1 Content

2 DIN/ISO- and standard parts (steel)

T Technical information

DIN/ISO- AND STANDARD PARTS

For following chapters see volume II:

3 DIN/ISO- and standard parts (stainless steel) 5 4 DIN/ISO- and standard parts (other materials) 5 Fasteners for wood, dry wall and window construction 6 Fasteners for faade and roof construction 7 Fasteners for mechanical engineering and vehicle construction 8 Rivet technology 9 Procurement items 10 Assortments 9 6

10

TECHNICAL INFORMATION ON FASTENERS

1 1.1 1.2 1 Steel fasteners for the temperature range between 50C and +150C Materials for fasteners Mechanical properties of steel screws 1.2.1 Tensile test 1.2.2 Tensile strength Rm (MPa) 1.2.3 Apparent yielding point Re (MPa) 1.2.4 0.2% oset yield point Rp0,2 (MPa) 1.2.5 Tensile test on whole screws 1.2.6 Strength classes 1.2.7 Elongation at fracture A5 (%) 1.2.8 Hardness and hardness test methods Strength classes of screws 1.3.1 Test forces 1.3.2 Properties of screws at increased temperatures Strength classes for nuts Pairing of screws and nuts 1.5.1 Information for steel nuts 1.5.2 Stripping resistance for nuts with a nominal height 0.5 d and < 0.8 d (in accordance with DIN EN 20898, Part 2) Mechanical properties of threaded pins Marking of screws and nuts Inch thread conversion table inch/mm Rust and acid-resistant fasteners Mechanical properties 2.1.1 Strength classication of stainless steel screws 2.1.2 Apparent yielding point loads for set screws 2.1.3 Reference values for tightening torques of screws Corrosion resistance of A2 and A4 2.2.1 Surface and degrading corrosion 2.2.2 Pitting 2.2.3 Contact corrosion 2.2.4 Stress corrosion cracking 2.2.5 A2 and A4 in combination with corrosive media 2.2.6 Creation of extraneous rust Marking corrosion-resistant screws and nuts 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 ISO information technical standardisation changeover to ISO Code 3.1.1 Product names and product changes DIN-ISO successor standards ISO-DIN previous standards DIN-ISO changes to widths across ats Standard changeover DIN/ISO 3.4.1 Technical terms of delivery and basic standards 3.4.2 Small metric screws 3.4.3 Pins and screws 3.4.4 Tapping screws 3.4.5 Hexagon head screws and nuts 3.4.6 Threaded pins Dimensional changes to hexagon head screws and nuts Manufacturing screws and nuts Manufacturing processes 4.1.1 Cold forming (cold extrusion) 4.1.2 Hot forming 4.1.3 Machining Thread production 4.2.1 Fibre pattern Heat treatment 4.3.1 Hardening and tempering 4.3.2 Hardening 4.3.3 Annealing 4.3.4 Case hardening 4.3.5 Stress relief annealing 4.3.6 Tempering Surface protection Corrosion Corrosion types Frequently used types of coatings for fasteners 5.3.1 Nonmetallic coatings 5.3.2 Metallic coatings 5.3.3 Other coatings

1.3

3.5

1.4 1.5

4 4.1

1.6 1.7 1.8 2 2.1

4.2 4.3

2.2

5 5.1 5.2 5.3

2.3

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5.4

T
5.5

5.6

5.7

5.8 6 6.1

Standardisation of galvanic corrosion protection systems 5.4.1 Designation system in accordance with DIN EN ISO 4042 5.4.2 Reference values for corrosion resistances in the salt spray test DIN 50021 SS (ISO 9227) 5.4.3 Designation system in accordance with DIN 50979 5.4.4 Designation of the galvanic coatings 5.4.5 Passivations 5.4.6 Sealings 5.4.7 Minimum layer thicknesses and test duration Standardisation of non-electrolytically applied corrosion protection systems 5.5.1 Zinc ake systems 5.5.2 Standardisation of non-electrolytically applied corrosion protection systems Designations in accordance with DIN EN ISO 10683 Standardisation of the hot-dip galvanising of screws in accordance with DIN EN ISO 10684 5.6.1 Procedure and area of application 5.6.2 Thread tolerances and designation system Restriction on the use of hazardous substances 5.7.1 RoHS 5.7.2 ELV Hydrogen embrittlement Dimensioning metric screws Approximate calculation of the dimension or the strength classes of screws in accordance with VDI 2230 Choosing the tightening method and the mode of procedure Allocation of friction coecients with reference values to dierent materials/surfaces and lubrication conditions in screw assemblies (in accordance with VDI 2230) Tightening torques and preload forces for set screws with metric standard thread in accordance with VDI 2230 Tightening torques and preload forces for safety and ange screws with nuts in accordance with manufacturers information

