come into contact with foodstuffs.
No risk to health
Lick-resistant
Small children must not be able to get within reach of and lick small, zinc-coated or cadmium-coated parts.
Products or efflorescences caused by corrosion can build up on bright-polished or zinc-coated fasteners which
then become difficult to remove.
Austenitic chrome-nickel steel is almost
Magnetic fasteners used in the construction of types of apparatus or measuring devices can lead to disruptions.
entirely non-magnetic
Magnetic parts attract iron filings. This gives rise to additional problems of corrosion.
Good temperature resistance
At temperatures above 80 C the chromating on zinc-plated and chrome-plated fasteners is destroyed.
The corrosion resistance drops dramatically.
The screw and nuts are bright-polished and If the permissible thickness of the coating on galvanically finished screws is exceeded, the parts jam up when
so always remain workable.
being assembled.
No problems during maintenance work
Ecologically-oriented use of austenitic
screw elements into wood
T.024
www.bossard.com
Rusty screws or nuts just cannot be unscrewed. In order to disassemble the unit the fasteners have to be
destroyed, and this involves considerable force and effort.
This often results in damage to the parts.
The environmental influences lead to a chemical reaction at galvanized screws with the tannic acid existing in
the wood. A gray/black coloring which penetrate into the wood can not be eliminated any more.
Due to the time restricted anti-corrosion protection and possible stress corrosion risk, the usage of highstrength
martensitic steel is not recommended.
In all corrosion relevant wood applications use of austenitic steels is recommended.
Easy to clean and hygienic
Cutting yourself on a rusty part can lead to blood poisoning.

Mechanical properties for fasteners made from austenitic stainless steel

Screws
Steel group
Steel
grade
Property class
Thread diameter range
Austenitic
A1, A2
A3, A4
A5
50
70
80
M39
M393)
M393)
Tensile strength
Rm min1)
[N/mm2]
500
700
800
Stress at 0,2% permanent strain Rp 0,2 min1)

[N/mm2]
210
450
600
Elongation after fracture

Amin2)
[mm]
0,6 d
0,4 d
0,3 d
All values are calculated values and refer to the stressed cross-section of the thread.
The elongation after fracture is to be determined for the whole screw and not for unscrewed test pieces.
3)
Strength of the screw is indicated by the head marking and defined by the applicable product standard.
1)
2)
Nuts
Steel group
Steel
grade
Austenitic
A1, A2
A3, A4
A5
Property class
Thread diameter range
Nuts Style 1
thin nuts
Stress under proof load SP min [N/mm2]

Nuts Style 1
thin nuts
m 0,8 d
0,5 d m < 0,8 d
[mm]
m 0,8 d
0,5 d m < 0,8 d
50
70
80
025
035
040
M39
M393)
M393)
500
700
800
250
350
400
m = nut height
d = nominal thread diameter
The commercial quality of steel grades A2 and A4 is property

class 70 (tensile strength 700 N/mm2). Strength of the screw is
indicated by the head marking and defined by the applicable
product standard.
We keep a wide range available for you from stock.
Use of screws of property class 80 is only economically justifiable

if the components are made from stainless steel (high strength).
Minimum breaking torque MB min for screws made from austenitic steel with threads M1,6 to
M16 (normal thread)

Threads
Minimum breaking torque MB min [Nm]

Property class
M1,6
M2
M2,5
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M16
50
70
80
0,15
0,3
0,6
1,1
2,7
5,5
9,3
23
46
80
210
0,2
0,4
0,9
1,6
3,8
7,8
13
32
65
110
290
0,24
0,48
0,96
1,8
4,3
8,8
15
37
74
130
330
Reference values for 0,2% Rp0, 2 at higher temperatures as % of the values at room
t emperature
Steel grade1)
A2, A4
1)
0,2% Rp0,2
+100 C
+200 C
+300 C
+400 C
85%
80%
75%
70%
For applicability at low temperature see
Page T.018
applies for property classes 70 and 80
www.bossard.com
T.025

Marking of screws and nuts
Requirement
Screws and nuts made from stainless austenitic steels must be
marked.
Caution
Only those fasteners marked to standard will have the desired
properties. Products not marked to standard will often only
correspond to property classes A2-50 or A4-50.
Nuts
Nuts from minimal diameter M5 must be marked with the steel
group, the property class and the manufacturers mark.
XYZ
XYZ
A2-70
A2-70
Screws
Hexagon head screws, and hexagon or hexalobular socket head
cap screws from nominal diameter M5 must be marked. The
marking must show the steel group, the property class and the
manufacturers mark. Locking screws must be marked on the
shaft or screw end.
When the marking is made with grooves and the property class is
not indicated, property class 50 or 025 will apply.
Studbolts
Bolts from nominal diameter M6 must be marked on the shank or
the end of the thread with the steel group, the property class and
the manufacturers mark.
It is possible that certain nuts would not fulfil the proof load
requirements because of fine pitch thread or the geometry of the
nut. These nuts may be marked with the steel grade, but shall not
be marked with the property class.
Alternative groove marking
(for steel grades A2 and A4 only)
A2-70
XYZ
A2
>s
Hexagon screws
manufacturers mark
A2
XYZ
A2-70
Steel group
Property class
Socket head cap screws
A4
Other markings
Other types of bolts and screws can be marked in the same way,
where it is possible to do so and on the head portion only. Additional marking is allowed, provided it does not cause confusion.
Fasteners that do not fulfil the tensile or torsional requirements
because of the geometry may be marked with the steel grade, but
shall not be marked with the property class.
XYZ
A4-80
A2
A4-80
T.026
www.bossard.com
Note
Markings analogous to ISO 898-1 using the supplementary 0
(e.g. A2-070) are intended to be included in the next revision
of ISO 3506-1.

Non-ferrous metal
Properties of screws and nuts made from aluminium alloys
Non-binding information depending on manufacturer
The values in the table are for: density = 2,8 kg/dm3, coefficient of thermal expansion = 23,6 106 K1, modulus of elasticity = 70000 N/mm2
EN AW-
Material
number
EN AW-
Designation
Information provided by
Bossard
Stage of preparation
of the screws/nuts3)
Al Mg5
5019
3.3555
AL 2
soft work hardened
Al Si1 Mg Mn
6082
3.2315
AL 3
Al Mg SiCu Mn
6056
AL 9
DIN 209-1 EN
Material
28839
number
A
[%]
min.
280310 6
hardened T6
250
310
hardened T6
360
420
hardened T8
240
270
very good level of corrosion-

resistance, seawater-resistant,
low strength
very good level of corrosionresistance, medium strength
high corrosion resistance,

maximum strength with good
ductility
6060
hardened T8
370
400
10
Al Cu4 Mg Si
2017
3.1325
AL 4
hardened T6
290
420
Al Zn6 Cu Mg Zr
7050
3.4144
hardened T73
400
500
Al Zn5,5 Mg Cu
7075
3.4365
AL 6
hardened T73
440
510
high strength mountings

but lowest level of corrosion
resistance1)
Al Zn5,5 Mg Cu
7075
3.4364
()
(AL 6)
P65
P60
hardened T6
hardened T73
460
420
530
490
7
11
Bossard connecting elements

DIN 931, DIN 7985, DIN 975
3)
P40
200
Rm
[N/mm2]
min.
AI Mg Si
2)
(AL 3)
Rp 0,2
[N/mm2]
min.
Al Mg1 Si 0,8 Cu Mn 6013
1)
EN 515
Used for
2)
Bossard connecting elements
still a good level of corrosionresistance, high strength
high strength mountings

but lowest level of corrosion
resistance1)
Subject to stress corrosion cracking due to the high copper content

Elongation at break A Test on bolt with 2 x d grip length
T6 Solution heat-treated and artificially aged
T8 Solution heat-treated, cold-formed, and artificially aged
T73 Solution heat-treated and artificially overaged (artificially aged) in order to achieve the best stress corrosion resistance
Aluminum properties in comparison

Melting point
[C]
m
]
[mm
2,7
33,3
Al Zn5,5 Mg Cu P65
(AL 6)
2,7
Stainless steel 304

Copper
1450
Brass
1080
890
Polyamide PA6
220
www.bossard.com
Electrical
conductivity
W
]
[mK
635
Thermal
conductivity
kg
]
[dm
Alu 7075 (AL6)
Al Zn5,5 Mg Cu P60
(AL 6)
Density
2,81
[N/mm2]
19,1
510
33,3
530
7,9
15
1,37
700
8,5
8500
14,3
8,94
1,13
130
Tensile
strength
390
0,24
57
10-17
490
235
240
80
T.027

Properties of screws and nuts made from copper alloys

Material
number
Des. State of
from
structure
EN
28839
Density
F = Rm/10 [kg/dm3]
2.0065
E-Cu 58
OF-Cu
Cu-ETP E-Cu57
2.0040
2.0060
2.0321 10
CuZn37
(brass)
CuZn37
(MS 63)
CuZn39 Pb3
(MS 58)
CuNi3Si
CuNi1Si
(Kuprodur)
CuZn40 Mn1 Pb
1)
2)
3)
F29 soft
8,94
58,0
17,010-6
8,94
56,0
8,44
15,5
20,210-6
Rm
A52) E-Modul
Rp 0,2
[N/mm2] [N/mm2] [%] [N/mm2]
min.
min.
min.
150
200
40
320
160
350
240
7
14
250
290
45
parts with a high

110 000 electrical conductivity
110 000
normal fastenings
8,44
250
250
370
370
27
19
2.0401
250
370
19
8,67
4,4
18,010-6
290
330
40
440
200
540
400
8
33
very good corrosion

125 000 r esistant, silver colors
-6
540
590
12
780
540
830
590
10
12
Cu 3
1)
F34 soft
2.0730 30
2.1020
Cu 4
F54 soft
2.0853 73 Cu 5
hardened 8,8
> 18,0
16,010
2.0857 73
2.0853
Cu 5
hardened 8,8
> 15,0
16,010-6
Cu 6
2.0966
CuBe2
Cu 2
F20
1)
F37
2.0580
CuAl10 Ni5 Fe4
Cu 1
F20 soft
m
mm
]
]
[mm
[mmK
Used for
2.0321 26
2.0321
Cu 2
2.0730 10
CuNi12 Zn24
(nickel silver)
CuSn6
(Resistan)
CuNi1,5Si
Cu 1
Electrical
Coefficient Mechanical properties
conductivity of thermal
at 20C3)
expansion
a 30/100 C
2.124 75
Cu 7
hardened 8,3
~10
180
16,710-6
270
1050
440
18
640
1200
15
2
140 000 high-strength fastening,

with very good electrical
144 000 conductivity
seawater-resistant
125 000 high-strength fastening,

corrosion resistant, good
electrical conductivity
Cold strain hardening

Elongation at break A5 Test on machined test rod with 5 x d test length
1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa
Minimum breaking torque for screws up to M5

Threads
nominal
Minimum breaking torque1) [Nm] for material
M1,6
M2
M2,5
M3
M3,5
M4
M5
0,06
0,12
0,24
0,4
0,7
1
2,1
CU2
0,10
0,21
0,45
0,8
1,3
1,9
3,8
CU3
0,10
0,21
0,45
0,8
1,3
1,9
3,8
CU4
0,11
0,23
0,5
0,9
1,4
2
4,1
CU5
0,14
0,28
0,6
1,1
1,7
2,5
5,1
AL1
0,06
0,13
0,27
0,5
0,8
1,1
2,4
AL2
0,07
0,15
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,3
2,7
AL3
0,08
0,16
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,4
2,8
AL4
0,1
0,2
0,43
0,8
1,2
1,8
3,7
AL5
0,11
0,22
0,47
0,8
1,3
1,9
4
AL6
0,12
0,25
0,5
0,9
1,5
2,2
4,5
The torque test is to be carried out in according to ISO 898-7
T.028
www.bossard.com
1)
CU1

Special materials
Designation
Material number
Highly corrosion resistant nickel-molybdenum alloy with excellent resistance against reducing media, in particular against all
concentrations of hydrochloric acid up to boiling point, moist chlorine water gas, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid and alkaline
solutions. Adequate resistance to oxidising and reducing gases up to 800 C. Not recommended for strongly oxidising agents,
iron and copper salts (see Hastelloy C).
Hastelloy C
Highly corrosion resistant nickel-chrome-molybdenum alloy with particularly high resistance against aggressive, oxidising and
reducing media bleach solutions which contain free chlorine, chlorites, hypochlorites, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid,
organic acids such as vinegar and formic acid, solutions of nitrates, sulphates and sulphites, chlorides and chlorates, chromates
and cyanogen compounds.
B-2
B-3
C-4
C-22
C-276
C-2000
2.4617
2.4600
Application: Components subject to strong chemical action, turbo-superchargers for jet engines etc.
2.4610
2.4602
2.4819
2.4675
Hastelloy G
G-3
2.4619
G-30
2.4603
Inconel
600
2.4816
601
2.4851
625
2.4856
718
2.4668
Monel
400
2.4360
K-500
2.4375
Nimonic
75
80A
90
105
Titanium
Gr. 1
Gr. 2
Gr. 3
Gr. 4
Titanium
Gr.5
2.4951
2.4952
2.4969
2.4634
3.7025
3.7035
3.7055
3.7065
3.7164/
3.7165
Titanium
Gr. 7
3.7235
Gr. 11
3.7225
Description and range of application, based on information provided by the manufacturer
Hastelloy B
Application: Components subject to strong chemical action, in chemical processes and plants, exhaust cleaning systems,
in the production of fibres and paper, waste disposal etc.
Nickel-chrome-iron alloy with excellent resistance to corrosion in oxidising media.
Application: In chemical process engineering, particularly suitable for the production of phosphoric acid and nitric acid,
desulphurization plant etc.
Nickel-chrome alloy with good industrial properties at high temperatures up to and above 1000C and an excellent resistance to
oxidation. Even resists corrosion from caustic materials.
Application: Heat treatment plant, nuclear energy technology, gas turbines, linings, ventilators and fans, chemical industry etc.
Nickel-copper alloy with high strength and toughness over a wide range of temperatures.
Excellent resistance to corrosion by salt water and a large number of acids and alkaline solutions.
Also suitable for parts used in presses and forges.
Application: Valves, pumps, mountings, mechanically stressed components exposed to seawater etc.
The nickel-based chrome materials are alloys with a particularly high fatigue strength and resistance to oxidisation.
For high mechanical stresses at temperatures up to 1000 C. A wide variety of penetration hardening methods allow the
relaxation and creep behaviour to be controlled.
Application: Rotating components subject to high temperatures, springs, fasteners, combustion chamber components, blades,
washers, shafts etc.
Reactive material with high strength in relation to its low density. Excellent resistance to corrosion in oxidising metals
which contain chloride.
Application: Components for weight-saving construction requiring high strength, subject to strong oxidising stresses, particularly
in the presence of chlorides. Chemical industry, seawater desalination, power station technology, medical technology etc.
Titanium alloy with a high specific strength.
Application: Components for the air and space industries, chemical processing technology, rotating components, fasteners,
vehicle engineering etc.
Pure titanium alloyed with palladium. Increased resistance to corrosion, particularly against moist media which contain chloride.
Grade 11 has increased properties of deformation.
Application: Chemical and petrochemical plant, housings etc.
www.bossard.com
T.029

Thermoplastics
Reference values of physical characteristics according to manufacturers data
Material
abbreviation
DIN 7728
Density [g/cm3]
DIN 53479
Tensile strength
[N/mm2]
DIN 53455
Fracture
resistance %
DIN 53455
Elasticity module
[N/mm2]
DIN 53457
Ball penetration
hardness, 10-sec
Value [N/mm2]
DIN 53456
Impact strength
[kJ/m2]
DIN 53453
Ductility
[kJ/m2]
DIN 53453
PE-HD
PE-LD
PP
POM
PA 6
PA 66
0,94/0,96
0,914/0,928
0,90/0,907
1,41/1,42
1,13
1,14
18/35
8/23
21/37
62/70
70/85
77/84
100/1000
300/1000
20/800
25/70
200/300
150/300
700/1400
200/500
1100/1300
2800/3200
1400
2000
40/65
13/20
36/70
150/170
75
100
without fracture
without fracture
without fracture
100
without fracture
without fracture
without fracture
without fracture
3/17
8
without fracture
15/20
Electrical properties
Material
Specific
abbreviation resistance
DIN 7728
[ cm]
DIN 53482
Surface
resistance
[]
DIN 53482
Dielectric constant
DIN 53483
50 Hz
106 Hz
Dielectric loss factor

DIN 53483
50 Hz
106 Hz
PE-HD
PE-LD
PP
POM
PA 6
PA 66
1014
1014
1013
1013
1010
1010
2,35
2,29
2,27
3,7
3,8
8,0
2,4 104
1,5 104
< 4 104
0,005
0,01
0,14
> 1017
> 1017
> 1017
> 1015
1012
1012
2,34
2,28
2,25
3,7
3,4
4,0
2,0 104
0,8 104
< 5 104
0,005
0,03
0,08
Dielectric strength
[kV/25 m]
[kV/cm]
ASTM D 149 DIN 53481
> 700
> 700
800
700
350
400
500/650
380/500
400
600
Surface leakage current

resistance DIN 53480
KA
KB/KC
3c
3b
3c
3b
3b
3b
> 600
> 600
> 600
> 600
> 600
> 600
Thermal properties
Dimensional stability C
VSP (Vicat
5 kg)
DIN 53460
max. short therm max. permanent min. permanent

PE-HD
PE-LD
PP
POM
PA 6
PA 66
90/120
80/90
140
110/140
140/180
170/200
Abbreviation
PE-HD
PE-LD
PP
POM
PA 6
PA 66
T.030
70/80
60/75
100
90/110
80/100
80/120
50
50
0/30
60
30
30
Significance
High density polyethylene
Low density polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polymethylene, Polyacetale
Polyamide 6
Polyamide 6.6
www.bossard.com
60/70
85/100
160/173
180
200
Linear coefficient Thermal

of expansion
conductivity
Specific heat
[N/mm2]
K1 10-6
[W/mK]
[kJ/kg K]
50
35
45/120
110/170
80/190
105/200
200
250
150
90/110
80
80
0,38/0,51
0,32/0,40
0,17/0,22
0,25/0,30
0,29
0,23
2,1/2,7
2,1/2,5
2,0
1,46
1,7
1,7
ASTM D 648
1,86/0,45
I nstructions for screws made of thermoplastic

materials
Mechanical and physical properties, especially tensile
strength and preload as well as colour, tolerances of
threaded section and head geometry are subject to climatic
conditions. Consult DIN 34810 and ISO 4759-1 for tolerance
values, advice and assembly torques.
Preload can fall via stress relaxation. Instructions for
construction and design are to be followed on the basis of
VDI 2544.
Material
Operating temperature C
abbreviation
DIN 7728

Turpentine
0
0
Water
absorption,
%
ASTM D 570
EC chlorinated,
non-saturated
1
1
Greases, oils
1
1
Mineral oils
1
1
Fuels
3
3
EC aromatic
Amines
0
0
Organic acids
Aldehydes
1
3
Cetone
1
1
Alcohol
Ether
Ether-salicylic
EC chlorinated
EC aliphatic
Halogen, dry
Saline solutions
Detegrents, weak
Acid hydrofluoric
Acids, oxidised
Acids, strong
Acids, dilute
Water, hot
PE-HD
Water, cold
Material
abbreviation
Detegrents, strong
Chemical resistance
PE-LD
1
1
POM
PP
PA 6
< 0,01
< 0,01
0,01 to 0,03
0,22 to 0,25
1,3 to 1,9
1 resistant 3 resistant with reservation 0 inconstant
Abbreviation
PE-HD
PE-LD
PP
POM
PA 6
Significance
High density polyethylene
Low density polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polymethylene, Polyacetale
Polyamide 6
www.bossard.com
T.031

Elastomere
Combustibility
Material shortmark
ISO 1629
Combustibility
Temperature
range1)
1)
CR
FPM
NBR
EPDM
TPE
ChloroprenCaoutchouc
FlourineCaoutchouc
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Caoutchouc
Ethylene-PropyleneDiene-Caoutchouc
Thermoplastic
Elastomer
UL 94 - V2
min.
30 C
max. continually +100 C
intermittent +120 C
UL 94 - V2
20 C
+200 C
+280 C
UL 94 HB
30 C
+120 C
+150 C
UL 94 HB
40 C
+130 C
+170 C
UL 94 HB
30 C
+80 C
+120 C
Minus values in temperature range apply only to parts in idle state without impact stress.
Chemical resistance2)
Material shortmark
ISO 1629
CR
FPM
NBR
EPDM
TPE
Alcohol
Benzine
Diesel oil
Mineral oil
Animal and vegetarian
greases
A
C
C
B
B
FlourineCaoutchouc
Acrylonitrile-ButadieneCaoutchouc
Thermoplastic
Elastomer
A
B
B
C
C
C
B
C
A
A
A
A
B
C
B
C
C
C
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
Weak alkaline solution

Strong alkaline solution
Weak acids
Strong acids
Water
Ozone
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
C
C
B
B
A
B
B
B
A
The following details should be regarded as guidelines only. Any more definite information can only be given with reference to the particular application in
hand. For example, a precision part may fail simply on account of a slight change in volume, or aggressive media may in fact be usable as cleansing agent if
only briefly in contact with the material in question.
A Very good, chemical resistance. Constant action of medium causes no damage to plastic within a period of 30 days. The plastic may remain resistant
over a period of several years.
B Good to limited chemical resistance. Constant action of medium may cause slight damage within a period of 7 to 30 days, this damage some times
being reversible (swelling, softening, reduction in mechanical strength, discolouration).
C Low chemical resistance. Unsuitable for subjection to constant action of medium. Damage may occur immediately (reduction in mechanical strength,
deformation, discolouration, cracks, dissolution).
2)
Chemical ingredients
Material shortmark
ISO 1629
CR
FPM
NBR
EPDM
TPE
halogen free
phosphate free
silicone free
yes
yes
FlourineCaoutchouc
Acrylonitrile-ButadieneCaoutchouc
Thermoplastic
Elastomer
T.032
www.bossard.com
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Galvanic process
Fasteners with electroplated coatings
Galvanizing Passivation. Galvanizing followed by passivation
of fasteners is a procedure which has proven itself in terms of
both corrosion resistance and appearance. We can offer you an
extensive assortment from our range in stock.
New developments in processes involving chromium

(VI)-free coatings offering the same or similar protective effect
spurred onwards by environmental regulations due to EU Directives 2000/53/EC (ELV) und 2002/95/EC (RoHS). Until now
normal practice has been to use galvanic zinc coatings (ISO
4042) with chromate treatment based on chromium (VI) for the
corrosion protection of fasteners. The new surface treatments
based on chromium (VI) free systems usually require a more
complex process control and where necessary additional cover
layers, since the self-healing effect is missing. Long-term experience gained under working conditions is largely not available
and such experience is also influenced by specific conditions
such as handling, transport and feeder devices. Consequently it
is recommended that a review be made through the adjustment
for the different operating conditions met in practice.
Chromating and/or passivation after-treatment. Is a process

for generating a chromating and/or passivation coating by
treatment with a solution containing a hexavalent chromium
compound (chromating) or trivalent chromium compound (passivating). This after-treatment is carried out immediately after
galvanizing by brief immersion into chromic acid solutions. The
chromating and/or passivation process increases corrosion
resistance and prevents tarnishing and discolorations of the zinc
coating. The protective effect of the layer of chromate differs with
the different types of procedure (see the table!).
Types of procedure used for the passivation of electroplated zinc coatings

Protective effect of zinc coatings with passivation under conditions of salt spray testing to ISO 9227 (DIN 50021 SS).
Types of process
Chromate coating
own color
Colorless passivation
transparent
Blue passivation
Yellow chromated
transparent,
with a tinge of blue
(standard)
yellowish lustre to
yellow-brown iridescent
Olive chromated
olive-green to
olive-brown (rare)
Black chromated1)
BK
blackish brown to
black (decorative)
1)
Designation of the
passivation
Nominal thickness on
the coating
First appearance of
White rust, hours

h
Red rust, hours

h
3
5
8
3
5
8
3
5
8
3
5
8
3
5
8
2
6
6
6
12
24
24
48
72
24
72
96
12
24
12
24
48
12
36
72
24
72
120
24
96
144
72
On edges, the edges of the Phillips recess etc. use of the drum process means that you can practically always expect the black chromate coating to be
rubbed off here and the underlying light-colored zinc coating to become locally visible.
Reduction of the risk of hydrogen embrittlement (ISO 4042)

There is a risk of failure due to hydrogen embrittlement in galvanically finished fasteners which are under tensile stress and which
are made from steels with tensile strengths of Rm 1000 N/mm2,
corresponding to 320 HV.
Alternative methods of corrosion protection or coating should

therefore be selected for parts which are important to safety,
alternatives such as anorganic zinc coating, mechanical
galvanization or a switch to rust- and acid-resistant steels.
Heat treatment (tempering) of the parts, e.g. after the acid pickling or metal coating process, will reduce the risk of breakage.
However it cannot be guaranteed that the risk of hydrogen
embrittlement will be removed completely. If the risk of hydrogen
embrittlement must be reduced, then other coating procedures
should be considered.
Where the method of fabrication allows, fasteners in classes

10.9 ( HV320) are provided with an anorganic zinc coating or
are mechanically galvanized.
The user of the fasteners knows the purposes and requirements
for which the fasteners are to be used and he must specify the
appropriate type of surface treatment!
www.bossard.com
T.033
Coating thicknesses for parts with external thread

Thread
pitch
P
Nominal
thread
diameter1)
d1
Internal thread
External thread
Tolerance position G Tolerance position g
Tolerance position f
Tolerance position e
Fundamental
deviation
Coating
thickness
Fundamental
deviation
Fundamental
deviation
Fundamental
deviation
Nom. coating thickness

max.2)
[mm]
[mm]
[m]
max. [m] [m]
[m]
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,45
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,75
0,8
1
1,25
1,5
1,75
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
5,5
6
1; 1,2
1,4
1,6 (1,8)
2
2,5 (2,2)
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
6 (7)
8
10
12
16 (14)
20 (18; 22)
24 (27)
30 (33)
36 (39)
42 (45)
48 (52)
56 (60)
64
+17
+18
+18
+19
+19
+20
+20
+21
+22
+22
+24
+26
+28
+32
+34
+38
+42
+48
+53
+60
+63
+71
+75
+80
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
10
12
12
15
15
15
15
20
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
10
12
12
15
15
15
15
20
2)
3)
[m] [m] [m] [m]
10d 15d
[m]
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
10
12
12
15
15
15
15
20
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
8
8
10
12
12
12
15
15
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
12
12
12
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
8
8
10
10
10
12
12
34
34
35
36
36
38
38
38
40
42
45
48
52
58
63
70
75
80
85
90
95
max.3)
Overall Nom. length l

length
5d
max.2)
5d
[m] [m] [m] [m]
10d 15d
[m]
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
12
12
12
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
8
10
10
12
12
15
15
15
15
15
12
12
12
12
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
10
10
12
12
12
15
15
50
53
56
56
60
60
63
67
71
71
80
85
90
95
100
106
112
118
max.3)

length
5d
10d 15d
12
12
12
12
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
12
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
[m] [m] [m]
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
15
15
15
15
15
15
Information for coarse pitch threads is given for information. The determining characteristic is the thread pitch.
Maximum values of nominal coating thickness if local thickness measurement is agreed.
Maximum values of nominal coating thickness if batch average thickness measurement is agreed.
If no particular plating thickness is specified, the minimum plating

thickness is applied. This is also considered the standard plating
thickness.
In the case of parts with very long thread or small dimensions ( M4),
an irregular coating thickness may occur due to the processing. This
can cause assembly problems.
Possible solution: Use of a chemical nickel plating or stainless steel
screws A2 or A4.
max.2)
T.034
www.bossard.com
xternal threads are normally fabricated in tolerance

E
zone 6g.
e and f tolerance are not common and require special methods
of screw manufacture. Minimum quantities, longer delivery
periods and higher prices may make these economically unviable. An alternative is to use parts made from stainless steel
A2. Internal threads have a thinner coating due to technical
reasons. How ever, this has no significance in practical use
because when assembled these are protected by the coating
of the external thread of the screw.
1)
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
22
22
24
26
28
32
34
38
42
48
53
60
63
71
75
80
max.3)

length
Possible tolerance adjustments for surface coatings ISO 10684 (hot galvanization)
Product
Thread
Tolerance
Bolt thread
undercut
6 az
Nut thread
overcut
6 AZ
Headmark
example
8.8 U
8Z
Measuring points for coating thickness
Measuring
point
Measuring
point
Further galvanic coating processes

Process
Details
Nickel-plating
Nickel-plating is decorative and provides effective corrosion protection. A hard coating, used in the electrical appliance
and telecommunications industries. No coating abrasion occurs, especially with screws. Improves protection against
impregnation, see table below.
Veralisation (Thick layer nickel

plating)
Is a galvanic (electrochemical) nickel coating ideally suited for workpieces subjected to heavy loads.
> Application of a tough and non-hard nickel layer.
Brass-plating
Brass plating is mainly applied for decorative purposes. In addition, steel components are brass-plated in order to
improve the adhesion of rubber to steel.
Chromium-plating
Copper-plating
As primer prior to nickel-plating, chrome-plating, and silver-plating as needed. Used for decorative purposes.
Silver-plating
Silver-plating is employed for decorative and technical applications.
Tin-plating
Tin-plating is carried out mainly to permit or improve soldering (soft-solder).

Simultaneously serves as corrosion protection. Subsequent heat treatment not possible.
Anodizing
Usually following nickel-plating. Coating thickness about 0,51,0 m.

Chromium is decorative, enhances resistance to tarnishing and improves corrosion protection.
Bright chromium-plated: high brightness finish.
Matt chromium-plated: matt lustre (silk finish).
Drum chromium plating not possible.
When aluminum is anodized (electrolytic oxidation), a coating which provides corrosion protection is produced
also prevents tarnishing. Practically any color can be produced for decorative purposes in a downstream coloring process.
www.bossard.com
T.035
Further surface treatments

Process
Details
Hot-dip galvanizing
Immersion in molten zinc with a temp. of about 440 C to 470 C. Thickness of coating not less than 40 m.
Finish dull and rough. Color change possible after a certain time.
Very good corrosion protection. Can be used for thread parts from M8. Threads need to be over or undercut to
assure proper thread mating.
Zinc flake coatings

Geomet
Delta-Tone/Delta-Protekt
Zinc flake coatings are excellent for high strength components with tensile strength of Rm 1000 N/mm2
(Property class 10.9, Hardness 320 HV).
This process practically eliminates the possibility of hydrogen embrittlement. Temperature resistant 300 C.
Can be applied to size M4 and up.
Mechanical plating
Mechanical /chemical process. The degreased parts are placed in a drum with powdered zinc and glass pellets.
The pellets serve to transfer the zinc powder to the surface to be treated.
Black oxidizing of
Stainless steel
Chemical process in hot hydroxide solution.

For decorative purposes.
Phosphate
(bonderizing, parkerizing,
atramentizing)
Only slight corrosion protection. Good undercoat for painting. Grey to grey-black appearance.
Better corrosion protection oiled.
Black oxidizing
Waterproofing / sealing
Baking
Tribological coating
(Solid film lubricants)
1)
Waxing
Sealing is applied to the component using an immersion process after galvanization and passivation.
Sealing increases corrosion resistance.
These coatings provide a friction reducing and wear resistant film.
Reduce galling tendency.
Provide a lubrication layer, reduces driving torque of thread-forming screws.
Bossard ecosyn -lubric

Bossard ecosyn-lubric tribological dry coating is a non-electrolytically applied, thin layered coating with integrated lubricating properties and additional
corrosion protection. The coating consists of a composition of fluoropolymers and organic submicroscopic solid lubricant particles, which are dispersed in
carefully selected synthetic resin blends and solvents. The AFC coating (Anti-Friction-Coating) creates a smooth film, which balances all unevenness of the
surface thereby optimising friction under extreme loads and working conditions. The synthectic resin in turn ensures better corrosion protection.
T.036
www.bossard.com
Particularly with nickel-plated parts, subsequent treatment in dewatering fluid with the addition of wax
may seal the micropores with wax. Significantly improves the corrosion resistance.
The wax film is dry and invisible.
Following electrolytic or pickling treatment, high tensile strength steel parts (from Rm 1000 N/mm2, corresponding to
320 HV) can become brittle due to hydrogen absorption (hydrogen embrittlement). This embrittlement increases for
components with small cross sections. Part of the hydrogen can be eliminated by baking between 180 C and 230 C
(below tempering temperature). Experience indicates that this is not guaranteed 100%.
Baking for >4 hrs must immediately be carried out after pickling and after galvanic treatment.
Sealing
1)
Chemical process, bath temperature about 140 C.

For decorative purposes. Temporary corrosion protection only.

Selection of fasteners
Estimation of screw diameters
according to VDI guideline 22301)
The following procedure allows a rough estimate to be made of

the required screw dimensions for a particular screwed connection and temperature around 20 C, in correspondence with the
details in VDI 2230. The result should be checked mathematically
in each case.
Procedure:
A Select in column 1 the next higher force to the work force FA,Q
acting on the bolted joint.
B The required minimum preload FM min is found by proceeding
from this number:
or
2 steps
for dynamic,
eccentric axial force
4 steps
for static or dynamic transverse
(shear) force
FQ
FA
FQ
FA
or
1 step
for either dynamic and centrical or
static and eccentric force
FA
FA
FA
FA
or
0 step
for static,
centrical axial force
FA
FA
Example:
A joint is loaded dynamically and eccentrically by the axial force
FA = 8500 N. The screw of strength class 12.9 will be assembled
with a manual torque wrench.
A 10000 N is the next higher force to FA in column 1
B 2 steps for eccentric and dynamic axial force lead to
FM min = 25000 N
C 1 step for tightening with manual torque wrench leads to
FM max = 40000 N
D For FM max = 40000 N thread size M10 is found in column 2
(property class 12.9)
Force in
[N]
250
400
630
1000
1600
2500
4000
6300
10000
16000
25000
40000
63000
100000
160000
250000
400000
630000
2
Nominal diameter [mm]
Property class
12.9
M3
M3
M3
M4
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M16
M20
M24
M30
M36
10.9
M3
M3
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M18
M22
M27
M33
M39
8.8
M3
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M20
M24
M30
M36
C The required maximum preload force FM max is found by proceeding from this force FM min by:
2 steps
for tightening the screw with a
motorized/pneumatic screwdriver
which is set for a certain tightening
torque
or
1 step
for tightening with a torque wrench/
or precision motorized screwdriver,
which is set and checked by means
of dynamic torque measurement
or elongation measurement of the
screw
or
0 step
for turn of the nut
method or yield point
controlled method
D
Once the preload (force) has been estimated, the correct
screw size is found next to it in column 2 to 4 underneath the
appropriate strength class.
1)
VDI = Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (Association of German engineers)
www.bossard.com
T.037

Fatigue resistance
Strength under dynamic load
according to VDI 2230
Screws are notched components; the notching is provided by the

thread. Under conditions of changing load, fatigue fractures can
occur in the screws. In 90% of the cases the break occurs in the
first load-bearing part of the thread, at the entry into the internal
(female) thread. In these cases the design must allows for the
fatigue strength A of the screws; this amounts to a fraction of
the tensile strength, independent of the static loading!
For hot-dip galvanized screws the fatigue strength is about 20%

lower than for screws hardened and tempered at the end of the
manufacturing process.
Other constructive measures which can increase the fatigue
strength:
Basically, all measures which can reduce the effective peak
stresses or prevent combined loading (loading along more than
one axis), are suitable for increasing the fatigue strength of the
screwed connections. Long rather than short screws, screws with
waisted shanks rather than screws with normal shanks, pins or fitted shoulder screws to absorb lateral forces, adequate and above
all controlled prestressing of the screws.
The fatigue strength of fine threads decreases with increasing rigidity and fineness of thread. The fatigue strength of fine
threaded fasteners with a property class of 12.9, it can be up to
30% lower than for coarse threads.
Graphic: VDI 2230, Edition 1986

1 Thread rolled then hardened and tempered
(standard practice)
2 Hardened and tempered, then thread rolled
Fatigue
failure
Fatigue
failure
through hole possible
blind hole
a Danger of fatigue failure in the internal thread as well

b Reduces the danger of fatigue failure
in the internal thread through overlapping screw threads
in the first load-bearing part of the thread, through design which allows flexibility in the reduced shank
c Reduces the danger of fatigue failure in the internal thread through rounded indentation and overlapping screw threads
d Danger of fatigue failure in jammed thread run out of the screw thread
e Reduces the danger of fatigue failure compared with (d) through design which allows flexibility, overlapping internal thread and bracing the screw with the
starter head.
f As for e but here the centre belt serves to reduce bending stresses in the screw thread.
g Reduces the risk of fatigue failure through tensioning the belt against the bearing surfaces of the internal thread, leading to general release of the screw
thread from bending stresses.
T.038
www.bossard.com
Fatigue
failure

Length of engaged thread
Recommended minimum lengths of engaged thread in cutted internal threads on components
from information provided by manufacturers, based on trail values M6 to M16

Where screws have to be screwed into internal threads and
where full load-bearing capacity is required, then minimum
lengths of engaged thread have to be defined which depend on
the strength of the material from which the component is made.
On the other hand, in many cases the internal threads on the

components are less strong than standard nuts of the same
strength class for the screws which are being used.
This means that special attention must be given to achieving the
required minimum length of engaged thread, in order to ensure
adequate durability of the screwed connection.
The following recommended values have been determined from
practical trials.
There is normally less flexibility compared with standard nuts,

so that when tightening up there is no need to worry about any
resulting enlargement which might mean that the threads would
not grip.
Component material with incised

internal thread
tolerance 6g/6H
Recommended minimum length of engaged thread without

countersinking for the strength class of the screw
Rm in [N/mm2]
S235 (St37-2)
2C15 N (C15)
8.8
coarse thread
fine thread
10.9
coarse thread
fine thread
12.9
coarse thread
> 360 (ferrite / perlite structure)
1,0 d
[1,5 d]1)
1,25 d
1,25 d
[1,8 d]1)
1,4 d
1,4 d
[2,1 d]1)
> 500 (ferrite / perlite structure)
0,9 d
[1,3 d]1)
1,0 d
1,0 d
[1,6 d]1
1,2 d
1,2 d
[1,8 d]1)
C45 V
35Cr4 V
34CrMo4 V
42CrMo4 V
> 800 (heat-treated structure)
0,8 d
[0,9 d]1)
0,8 d
0,9 d
[1,1 d]1)
0,9 d
1,0 d
[1,2 d]1)
GJL 250 (GG-25)
> 220
1,25 d
> 180
> 180
> 330
> 330
> 550
> 550
1,25 d
[1,6 d]1)
1,4 d
Al 99,5
AlMg3 F18
AlMgSi1 F32
AlMg4,5Mn F28
AluMg1 F40 1
AlZn MgCu 0,5 F50
1,0 d
[1,3 d]1)
1,4 d
[1,8 d]1)
E 285 (St50-2)
S 355 (St52-3)
2C35 N (C35 N)
GMgAl9 Zn1
1)
> 230
2 d [3 d]1)
1,4 d
1,4 d
1,1 d
1,0 d
1,4 d
2 d [3 d]1)
1,4 d
1,4 d
1,4 d
2,0 d
1,6 d
1,6 d
1,6 d
2,5 d
2,0 d
2,0 d
2,0 d
Values in brackets are based on the formula from VDI 2230 [theoretical values]
Tables for the approximate values of minimum length of engagement with thread tolerances of 6g/6H require a sufficient wall thickness for the nut thread. For exact values a calculation according to
VDI 2230 are required.
The minimum length of engagement means effective sufficient
overlapping of the threads without countersink at the construction
unit and without thread run out at the bolt end.
For lengths of engaged thread above 1,5 d, external or

internal threads at the extreme tolerance limits can lead to the
screw becoming jammed.
ISO 965-1 defines the grades of tolerance for external
and internal threads; compliance with these will ensure a
problem-free assembly of the screwed fastening.
Marking of the thread depth according to ISO 965-1

S small
N normal
L large
www.bossard.com
T.039

Typical values for allowable surface pressures for different materials

The limit pressure per unit area should not be exceeded when
tightening the screw or the nut otherwise the threaded connection
can loosen as a result of seating effects.
Based on VDI 2230, 1986 edition, with proven limiting values
The values given apply to holes without chamfers and with
sufficiently large external diameter for the tensioned part at room
temperature.
Materials for
the locking parts
Tensile strength
Rm [N/mm2]
PG [N/mm2]
St 37
St 50
C 45
42 CrMo 4
30 CrNiMo 8
X 5 CrNiMo 18 10
X 10 CrNiMo 18 9
Titan, unalloyed
GG 15
GG 25
GG 35
GG 40
GGG 35,5
DG MgAl 9
GK MgAl 9
AlZnMg Cu 0,5
370
500
800
1000
1200
500 to 700
500 to 750
390 to 540
150
250
350
400
350
300
200
450
260
420
700
850
750
210
220
300
600
800
900
1100
480
220
140
370
Boundary conditions which affect the surface pressure
Chamfer
Chamfers at the hole (contact

surfaces with the fastening
element) can for steels result
in permitted values for surface
pressure up to 25% higher
being achieved (supporting
effect).
T.040
Material number Tensile

strength Rm min
Limiting
surface
pressure1) 4)
[N/mm2]
PG [N/mm2]
USt 37-2 (S235 JRG1)

St 50-2 (E295)
St 52-3U (S355 JO)
Cq 45
34 CrMo 4
34 CrNiMo 6
38 MnSi-VS 5-BY
16 MnCr 5
X5 CrNi 18 12
X5 CrNiMo 17 12 2
X5 NiCrTi 26 15
NiCr20TiAl
GG-25 (GJL-250)
GGG-40 (GJS-400)
GGG-50 (GJS-500)
GGG-60 (GJS-600)
AlMgSi 1 F31
(AW-6082)
1.0036
1.0050
1.0553
1.1192
1.7720
1.6582
1.5231
1.7131
1.4303
1.4401
1.4980
2.4952
0.6020
0.7040
0.7050
0.7060
3.2315.62
340
470
510
700
1000
1200
900
1000
500
510
960
1000
250
400
500
600
290
490
710
760
6302)
8702)
10802)
8102)
9002)
630
4602)
8602)
700
8502) 3)
6002) 3)
7502) 3)
9002) 3)
2602)
AlMgSi 1 F28
AlMg4.5Mn F27
(AW-5083)
3.2315.61
3.3547.08
260
260
2302)
2302)
AlZnMgCu 1.5
(AW-7075)
3.4365.71
540
4102)
GK-AlSi9Cu3
GD-AlSi9Cu3
GK-AlSi7Mg wa
AZ 91
TiAl6V4
3.2163.02
3.2163.05
3.2371.62
(3.5812)
3.7165.10
180
240
250
310
890
2202)
2902)
3802)
2802)
8902)
Tightening procedures, supporting effects or the behaviour of anisotropic

materials can often mean that a significantly higher value for pressure can
be permitted than the pressure liquid limits for the particular material.
The much higher limiting surface pressures are supported by experience
gained in practice and should be checked for each specific case of
application.
2)
Figures in italics have not yet been checked against the latest results from
research and practice (TU Darmstadt).
3)
Limiting surface pressure determined at continuous axial load at room
temperature.
1)
When tightening using a power

screwdriver, for steels the
permissible limiting value of
surface pressure can be up to
25% lower!
Poweroperated
screwdriver
Abbreviated term
for the material
EN designation
www.bossard.com
4)
Surface pressure4)
Based on VDI 2230, edition of 2003 with typical values

determined experimentally

Guide values for surface condition in area of contact

surfaces
Roughness, shape and position tolerance
Comparison table of possible symbols, classes and values