6.6

Reference values for tightening torques for austenite screws in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3506 6.7 How to use the tables for preload forces and tightening torques! 6.8 Pairing dierent elements/contact corrosion 6.9 Static shearing forces for slotted spring pin connections 6.10 Design recommendations 6.11 Assembly 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 Securing elements General Causes of preload force loss Methods of functioning 7.3.1 Securing against loosening 7.3.2 Securing against unscrewing 7.3.3 Securing against loss How securing elements work 7.4.1 Ineective securing elements 7.4.2 Loss-proof fasteners 7.4.3 Loose-proof fasteners Measures for securing screws 7.5.1 Loosening 7.5.2 Automatic unscrewing Steel structures HV joints for steel structures HV screws, nuts and washers Construction information and verications for HV joints in accordance with DIN 18800-1 and DIN EN 1993-1-8 8.3.1 HV joints in accordance with DIN 18800-1 (2008) 8.3.2 HV joints in accordance with DIN EN 1993-1-8 Assembly 8.4.1 Assembly and test in accordance with DIN 18800-7 8.4.2 Assembly in accordance with DIN EN 1090-2 Special information for using HV assemblies 1745

7.4

7.5

8 8.1 8.2 8.3

6.2 6.3

8.4

6.4

8.5

6.5

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9 9.1 9.2

9.3

Direct screwing into plastics and metals Direct screwing into plastics Direct screwing into metals 9.2.1 Metric thread grooving screws 9.2.2 Screw assemblies for thread-grooving screws in accordance with DIN 7500 9.2.3 Direct screwing into metals with threadgrooving screws in accordance with DIN 7500 Tapping screws 9.3.1 Tapping screw assemblies 9.3.2 Thread for tapping screws

10 Riveting 10.1 Rivet types 10.1.1 Solid rivets 10.1.2 Hollow rivets 10.1.3 Tubular rivets 10.1.4 Expanding rivets 10.1.5 Semi-tubular pan head rivets 10.1.6 Two-piece hollow rivet 10.1.7 Blind rivets 10.2 Instructions for use 10.2.1 Joining hard to soft materials 10.2.2 Corner clearances for connections 10.3 Denitions and mechanical parameters 10.4 Using blind rivets 10.5 Rivet nuts 10.5.1 Using rivet nuts 10.5.2 Special types of rivet nuts 10.6 Rivet screws 10.7 Troubleshooting 10.7.1 Selected grip range too large 10.7.2 Grip range too small 10.7.3 Bore hole too big 10.7.4 Bore hole too small 10.8 Explanation of terms 10.8.1 Cup-type blind rivet 10.8.2 Grip range 10.8.3 Multi-range blind rivet 10.8.4 Rivet sleeve diameter 10.8.5 Rivet sleeve length 10.8.6 Closing head 10.8.7 Setting head 10.8.8 Rupture joint

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1. STEEL FASTENERS FOR THE TEMPERATURE RANGE BETWEEN 50C AND +150C
1.1 Materials for fasteners The material that is used is of decisive importance for the quality of the fasteners (screws, nuts and ttings). If there are any faults in the material used, the fastener made from it can no longer satisfy the requirements made of it. The most important standards for screws and nuts are: DIN EN ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel, Part 1: Screws DIN EN 20898 Part 2 (ISO 898 Part 2), Mechanical properties of fasteners, Part 2: Nuts These standards stipulate the material that is to be used, the marking, the properties of the nished parts and their tests and test methods. Dierent materials are used for the dierent strength classes which are listed in the following table 1.

Strength class

Material and heat treatment

Chemical composition (molten mass analysis %)a C min. max. 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.40 0.55 0.55 0.40 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 P max. 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 S max. 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.003 0.003 0.003 Bb max. not stipulated

Tempering temperature C min.