Rz for surface roughness
Thread
(ISO 4288, Geometrical Product Specifications Surface texture:

Roules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture)
Rec. minimum edge

distance c [mm]
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10 M12 M16 M20
7,5
12
15
maximum deviation from

rectangularity z [mm]
0,04 0,08 0,08 0,09 0,11 0,13 0,17 0,21
maximum roughness
Ra x [m]
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
18
3,2
24
3,2
30
6,3
Designation
max. Rz value ( Rt)

max. Ra value
Roughness classes
Old symbols
Measuring range
40
6,3
N9
25
3,2
N8
25
2
N8
16
1,6
N7
10
1,6
N7
Units
m
m
Surface pressure under the head of a hexagon screw
according to DIN 931/933 (ISO 4014/4017) with coarse thread

Nominal
thread
Width across
flats
of the bearing
surface
Smax
[mm]
dw min
[mm]
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M10
M12
M12
M14
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M22
M24
M27
M30
7
8
10
13
16
17
18
19
21
22
24
27
30
34
32
36
41
46
5,9
6,9
8,9
11,6
14,63
15,6
16,63
17,4
19,64
20,5
22,5
25,3
28,2
31,71
30
33,6
38
42,7
Stressed
cross-section
Surface pressure under the head1)

[N/mm2]
dh
[mm]
Ap
[mm2]
As nom
[mm2]
Property class
8.8
10.9
12.9
4,5
5,5
6,6
9
11
11
13,5
13,5
15,5
15,5
17,5
20
22
24
24
26
30
33
11,4
13,6
28
42,1
73,1
96,1
74,1
94,6
114,3
141,4
157,1
188,6
244,4
337,3
254,5
355,8
427,3
576,7
8,78
14,2
20,1
36,6
58
58
84,3
84,3
115
115
157
192
245
303
303
353
459
561
385
528
364
442
405
308
580
454
517
418
515
541
532
480
637
528
576
520
665
909
625
761
695
529
999
782
888
718
885
901
888
803
1065
880
960
865
568
777
532
649
594
452
853
668
759
613
756
769
761
685
908
750
821
740
dh
da
The values shown in the tables for surface pressure are for a 90% utilisation of the yield strength of the screw Rp 0,2 and G = 0,12 (reference: VDI 2230:2003)
As nom = /4((d2 + d3)/2)2

d2 = basic pitch diameter of external thread
d3 = minor diameter of external thread
Bearing
surface
dw
1)
Through hole
(ISO 273)
medium H13
dh > da
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T.041

Surface pressure under the head of a socket head cap screw
according to DIN 912 (ISO 4762/14759) and coarse thread

Nominal
thread
of head
of the bearing
surface
dK
[mm]
dw min
[mm]
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
7
8,5
10
13
16
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
40
45
6,53
8,03
9,38
12,33
15,33
17,23
20,17
23,17
25,87
28,87
31,81
34,81
38,61
43,61
1)
Through hole
(ISO 273)
medium H13
Bearing
surface
Stressed
cross-section
Surface pressure under the head1)

[N/mm2]
dh
[mm]
Ap
[mm2]
As nom
[mm2]
Property class
8.8
10.9
12.9
4,5
5,5
6,6
9
11
13,5
15,5
17,5
20
22
24
26
30
33
17,6
26,9
34,9
55,8
89,5
90
130,8
181,1
211,5
274,5
342,3
420,8
464
638,4
8,78
14,2
20,1
36,6
58
84,3
115
157
192
245
303
353
459
561
250
268
292
333
331
478
452
447
482
474
473
447
530
470
432
461
502
574
567
822
776
767
804
791
792
744
884
782
370
394
427
489
485
702
663
656
686
678
675
635
756
669
The values shown in the tables for surface pressure are for a 90% utilisation of the yield strength of the screw Rp 0,2 and G = 0,12 (reference: VDI 2230:2003)
Surface pressure under the screw head

It is not possible to precisely define the permissible surface pressure for a particular type of material used to make a component.
The effect of the production process, the alignment of fibers in the
material, surface finishing and temperature changes all play a
decisive role.
The following measures can help reduce the surface
pressure:
use of flange screws and flange nuts.
chamfered holes. Field investigations have shown up to a 20%
increase in permissible surface pressure.
through hole to ISO 273 select a fine hole.
Advantages of flange screws and flange nuts:

less intrusion.
c
lamping force in the fastening during mounting tends to remain
stable.
fl ange products are more economic than large washers under
normal screws and nuts (fewer fastening elements and quicker
assembly).
fl ange screws and nuts allow greater hole tolerances and so are
more economically efficient.
fl ange nuts have a better stability against shaking than normal
screws and nuts.
T.042
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Typical application

Guide to the use of flat washers for screws and nuts
An overview of suitable combinations of flat washers with screws

and nuts, allowing for different strength classes (hardness
classes).
Screws
Property class
Nuts
Property class
Case-hardened, thread-forming screws

Stainless steel, screws and nuts
6.8
6
8.8
8
9.8
9
10.9
10
12.9
12
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Limiting conditions such as strength of component, surface

structure, production process, alignment of fibers and operating
temperatures must be considered when making the selection.
Use of washers with corresponding hardness permitted

Washers hardness class and assigned tensile strength [N/mm2] acc. ISO 18265
100 HV
200 HV
300 HV
320
640
965
Permitted reference values pressure per unit area [N/mm2]
200300
300500
500800
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
T.043

Friction and friction coefficients
Relation of friction coefficient classes to guideline values for various materials/surfaces and
types of lubrication, for screw connections
The friction coefficients G, K display variations since they are

dependent on several factors, e.g. the material combinations,
the quality of the surface finish (depth of roughness), the surface
treatment (plain, blackened, galvanically zinc coated, zinc flake
coatings, etc.) and the method of lubrication (with/without oil,

molybdenum disulfide, molycoat paste, anti-friction coating etc)!
The following tables give friction coefficients for threads and for
bearing surfaces.
The data in the table is valid at room temperature.

Friction coeff.
class
Range for
Typical examples for:
G and K
Material / surfaces
Lubrication
0,040,10
0,080,16
metallic, bright-polished
black tempered
phosphated
galvanized coatings such as Zn, Zn/Fe, Zn/Ni
zinc laminated coatings
black tempered
phosphated
galvanized coatings such as Zn, Zn/Fe, Zn/Ni
zinc laminated coatings
Al and Mg alloys
hot-dip galvanized
organic coatings
solid lubricants such as

MoS2, graphite, PTFE, PA, PE, Pl in lubricating lacquers,
or in pastes
wax glazes,
wax dispersions
austenitic steel
solid lubricants or waxes;

pastes
wax dispersions, pastes
For a safe and secure mounting it is important to define the conditions for friction very precisely and to restrict their variations as
much as possible.
If there is a large variation the desired prestress force can vary
considerably. In contrast to this the normal range of tolerance
for the tightening torque has only a limited effect.
none
none
0,9
FM max.
Rp
0,2
Rp
0,2
min
min
ax
.
0,30
oil
none
in.
0,200,35
as delivered state (lightly oiled)
austenitic steel
phosphated
galvanic coatings such as Zn, Zn/Fe, Zn/Ni
non electrolytically applied zinc
adhesive
austenitic steel
galvanic coatings such as Zn, Zn/Fe
hot-dip galvanized
galvanised coatings such as Zn/Fe, Zn/Ni
austenitic steel
Al and Mg alloys
0,140,24
MoS2, graphite, wax dispersions

with integrated solid lubrication or wax dispersion
Prestressing force FM [kN]
solid lubricants such as MoS2, graphite, PTFE, PA, PE, Pl

in lubricating lacquers, or in pastes,
wax glazes,
wax dispersions, greases,
oils, as-delivered condition
MA max.
MA min.
FM min.
T.044
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Tightening torque MA [Nm]

Approximate values for static coefficient of f riction T in the separation joint

Combination of materials
steel steel / cast steel
steel grey cast iron
grey cast iron grey cast iron
bronze steel
grey cast iron bronze
steel copper alloy
steel aluminium alloy
aluminium aluminium
Static coefficient of efficient in

dry state
0,1 to 0,23
0,12 to 0,24
0,15 to 0,3
0,12 to 0,28
0,28
0,07
0,1 to 0,28
0,21
lubricated state
0,07 to 0,12
0,06 to 0,1
0,2
0,18
0,15 to 0,2
0,05 to 0,18
Guideline values for the tightening factor A and the resulting pre-stress forces in assembly
max. possible preload in assembly FM max

A =

min. required preload in assembly FM min
Today, even simple modern torque screwdrivers are able to
provide torques to very close tolerances. Maximum variations
in torque over a range of 2% are typical values quoted by
manufacturers.
Nevertheless the resulting prestress forces in assembly, depending on the tightening factor, vary from 9% to as much as 60%.
in.
m
0,2
min
min
ax
0,2
FM max.
Rp
Rp
FM min.
MA max.
A therefore covers the variation in the desired prestress force

in assembly between FM max and FM min. The design of the screw
is based on the maximum tightening torque MA max, so that the
screw will not be overloaded during assembly.
The tightening factor A is then defined as:
0,9
MA min.
The tightening factor A (a factor of uncertainty in assembly)

allows for errors in estimating the friction coefficients, the
tightening method, the equipment tolerances, operational failures,
and inaccuracies in reading off values.
Prestressing force FM [kN]
according to VDI 2230:2003
tightening method with measurement of extension hydraulic

tightening methods are practically independent of friction. Their
A factors are low.
torque controlled tightening methods react to the effects of
friction. The A factors are generally higher:
Smaller variations and so smaller A factors occur for friction
coefficients which have been derived from preliminary field
trials. The same applies to cases involving hard screws with
short grip lengths and for quick tightening methods.
Higher A factors arise where friction coefficients are estimated,
for cases involving soft screws and in tightening methods
which are slower, as e.g. for impact screwdrivers and in hand
assembly.
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T.045

Tightening
factor
A
1,2 to 1,4
Variation
FM/2FM middel
Tightening method
Setting procedure
Comments
9 % to 17 %
1,2 to 1,4
9 % to 17 %
9 % to 23 %
1,4 to 1,6
17 % to 23 %
torque-controlled tightening
with torque wrench,
signal-emitting spanner or
precision screwdriver with
torque measurement
1,6 to 2,0
(friction
coefficient
class B)
1,7 to 2,5
(friction
coefficient
class A)
23 % to 33 %
torque-controlled tightening
using a torque wrench,
signal-emitting spanner or
precision screwdriver with
torque measurement
Given value for the relative

torque and turning angle
coefficients
Experimental determination
of the pre-tightening and
rotation angle (in stages)
Setting based on measurement of lengths and applied
pressure
Experimental determination
of the desirable tightening
torque on original screwed
connection component, e.g.
by measuring the elongation
of the screw
Determination of the
desirable tightening torque
made by estimating the
friction coefficient
(surface and lubrication
conditions)
The variation in the prestress force is largely determined

by the variation in the yield point in the screws used.
Here, the screw dimensions are selected based on
FM min.; for this tightening method there is no screw design
for FM max with the tightening factor A.
1,2 to 1,6
Yield-point controlled
tightening, either
power-assisted or manual
rotation-angle controlled
tightening, either
power-assisted or manual
hydraulic tightening
2,5 to 4
43 % to 60 %
Setting of the wrench based

on post-torqueing, derived
from the desirable tightening
torque (for the estimated
friction coefficient) plus an
additional allowance
Lower values for:

large number of settings trials (post-torque)
on the horizontal axis of the screwdriver characteristics
play-free impulse transmission
tightening with
impact wrench or
impulse wrench
Lower values for:

a large number of settings
and control tests (e.g. 20) are
necessary; low variation in
the output torque (e.g. 5 %)
is required.
Lower values for:
measuring torque wrench
consistent tightening
precision screwdriver
Higher values for:
signal-emitting torque wrench
or torque wrench with release
mechanism
Lower values for:

small rotation angles, i.e.
relatively stiff connections
relatively low stiffness of
the surface1)
surfaces which do not
tend to corrode, e.g.
phosphated surfaces or
surfaces with adequate
lubrication
Higher values for (at):
large rotation angles, i.e.
relatively flexible connections and fine threads
high degree of stiffness of
the surface, together with
a rough surface
Surface: Tensioned part, the surface of which is in contact with the tightening element of the connection (screw head or nut).
T.046
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1)
26 % to 43 %
lower values for long screws (lk/d 5)

higher values for short screws (lk/d 2)

How to use reference values
This procedure neither replaces the calculation as defined in VDI

2230 nor meets the current state of technology. However, it will
allow one to approximate a torque that does not cause a bolt fracture during assembly. The main reason for that the actual friction
is lower than anticipated.
We use a short screw M12 x 40, which only requires a small

torque angle. This results in a relative stiff joint, therefore a lower
tightening factor can be applied.

Step
1: Friction coefficient K=G
In case of uncertainty about friction conditions in the threads
and under the bearing surface, the lowest possible practical
friction coefficient (e.g. initial assembly, maintenance, repair)
K=G must be selected from table T.044.
Minimum expected preload (clamp load):

FM min = FM max/A = 41,9 kN/1,8
Step 2: Tightening torque MA max

Maximum permissible torque, 90% utilisation of yield point (ReL)
respectively the 0.2% yield strength (Rp0.2) can be found in the
tables from page T.048. The values assume that one uses either
precision torque wrenches or precision power drivers with a tool
inaccuracy of maximum 5%.
Example:
Hex cap screw per ISO 4017 M12 x 40 property class 8.8, zinc
plated. In Table on page T.049 look for M12 in the thread column, in
the friction column look for K=G = 0,14. Now move over to the right
half of the table under maximum tightening torque under property
class 8.8 you will find the
Maximum tightening MA max. = 93 Nm
Step 3: Maximum Preload FM max
he maximum resulting preload MA max from that torque FM max can
T
be found in the same tables.
Example:
In the left half of the table in column property class 8.8 and on
line M12/0,14, the resulting maximum installation preload
FM max = 41,9 kN
Step 4: Minimum preload FM min
The minimum preload can be calculated by dividing the maximum
preload through the tightening factor A see table on page
T.046.
Example:
For installations with commercial, modern torque wrenches,
tightened in a uniform, uninterrupted fashion, with an estimated
friction coefficient, a tightening factor A = 1,6 to 2,0 must be applied. (see table at page T.046). For a signal type torque wrench,
as used in the example, a tightening factor A of 2,0 is adequate.
FM min = 23,3 kN
tep 5: Double checking values,
S
checking using calculations in accordance with VDI 2230 is state
of the art and is recommended for a safe design.
Is the minimum preload FM min adequate for the intended
application?
A
re surface pressures in the bearing areas brought in line with
strength of clamped parts?
H
ow high is the residual clamp force when work forces are
applied?
W
ill the bolted joint be used in a manner not to exceed the
fatigue limit?
If one applies a tightening torque MA that is lower than the stated
torque value in the table, the resulting maximum preload FM will
be lower as well. The minimum possible preload FM min would be
affected as explained in step 4. Users (engineers) ought to verify
parameters to assure an adequate clamp load in the bolted joint.
Possible reason for the torque to be different:
Friction is lower than anticipated, possibly leading to a bolt fracture during assembly
Tightening tools are not as accurate as they should be, again
leading to a premature bolt fracture either during assembly or in
use.
Clamped parts are deformed unexpectedly (head embeds into
material)
Inadequate knowledge of assembly personnel
0,9
Rp
0,2
min
Preload scatter
Example:
Fasteners used are electro zinc plated
Friction coefficient K=G = 0,14 0,24, lower friction coefficient
K=G = 0,14
Assumed tightening factor A = 1,8
Tightening torque
Control
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T.047

Approximate values for metric coarse threads VDI2230

Torque values are based on VDI 2230, edition 2003: The table
lists maximum permissible tightening torques and the resulting
maximum preload for hex cap screws and socket cap screws.
Torque/preload values are applicable for other types of externally
threaded fasteners also, as long as head strength and bearing
areas are equivalent. The values are based on 90% utilisation
of yield point ReL / 0.2% yield strength Rp0.2. Clearance holes
for bolts and screws acc. ISO 273-medium.
T.048
Maximum tightening torque MA max [Ncm]
Property class based on ISO 898/1
3.6
4.6
5.6/4.8
6.8
8.8
10.9
12.9
3.6
4.6
5.6/4.8
6.8
8.8
10.9
12.9
176
171
165
292
283
274
485
471
457
726
706
685
235
228
220
390
378
366
647
628
609
968
941
914
294
285
275
487
472
457
809
785
762
1210
1177
1142
470
455
441
779
756
732
1294
1257
1219
1936
1883
1827
627
607
588
1039
1008
976
1725
1676
1625
2582
2510
2436
882
854
826
1461
1417
1373
2426
2356
2285
3631
3530
3426
1058
1025
992
1754
1701
1647
2911
2828
2742
4357
4236
4111
4,2
4,7
5,2
9
10
11
18
21
23
32
36
40
5,7
6,3
6,9
11,9
13,3
14,7
24
27
30
42
48
53
7,1
7,9
8,7
14,9
16,7
18,4
30
34
38
53
60
66
11,3
12,6
13,9
23,8
26,7
29,4
49
55
60
84
95
105
15,1
16,9
18,5
31,7
35,6
39,2
65
73
81
112
127
141
21,2
23,7
26
44,5
50
55
91
103
113
158
179
198
25,5
28,5
31,2
53,5
60
66
109
123
136
190
214
237
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0,024
0,028
0,032
0,031
0,035
0,040
0,037
0,044
0,050
0,044
0,051
0,058
Threads
M1,6 0,10
0,12
0,14
M2
0,10
0,12
0,14
M2,5 0,10
0,12
0,14
M3
0,10
0,12
0,14
Maximum preload FM max [N]
Conversion
factor X
Tightening torque, tables T.048 and T.049

With MA = FM X, the tightening torque can be calculated for
other preloads (assuming the same friction coefficient and
same thread size).
Guideline tables T.048 and T.049

The guideline values are somewhat higher than in the earlier
version VDI 2230:1986 due to higher usage of screw strength
reserves. Higher preload during assembly can be obtained.
Calculation of the fastened joint is needed! VDI 2230:2003.
Friction
coeff.
K=G
The listed values are maximum values and do not include a

safety factor. This guideline assumes that the user has adequate
fastener knowledge and is able to interpret the data accordingly.
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
Friction
coeff.
K=G
Maximum preload FM max [kN]

3.6
4.6
5.6/4.8
6.8
8.8
10.9
12.9
3.6
4.6
5.6/4.8
6.8
8.8
10.9
12.9
Conversion
factor X
Threads
Maximum tightening torque MA max [Nm]
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
1,26
1,22
1,19
2,06
2,00
1,94
2,90
2,82
2,74
5,3
5,15
5,0
8,4
8,2
8,0
12,3
12,0
11,6
16,9
16,5
16,0
23,2
22,6
22,0
28,2
27,5
26,7
36,2
35,3
34,3
45,1
44,0
42,9
52,1
50,8
49,4
68,4
66,7
65,0
83,2
81,2
79,0
103,5
101,0
98,4
121,6
118,7
115,6
145,9
142,4
138,8
1,68
1,63
1,58
2,74
2,67
2,59
3,87
3,76
3,65
7,1
6,9
6,7
11,3
11,0
10,7
16,4
16,0
15,5
22,5
21,9
21,3
30,9
30,1
29,3
37,7
36,7
35,7
48,3
47,0
45,8
60,1
58,7
57,1
69,5
67,7
65,9
91,2
89,0
86,7
111,0
108,3
105,3
138,0
134,7
131,2
162,1
158,2
154,1
194,5
189,9
185,0
2,10
2,04
1,98
3,43
3,33
3,23
4,84
4,71
4,57
8,8
8,6
8,3
14,1
13,7
13,3
20,5
20,0
19,4
28,2
27,4
26,7
38,6
37,6
36,6
47,1
45,8
44,6
60,3
58,8
57,2
75,2
73,4
71,4
86,9
84,7
82,4
114,0
111,2
108,3
138,7
135,3
131,7
172,5
168,4
164,0
202,7
197,8
192,6
243,1
237,4
231,3
3,36
3,26
3,17
5,48
5,33
5,18
7,74
7,53
7,31
14,2
13,8
13,4
22,5
21,9
21,3
32,8
32,0
31,1
45,1
43,9
42,7
61,8
60,2
58,6
75,3
73,4
71,3
96,5
94,1
91,6
120,3
117,4
114,3
139,0
135,5
131,8
182,4
178,0
173,3
222,0
216,5
210,8
276,0
269,4
262,5
324,3
316,4
308,1
389,0
379,8
370,0
4,5
4,4
4,3
7,4
7,2
7,0
10,4
10,2
9,9
19,1
18,6
18,1
30,3
29,6
28,8
44,1
43,0
41,9
60,6
59,1
57,5
82,9
80,9
78,8
104
102
99
134
130
127
166
162
158
192
188
183
252
246
240
307
300
292
381
373
363
448
438
427
537
525
512
6,7
6,5
6,3
10,8
10,6
10,3
15,3
14,9
14,5
28,0
27,3
26,6
44,5
43,4
42,2
64,8
63,2
61,5
88,9
86,7
84,4
121,7
118,8
115,7
149
145
141
190
186
181
237
231
225
274
267
260
359
351
342
437
427
416
543
531
517
638
623
608
765
748
729
7,8
7,6
7,4
12,7
12,4
12,0
17,9
17,5
17,0
32,8
32,0
31,1
52,1
50,8
49,4
75,9
74,0
72,0
104,1
101,5
98,9
142,4
139,0
135,4
174
170
165
223
217
212
277
271
264
320
313
305
420
410
400
511
499
487
635
621
605
747
729
711
895
875
853
0,73
0,82
0,91
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,5
2,8
3,1
6,0
6,8
7,5
12
13,7
15,2
20
23
26
33
37
41
50
57
64
70
80
89
98
112
125
132
151
172
170
193
215
248
284
318
338
386
431
456
523
585
587
672
752
758
870
974
0,97
1,09
1,21
1,9
2,2
2,4
3,3
3,7
4,1
8,0
9,1
10,1
16,1
18,3
20,3
27
31
34
44
50
55
67
76
85
93
106
118
131
150
167
176
202
225
222
257
287
331
379
424
450
515
575
608
697
780
783
897
1002
1011
1160
1299
1,21
1,37
1,51
2,4
2,7
3,0
4,1
4,7
5,2
10,0
11,3
12,6
20,1
22,9
25,3
34
39
43
55
62
69
84
96
107
117
133
148
164
187
209
220
252
284
280
322
359
414
474
530
563
644
719
760
871
975
979
1121
1253
1264
1450
1624
1,94
2,19
2,42
3,8
4,3
4,8
6,6
7,5
8,3
16,1
18,2
20,1
32,3
36,5
40,6
55
62
69
88
100
111
134
153
171
187
212
236
262
300
334
353
403
454
450
515
574
662
759
848
901
1031
1151
1216
1395
1560
1566
1793
2005
2022
2321
2598
2,6
3,0
3,3
5,2
5,9
6,5
9,0
10,1
11,3
21,6
24,6
27,3
43
48
54
73
84
93
117
133
148
180
206
230
259
295
329
363
415
464
495
567
634
625
714
798
915
1050
1176
1246
1420
1597
1679
1928
2161
2164
2482
2778
2791
3208
3597
3,9
4,6
4,8
7,6
8,6
9,5
13,2
14,9
16,5
31,8
36,1
40,1
63
71
79
108
123
137
172
195
218
264
302
338
369
421
469
517
592
661
704
807
904
890
1017
1136
1304
1496
1674
1775
2033
2274
2392
2747
3078
3082
3535
3957
3975
4569
5123
4,5
5,1
5,6
8,9
10,0
11,2
15,4
17,4
19,3
37,2
42,2
46,9
73
83
93
126
144
160
201
229
255
309
354
395
432
492
549
605
692
773
824
945
1057
1041
1190
1329
1526
1750
1959
2077
2380
2662
2799
3214
3601
3607
4136
4631
4652
5346
5994
0,58
0,67
0,76
0,70
0,81
0,93
0,86
0,99
1,14
1,13
1,32
1,51
1,42
1,65
1,89
1,65
1,94
2,22
1,94
2,26
2,58
2,17
2,54
2,92
2,48
2,90
3,32
2,71
3,18
3,65
2,95
3,46
3,97
3,25
3,80
4,36
3,63
4,26
4,89
4,06
4,76
5,46
4,41
5,17
5,95
4,83
5,67
6,51
5,20
6,11
7,02
www.bossard.com
T.049

Approximate values for metric fine threads VDI2230

The details are based on the 2003 edition of VDI 2230: prestressing forces and tightening torques for headless screws of strength
classes 8.8 to 12.9 for a 90% utilisation of the yield point Rp 0,2.
Threads
Friction coeff.
K=G
M8x1
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,10
0,12
0,14
M10x1,25
M12x1,25
M14x1,5
M16x1,5
M18x1,5
M20x1,5
M22x1,5
M24x2
The table does not include any factors of safety and assumes the
user is familiar with the design criteria.
Prestressing force FM max [kN]
Tightening torque MA max [Nm]
8.8
10.9
12.9
8.8
10.9
12.9
20,7
20,2
19,7
32,4
31,6
30,8
49,1
48,0
46,8
66,4
64,8
63,2
89,6
87,6
85,5
120
117
115
151
148
144
186
182
178
213
209
204
30,4
29,7
28,9
47,5
46,4
45,2
72,1
70,5
68,7
97,5
95,2
92,9
131,6
128,7
125,5
171
167
163
215
211
206
264
259
253
304
297
290
35,6
34,7
33,9
55,6
54,3
52,9
84,4
82,5
80,4
114,1
111,4
108,7
154,0
150,6
146,9
200
196
191
252
246
241
309
303
296
355
348
339
22,8
26,1
29,2
44
51
57
79
90
101
124
142
159
189
218
244
283
327
368
392
454
511
529
613
692
666
769
865
33,5
38,3
42,8
65
75
83
116
133
149
182
209
234
278
320
359
403
465
523
558
646
728
754
873
985
949
1095
1232
39,2
44,9
50,1
76
87
98
135
155
174
213
244
274
325
374
420
472
544
613
653
756
852
882
1022
1153
1110
1282
1442
F
or an explanation of the friction coefficient
Page T.044
Stud bolts with reduced shank

Stud bolts from steel 21 CrMo V 5 7 (DIN 2510 L sheet 3)
Typical values for assembly preload and tightening torques used in assembly and at 70% of the minimum yield point (0,2 limit)
M12
Shank-
K=G
FM [N]
MA [Nm]
8,5
0,10
21600
38
T.050
www.bossard.com
M16
8,5
0,12
21600
44
12
0,10
43500
98
M20
12
0,12
43500
115
15
0,10
67800
190
M24
15
0,12
67800
220
18
0,10
97800
320
18
0,12
97800
370
Coarse thread

Tightening torques for plastic screws/ Polyamide6.6

Typical values for advisable tightening torques for screws made
from polyamide 6.6 at 20 C after storage in a normal climate
(relative atmospheric humidity in acc. with DIN 50014) until the
moisture stability has been reached. The prestressing force can

ease off as a result of relaxation processes.
Maximum tightening torque A max [Nm]

Threads
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
Screws
Nuts
0,1
0,1
0,2
0,25
0,5
0,6
1
1
2
2
3
3,5
4
5
6
7,5
7,5
9
Approximate values for austenitic stainless steel A1/A2/A4

Clamp loads/tightening torques (standard metric thread) for
shank bolts, property class 50/70/80 utilizing 90% of max. yield
strength Rp 0,2.
Threads K=
G
M1,6
M2
M2,5
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
Preload FM [kN]
Property class
50
70
80
0,21
0,18
0,15
0,35
0,3
0,25
0,58
0,5
0,42
0,86
0,75
0,64
1,5
1,3
1,1
2,4
2,1
1,8
3,4
3
2,5
6,2
5,4
4,6
9,9
8,6
7,4
14,4
12,6
10,7
19,8
17,3
14,8
27,2
23,7
20,3
0,45
0,39
0,33
0,74
0,64
0,55
1,23
1,06
0,9
1,84
1,6
1,36
3,2
2,76
2,35
5,2
4,51
3,85
7,3
6,4
5,5
13,4
11,6
9,9
21,3
18,5
15,8
31
27
23
42,6
37
31,7
58
51
43,5
0,6
0,5
0,44
1
0,85
0,7
1,64
1,42
1,21
2,5
2,12
1,81
4,2
3,6
3,1
6,9
6
5,1
9,7
8,4
7,2
17,9
15,5
13,3
28,4
24,7
21,1
41,4
36
30,8
56,8
49,5
42,3
77,7
67,9
58,2

Property class
50
70
80
0,05
0,08
0,09
0,11
0,16
0,2
0,22
0,34
0,42
0,37
0,59
0,73
0,86
1,35
1,66
1,6
2,6
3,3
2,9
4,6
5,7
7,1
11,2
13,9
14
22,2
27,6
24
38
47
38
61
76
58
95
119
0,11
0,17
0,2
0,23
0,35
0,43
0,46
0,72
0,89
0,8
1,26
1,56
1,85
2,9
3,6
3,6
5,7
7
6,3
10
12,2
15,2
24,1
30
30
47,7
59,3
51
82
102
82
131
163
126
204
255
0,15
0,22
0,27
0,30
0,46
0,57
0,62
0,97
1,19
1,1
1,7
2,1
2,4
3,8
4,7
4,8
7,6
9,4
8,4
13,2
16,3
20,3
32,1
40
39
63
79
68
109
136
109
175
217
168
272
340
The table does not include any factors of safety and assumes the
user is familiar with the design criteria.
Threads K=
G
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
0,3
Preload FM [kN]
Property class
50
70
80
33,2
28,9
24,7
42,5
37,1
31,8
52,9
46,3
39,7
61,2
53,5
45,8
80,2
70,3
60,3
97,6
85,5
73,3
121
106
91
143
125
107
171
150
129
71
62
53
91
79,6
68
113
99,3
85,2
131
115
98
94
82
70
121
106
90
151
132
114
175
153
131

Property class
50
70
80
82
131
164
115
187
234
157
257
323
198
322
403
292
478
601
397
648
831
536
880
1108
690
1130
1420
890
1467
1848
176
282
352
247
401
501
337
551
692
426
690
863
235
376
469
330
534
669
450
735
923
568
920
1151
Fasteners made from these steels tend to erode during fitting.

This risk can be reduced through smooth, clean thread surfaces
(rolled threads), lubricants, molykote smooth varnish coating
(black), low number of revolutions of the screwdriver, or
continuous tightening without interruption (impact screwdriver
not recommended).
F
or an explanation of the friction coefficient
Page T.044
www.bossard.com
T.051

The safety in fastening technology requires a correct

specification the lubrication status
The friction coefficient is, above all, influenced by the combinations of work materials, the application surfaces and their lubrication condition Knowledge of the friction coefficient together with
the relationship to the torque-preload force is a prerequisite for
safety in assembly.
For a safe and secure assembly anti-friction-coatings are

recommended
Tribological dry coating is a solution system for mechanicallyloaded fasteners and components (screws, nuts, washers).
The coating is a non-electrolytically applied thin-layer film with
integrated lubrication properties and an additional corrosion
protection.
Corrosive attacks on the thread or on the application surface

impair the solubility behavior after a certain period in operation
various material combinations, high operational temperatures and
moisture reinforce gailling and change the assembly operation to
the worse.
The so-called antifriction coatings are touch-dry solid film lubricants which, in terms of their formulation, are similar to conventional industrial varnishes.
Bossard ecosyn-lubric as an economic solution guarantees
constant friction coefficients and contributes to an additional
simplification of the assembly processes.
Fasteners with internal drives and lower head shape

Values for reduced tightening torque MA [Nm]
ISO 7379
DIN 6912
Screw
type
Bossard
Bossard
ISO 14580
ISO 14583
~ISO 14583 ISO 7380-1
~ISO 7380-1
Steel
012.9
BN 1359
08.8
BN 15
08.8
BN 16
BN 17
010.9
BN 1206
BN 20697
08.8
BN 9524
08.8
BN 4850
08.8
BN 20005
08.8
BN 20228
BN 84405
010.9
BN 19
BN 13255
BN 30102
08.8
BN 6404
M2
M2,5
M3
M3,5
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M20
M22
M24
5,2
9
21,6
43
73
180
363
2,3
4,6
8,1
19,4
38,7
65
105
162
330
560
0,9
2,1
4
7,2
17,3
34,4
58
144
290
500
0,22
0,45
0,8
1,95
3,8
6,6
16
32
0,19
0,4
0,7
1,6
3,2
5,4
13
23
0,25
0,5
0,9
2
4
7,2
17
34
0,25
0,5
0,9
2
4
7,2
17
34
0,9
2
4
7,2
0,27
0,6
0,95
2,3
4,6
8
19
38
65
0,25
0,5
0,9
2
4
7,2
17,3
34,5
58
A2
BN 20146
A2-70
BN 15857
A2-70
BN 20038
0,14
0,28
0,19
0,37
0,19
0,37
Stainless
steel
M2
M2,5
M3
M3,5
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M20
M22
M24
A2-70/A4-70 A2-70/A4-70
BN 33001
BN 2844
BN 1350
1,5
2,9
5
12
24
40
65
100
200
340
R
educed load strength
Page T.053
DIN 7984
T.052
www.bossard.com
0,6
1,3
2,6
4,5
10
21
36
90
180
310
0,5
1,1
2,2
3,8
9,1
18
0,64
1,5
3
5
12
24
0,64
1,5
3
5
12
24
A2-70/A4-70
BN1593
BN 8699
0,19
0,37
0,64
1,5
3
5
12
24
40
Check the boundary conditions!

The screws are not suitable for transferring high operating forces. The inner and outer
actuation of these screws permits only reduced tightening torques to be used.
Standard

Reduced loadability
Screws according to various specification are by virtue of their head geometry and/or drive form subject to a reduced loadability
according to ISO 898-1, i.e. the reduced torque values are to be taken into account.
The given tightening torques cannot always be applied reliably depending on the choice of the inner drive conical bits in particular
may be helpful.
Values for reduced tightening torque MA [Nm]

Standard
Bossard
Bossard
ecosyn-
ISO7380-2 ISO7380-2 fix
Screw
type
ecosynfix
SN
213307
ISO 14583
SHEETtracs DIN
7991
DIN
7991
ISO
14581
ecosynfix
DIN/ISO
a
DIN 913/ISO 4026
DIN 914/ISO 4027
DIN 915/ISO 4028
DIN 916/ISO 4029
Steel
M2,5
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
08.8
010.9
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
BN
20367
BN
11252
30104
BN
5128
BN
4825
BN
380
381
BN
30503
1
2,5
5
8
20
40
66
1
2,5
5
8
20
40
66
0,4
0,7
1,6
3,2
5,4
0,3
0,5
1,2
2,4
4
0,3
0,5
1,2
2,4
4
0,7
1,6
3,2
5,4
BN
10649
BN
5952
BN
2845
0,5
0,8
1,8
3,6
6,3
0,4
0,8
1,6
3,2
6
0,4
0,8
1,6
3,2
6
M20
M22
M24
1)
010.9
08.8
4.8
45 H1)
BN
20191
BN
30105
BN
4851
BN
5950
Diverse
1,3
3
6,5
11
0,5
0,9
2
4
7,2
17
35
58
93
144
BN
20
21
1422
0,55
0,95
2,3
4,6
7,9
19
38
65
100
158
220
310
420
530
0,5
0,9
2
4
7,2
17
35
58
93
144
205
290
400
500
0,5
1,2
2,4
4,1
10
20
34
0,5
1,5
3
5
12
24
40
60
100
120
180
210
310
BN
616
4719
BN
3803
BN
5951
Diverse
0,23
0,4
0,9
1,8
3,1
7,6
15
25
40
63
85
0,23
0,4
0,9
1,8
3,1
7,6
15
25
40
63
85
0,8
1,8
3,6
6,3
15,2
30
51
0,2
0,7
1,5
2,5
6
12
20
30
50
90
A2
Stainless
steel
M2,5
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
08.8
A2/A4
120
160
200
120
160
200
105
150
Property classes and mechanical properties in compliance with ISO 898, part 5 do not apply for headless bolts subject to tension loads
www.bossard.com
T.053

Flange screws and flange nuts

Tightening torques MA [Nm] and achievable preload FM [kN] for VERBUS RIPP screws and nuts and for INBUS RIPP screws,
at a 90% utilisation of the elongation limit Rp 0,2
Serrated flange
Mating Material
Friction coeff. ~G
Tightening torques MA [Nm]

M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
Description
Property class
Steel
Rm 800 N/mm2
0,13 to 0,16
10
18
37
80
120
215
310
BN 2797, BN 9727
Property class100
Steel
Rm < 800 N/mm2
0,12 to 0,18
11
19
42
85
130
230
330
Grey cast iron

Rm ~150 to 450 N/mm2
0,125 to 0,16
16
35
75
115
200
300
Aluminum alloy
non heat treated
0,14 to 0,2
16
28
65
120
190
320
450
Aluminum alloy
heat treated
0,13 to 0,18
14
25
55
100
160
275
400
BN 2798, BN 14527
Property class 10
BN 20170, BN 20226,
BN 80007
Property class 8.8
BN 3873
Property class 100
M5
~Preload force FM [kN]1)

9
12,6
23,2
37
54
74
102
Steel
Rm ~500 to 900 N/mm2
0,12 to 0,18
6,5
11,3
27,3
54
93
148
230
0,12 to 0,16
5,9
10,1
24,6
48
84
133
206
Aluminum alloy
non heat treated
0,14 to 0,2
7,8
13,6
32,7
65
112
178
276
57,5
78,8
Grey cast iron

Rm ~500 to 900 N/mm2

7
9,9
18,1
28,8
41,9
Steel
Rm 800 N/mm2
0,13 to 0,16
11
20
42
85
140
Steel
Rm < 800 N/mm2
0,12 to 0,18
13
24
45
90
150
Grey cast iron

Rm ~150 to 450 N/mm2
0,125 to 0,16
10
19
39
80
120
37
54
~Preload force FM [kN]
1)
12,6
23,2
Tightening torques MA [Nm] and achievable preload FM [kN] for VERBUS TENSILOCK screws and nuts, at a 90% utilisation
of the elongation limit Rp 0,2
Serrated flange outer edges
only
Mating Material
Description
Property class
Steel
Rm ~500 to 900 N/mm2
Aluminum alloy
non heat treated
BN 73
Property class 90
Grey cast iron

Rm ~500 to 900 N/mm2
BN 190, BN 30312, BN 20230,

BN 80014
Property class 8
Tightening torques MA [Nm]
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
0,14 to 0,18
9,5
16,5
40
79
137
218
338
0,12 to 0,18
7,6
13,2
31,8
63
108
172
264
0,16 to 0,24
10,5
18,2
44
87
150
240
372
26,6
38,3
52,5
73

6,35
16,5
Reference values for plain finish fasteners and mating steel parts with a tensile strength 800 N/mm2
Assembling
Guideline values for achievable preload should be checked in field trials
T.054
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1)
Friction coeff.~G

Reference values for tightening torque N

ORD-LOCK washers wedge-locking system
The recommended tightening torques
are based on laboratory tests and should be checked for each
specific application.
= Yield point ratio (degree of utilization of bolt material yield

strength in percent)
g = Thread friction coefficient
s = Washer friction coefficient
NORD-LOCK zinc flake coated washers paired with screws/bolts 8.8, galvanized, blue passivated
Thread Pitch
w
NL3
NL4
NL5
NL6
NL8
NL10
NL12
NL14
NL16
NL18
NL20
NL22
NL24
NL27
NL30
NL33
NL36
NL39
NL42
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
M42
Oiled
Graphite paste
Dry
0,75
g 0,10
s 0,16
0,75
g 0,08
s 0,15
0,62
g 0,15
s 0,18
Torque
Preload
Torque
Preload
Torque
Preload
[mm]
[Nm]
[kN]
[Nm]
[kN]
[Nm]
[kN]
0,5
0,7
0,8
1
1,25
1,5
1,75
2
2
2,5
2,5
2,5
3
3
3,5
3,5
4
4
4,5
1,3
3,1
6
10,5
25
49
85
135
205
288
402
548
693
1010
1379
1855
2394
3087
3820
2,4
4,2
6,8
9,7
18
28
40
55
75
92
118
146
169
221
269
333
392
468
538
1,2
2,8
5,4
9,5
23
45
77
122
185
260
363
494
625
910
1243
1669
2156
2777
3439
2,4
4,2
6,8
9,7
18
28
40
55
75
92
118
146
169
221
269
333
392
468
538
1,3
3,1
6
10,2
25
50
85
136
208
291
408
557
703
1028
1401
1889
2436
3145
3890
2
3,5
5,6
8
15
23
33
46
62
76
97
120
140
182
222
275
324
387
445
NORD-LOCK zinc flake coated washers paired with screws/bolts 10.9, non-plated
Thread Pitch
w
NL3
NL4
NL5
NL6
NL8
NL10
NL12
NL14
NL16
NL18
NL20
NL22
NL24
NL27
NL30
NL33
NL36
NL39
NL42
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
M42
Oiled
Graphite paste
0,71
g 0,13
s 0,14
0,75
g 0,08
s 0,13
[mm]
Torque
Preload
Torque
Preload
[Nm]
[kN]
[Nm]
[kN]
0,5
0,7
0,8
1
1,25
1,5
1,75
2
2
2,5
2,5
2,5
3
3
3,5
3,5
4
4
4,5
1,8
4,1
8,1
14,1
34
67
115
183
279
391
547
745
942
1375
1875
2526
3259
4203
5202
3,2
5,6
9,1
12,9
23
37
54
74
100
123
157
194
225
294
358
443
522
624
716
1,6
3,6
7
12,3
30
58
99
158
240
337
470
639
809
1176
1608
2157
2788
3588
4445
3,4
5,9
9,6
13,6
25
39
57
78
106
130
165
205
238
310
378
468
551
659
757
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T.055

NORD-LOCK zinc flake coated washers paired with screws/bolts 12.9, non-plated
Thread Pitch
w
NL3
NL4
NL5
NL6
NL8
NL10
NL12
NL14
NL16
NL18
NL20
NL22
NL24
NL27
NL30
NL33
NL36
NL39
NL42
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
M42
Oiled
Graphite paste
0,71
g 0,13
s 0,12
0,75
g 0,08
s 0,11
Torque
Preload
Torque
Preload
[mm]
[Nm]
[kN]
[Nm]
[kN]
0,5
0,7
0,8
1
1,25
1,5
1,75
2
2
2,5
2,5
2,5
3
3
3,5
3,5
4
4
4,5
2
4,6
9,1
15,8
38
75
128
204
311
437
610
831
1052
1533
2091
2815
3633
4683
5799
3,9
6,7
10,9
15,4
28
44
65
89
120
148
188
233
270
352
430
532
626
748
860
1,7
4
7,7
13,5
32
64
109
174
263
370
515
699
887
1288
1761
2362
3053
3925
4866
4,1
7,1
11,5
16,3
30
47
68
94
127
156
198
246
286
372
454
562
662
790
908
Thread Pitch
w
NL3ss
NL4ss
NL5ss
NL6ss
NL8ss
NL10ss
NL12ss
NL14ss
NL16ss
NL18ss
NL20ss
NL22ss
NL24ss
NL27ss
NL30ss
NL36ss
T.056
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M36
A4-70, Graphite paste
A4-80, Graphite paste
0,65
g 0,14
s 0,15
0,65
g 0,14
s 0,15
Torque
Preload
Torque
Preload
[mm]
[Nm]
[kN]
[Nm]
[kN]
0,5
0,7
0,8
1
1,25
1,5
1,75
2
2
2,5
2,5
2,5
3
3
3,5
4
0,9
2
3,9
6,9
17
33
56
89
136
191
267
364
460
671
915
1591
1,5
2,6
4,1
5,9
11
17
25
34
46
56
72
89
103
134
164
239
1,2
2,7
5,3
9,2
22
43
75
119
181
254
356
485
613
895
1220
2121
2
3,4
5,5
7,8
14
23
33
45
61
75
95
118
137
179
219
319
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NORD-LOCK stainless steel washers with austenitic screws/bolts with graphite paste