4.6c, d 4.8d 5.6c 5.8d 6.8d 8.8f

Carbon steel or carbon steel with additives

0.13 0.15

Carbon steel with additives (e.g. B or Mn or Cr), hardened and tempered or Carbon steel, hardened and tempered or Alloy steel, hardened and tempered g

0.15e 0.25 0.20 0.15e 0.25 0.20 0.20e 0.25 0.20

425

9.8f

Carbon steel with additives (e.g. B or Mn or Cr), hardened and tempered or Carbon steel, hardened and tempered or Alloy steel, hardened and tempered g

425

10.9f

Carbon steel with additives (e.g. B or Mn or Cr), hardened and tempered or Carbon steel, hardened and tempered or Alloy steel, hardened and tempered g

425

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Strength class

Material and heat treatment

Chemical composition (molten mass analysis %)a C min. max. 0.50 0.50 P max. 0.025 0.025 S max. 0.025 0.025 Bb max. 0.003 0.003

Tempering temperature C min. 425 380

12.9f, h, i 12.9f, h, i

Alloy steel, hardened and tempered g Carbon steel with additives (e.g. B or Mn or Cr or molybdenum), hardened and tempered

0.30 0.28

a b c

d e

h i

In case of arbitration, the product analysis applies. The boron content may reach 0.005%, provided that the non-eective boron is controlled by additions of titanium and/or aluminium. In case of cold-formed screws in strength classes 4.6 and 5.6 heat treatment of the wire used for cold forming or the cold formed screw may be necessary to achieve the required ductility. Free-cutting steel with the following max. sulphur, phosphorous and lead shares is permissible for these strength classes: sulphur 0.34%; phosphorous 0.11%; lead 0.35%. A manganese content of not less than 0.6% for strength class 8.8 and 0.7% for strength classes 9.8 and 10.9 must be present in simple carbon steel with boron as an additive and a carbon content under 0.25% (molten mass analysis). Materials in these strength classes must be suciently hardenable to ensure that there is a martensite share of roughly 90% in the hardened state before tempering in the microstructure of the core in the threaded part. Alloy steel must contain at least one of the following alloying components in the given minimum amount: chromium 0.30%, nickel 0.30%, molybdenum 0.20%, vanadium 0.10%. If two, three or four elements are ascertained in combinations and have smaller alloy shares than those given above, the threshold value to be applied for the classi cation is 70% of the sum of the individual threshold values given above for the two, three or four elements concerned. In case of strength class 12.9/12.9 a metallographically detectable white layer enriched with phosphorous is not permissible. This must be veri ed with a suitable test procedure. Caution is necessary when strength class 12.9/12.9 is used. The suitability of the screw manufacturer, the assembly and the operating conditions must be taken into account. Special environmental conditions may lead to stress corrosion cracking of both uncoated and coated screws.

1.2 Mechanical properties of steel screws This chapter provides a brief overview of the methods used to stipulate and determine the mechanical properties of screws. In this context, the most common parameters and rated quantities will be discussed. 1.2.1 Tensile test The tensile test is used to determine important parameters for screws such as tensile strength Rm, yield point Re, 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2, and elongation at fracture A5 (%). A dierence is made between tensile test with turned o specimens and tensile test on whole screws (DIN EN ISO 898 Part 1). 1.2.2 Tensile strength Rm (MPa) The tensile strength Rm indicates the tensile stress from which the screw may fracture. It results from the maximum force and the corresponding cross-section. With full strength screws the fracture may only occur in the shaft or in the thread, and not in the connection between the head and the shaft. Tensile strength on fracture in cylindrical shaft (turned o or whole screws): Rm = maximum tensile force/cross-section area = F/So [MPa]

Tensile strength on fracture in thread: Rm = maximum tensile force/tension cross-section = F/As [MPa] As tension cross-section

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1.2.3 Apparent yielding point Re (MPa) Under DIN EN ISO 898 Part 1 the exact yield point can only be determined on turned o specimens. The yield point is the point to which a material, under tensile load, can be elongated without permanent plastic deformation. It represents the transition from the elastic to the plastic range. Fig. C shows the qualitative curve of a 4.6 screw (ductile steel) in the stress-strain diagram.

Tensile test on a turned-o screw Fig. A

Tensile test on a whole screw Fig. B

Stress-strain diagram of a screw with the strength class 4.6 (qualitative) Fig. C

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1.2.4 0.2% o set yield point Rp0.2 (MPa) The oset yield point Rp0.2 is determined as a so-called substitute yield point, because most hardened and tempered steels do not show a marked transition from the elastic into the plastic range. The 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2 represents the tension at which a permanent elongation of 0.2% is achieved. Fig. D shows the qualitative tension curve in the stress-strain diagram for a 10.9 screw.