High strength structural bolts

With the Construction Products Regulation 305/2011 coming
into effect, a declaration of performance is required for
CE marking of the specified construction products. The regulation (BauPVO) replaces the previous construction products
directive (Directive 89/106/EEC). DIN 18800-7 for the realization
of load-bearing components in steel and rules for manufacturer
qualifications, is replaced by EN 1090. EN 1090 defines the
requirements on the declaration of conformity of steel constructions, which are introduced into the market as construction
products.
The individual requirements on connection elements are governed by harmonized standards EN 15048 and EN 14399-pp for
steel constructions resp. metal constructions.
It must be explicitly highlighted that the CE marking only becomes
mandatory, if the connection elements are used in a building
construction, will remain permanently installed, and decisively

influence the basic requirements on building constructions.
Connection elements with specific requirements from structural
engineering must already contain the reference to the respective
harmonized standard or declaration performance in the case
of inquiries/purchase orders with respective specification.
Strength classes of bolts and nuts and possibly surface treatment
conditions must be defined together with all necessary selection
possibilities permitted by the product standard.
The Eurocodes are defined as European standard reference with
respect to the construction of buildings and other engineering
structures. EN 1993 applies for steel construction dimensioning.
Bolting connection categories according to EN 1993-1-8

Shear connections
Tensile connections
Cat. A
Bearing-type connections
Cat. B
Slip-resistant connection in the

limit state of usability
Slip-resistant connection in the
limit state of load capability
Cat. C
Pre-stressing not required

according to standard
Pre-stressing required
Cat. D
Not prestressed
Cat. E
Prestressed
Pre-stressing not required

according to standard
Collection of high strength sets for bolting connections in metal construction

according to EN 14399
Type of the set for bolting
connections
HR system
Suitable for pre-stressing
EN 14399-2 and additional tests defined in the standard as needed
General requirements
Screw and nut
Marking
symbols
Screw
EN 14399-3
HR8
or
HR10
HR10.9
HR10
EN 14399-7
HR8.8
HR8
or
HR10
HR10.9
HR10
EN 14399-4
HV10.9
HV10
EN 14399-8
HVP10.9
EN 14399-10
HRC10.9
HR10
HRD10
EN 14399-51)
or
EN 14399-6
H or HR2)
or HD3)
EN 14399-51)
or EN 14399-6
EN 14399-51)
or EN 14399-6
EN 14399-6
EN 14399-6
Marking symbols
H or HR2)
H or HR2)
H or HV2)
H or HR2)
Direct force indicator and

washer on the nut or bolt
head side as needed
Direct force indicator
EN 14399-9
EN 14399-9
EN 14399-9
Not applicable
Marking
symbols
Washer(s)
1)
2)
3)
HRC system
EN 14399-1
HR8.8
Nut
HV system
Washer on the nut side

Washer on the bolt
head side
H8
HN
HB
H10
H8
HN
H10
Not applicable
H10
HN
HB
Washers according to EN 14399-5 can only be used under the nut.

At the discretion of the manufacturer.
Mandatory marking for washers with enlarged outer diameter according to EN 14399-5 only.
www.bossard.com
T.057

Correlation between DIN/EN standard

Standard
Content
Dimensions
Strength
Replaced by
DIN 6914
DIN 6915
DIN 6916
DIN 6917
DIN 6918
DIN 7999
High-strength prestressed (HV) bolts

High-strength prestressed (HV) nuts
High-strength prestressed (HV) washers, round
Square taper washers (for I-profiles)
Square taper washers (for U-profiles)
High-strength prestressed (HV) locating bolts
M12 M36
M12 M36
13 37
13 37
13 37
M12 M30
10.9
10
295350 HV
295350 HV
295350 HV
10.9
EN 14399-4
EN 14399-4
EN 14399-6
are kept
are kept
EN 14399-8
Clamp length with free threads and bolt protrusion beyond

the unloaded nut face
In EN 14399-4, the clamp length is measured between the contact surface of the bolt head and the nut. The distance between
the washers is designated as the grip length.
In the case of non-prestressed bolts, at least one complete thread
(in addition to the end of thread and possible components) must
be available between the contact surface of the nut and the
thread-free part of the bolt shank.
In the case of prestressed bolts according to EN 14399-3,
EN14399-7, and EN 14399-10, at least four complete threads (in
addition to the end of thread and possible components) must be
available between the contact surface of the nut and the threadfree part of the bolt shank.
Tightening process
Sets for non-prestressed bolting connections
Sets for non-prestressed bolting connections made on unalloyed
steels, alloyed steels, and austenitic stainless steels, must
comply with EN 15048-1.
Sets according to EN 14399-1 can also be used for non-prestressed bolting connections.
Sets for prestressed bolting connections
High strength prestressed bolting connections comprise the
HR, HV, and HRC systems. They must meet the requirements in
EN 14399-1 and the applicable European standard.
Unless specified differently, bolts made of non-rusting steel must
not be used in prestressed applications. If they are used, they
must be treated as special connectors.
Unless specified differently, the following must be assumed as
nominal value for minimum pre-stressing force Fp,C:
Fp,C = 0,7 x fub x As, where fub is the nominal strength of the bolt
material and As the stressed cross-sectional area of the bolt.
Clamp length
Tightening for k-classes

Grip length
Free threads
Bolt protrusion
>1x full thread
Tightening method
Pre-stressing
k-classes
Torque method
Fp,C
K2
Modified pre-stressing method
Fp,C*
K1
Combined pre-stressing method
Fp,C
K1 (or K2)
T.058
www.bossard.com
So-called k-classes are defined for the delivered HV sets, which

represent indirect information about the friction value condition
of the set. Class K1 e.g. specifies the lubrication condition of the
nut as decisive element of a set so that the minimum pre-stressing forces can be reliably achieved.
The k-classes and possibly the tightening torques for the modified
pre-stressing method according to EN 1993-1-8/NA for Fp,C* are
specified on the packaging. All elements of a HV set can thus be
combined from any production lots of the manufacturer and are
delivered separately packed. The respective tightening torques
and pre-stressing forces can be found in EN 1993-1-8/NA.

Combined pre-stressing method with pre-tightening torques

and prevailing angles for strength class 10.9
according to EN 1090
Torque method
The bolts must be tightened using a tightening device offering
a suitable working range. Manually operated and automated
screwdrivers can be used. Impact screwdrivers may only be used
for the first tightening step of every bolt.
The tightening process using the torque method consists of at
least the two following steps:
The pre-stressing torques and prevailing angles must be differentiated by selected method.
In the case of the combined pre-stressing method for HV sets 10.9
and k-class K1 according to EN 1090-2 to achieve the standard
pre-stressing force Fp,C, a tightening torque of approx. = 0.75 x Mr,1
is applied in the first step (Mr,1 = 0.13 x d x Fp,C).
1. tightening step: The screwdriver is adjusted to a tightening

torque of approx. 0,75 Mr,i, where Mr,i = Mr,2 or Mr,test. This first
tightening step must be fully completed for all bolts in a connection, before the second tightening step can be started;
In the case of the modified combined pre-stressing method for

HV sets 10.9 according to EN 1093-1-8/NA for application of
the modified pre-stressing force Fp,C*, a pre-tightening torque is
applied using the torque method. In the case of lower planned
pre-stressing forces than listed in the table, the described
approach is not permissible.
2. tightening step: The screwdriver is adjusted to a tightening

torque of 1,10 Mr,i, where Mr,i = Mr,2 or Mr,test.
Remark: Factor 1.10 can be equivalently used together with
Mr,2 for k-class K2 instead of the accurate calculation formula
(1+1.65Vk) with Vk = 0.06.
This first step must be fully completed for all bolts in a connection,
before the second tightening step can be started according to the
specifications with a prevailing angle.
Bolt diameter in mm
EN 1090-2
DIN EN 1993-1-8/NA
(DIN 18800-7)
Standard pre-stressing force Fp,C in kN

Reference torque (k-class K1) Mr,1 in Nm
Pre-tightening torque in Nm
Modified pre-stressing force Fp,C* in kN
Reference torque (k-class K1) MA in Nm
Pre-tightening torque in Nm
12
16
20
22
24
27
30
36
59
92
69
50
100
75
110
229
172
100
250
190
172
447
335
160
450
340
212
606
455
190
650
490
247
771
578
220
800
600
321
1127
845
290
1250
940
393
1533
1150
350
1650
1240
572
2677
2008
510
2800
2100
Required prevailing angle or rotation for the combined pre-stressing method on sets with strength class 10.9
Total nominal thickness t of the parts to be joined (including all shims
and washers)
d = bolt diameter
t<2d
2dt<6d
6 d t 10 d
Prevailing angle to be applied during the second tightening step

Degree
Rotation
60
90
120
1/6
1/4
1/3
Remark: If the surface under the bolt head or the nut (taking into account possibly inserted tapered washers) is not perpendicular to the bolt axis, the required
prevailing angle should be determined experimentally.
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T.059

Summary of constructive measures for locking screw joints

In principle, there are two reasons why bolted connections may need locking
Loosening due to seating
Loosening of bolted joints results in preload loss. This loss is
caused by seating of the joint members or by a permanent
elongation of the screw after tightening or under the operation
force FA.
Rotational loosening
Dynamic shear forces FQ acting upon the bolted joint can cause
the joint members to slip back and forth. This will prompt screws
and nuts to rotate, this reducing the preload until it is zero.
SG
FA
FM
fpM
FV
FQ
FV
FM min.
FZ
FA
fZ
FM = assembly preload
fSM = elongation of screw through FM
fPM = shortening of compressed parts through FM
FV = final preload
FZ
= loss of preload due to seating
fZ
= amount of seating
FA = operation force
FM min = FV + FZ
FV =
FQ =
lK =
SG =
d =
The following locking methods are possible:

Locking against loosening due to seating
The following locking methods are possible:

Locking against rotational loosening
preload
shear force
clamping length
displacement of clamped parts
nominal diameter
Measures
Effect achieved
Measures
Effect achieved
Clean, smooth joint interfaces

minimum number of interfaces
No soft, plastically deformable
joint members
Reduction of seating possibilities
Bigger screws-
Higher property classes
Lateral movement of the joint

member can be prevented by a
higher preload
Long screws (lK > 4 d)

Screws with reduced shank
Spring washers
High elasticity, compensation of

preload loss
Shoulder screws
Parallel or dowel pins
No possibility for lateral movements
Fasteners with flange
A larger bearing surface prevents the

permitted limiting value of surface
pressure from being exceeded
Larger tolerance for hole-
Long screws (lK > 4 d)

Screws with reduced shank
Flexible joint
Better fatigue resistance
Ribbed screws or ribbed washers
Rolling effect leads to compression

of the surface with the embedding of
the grooves
Special washers with 200 HV

hardness
FQ
T.060
www.bossard.com
he same advantages as above

T
Use up to strength class 8.8
fSM
lK
FV

Overview of effectiveness for bolted joint locking solutions and solutions for prevention of
loss
Note
The following elements are designed to prevent loosening,
rotations loosening and loss (complete separation of bolt and
nut). The effectiveness levels are based on typical industrial
applications. Conditions may vary so the user should make its
own tests to check the suitability of the locking element in his/
her application.
Locking feature / Locking element
Locking against
Notes
Loosening up to
various 5.6
8.8
Screws and nuts w/corrugated bearing area

(VERBUS RIPP)
Rotational loosening up to Loss

10.9
various 5.6
8.8
10.9
Screws and nuts with serrated bearing area

(VERBUS TENSILOCK)
Serrated bearing area prevents

rotational loosening
Screw with integrated spring washer

(ecosyn-fix)
Increased breakaway torque,

because of concave flange
Precote type 30/80/85, Scotch-Grip 2353,

Loctite, DELO, Three Bond
Screws with Tuflok polyamide coating

Thread-forming screws for metals
DIN 7500
1
1
Chemical safety agents neutralise the

play in the thread and seal it off
Locking against separating of bolt and nut

max. temp. 120 C
Total security through, play-free thread fitting
Total security through, play-free thread fitting
Nuts with locking elements, DIN 982/985 etc.
Nuts with locking elements, DIN 980/ISO 7042

etc.
Protection against loss using polyamide terminal

part, max. 120 C
Screws for thread forming into plastics

ecosyn-plast, PT and DELTA PT
Sealing lock nuts (Seal-Lok) etc.
Hexagon lock nuts (Serpress) etc.
1
3
3
Hexagon nuts with attached spring washer
Spring lock washers DIN 127/128/7980 etc.
Cotter pin prevents loss,

limited loosening is possible
Attached lock washer compensates for seating
Increased bearing area reduces surface

pressure, increased effective diameter reduces
rotational loosening
Slight increase of breakaway torque

through its spring action
Increased breakaway torque on soft surfaces
3
3
Sealing and protection against loss with

polyamide locking element, max. 120 C
Increased loosening torque due to integrated,

rotatable toothed lock washer
Toothed and serrated lock washers

DIN 6798/6797 etc.
Rip-Lock
Ribbed spring washers
Hexagon nuts with toothed lock washer

(BN 1364)
Flange nuts / flange screws
Protection against loss using metallic locking

element
Locks only when tightened against the

clamped parts
DIN 935 castle nuts etc.
Increased breakaway torque, because

of corrugated bearing area
Ribbed lock washers (doubled-sided ribbed)
Conical spring lock washers DIN 6796 etc.
NORD-LOCK washers
Bolt securing system
Ribbed universal spring washer, increased

loosening torque with unhardened components
Springy doubled sided ribbed lock washer,
increases breakaway torque on unhardened
material
Spring washer with high spring force
The NORD-LOCK bolt securing system

uses the different angle ratios between wedge
surfaces and bolt threads for the effective
securing of bolted joints in critical applications,
which prevents loosening caused by vibration
and dynamic load.
Locking effect:1 very good3 good0 fair
www.bossard.com
T.061

Screws which should be locked

Grip length
Lk
Thread
d
Loading
in the direction of the axis
transverse to the axis
in the direction of the axis
transverse to the axis
short
Lk < 2 d
none
Clarify locking effect
Clarify locking effect
Locking required
none
none
Locking required
long
Lk 5 d
none
none
Depends on the conditions

clarify locking effect
T.062
www.bossard.com
dynamic
none
Depends on the conditions

clarify locking effect
medium
5 d > Lk 2 d
static

Shear loads for pins
Static shear loads for double-shear spring-pin joints

-nominal
[mm]
Shear force F min. [kN]

Spiral spring pins
Slotted spring pins
standard duty
0,8
1
1,2
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
6
8
10
12
13
14
16
18
20
heavy duty
Spring steel hardened and

tempered 420 to 545 HV
0,2
0,3
0,45
0,72
1,25
1,95
2,25
3,75
4,8
7,5
11
19,5
31
44,5
60
77,5
125
light duty
up to 8 mm -nominal
up to 8 mm -nominal
from 10 mm -nominal
from 10 mm -nominal
Spring steel hardened and

tempered 420 to 560 HV
0,95
1,75
2,75
3,8
6,75
10
15
26,5
42
60
82,5
105
170
Spiral spring pins
heavy duty
0,35
0,79
1,41
2,19
3,16
4,53
5,62
7,68
8,77
13
21,38
35,08
52,07
57,55
72,36
85,51
111,27
140,32
Single lap joint
2xF
Slotted spring pins positioning
0,75
1,2
1,75
2,3
4
4,4
5,2
9
12
20
24
33
42
49
63
79
For rigid connection

High load
Double lap joint
1. Radial elasticity in schematic

representation
2. Pin before inserting
3. Inserted pin
4. Pin knocked out with coils reverted
to original position
5. Universal joint for socket wrench
6. Spiral pin
www.bossard.com
F
2F
For flexible connection, low load,

minimum deflection paths possible
in direction of force F
T.063

Direct assembly into metals using thread f orming screws
What should be considered in the design and construction

processes?
Thread forming screws to DIN 7500 (trilobular) produce a chipfree, gaugecorrect metric internal thread.
The screws are heat-treated to give a tensile strength in use of
ca. 800 N/mm2.
It is possible to form threads in ductile metals such as steel,
non-ferrous metals and light metals up to ca. 140 to 160 HV.
Thread forming is not suitable for brittle metals such as grey
cast iron.
Thread forming screws made from A2 stainless steel can only
safely be screwed into light metals. In doing this the size of
the pilot holes must be 5% larger than the values in the
table.
No other safety features (such as retaining rings) are necessary.
Resistance to vibration is provided by the thread friction.
They can be re-used 10 to 20 times.
For thin sheets, the use of punch holes can help improve the
mechanical properties of the fastening.
It is recommended that preliminary trials be made for laserbored holes (the cut surfaces may be to hard).
Preliminary trials should be made for critical applications. Get
in touch with Bossard Engineering as early as possible in the
development stage of your product.
For the functional fulfillment of a thread-forming screw a suitable
lubrication should be applied. Lubrication systems integrated
into the surface protection and/or an additional lubricant can be
used.
There is a risk of failure due to hydrogen embrittlement for
thread-forming screws with galvanic coatings. A treatment
must be carried out according to ISO 4042 to reduce the risk
of hydrogen embrittlement. Highstrength screws with property
classes 8.8 and higher must not be replaced by case-hardened
thread-forming screws without an adequate examination.
A = cone-shaped end of screw, max. 4 P

B = usable thread length
C = total length, tolerance js 16
s = thickness of material
Note
Functionally appropriate design of components and selection of
the correct type of fastening element are essential requirements
for a secure screw connection.
Mechanical and functional properties of self-tapping bolts
according to DIN 7500 and ISO 7085.
The length of the cone-shaped end of the screw, which is not fully
load-bearing, should be allowed for when deciding on the screw
length.
T.064
www.bossard.com
0,51 x P
Forming the pilot holes

The displacement of the material which occurs when tapping the
thread creates a small bulge at the edges of the tapping hole. This
can create a problem when screwing smooth parts together. It is
therefore recommended that you 90 countersink the edges of the
tapping hole to a depth of 0,5 to 1x the thread pitch P or that you
make a cylindrical countersunk hole.
The thread engagement of the individual clamp members can be

kept at constant length by putting an appropriate relief bore at the
beginning of the pilot hole. Thus, enabling the same driving torque
in all clamp members provided, the screw diameter and material are
the same.
min. 0,5 x P
1,05 x -nominal
-nominal
In thin plates a through hole increases the load-bearing capacity

of the fastening.
Ask Bossard Engineering for more detailed information.
Strength characteristics, geometry of tapping holes in steel

Technical details
Nominal thread diameter

M2
Thread pitch P
max. tightening torque
min. breaking torque1)
min. tensile force1)
Thickness of material s
2 and smaller
4
6
8
10 and greater
[mm]
[Nm]
[Nm]
[kN]
[mm]
M2,5
M3
M3,5
M4
M5
0,4
0,45
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
Approximately 80% of minimum breaking torque
0,4
1
1,8
2,8
4,1
8,7
1,65
2,7
4
5,4
7
11,4
Diameter of tapping hole d H11 for steel, HB max. 135; bored or punched
1,8
1,85
2,25
2,3
2,35
2,7
2,75
2,75
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,6
3,65
3,7
3,7
4,5
4,55
4,6
4,65
4,65
M6
M8
1,25
15
16
37
29
5,4
5,5
5,5
5,55
5,6
7,3
7,4
7,4
7,5
1)
Torsional test for bolts and screws according to ISO 898, part 7:
Breaking torque of a screw is determined by clamping it into a test device according the ISO 898, part 7. The screw shall be exclusively subjected to torsion
whereby the minimum breaking torque according to ISO 898, part 7 shall be reached.
Tapping holes for die-cast metal

All the recommendations must be tested by means of trial assemblies which closely resemble conditions in practice.
General
t1 [mm]: fillets which provide an advantage for die-cast metals
strengthening of the mandrel, centering of the screw,
prevention of buckling of the material and adaptation
to suit cost-effective standard screw lengths
t2 [mm]:
bearing part of the tapping hole, taper angle max. 1
t3 [mm]: thread engagement length for the tapping hole, taper
angle max. 1
1-2 x d
-nominal
blind hole
through hole
1-2 x d
dh
www.bossard.com
T.065

Reference values for hole geometry into aluminium and zinc cast
Dimensions
mm
Thread
dh H11
d1
1,81
2,3
2,75
1,85
2,33
2,84
1,91
2,39
2,90
1,75
2,22
2,70
1,81
2,28
2,76
1,80
2,28
2,75
1,86
2,34
2,83
variable, minimum 1 x thread pitch p
4
5
6
2
2,5
3
d2
d3
t1
t2
t3
M2
min.
max.
min.
max.
min.
max.
M2,5
M3
What should you consider during assembly?

Secure and cost-effective fastenings can only be produced with
screwdrivers which have controlled torque and/ or turning angle.
The speed should lie between 300 and 1000 rpm. Both
electrically- and pneumaticallypowered screwdrivers can be
used.
The repeatability of the accuracy of the screwing process
should be checked in trials using building components, in order
to allow for effects which have not yet been detected.
M3,5
M4
M5
M6
M8
3,25
3,31
3,39
3,13
3,21
3,22
3,30
3,65
3,74
3,82
3,56
3,64
3,65
3,73
4,65
4,72
4,80
4,50
4,58
4,61
4,69
5,5
5,66
5,74
5,40
5,48
5,5
5,61
7,5
7,61
7,69
7,27
7,35
7,44
7,52
7
3,5
8
4
10
5
12
6
16
8
If you want to assemble components using automatic screwing

machines then get in touch with us as early as possible, so
that we can define and have your screws manufactured to the
required quality for automatic machines (take delivery time
into account). The automatic assembly of standard stock
screws is not normally economically justifiable.
C
alculating the torques
Page T.068
Direct assembly in thermoplastics using DeltaPT screws

The Delta PT has all the well-known properties of the PT screw.
In addition the Delta PT screw offers all the following advantages:
Thread angle geometry with the main angle of thread of 20
favours the working of the plastic
Up to 50% more tensional and torsional strength for the same
nominal d1, thanks to the increased crosssection of the core
Increased stability against vibration thanks to the smaller thread
pitch
Increased cycle stress stability
Smaller tolerances
Robust fastener, which can transfer more preload
The DELTA PT prognosis programme DELTACALC allows a
design based on preload oriented engineering (~VDI 2230).
A comparison of the Delta PT with the PT screw shows that:

Use of the DELTA PT allows you to use a shorter and so
more cost-effective screw.
T.066
www.bossard.com
140
AFL
[mm2]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
PT K 50
35
2,24
13,24
Delta PT 50
35
1,8
10,42
Delta PT 40
35
1,46
3,2
11,75
AFL = (d12 d2)
te
te
4 P
Cost-effective connections
The following example shows that, for the same depth of thread
engagement AFL, thanks to the smaller thread pitch P it is possible to design for a smaller length of thread engagement te. The
required screw depth for the Delta PT screw can be calculated
from the given depth of thread engagement AFL.
20

For simple fastenings the recommendations published here are
quite adequate
We would be pleased to help you with the design of fastenings under operational loadings, and can also provide support
through the use of DELTACALC
Select larger head diameters (BN 20040) for fastening together
parts made of plastic. The head friction increases the safety of
the process during assembly, a smaller surface pressure results
in less relaxation and so in greater residual locking forces.
Avoid using countersunk screws for clamping parts made from
plastic. The 90 angle results in radial as well as axial relaxation,
and where the edge distance is small this can lead to large
losses in preload, and so to a break in the part being clamped.
Avoid using elongated holes in clamping parts made from
plastic. Lack of bearing surface can lead to the forming torque
being greater than the head friction torque and this can make it
impossible to construct a mounting process secured.
Transverse forces should be taken up by the engagement
between the components.
Provide a pressure relief hole de (avoids stress cracks)
The pressure relief hole de is particularly important, since it

gives a favourable distribution of edge stresses and so prevents
the tube from shattering, particularly with plastics such as polycarbonates which are subject to stress cracking. It also ensures
the even support of the clamping part. Bulging of the plastic when
forming the first turn of the thread.
To optimise the fastening the hole diameter should not exceed
d = 0,88 x d1.
In practice deviations from these recommendations may arise, for

the following reasons:
Processing conditions during manufacture of the plastic
Design of the injection moulding equipment
Position of the injection point
Creation of flow seams
Local texture, e.g. through use of additives and fillers such as
colour pigments and fibres.
The plastics can be modified in different ways, depending on
the manufacturer.
www.bossard.com
0,3 - 0,4 x d1
de
te = 2 x d1
d = 0,8 d1
de = d1 + 0,2 mm
D = 2 x d1
0,5 x d1
Shape of the hole for Delta PT screws

The maximum achievable preload when overtightening is the
criteria for determining the optimum hole d. It is less dependent on the tube material and the length of engaged thread te,
and more dependent on the thread pitch P and the nominal d1
of the screw. The design applies to all conventional plastics with
a modulus of elasticity of up to E = 15000 N/mm2 (hole- d for
special plastics available on request):
D
d
te
de
d1
d = 0,8 x d1
outside
pilot holed
length of thread engagement
edge relief
nominal of the screw thread
Note
We recommend that control assembly runs be made using
the first available parts.
Ask Bossard Engineering for more detailed information.
T.067

If the operating forces of the loaded connections are known,

the check lists for possible engineering support may be useful
for you.
Calculating the torque

In order to achieve optimal safety during assembly, the difference
between the driving torque (Me) and the stripping torque (M)
must be as large as possible. The true screwing parameters can
be established by Bossard, using original components in their
Applications testing laboratory. The optimum tightening torque
MA to be set on the screwdriver for the assembly process is
determined based on customer-specific requirements. The
results are then documented in the form of a Technical Report.
For inquiries on DELTACALC-calculations, please contact your

Bossard contact person ([email protected]).
Torque [Nm]
overtightening
Tensile fracture load

PT 10 version
(Steel, hardened and tempered, strength analogous to 10.9)
Nominal size of
Delta PT
Nominal (d1)
[mm]
Min. tensile strenght load

[kN]
20
22
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
100
2
2,2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
6
7
8
10
1,6
1,9
2,7
3,8
5,2
6,8
8,6
10
15
21
28
44
What should you consider during assembly?

Secure and cost-effective fastenings can only be produced with
screwdrivers which have controlled torque and/or turning angle.
The heat needed for low-stress formation of the thread in plastics
is created by friction generated when driving in the screw.
The rotational speed should be between 300 and 800 rpm.
Both electrically- and pneumatically-powered screwdrivers can
be used.
Trials using components should be made to check the calculated values and the repeatability of the screwing process, in
order to allow for effects which have not yet been detected.
If you want to assemble components using automatic screwing
machines then get in touch with us as early as possible, so
that we can define and have your screws manufactured to the
required quality for automatic machines (take delivery time
into account). The automatic assembly of standard stock
screws is not normally economically justifiable.
tightening
bearing
driving in =
tapping
Time [sec]
Check list for a pre-design of the self-tapping fastener joint

Remark
The results of the Bossard recommendation must be confirmed
by practice experiments on the components of mass production.
Detail on the screw
screw ............................................................................................
standard reference ........................................................................
shape of head ...............................................................................
head- [mm] ................................................................................
nominal thread- [mm] .................................................................
length [mm] ...................................................................................
Detail on the clamping part
material specification ....................................................................
brand name ...................................................................................
thickness of clamping part [mm] ....................................................
hole- [mm] ..................................................................................
Detail on the Tubus
material specification ....................................................................
brand name ...................................................................................
pilot holed- [mm] ........................................................................
tube outside- [mm] .....................................................................
length of thread engagement [mm] ...............................................
edge relief- [mm] ........................................................................
hight of edge relief [mm] ................................................................
Details on the assembly
required tightening torque [Nm) ....................................................
preload / clamping load [kN] .........................................................
working load (axial) [N] ..................................................................
dynamic stress condition [yes/no] .................................................
static stress condition [yes/no] ......................................................
service temperature [C] ...............................................................
hight of edge relief [mm] ................................................................
service periode [h] ........................................................................
D
etail on the Tubus
Page T.067
T.068
www.bossard.com
Added value through calculation performance

The preliminary design of screwed connections in thermoplastic
can be simulated using the DELTACALC calculation program.
Based on VDI 2230, it permits a design to be made related to the
preload. These possibilities range from dimensioning through
load capacity and on to the working life of the connection.

Direct assembly in thermoplastics using PTscrews/ecosyn-plast
Torque [Nm]
overtightening
tightening
bearing
driving in =
tapping
Advantages of PT screws/ecosyn-plast
Low driving torque, high stripping torque
High assembly safety
Excellent vibration resistance
Low bursting tendency
No excessive joint relaxation therefore plastic components do
not shift
Cost-effective fastener for direct fastening in thermoplastics
30
Time [sec]
The PT screw/ecosyn-plast is capable of making direct

assembly into thermoplastic very secure and will establish highstrength joints.
Design guidelines
For fastening plastic parts, specify a large head diameter
(BN 13578). This increases friction under the head, making a
safer joint. Also a larger head reduces the surface pressure
which in turn minimizes joint relaxation and ultimately increases
the residual clamp load.
Do not use countersunk screws. The 90 head angle not only
results in axial forces but also radial forces, hence causing
greater joint relaxation in parts with narrow edge margins. The
preload would be unsafe.
Avoid elongated holes in plastic parts, as they would create a
small bearing area, possibly causing the driving torque to be
bigger than the underhead friction torque. Such a joint would be
unsafe.
Shear forces should be absorbed by form-fitting components.
Furnish the pilot hole de entrance with a counterbore (avoids
stress cracking).
www.bossard.com
T.069

Pilot hole design for PT screws/ecosyn-plast

For an optimal design that will enable the construction to last
in real life, it is absolutely necessary to design the pilot hole
geometry according to the specific material whish is selected. The
details shown here are based on laboratory trials with modelled
samples. In practice some changes may be required. We recommend that you make assembly tests using prototypes.
Material
hole d
external D
ABS / PC blend
ASA
PA 4.6
PA 4.6 - GF 30
PA 6
PA 6 - GF 30
PA 6.6
PA 6.6 - GF 30
PBT
PBT - GF 30
PC
PC - GF 30
PE (soft)
PE (hard)
PET
PET - GF 30
PMMA
POM
PP
PP - TV 20
PPO
PS
PVC (hard)
SAN
0,80 x d1
0,78 x d1
0,73 x d1
0,78 x d1
0,75 x d1
0,80 x d1
0,75 x d1
0,82 x d1
0,75 x d1
0,80 x d1
0,85 x d1
0,85 x d1
0,70 x d1
0,75 x d1
0,75 x d1
0,80 x d1
0,85 x d1
0,75 x d1
0,70 x d1
0,72 x d1
0,85 x d1
0,80 x d1
0,80 x d1
0,77 x d1
2,00 x d1
2,00 x d1
1,85 x d1
1,85 x d1
1,85 x d1
2,00 x d1
1,85 x d1
2,00 x d1
1,85 x d1
1,80 x d1
2,50 x d1
2,20 x d1
2,00 x d1
1,80 x d1
1,85 x d1
1,80 x d1
2,00 x d1
1,95 x d1
2,00 x d1
2,00 x d1
2,50 x d1
2,00 x d1
2,00 x d1
2,00 x d1
length of thread
engagement te
2,00 x d1
2,00 x d1
1,80 x d1
1,80 x d1
1,70 x d1
1,90 x d1
1,70 x d1
1,80 x d1
1,70 x d1
1,70 x d1
2,20 x d11)
2,00 x d11)
2,00 x d1
1,80 x d1
1,70 x d1
1,70 x d1
2,00 x d1
2,00 x d1
2,00 x d1
2,00 x d1
2,20 x d11)
2,00 x d1
2,00 x d1
1,90 x d1
d1 = nominal thread
Since materials susceptible to stress corrosion cracking are being dealt
with here, the tests recommended by the manufacturer should be carried
out. The relief bore is particularly important here, since it ensures a
favourable distribution of the peripheral stresses.
T.070
2/3
ll
shrink marks
unsuitable tube shape
improved tube shape
Tensile strength load PT screws

Steel, hardened and tempered, strength analogous to 10.9
Nominal size
PT
Nominal d1
[mm]
Min. tensile strength load

[kN]
K18
K20
K22
K25
K30
K35
K40
K50
K60
K70
K80
K100
1,8
2
2,2
2,5
3
3,5
4
5
6
7
8
10
1,1
1,3
1,6
2
2,7
3,6
4,6
7
9,8
13
16
25
te
W
hat should you consider during assembly?
Page T.068
s
Taper 0,51,0
ll
d
=
L = 1,11,2 x te
de = 1,05 x d1
0,30,5 x d1
Stress
relief bore
counterbore
www.bossard.com
C
alculating the torques
Page T.068
1)
Changes of shape
Occur for the given shrink hole shape, shrink marks or extended
injection cycles; the form can be changed as follows:
Reduce external diameter D of the tube
Increase the diameter d of the hole
Increase tapping hole depth and so length of screw thread engagement, in order to compensate for the losses in resistance
to stripping.
Select tapping holes which are sufficiently deep so that under no
circumstances can the assembled screws rest in the base of the
hole.

Sheet metal joints

The information below represents general recommendations for
the use of screws for sheet metal joints. The different types are
shown by example.
Sheet metal screws type C with tip (also known as search tip) are
predominantly used. This specially apply to assembly into several
sheets, in which hole offsetting is to be expected.
Minimum total thickness of the (sheet metals s) to be

fastened
The total thickness of the fastened parts shall be bigger than
the thread pitch of the applied tapping screw; or else, because
of the thread run out underneath the head, a sufficient tightening torque can not be applied. Should this be the case, joints
such as shown in figure 3 to 6 should be applied.
~s
1. Simple fastening
(two core holes)
2. Simple fastening
with clearance hole
~s
4. Extruded core hole

(thin sheet metal)
3. Pierced core hole

(thin sheet metal)
~s
5. Pressed hole fastening joint
~s
6. Fastening with spring nut
Note
Sheet metal screws are not intended for transferring high forces. There are no reference values for the pre-loads.
The pressed hole connection can be used with thin sheet metals, especially at mass productions. The pressed hole is produced by
stamping, slicing and forming of the spiral according to the thread pitch.
The use of Cage nuts makes it possible to use sheet metal screws independently of metal thickness or the metal material.
For assembly into austenitic metals the assembly torques have to be verified by tests.
Stainless sheet metal screws can only be used in light-alloy metals in order to obtain sufficient security in the assembly process.
If used in steel or stainless steel only practical tests can define the assembly parameters.
www.bossard.com
T.071

screws or other sheet metal materials. Punched pilot holes must

be 0,1 to 0,3 mm larger than normal. The screws must be
tightened in the direction the hole was punched.
Self-tapping screws / sheet metal thickness /

pilot hole diameters
The following reference values are valid only for case hardened
steel self-tapping screws as shown in Figure 2 on page T.071.
The tightening torques are max. 50% of the minimum breaking torque. Prior tests must be carried for the utilisation of other
Thread
diameter
Pitch
P [mm]
ST 2,2
0,8
ST 2,9
1,1
ST 3,5
1,3
ST 3,9
1,4
ST 4,2
1,4
ST 4,8
1,6
ST 5,5
1,8
ST 6,3
1,8
Material
strength
Rm [N/mm ]
2
from 100
approx. 300
up to 500
from 100
approx. 300
up to 500
from 100
approx. 300
up to 500
from 100
approx. 300
up to 500
from 100
approx. 300
up to 500
from 100
approx. 300
up to 500
from 100
approx. 300
up to 500
from 100
approx. 300
up to 500
Diameter of the pilot hole for db thread dimensions ST 2,2 to ST 6,3

for a sheet metal thickness s [mm]
0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,2 2,5 2,8 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,7
1,8
2,2
2,2
2,2
1,7
1,7
1,8
2,2
2,2
2,2
1,7
1,7
1,8
2,2
2,2
2,3
2,6
2,6
2,7
2,9
2,9
3,0
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,2
2,2
2,3
2,7
2,7
2,8
2,9
2,9
3,1
3,1
3,1
3,3
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,7
2,7
2,8
3,0
3,0
3,1
3,2
3,2
3,3
1,7
1,9
1,9
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,7
2,7
2,9
3,0
3,0
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,4
3,6
3,6
3,9
1,7
1,9
1,9
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,7
2,7
2,9
3,0
3,1
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,4
3,6
3,7
3,9
1,8
1,9
1,9
2,2
2,4
2,4
2,7
2,8
2,9
3,0
3,1
3,3
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,6
3,8
4,0
4,2
4,3
4,6
4,9
5,0
5,3
2,2
2,4
2,5
2,7
2,8
2,9
3,0
3,2
3,3
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,6
3,8
4,0
4,2
4,4
4,6
4,9
5,1
5,4
2,2
2,4
2,5
2,7
2,9
3,0
3,0
3,2
3,3
3,2
3,4
3,5
3,6
3,9
4,0
4,2
4,4
4,6
4,9
5,2
5,4
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,7
2,9
3,0
3,0
3,2
3,3
3,2
3,4
3,5
3,6
3,9
4,1
4,2
4,5
4,7
4,9
5,3
5,5
2,8
3,0
3,1
3,1
3,3
3,4
3,2
3,5
3,6
3,7
4,0
4,1
4,2
4,7
4,8
5,0
5,4
5,6
2,9
3,0
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,3
3,6
3,6
3,8
4,1
4,2
4,4
4,7
4,8
5,2
5,5
5,7
3,3
3,3
3,5
3,4
3,6
3,6
3,9
4,1
4,2
4,5
4,8
4,9
5,3
5,6
5,7
3,5
3,6
3,7
4,0
4,2
4,2
4,6
4,8
4,9
5,4
5,7
5,7
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,7
4,9
5,0
5,5
5,7
5,8
4,8
4,9
5,0
5,6
5,8
5,8
5,7
5,8
5,8
Minimum breaking torque for sheet metal screws
ISO 2702 (old DIN 267, part 12)

nominal- [mm]
Minimum breaking torque1)
1)
[Nm]
ST 2,2
ST 2,6
ST 2,9
ST 3,3
ST 3,5
ST 3,9
ST 4,2
ST 4,8
ST 5,5
ST 6,3
ST 8
ST 9,5
0,45
0,9
1,5
2,7
3,4
4,4
6,3
10
13,6
30,5
68
Torsional strength with clamping arrangement determined as per ISO 2702.
Tightening torque for sheet metal screws

Approximate values have to be derived from the ISO 2702
(old DIN 267, part 12).
Reference values for tightening torque:
MA = approx. 80% of the minimum torsional strength resp. the
stripping-torque with failure cause into screw or component.
T.072
www.bossard.com
The maximum thread forming torque should not be higher than

50% of the stripping-torque (minimum torsional strength of the
screw).

Selection criteria for self-tapping Ensat inserts

Grouping of materials, types and finishes
Ensat
Type 302
Ensat
Type 307/308
Ensat
Type 337/338
Material
Group
Base material
Recommended
works standards
Recommended
Ensat version
Tempered light metal alloys

more than 350 N/mm2 tensile strength
Steel case-hardened
zinc plated
Cast iron in higher hardness range.

Brass, bronze and other non-ferrous metals.
302/337
307/338
308
302
Steel case-hardened
zinc plated
Light metal alloys up to

350 N/mm2 tensile strength
302/337
307/338
308
Steel case-hardened
zinc plated
II
III
IV
VI
VII
Ensat
Type 305
Cast iron
302
Brittle-rigid condensation resin plastics and

high-grade synthetic resins
302/337
307/338
308

302/337
307/338
308
Ensat
Type 309
Steel case-hardened
zinc plated
Steel case-hardened
zinc plated
or Brass
Steel case-hardened
zinc plated
Soft cast iron
302
Steel case-hardened zinc plated
Condensation resin plastics of

medium hardness
302/337
307/338
308
302
Steel case-hardened
zinc plated

Soft metals and light metal alloys up to
302
Soft condensation resin plastics

laminates with resin bond
302
Steel case-hardened
zinc plated
Steel case-hardened
zinc plated
or stainless steel A1

or Brass or stainless steel A1
Soft polymerisation-, polycondensation- and

polyaddition plastic materials
Hardwoods
302

or Brass or stainless steel A1
Hardwoods
309
Brass
Soft polymerisation-, polycondensation- and

polyaddition plastic materials
305
Brass
Softwoods and plywood

Wood fiber materials
www.bossard.com
302
309
Brass
Brass
T.073

III
IV
30%40% 40%50% 50%60% 60%70%

M2,5
M2,6
M3
M3,5
M4
M5
M6a
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M20
M24
4,34,2
4,34,2
4,84,7
5,75,6
6,26,1
7,67,5
8,68,5
9,49,2
11,411,2
13,413,2
15,415,2
17,417,2
19,419,2
25,425,2
29,429,2
4,24,1
4,2
4,7
5,65,5
6,16
7,57,3
8,58,3
9,29
11,211
13,213
15,215
17,217
19,219
25,225
29,229
4,1
4,1
4,6
5,55,4
65,9
7,37,2
8,38,2
98,8
1110,8
1312,8
1514,8
1716,8
1918,8
2524,8
2928,8
4,14
4,14
4,64,5
5,45,3
5,95,8
7,27,1
8,28,1
8,88,6
10,810,6
12,812,6
14,814,6
16,816,6
18,818,6
24,824,6
28,828,6
6
6
6
8
8
10
12
14
15
18
22
24
22
27
30
8
8
8
10
10
13
15
17
18
22
26
28
27
32
36
Ensat Type 307/308/337/338
50%60%
60%70%
70%80%
5,75,6
6,26,1
7,77,6
9,69,5
11,511,3
13,513,3
15,415,2
17,417,2
5,6
6,1
7,67,5
9,59,4
11,311,2
13,313,2
15,215,1
17,217,1
5,65,5
6,16
7,57,4
9,49,3
11,211,1
13,213,1
15,115
17,117
5/8
6/8
7/10
8/12
9/14
10/18
12/22
14/24
7/10
8/10
9/13
10/15
11/17
13/22
15/26
17/28
For material groups

I
II
III
Attainable percentage of overlapping threads

M3,5
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M2,5
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
90%95%
3,83,6
4,34,2
5,35,2
6,96,7
7,97,7
10,310,1
12,812,6
15,815,6
3,63,5
4,24,1
5,25,1
6,76,6
7,77,6
10,19,9
12,612,4
15,615,4
T.074
www.bossard.com
6
6
10
12
14
20
23
26
8
8
13
15
17
23
26
30
Ensat Type 305

Thread
Hole diameter D [mm]

For material groups
VII
M3
M4
M5
M6
4,64,7
66,1
7,37,4
99,2
6
8
10
14
7
9
11
15
The pilot hole can be drilled or formed during die-casting

Countersinking the hole is usually not necessary; however it
would facilitate installation and possibly prevent damage to the
workpiece surface. It also would enable the insert to be flush with
the work-piece.
Blind hole depth: Minimum depth B

Minimum wall thickness: The wall thickness is dependant upon
the hardness and / or strength of the workpiece material.
Recommendation for light metals: S 0,2 to 0,6 d2
Recommendation for cast iron:
S 0,3 to 0,5 d2
d2 = Outside diameter [mm] of Ensat insert
DA = + 0,2 to 0,4 mm
a = 1 to 1,5 x the pitch of the external thread
Blind hole depth

Bmin
85%90%
Material thickness
Amin
VI
Material thickness:
Length of Ensat = shortest permissible material thickness A
Blind hole depth
Bmin
Material thickness
Amin
Thread
II

For material groups
Blind hole
depth Bmin
Blind hole depth

Bmin
Material thickness
Amin
Ensat Type 302

For material groups
Thread
Hard and brittle materials require a larger hole than soft and
flexible ones. Whenever necessary, the most suitable hole
diameter should be determined through application testing.
Thread
Ensat Type 309
Material
thick. Amin
Recommended pilot hole diameters and material thickness /

blind hole depths for threaded inserts Ensat
The recommended hole diameter depends on the Ensat
external thread, the strength and the physical characteristics
of the work-piece material.

Internal drives for screws

Technical progress and economic factors have resulted in the
increasing replacement of slotted head screws by other internal
drive systems.
It is very important today to take into account the most frequently

used drives and their possibilities in design, logistics, procurement and assembly.
Cross recess H (Phillips)

The Phillips cross recessed head is the worlds most widely
used system.
Has a conventional cruciform recess with all walls inclined,
the end of the screwdriver having trapezoid webs.
The general dimensions are given in the product information of
the respective catalogue group.
Cross recess Z (Pozidriv)

The Pozidriv cross recessed head is used principally in Europe.
The four tightening walls of the cruciforme recess in contact
with the screwdriver when tightening, are perpendicular.
The other walls are inclined. This can improve assembly if the
recess production is reliable. The Pozidriv screwdriver has
rectangular webs at its extremity.
Hexagon socket
Screws with hexagon socket head have proved their worth in
the machine and apparatus construction fields.
The width across flats of hexagon socket head screws is
smaller than the WAF of hexagon head screws, permitting more
economic design with smaller sizes.
Hexalobular socket
The notion of a drive with hexalobular sockets are a decisive
step in developing drives better adapted to manual and automated assembly. This drive is becoming increasingly popular
throughout the world.
Compared to drives like cross recesses and conventional
hexagon sockets, this system is characterized by a lower risk
of deterioration and a lower pressure force requirement. The
typical cam out slipping of the tool has hence been eliminated
and the force transmission improved.
www.bossard.com
T.075

Torx plus
The Torx plus drive is defined by ellipses and represents an
improvement over the original hexalobular system which is
defined by a series of radii.
The Torx plus system is compatible with the tools provided for
the (Torx) hexalobular system. However, the specific
geometric benefits of Torx plus can only optimize assembly
when using the Torx plus screwdriver bits (tool).
Technical advantages of hexalobular socket and Torx plus

drives and their economic benefit
No need for pressure force as it is necessary when using cross
recessed drives.
Can accept the tightening torques for all property classes.
No deterioration of the internal drive; hence reliable unscrewing.
Very low assembly tool wear.
High rationalisation potential for the assembly technique,
as the drive is suitable for all types of screw.
Economic head from the aspect of size, form and material,
corresponding to cheese head screws DIN 84 and DIN 7984,
however able to cope with high stresses with respect to
permissible surface pressure.
No problem assembling round head screws according to
ISO 7380 and recessed flat head screws DIN 7991. The high
property class 010.9 of these screws permitting increased
strength of the hexagon socket can be reduced to property
class 08.8.
The hexalobular socket and the Torx plus systems have

benefits due to their design parameters
15
Force transmission angle of 60

with hexagon socket drives

with hexalobular socket drives
The effective transmission angle of the hexalobular socket is

15 while that of a Torx plus is 0. A 0 drive angle has the
advantage that the entire force acting on the drive is used to
drive the screw in. The geometries of the hexalobular socket
and the Torx plus therefore extend the service life of the
screwdriver bits by up to 100%.
T.076
www.bossard.com

with Torx plus drives
The cross section of the Torx plus drive is larger compared to

the hexalobular drive system. Therefore the torsional strength
of the driving tool is increased.
The good force transmission enables low penetration depths.
60

Assembly tools
Shapes of driving features and assigned tool sizes

Hexagon and hexalobular socket keys
Thread
M1,4
M1,6
M2
M2,5
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M42
M48
Standard
DIN 912
ISO 4762
DIN 6912
DIN 7984
DIN 7991
DIN 913/914
DIN 915/916
ISO 4026/4027
ISO 4028/4029
ISO 7379
ISO 7380
1,3
1,5
1,5
2
2,5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
14
17
17
19
19
22
24
27
32
36
2
2,5
3
4
5
7
8
10
12
12
14
14
17
1,5
2
2,5
3
4
5
6
8
10
10
12
12
14
14
0,7
0,7
0,9
1,3
1,5
2
2,5
3
4
5
6
6
8
10
10
12
12
3
4
5
6
10
12
2
2,5
3
4
5
6
8
10
Screwdriver bits / hexalobular socket keys1)

metric screws
wood screws / shipboard screws
Thread
Drive
M2
M2,5
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
T6
T8
T10
T20
T25
T30
T40
T50
X6
X8
X10
X20
X25
X30
X40
X50
nominal-
Drive
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
6
7
T10
T15
T15
T25
T25
T25
T30
X10
X15
X15
X25
X25
X25
X30
sheet metal screws

Thread
Drive
ST 2,2
ST 2,9
ST 3,5
ST 3,9
ST 4,2
ST 4,8
ST 5,5
ST 6,3
X6
X10
X15
X15
X20
X25
X25
X30
Type of hexalobular socket key:

T = Torx
X = hexalobular socket according to ISO 10664
1)
Reference values basing on product standards. Special requirements or brand products can technical differ from it.
www.bossard.com
T.077

Assembly tools
Wrench size of hexagon head screws/nuts

Thread
M1,6
M2
M2,5
M3
M3,5
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
M42
M45
M48
hexagon head flange screws / bolts
DIN
ISO
DIN
ISO
DIN
DIN
DIN/ISO/EN
558
601
931
933
934
960
961
7990
7968
(571)1)
4018
4016
4014
4017
4032
8765
8676
6914
6915
7999
7412
7414
561
heavy-duty
M10
light-duty > M10
6921
light-duty
ISO 4162
EN 1662
16
18
21
34
22
27
32
36
41
46
50
60
21
34
10
13
16
18
24
30
36
46
55
65
8
10
13
15
16
18
21
27
7
8
10
13
15 (EN16)
18
21
27
3,2
4
5
5,5
6
7
8
10
11 (12)1)
13
17
19
22
24
27
30
32
36
41
46
50
55
60
65
70
75
heavy-duty
EN 1665
hexagon nuts
ISO 4161
EN 1661
EN 1663
EN 1664
DIN 6923
DIN 6926
DIN 6927
8
10
13
15 (EN16)
18
21
24
30
for wood screws
T.078
www.bossard.com
1)
Standard
hexagon head screws / nuts
Metric ISO threads

Metric ISO threads
General
The thread dimensions and profile accuracy are crucial for
determining:
whether a coating can still be applied to the screw thread
whether the parts to be joined can be screwed together on
assembly without difficulty or the need for reworking
whether the thread can transmit the forces for which the
components were dimensioned.
Tolerances are very small in screw manufacturing. Terms and

fitting systems are difficult to understand. To assist. the following
illustrations explain dimensions and tolerances.
Basic concept and nominal dimensions
60
d2 pitch diameter
Bolt
D1 minor diameter
D2 pitch diameter
D major diameter
D nominal size of thread
Nut
P pitch
Nut
d major diameter
The dimension system for threads is based on the nominal

dimensions for thread, pitch and minor diameter.
Bolt
Clearance fit on metric ISO threads
Screw and nut threads have different tolerance zone positions:

screw thread dimensions are situated at the nominal dimension
and below, nut thread dimensions, at the nominal dimension and
above.
major diameter max.
major diameter min.
Bolt
pitch diameter max.
Td2
2
es
2
pitch diameter min.
minor diameter min.
minor diameter max.
pitch diameter min.
TD1
2
Td
2
El
2
TD2
2
pitch diameter max.
Page T.034
major diameter min.
M
aximum coating thickness for metric ISO threads
major diameter max.
This produces the necessary clearance and a defined range

for permissible plating thicknesses: a plated screw thread must
never exceed the nominal dimensions, while a plated nut thread
must never fall below them.
Nut
Tolerance fields for commercial screws and nuts
finish
6G
6e
bright (with large clearance) or for

very thick electroplatings
bright, phosphated or for standard

electroplatings
Bare screw threads are checked with 6g ring gauges

for clearance, galvanised with 6h ring gauges.
www.bossard.com
6H
4 5 6 7 8
6g
Larger number
means greater
tolerance.
6G
6e
Clearance
before
application
of protective
coats
G
H
h
g
f
e
bolt thread nut thread
Bolt
6g
Tolerance zone position

Pitch-dependent dimensions
for different tolerance
zone positions can be found
in ISO 965.
major
pitch
Nut
6H
Tolerance quality
Diameter-dependent tolerances
for different tolerance
qualities can be found in
ISO 965.
major
pitch
The ISO 965 thread standard recommends tolerance fields which

give the desired clearance. For threads M1,4, the following
tolerance fields are standard:
T.079
Metric ISO threads

Metric ISO threads
Limits for metric (standard) coarse threads
Screws, tolerance 6g (*6h)

Thread
Nuts, tolerance 6H (*5H)
Length of
Major diameter
thread
engagement
d [mm]
M1*
M1,2*
M1,4*
M1,6
M1,8
M2
M2,5
M3
M3,5
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
Pitch diameter
Thread
root
radius
d2 [mm]
[mm]
from
to
max.
min.
max.
min.
min.
0,6
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,8
1
1,3
1,5
1,7
2
2,5
3
3
4
5
6
8
8
10
10
10
12
12
15
15
18
18
1,7
1,7
2
2,6
2,6
3
3,8
4,5
5
6
7,5
9
9
12
15
18
24
24
30
30
30
36
36
45
45
53
53
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,581
1,781
1,981
2,480
2,980
3,479
3,978
4,976
5,974
6,974
7,972
9,968
11,966
13,962
15,962
17,958
19,958
21,958
23,952
26,952
29,947
32,947
35,940
38,940
0,933
1,133
1,325
1,496
1,696
1,886
2,380
2,874
3,354
3,838
4,826
5,794
6,794
7,760
9,732
11,701
13,682
15,682
17,623
19,623
21,623
23,577
26,577
29,522
32,522
35,465
38,465
0,838
1,038
1,205
1,354
1,554
1,721
2,188
2,655
3,089
3,523
4,456
5,324
6,324
7,160
8,994
10,829
12,663
14,663
16,334
18,334
20,334
22,003
25,003
27,674
30,674
33,342
26,342
0,785
0,985
1,149
1,291
1,491
1,654
2,117
2,580
3,004
3,433
4,361
5,212
6,212
7,042
8,862
10,679
12,503
14,503
16,164
18,164
20,164
21,803
24,803
27,462
30,462
33,118
26,118
0,031
0,031
0,038
0,044
0,044
0,050
0,056
0,063
0,075
0,088
0,100
0,125
0,125
0,156
0,188
0,219
0,250
0,250
0,313
0,313
0,313
0,375
0,375
0,438
0,438
0,500
0,500
Thread
Length of thread
engagement
M1*
M1,2*
M1,4*
M1,6
M1,8
M2
M2,5
M3
M3,5
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
Pitch diameter
Minor diameter
D2 [mm]
D1 [mm]
from
to
max.
min.
max.
min.
0,6
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,8
1
1,3
1,5
1,7
2
2,5
3
3
4
5
6
8
8
10
10
10
12
12
15
15
18
18
1,7
1,7
2
2,6
2,6
3
3,8
4,5
5
6
7,5
9
9
12
15
18
24
24
30
30
30
36
36
45
45
53
53
0,894
1,094
1,265
1,458
1,658
1,830
2,303
2,775
3,222
3,663
4,605
5,500
6,500
7,348
9,206
11,063
12,913
14,913
16,600
18,600
20,600
22,316
25,316
28,007
31,007
33,702
36,702
0,838
1,038
1,205
1,373
1,573
1,740
2,208
2,675
3,110
3,545
4,480
5,350
6,350
7,188
9,026
10,863
12,701
14,701
16,376
18,376
20,376
22,051
25,051
27,727
30,727
33,402
36,402
0,785
0,985
1,142
1,321
1,521
1,679
2,138
2,599
3,010
3,422
4,334
5,153
6,153
6,912
8,676
10,441
12,210
14,210
15,744
17,744
19,744
21,252
24,252
26,771
29,771
32,270
35,270
0,729
0,929
1,075
1,221
1,421
1,567
2,013
2,459
2,850
3,242
4,134
4,917
5,917
6,647
8,376
10,106
11,835
13,835
15,294
17,294
19,294
20,752
23,752
26,211
29,211
31,670
34,670
Selection series for coarse threads

1st choice
Thread nominal
diameter
Pitch P [mm]
M1,2
M1,6
M2
M2,5
M3
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M16
M20
M24
M30
M36
M421) M481)
0,25
0,35
0,4
0,45
0,5
0,7
0,8
1,25
1,5
1,75
2,5
3,5
4,5
2nd choice
Thread nominal
diameter
Pitch P [mm]
M1,8
M3,5
M7
M14
M18
M22
M27
M33
M39
M451)
0,3
0,35
0,6
2,5
2,5
3,5
4,5
Not contained in ISO 262:1973
T.080
www.bossard.com
1)
M1,4
Metric ISO threads

Metric ISO threads
Limits for metric fine threads
Screws with metric fine thread, tolerance 6g

Thread
Length of
thread
engagement
from
M8x1
3
M10x1
3
M10x1,25 4
M12x1,25 4,5
M12x1,5 5,6
M14x1,5 5,6
M16x1,5 5,6
M18x1,5 5,6
M18x2
8
M20x1,5 5,6
M20x2
8
M22x1,5 5,6
M22x2
8
M24x2
8,5
M27x2
8,5
M30x2
8,5
M33x2
8,5
M36x3
12
M39x3
12
to
9
9
12
13
16
16
16
16
24
16
24
16
24
25
25
25
25
36
36
Nuts with metric fine thread, tolerance 6H
Major diameter
Pitch diameter
d [mm]
d2 [mm]
max.
7,974
9,974
9,972
11,972
11,968
13,968
15,968
17,968
17,952
19,968
19,962
21,968
21,962
23,962
26,962
29,962
32,962
35,952
38,952
min.
7,794
9,794
9,760
11,760
11,732
13,732
15,732
17,762
17,682
19,732
19,682
21,732
21,682
23,682
26,682
29,682
32,682
35,577
38,577
Thread
root
radius
Thread
[mm]
max.
7,324
9,324
9,160
11,160
10,994
12,994
14,994
16,994
16,663
18,994
18,663
20,994
20,663
22,663
25,663
28,663
31,663
34,003
37,003
min.
7,212
9,212
9,042
11,028
10,854
12,854
14,854
16,854
16,503
18,854
18,503
20,854
20,503
22,493
25,483
28,493
31,493
33,803
36,803
min.
0,125
0,156
0,156
0,156
0,156
0,188
0,188
0,188
0,188
0,188
0,188
0,188
0,188
0,250
0,250
0,250
0,250
0,375
0,375
M8x1
M10x1
M10x1,25
M12x1,25
M12x1,5
M14x1,5
M16x1,5
M18x1,5
M18x2
M20x1,5
M20x2
M22x1,5
M22x2
M24x2
M27x2
M30x2
M33x2
M36x3
M39x3
Length of
thread
engagement
Pitch diameter
Minor diameter
D2 [mm]
D1 [mm]
from
3
3
4
4,5
5,6
5,6
5,6
5,6
8
5,6
8
5,6
8
8,5
8,5
8,5
8,5
12
12
max.
7,500
9,500
9,348
11,368
11,216
13,216
15,216
17,216
16,913
19,216
18,913
21,216
20,913
22,925
25,925
28,925
31,925
34,316
37,316
to
9
9
12
13
16
16
16
16
24
16
24
16
24
25
25
25
25
36
36
min.
7,350
9,350
9,188
11,188
11,026
13,026
15,026
17,026
16,701
19,026
13,701
21,026
20,701
22,701
25,701
28,701
31,701
34,051
37,051
max.
7,153
9,153
8,912
10,912
10,676
12,676
14,676
16,676
16,210
18,676
18,210
20,676
20,210
22,210
25,210
28,210
31,210
33,252
36,252
min.
6,917
8,917
8,647
10,647
10,376
12,376
14,376
16,376
15,835
18,376
17,835
20,376
19,835
21,835
24,834
27,835
30,835
32,752
35,752
Selection series for fine threads

1st choice
Nominal thread
diameter
Pitch P [mm]
M8
M10
M12
M16
M20
M24
M30
M36
1,25
1,25
1,5
1,5
11)
1,51)
21)
2nd choice
Nominal thread
diameter
Pitch P [mm]
1)
M14
M18
M22
M27
M33
M39
1,5
1,5
1,5
21)
21)
Not contained in ISO 262:1973
Permissible tolerances for plastic fasteners

Dimension
for screw threads
for nut threads
major
minor
pitch
pitch
e8
2 x g8
2 x g8
5%
2 x G7
H7
2 x g8
5%
www.bossard.com
Dimensions of the head, screw length and thread approximately

according to DIN. Acceptance according to VDI 2544.
The tolerances must be observed 24 hours after fabrication,
for all other tolerances, refer to ISO 4759, part 1, but with the
factor 2.
These technical recommendations are of a general nature. For
more detailed specifications, please refer to VDI 2544.
T.081

Basic tolerances and tolerance fields
Nominal Standard tolerances [mm]

Tolerance fields for internal dimensions [mm]
dim.
IT11 IT12 IT13 IT14 IT15 IT16 IT17 D12
F8
H6
H7
H8
H9
range
up to 3
over 3
up to 6
over 6
up to 10
over 10
up to 18
over 18
up to 30
over 30
up to 50
over 50
up to 80
over 80
up to 120
over 120
up to 180
over 180
up to 250
over 250
up to 315
over 315
up to 400
over 400
up to 500
0,06
0,1
0,14 0,25 0,4
0,075 0,12 0,18 0,3
0,6
1,0
0,48 0,75 1,2
0,09
0,15 0,22 0,36 0,58 0,9
1,5
0,11
0,18 0,27 0,43 0,7
1,1
1,8
0,13
0,21 0,33 0,52 0,84 1,3
2,1
0,16
0,25 0,39 0,62 1,0
1,6
2,5
0,19
0,3
0,46 0,74 1,2
1,9
3,0
0,22
0,35 0,54 0,87 1,4
2,2
3,5
0,25
0,4
2,5
4,0
0,29
0,46 0,72 1,15 1,85 2,9
4,6
0,32
0,52 0,81 1,3
2,1
3,2
5,2
0,36
0,57 0,89 1,4
2,3
3,6
5,7
0,4
0,63 0,97 1,55 2,5
4,0
6,3
0,63 1,0
1,6
+0,12
+0,02
+0,15
+0,03
+0,19
+0,04
+0,23
+0,05
+0,275
+0,065
+0,33
+0,08
+0,4
+0,1
+0,47
+0,12
+0,545
+0,145
+0,63
+0,17
+0,71
+0,19
+0,78
+0,21
+0,86
+0,23
Nominal Tolerance fields for external dimensions [mm]

dim.
d12
f9
h6
h7
h8
h9
range
up to 3
over 3
up to 6
over 6
up to 10
over 10
up to 18
over 18
up to 30
over 30
up to 50
over 50
up to 80
over 80
up to 120
over 120
up to 180
over 180
up to 250
over 250
up to 315
over 315
up to 400
over 400
up to 500
T.082
0,02
0,12
0,03
0,15
0,04
0,19
0,05
0,23
0,065
0,275
0,08
0,33
0,1
0,4
0,12
0,47
0,145
0,545
0,17
0,63
0,19
0,71
0,21
0,78
0,23
0,86
0,006
0,031
0,01
0,04
0,013
0,049
0,016
0,059
0,02
0,070
0,025
0,087
0,03
0,104
0,036
0,123
0,043
0,143
0,05
0,165
0,056
0,185
0,062
0,202
0,068
0,223
0
0,006
0
0,008
0
0,009
0
0,011
0
0,013
0
0,016
0
0,019
0
0,022
0
0,025
0
0,029
0
0,032
0
0,036
0
0,04
0
0,01
0
0,012
0
0,015
0
0,018
0
0,021
0
0,025
0
0,03
0
0,035
0
0,04
0
0,046
0
0,052
0
0,057
0
0,063
www.bossard.com
0
0,014
0
0,018
0
0,022
0
0,027
0
0,033
0
0,039
0
0,046
0
0,054
0
0,063
0
0,072
0
0,081
0
0,089
0
0,097
0
0,025
0
0,03
0
0,036
0
0,043
0
0,052
0
0,062
0
0,074
0
0,087
0
0,1
0
0,115
0
0,13
0
0,14
0
0,155
+0,01
0
+0,012
0
+0,015
0
+0,018
0
+0,021
0
+0,025
0
+0,03
0
+0,035
0
+0,04
0
+0,046
0
+0,052
0
+0,057
0
+0,063
0
+0,014
0
+0,018
0
+0,022
0
+0,027
0
+0,033
0
+0,039
0
+0,046
0
+0,054
0
+0,063
0
+0,072
0
+0,081
0
+0,089
0
+0,097
0
+0,025
0
+0,03
0
+0,036
0
+0,043
0
+0,052
0
+0,062
0
+0,074
0
+0,087
0
+0,1
0
+0,115
0
+0,13
0
+0,14
0
+0,155
0
H10
H11
H12
H13
H14
H15
+0,04
0
+0,048
0
+0,058
0
+0,07
0
+0,084
0
+0,1
0
+0,12
0
+0,14
0
+0,16
0
+0,185
0
+0,21
0
+0,23
0
+0,25
0
+0,06
0
+0,075
0
+0,09
0
+0,11
0
+0,13
0
+0,16
0
+0,19
0
+0,22
0
+0,25
0
+0,29
0
+0,32
0
+0,36
0
+0,4
0
+0,1
0
+0,12
0
+0,15
0
+0,18
0
+0,21
0
+0,25
0
+0,3
0
+0,35
0
+0,4
0
+0,46
0
+0,52
0
+0,57
0
+0,63
0
+0,14
0
+0,18
0
+0,22
0
+0,27
0
+0,33
0
+0,39
0
+0,46
0
+0,54
0
+0,63
0
+0,72
0
+0,81
0
+0,89
0
+0,97
0
+0,25
0
+0,3
0
+0,36
0
+0,43
0
+0,52
0
+0,62
0
+0,74
0
+0,87
0
+1,0
0
+1,15
0
+1,3
0
+1,4
0
+1,55
0
+0,4
0
+0,48
0
+0,58
0
+0,7
0
+0,84
0
+1,0
0
+1,2
0
+1,4
0
+1,6
0
+1,85
0
+2,1
0
+2,3
0
+2,5
0
+0,02
+0,006
+0,028
+0,01
+0,035
+0,013
+0,043
+0,016
+0,053
+0,02
+0,004
+0,025
+0,076
+0,03
+0,09
+0,036
+0,106
+0,043
+0,122
+0,05
+0,137
+0,056
+0,151
+0,062
+0,165
+0,068
+0,006
0
+0,008
0
+0,009
0
+0,011
0
+0,013
0
+0,016
0
+0,019
0
+0,022
0
+0,025
0
+0,029
0
+0,032
0
+0,036
0
+0,04
0
h10
h11
h12
h13
h14
h15
h16
h17 js14
0
0,04
0
0,048
0
0,058
0
0,07
0
0,084
0
0,1
0
0,12
0
0,14
0
0,16
0
0,185
0
0,21
0
0,23
0
0,25
0
0,06
0
0,075
0
0,09
0
0,11
0
0,13
0
0,16
0
0,19
0
0,22
0
0,25
0
0,29
0
0,32
0
0,36
0
0,4
0
0,1
0
0,12
0
0,15
0
0,18
0
0,21
0
0,25
0
0,3
0
0,35
0
0,4
0
0,46
0
0,52
0
0,57
0
0,63
0
0,14
0
0,18
0
0,22
0
0,27
0
0,33
0
0,39
0
0,46
0
0,54
0
0,63
0
0,72
0
0,81
0
0,89
0
0,97
0
0,25
0
0,3
0
0,36
0
0,43
0
0,52
0
0,62
0
0,74
0
0,87
0
1,0
0
1,15
0
1,3
0
1,4
0
1,55
0
0,4
0
0,48
0
0,58
0
0,7
0
0,84
0
1,0
0
1,2
0
1,4
0
1,6
0
1,85
0
2,1
0
2,3
0
2,5
0
0,6
0
0,75
0
0,9
0
1,1
0
1,3
0
1,6
0
1,9
0
2,2
0
2,5
0
2,9
0
3,2
0
3,6
0
4,0
0
1,0
0
1,2
0
1,5
0
1,8
0
2,1
0
2,5
0
3,0
0
3,5
0
4,0
0
4,6
0
5,2
0
5,7
0
6,3
js15
js16
js17
m6
0,125 0,2
0,3
0,5
0,15
0,24
0,375 0,6
0,18
0,29
0,45
0,75
0,215 0,35
0,55
0,9
0,26
0,42
0,65
1,05
0,31
0,5
0,8
1,25
0,37
0,6
0,95
1,5
0,435 0,7
1,1
1,75
0,5
1,25
2,0
0,575 0,925 1,45
2,3
0,65
1,05
1,6
2,6
0,7
1,15
1,8
2,85
0,775 1,25
2,0
3,15
+0,008
+0,002
+0,012
+0,004
+0,015
+0,006
+0,018
+0,007
+0,021
+0,008
+0,025
+0,009
+0,03
+0,011
+0,035
+0,013
+0,04
+0,015
+0,046
+0,017
+0,052
+0,02
+0,057
+0,021
+0,063
+0,023
0,8
Extract from ISO 286-2

SI units system
SI is the modern system of units for measurement, accepted and
used world wide. It is used in all areas of international standards
and is commonly referred to as the metric system. SI is used in all
areas of science, technology and trade and is applied in the same
way world wide.
SI is built of: Base units, Supplementary units, Additional units,

Prefixes. The figures given in the conversion tables are rounded
up to 3 or 4 digits.
Basic units of the SI system

Quantity
Length
Mass
Time
Electric current
Termodynamic temperature
Luminous intensity
Amount of substance
Name
meter
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin
candela
mole
Symbol
m
kg
s
A
K
cd
mol
Derived SI units
Quantity
Name
Symbol
Defining equation
Frequency
Force
Pressure and mechanical stress
Work (energy, heat)
Power, energy flow, heat flow
Electrical charge, quantity of electricity
Plectrical potential, potential, difference voltage
Electric capacitance
Impedance
Electrical conductivity
Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux density
Industance
Luminous flux
Illumination
Plan angle
Solid angle
hertz
newton
pascal
joule
watt
coulomb
volt
farad
ohm
siemens
weber
tesla
henry
lumen
lux
radian
steradian
Hz
N
Pa
J
W
C
V
F
S
Wb
T
H
lm
lx
rad
sr
1 Hz
1N
1 Pa
1J
1W
1C
1V
1F
1
1S
1 WB
1T
1H
1 lm
1 lx
1 rad
1 sr
= 1 s1 = 1/s
= 1 kg m/s2
= 1 N/m2
=1Nm=1Ws
= 1 N m/s = J/s
=1As
= 1 W/A
= 1 A s/V
= 1 V/A
= 1 1 = 1 A/V
=1Vs
= 1 Wb/m2
= 1 Wb/A = 1 V s/A
= 1 cd sr
= 1 lm/m2
= 1 m/m = 1 = 180/
= 1 m2/m2 = 1
Conversion tables
Conversion table for units of force
1 Newton = 1 N
1 pond = 1 p
1 Kilopond = kp
1 dyn
kp
dyn
1
9,81 103
9,81
105
102
1
1000
1,02 103
0,102
103
1
1,02 106
105
981
9,81 105
1
Pa
N/mm2
kp/cm2
kp/mm2
1
106
10
1
1,02 10
10,2
Conversion table for units of mechanical stress

1 Pa = 1 N/m = 10 N/cm
1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa
1 kp/cm2 = 1 at
1 kp/mm2
9,81 104
9,81 106
www.bossard.com
9,81 102
9,81
1
100
1,02 107
0,102
102
1
T.083

Conversion table for units of work, energy and heat

1J=1Nm=1Ws
1 kJ
1 kWh
1 kcal
1 kpm
kJ
kWh
kcal
kpm
1
1000
3,6 106
4,19 103
9,81
103
1
3,6 103
4,19
9,81 103
2,78 107
2,78 104
1
1,16 103
2,72 106
2,39 104
0,239
860
1
2,34 103
0,102
102
3,67 105
427
1
kcal/s
2,39 104
0,239
1
2,78 104
2,34 103
kcal/h
0,860
860
3,6 103
1
8,34
kpm/s
0,102
102
427
0,119
1
Conversion table for units of power and heat flow

1 W = 1 N m/s = 1 J/s
1 kW
1 kcal/s
1 kcal/h
1 kpm/s
W
1
1000
4,9 103
1,16
9,81
kW
103
1
4,19
1,6 103
9,81 103
Conversion table for units of pressure for gases, vapours and liquides
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 bar = 0,1 MPa = 0,1 N/mm2
1 kp/m2
1 at = 1 kp/cm2
1 Torr = 1/760 atm
Pa
bar
kp/m2
at
Torr
1
105
9,81
9,81 104
133
105
1
9,81 105
0,981
1,33 103
0,102
1,02 104
1
104
13,6
1,02 105
1,02
104
1
1,36 103
7,5 103
750
7,36 102
736
1
Value
Previous unit
Symbol
New unit
Symbol
Defining equation
Length
Pressure
Energy
Power
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Impact value
Heat capacity
Heat conductivity
Specific heat
Magnetic field strength
Magnetic flux density
Magnetic flux
Luminous intensity
Luminace
Absorbed dose
Ion dose
ngstrm
mm mercury
Erg
horsepower
Poise
Stokes
kpm/cm2
kcal/C
kcal/m h C
kcal/kg C
Oersted
Gauss
Maxwell
internat. candle
Stilb
Rem
Rntgen
mm Hg
erg
PS
P
St
Oe
G
M
lK
sb
rem
R
meter
pascal
joule
watt
pascal second
cm2/s
J/cm2
J/K
W/K m
J/kg K
ampere / meter
tesla
weber
candela
cd/m2
J/kg
C/kg
m
Pa
J
W
Pa s
A/m
T
Wb
cd
1 = 1010m
1 mm Hg = 133,3 Pa
1 erg = 107 J
1 PS = 735,5 W
1 P = 0,1 Pa s/1c P = 1 m Pa s
1 St = 1 cm2/s = 104 m2/s
1 kpm/cm2 = 9,087 J/cm2
1 kcal/C = 4,187 103 J/K
1 kcal/m h C = 1,163 W/K m
1 kcal/kg C = 4,187 103 J/kg K
1 Oe = 79,6 A/m
1 G = 104 T
1 M = 108 Wb
1 lK = 1,019 cd
1 sb = 104 cd/m2
1 rem = 0,01 J/kg
1 R = 2,58 104 C/kg
T.084
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Conversion of the units into SI units

Conversions of part volumes

Example: one lump of sugar dissolved in
1 ppm (part per million)
is 1 part out of 1 million parts
1 milligram per
kilogram
0,001 g/kg
(106)
1 ppb (part per billion)

is 1 part out of 1 milliard parts
(b = billion, US English for milliard)
1 mikrogram per
kilogram
0,000 001 g/kg

(109)
1 ppt (part per trillion)

is 1 part out of 1 billion parts
(t = trillion US English for billion)
1 nanogram per
kilogram
0,000000001 g/kg
(1012)
1 ppq (part per quadrillion)

is 1 part out of 1 billiard parts
(q = quadrillion US English for
billiard)
1 picogram per
kilogram
0,000000000001 g/kg
(1015)
2700 litres
2,7 million
litres
2,7 billion litres
2,7 trillion litres
Conversion tables metricUSA, USAmetric

Measures of length
metric
USA
1 millimeter
1 centimeter
1 meter
mm
cm
0,039337
0,39370
inches
inches
in.
in.
km
3,2808
1,0936
0,62137
feet
yards
miles
ft.
yd.
m.
1 kilometer
39,3700
inches
in.
USA
metric
1 inch
25,400
2,540
1 foot
1 yard
1 mile
304,800
30,480
0,3048
91,4400
0,9144
1609,35
1,609
mm
cm
mm
cm
m
cm
m
m
km
Measures of area
metric
USA
1 mm2
1 cm2
1 m2
0,00155
0,1550
10,7640
1,196
0,38614
1 km2
sq.inches
sq.inches
sq.feet
sq.yard
sq.miles
sq.in.
sq.in.
sq.ft.
sq.yd.
sq.m.
fluid drachms
fluid ounces
dr.fl.
oz.fl.
USA
metric
1 sq.inch
1 sq.yard
1 sq.mile
645,16
6,4516
929,00
0,0929
0,836
2,5889
USA
metric
1 fluid ounce
1 pint
2,957
4,732
1 sq.foot
mm2
cm2
cm2
m2
m2
km2
Measures of capacity
metric
1 milliliter
1 centiliter
1 deziliter
1 liter
1 hectoliter
USA
ml
cl
dl
l
hl
0,27
0,338
0,0528
1,0567
0,26
26,417
www.bossard.com
pints
quarts
gallons
gallons
pt.
qt.
gal.
gal.
1 quart
1 gallon
1 barrel (bl)
0,4732
0,9463
3,7853
119,237
1,192
cl
dl
l
l
l
l
hl
T.085

Weights
metric
USA
1 gram
1 kilogram
gr.
kg
1 quintal
1 tonne
dz.
t
15,432
2,2046
grains
pounds
220,46
2204,6
1,102
pounds
pounds
shorttons
gr.
lb.
lb.
lb.
tn.sh.
USA
metric
1 grain
1 ounce
64,7989
28,35
1 pound
1 short
0,4536
907,200
9,072
0,9072
USA
metric
1 psi
1 in lb
1 ft lb
0,00689
0,113
1,35
mg
g
kg
kg
dz.
t
Various
metric
USA
1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa = 10 bar

1 Nm
145,14
8,85
0,74
psi
in lb
ft lb
N/mm2
Nm
Nm
Temperature
Conversion from Celsius into Fahrenheit:
Multiply by 1,8; add 32 to result
Conversion from Fahrenheit into Celsius:

Subtract 32; divide result by 1,8
212
200
194
190
180
176
170
160
158
150
140
130
122
120
110
104
100
93,3
90
87,8
82,8
80
76,7
71,1
70
65,6
60
54,4
50
48,9
43,3
40
100
90
86
80
70
68
60
50
40
32
30
20
14
10
0
37,8
32,2
30
26,7
21,1
20
15
10
4,4
0
1,1
6,7
10
12,2
17,8
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
212
203
194
182
176
167
158
149
140
131
122
113
104
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
17,8
95
86
77
68
59
50
41
32
23
14
5
0
IP protection classes for electric machines and appliances
1. digit
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Protection scope
against contact
against foreign bodies
without
large-surface, hand
fingers
with tools and wires
with tools and wires
complete
complete
without
foreign bodies 50 mm
foreign bodies 12,5 mm
solid foreign bodies 2,5 mm
solid foreign bodies 1 mm
dust
dust-proof
Example
IP 21 = protection against finger-touch and solid foreign bodies
12,5 mm as well as vertical dripping water.
T.086
www.bossard.com
2. digit
Protection scope against water
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
without
dripping water, vertical
dripping water, vertical, inclination up to15
spraying water, inclination up to 60
splashing water, from all directions
jet-water from all directions
jet-water and conditions on ships deck
immersion
continuous submersion
Protected against high pressure and high water jet temperatures
Protection against accidental contact, protection against ingress of foreign bodies and water protection in
accordance with IEC/EN 60529. IP = International Protection

Hardness comparison table
The comparison table below is valid only for carbon steels, low
alloy steels and cast steels in the hot formed and heat treated
condition acc. to ISO 18365.
Tensile
strength
Brinell
Rockwell hardness
hardness1)
[N/mm2]
Vickers
hardness
HV
[F 98 N] HB
HRB
HRC
HRA
255
270
285
305
320
335
350
370
385
400
415
430
450
465
480
495
510
530
545
560
575
595
610
625
640
660
675
690
705
720
740
755
770
785
800
820
835
850
865
880
900
915
930
950
965
995
1030
1060
1095
1125
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
295
300
310
320
330
340
350
76
80,7
85,5
90,2
95
99,8
105
109
114
119
124
128
133
138
143
147
152
156
162
166
171
176
181
185
190
195
199
204
209
214
219
223
228
233
238
242
247
252
257
261
266
271
276
280
285
295
304
314
323
333
41
48
52
56,2
62,3
66,7
71,2
75
78,7
81,7
85
87,1
89,5
91,5
92,5
93,5
94
95
96
96,7
98,1
99,5
(101)
(102)
(104)
(105)
20,3
21,3
22,2
23,1
24
24,8
25,6
26,4
27,1
27,8
28,5
29,2
29,8
31
32,2
33,3
34,3
35,5
60,7
61,2
61,6
62
62,4
62,7
63,1
63,5
63,8
64,2
64,5
64,8
65,2
65,8
66,4
67
67,6
68,1
For high alloyed and / or cold treated steels (eg. 6.8, A2, A4)
there are considerable differences to be expected.
Tensile
strength
Brinell
Rockwell hardness
hardness1)
[N/mm2]
Vickers
hardness
HV
[F 98 N] HB
HRB
HRC
HRA
1155
1190
1220
1255
1290
1320
1350
1385
1420
1455
1485
1520
1555
1595
1630
1665
1700
1740
1775
1810
1845
1880
1920
1955
1995
2030
2070
2105
2145
2180
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
720
740
760
780
800
820
840
860
880
900
920
940
342
352
361
371
380
390
399
409
418
428
437
447
(465)
(466)
(475)
(485)
(494)
(504)
(513)
(523)
(532)
(542)
(551)
(561)
(570)
(580)
(589)
(599)
(608)
(618)
36,6
37,7
38,8
39,8
40,8
41,8
42,7
43,6
44,5
45,3
46,1
46,9
47,7
48,4
49,1
49,8
50,5
51,1
51,7
52,3
53
53,6
54,1
54,7
55,2
55,7
56,3
56,8
57,3
57,8
58,3
58,8
59,2
58,7
60,1
61
61,8
62,5
63,3
64
64,7
65,3
65,9
66,4
67
67,5
68
68,7
69,2
69,8
70,3
70,8
71,4
71,8
72,3
72,8
73,3
73,6
74,1
74,5
74,9
75,3
75,7
76,1
76,4
76,7
77
77,4
77,8
78
78,4
78,6
78,9
79,2
79,5
79,8
80
80,3
80,6
80,8
81,1
81,3
81,8
82,2
82,6
83
83,4
83,8
84,1
84,4
84,7
85
85,3
85,6
The figures in brackets represent hardness values beyond the defined

scope of the standardised hardness test but which are frequently used as
approximate values in practice. Furthermore the Brinell hardness values in
brackets are only valid if the test was carried out with a hard metal ball.
1)
www.bossard.com
Calculated with: HB = 0,95 HV
T.087

The Vickers testing method is applicable over a wide hardness

range. The referee method per ISO 898-1 is the Vickers method.
The Brinell hardness method extends over a wide hardness range

too.
The Rockwell C method is suitable for hardened steels, Rockwell

A for sintered steel and Rockwell B for soft steels, copper alloys,
etc.
Designations of different national standards
Country
Abbreviation
Country
Abbreviation
Algeria
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Bangladesh
Belgium
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Egypt
Ethiopia
Europe
Finland
France
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Hungary
India
Indonesia
International
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
IANOR
IRAM
SAI
ON
BSTI
IBN
ABNT
BDS
SCC
INN
CSBTS
ICONTEC
NC
CYS
CSNI
DS
EOS
QSAE
EN
SFS
AFNOR
DIN
GSB
ELOT
MSZT
BIS
BSN
ISO
ISIRI
NSAI
SII
UNI
JBS
JISC
Kenya
Korea, Dem.P.Rep.of
Korea, Rep. of
Libya
Malaysia
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Africa, Rep. of
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Turkey
United Kingdom
USA
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
KEBS
CSK
KATS
LNCSM
DSM
DGN
MNCSM
SNIMA
NEN
SNZ
SON
NSF
PSI
BPS
PKN
IPQ
ASRO
GOST
SASO
PSB
SABS
AENOR
SLSI
SIS
SNV
SASMO
TBS
TISI
TTBS
TSE
BSI
ANSI
UZGOST
FONDONORMA
TCVN
Copyright
This catalogue is protected by the laws of intellectual property
and competition. All rights are reserved, including reproduction, translation and recording and processing in electronic
datasystems.
Bossard AG, CH-6301 Zug, 2015.03
T.088
www.bossard.com
according to ISO

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What are the different types of mechanical properties discussed in the document?

What are the different types of mechanical properties discussed in the document?

What standards are referenced for testing mechanical properties?

What standards are referenced for testing mechanical properties?

Technical information

Materials screws & nuts

Definitions of mechanical properties for screws

Definitions of mechanical properties for screws

Screws Property class 4.6 to 12.9/12.9

Mechanical and physical properties of screws

Materials, heat treatment, chemical compositions T.007

Mechanical properties of nuts with ISO metric

Nuts Property classes 04 to 12

Designation system and stress under proof load

Test loads for nuts 0,8d

Chemical compositions of nuts

Set screws Property classes 14 H to 45 H

Materials, heat treatment and chemical

Screws, bolts, nuts

Marking and mechanical properties of hex head

Marking and designation of fasteners with

Marking of nuts according to ISO

Marking of nuts according to DIN

Screws and nuts for high and low temperatures

Mechanical properties min. 0,2% yield strength

Typical values for the density and static modulus

Ductility of steels at low temperatures

Yield strength and tensile strength of steels at low

Stainless steel fasteners

ISO-designated steel groups

Chemical composition of austenitic stainless

Chemical composition of corrosion resistant

Time-temperature diagram of intergranular

Distinctive properties of stainless steels

Technical arguments for the use of fasteners

Minimum breaking torque MB min for screws made

Fasteners of various materials

Coating thicknesses for parts with external thread T.034

Arrangement, design, assembly

Estimation of screw diameters

Strength under dynamic load

Length of engaged thread

Recommended minimum lengths of engaged

Surface pressure when mounted

Typical values for allowable surface pressures for

Guide to the use of flat washers for screws and

Friction and friction coefficients

Relation of friction coefficient classes to guideline

Bossard, EN, 2015.03

Tightening method, tightening factor A

Approximate values for static coefficient of f riction

Guideline values for the tightening factor A and

Preload and tightening torques

Approximate values for metric coarse threads

Tightening torques for plastic screws/

Approximate values for austenitic stainless steel

Fasteners with internal drives and lower head

Reference values for tightening torque

High strength structural bolts

Securely fastened joints