1.2.6 Strength classes Screws are designated with strength classes, so that it is very easy to determine the tensile strength Rm and the yield point Re (or the 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2). Example: Screw 8.8 1. Determining Rm: the rst number is multiplied by 100. Rm = 8 x 100 = 800 Mpa The rst number indicates 1/100 of the minimum tensile strength in MPa. 2. Determining Re or Rp0.2: the rst number is multiplied by the second and the result is multiplied by 10; the result is the yield point Re or 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2. Re = (8 x 8) x 10 = 640 MPA. 1.2.7 Elongation at fracture A5 (%) The elongation at fracture is an important parameter for assessing the ductility of a material and is created on the load to the screw fracturing. This is determined on turned o screws with a dened shaft range (proportional rod) (exception: rust- and acid-resistant screws, steel group A1A5). The permanent plastic elongation is shown as a percentage and is calculated using the following equation: A5 = (LuLo)/Lo x 100% Lo Dened length before the tensile test L o = 5 x do Lu Length after fracture do Shaft diameter before the tensile test Example of a proportional rod

Stress-strain diagram of a screw with strength class 10.9 (qualitative) Fig. D 1.2.5 Tensile test on whole screws Along with the tensile test on turned o specimens, a less complicated test of whole screws is also possible. In this test, the whole screw is clamped into the test device at the head and the thread. Because in this case the ratio of the length and the diameter of the specimen is not always the same, in deviation from the test for the proportional rod, this test can only be used to determine the tensile strength Rm, the extension to fracture Af and the 0.004 8 d oset yield point Rpf. 0.004 8 d oset yield point Rpf (MPa) in accordance with chapter 9.3 of ISO 898-1 2009-08.

Fig. E

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1.2.8 Hardness and hardness test methods Denition: Hardness is the resistance that a body uses to counter penetration by another, harder body. The most important hardness test methods in practice are:
Test method Vickers hardness HV DIN EN ISO 6507 Pyramid Brinell hardness HB DIN EN ISO 6506 Ball Rockwell hardness HRC DIN EN ISO 6508 Tube

Comparison of hardness data The following graph F applies for steels and corresponds to the hardness comparison tables in DIN EN ISO 18265. These should be used as a starting point, because an exact comparison of results is only possible with the same method and under the same conditions. 1.3 Strength classes of screws The mechanical and physical properties of screws and nuts are described with the help of the strength classes. This is done for screws in Table 2 below by means of nine strength classes, in which each of the properties such as tensile strength, hardness, yield point, elongation at fracture, etc., are shown.

Specimen

The test using the Vickers method comprises the complete hardness range for screws.

Representation of di erent hardness scales on the Vickers scale

Legend: X Vickers hardness HV 30 Y1 Rockwell hardness Y2 Brinell hardness

1 2 3 a b

Hardness range for non-ferrous metals Hardness range for steels Hardness range for hard metals Brinell hardness, determined with steel ball (HBS) Brinell hardness, determined with hard metal tube (HBW)

Fig. F: Extract from DIN EN ISO 18265

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Mechanical and physical properties of screws

Strength class No. Mechanical or physical property 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 9.8 10.9 d d> d 16 mma 16 mmb 16 mm 1 2 3 4 5 Tensile strength, Rm, MPa Lower yield point, ReLd, MPa 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2, MPa 0.0004 8 d oset yield point for whole screws Rpf, MPa Tension under test force, Spf, MPa Test resistance ratio Sp,nom/ReL min or Sp,nom/Rp0,2 min or Sp,nom/Rpf min 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Percentage elongation at fracture of a turned o specimen, A, % Percentage contraction at fracture of a turned o specimen, Z, % Extension to fracture of a whole screw, Af (see Annex C as well) Head impact strength Vickers hardness, HV F 98 N Brinell hardness, HBW F = 30 D2 Rockwell hardness, HRB Rockwell hardness, HRC 13 14 Surface hardness, HV, 0.3 Height of non-decarburised thread zone, E, mm Depth of complete decarburisation in the thread, G, mm 15 16 17 18
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n

12.9/ 12.9 1,200 1,220 1,080 1,100 970 0.88

nom.c min. nom.c min. nom.c min. nom.c min. nom.

400 400 240 240 225 0.94 420 320 340e 310 0.91

500 500 300 300 280 0.93 520 400 420e 380 0.90

600 600 480 480e 440 0.92

800 800 640 640 580 0.91 830 640 660 600 0.91

900 900 720 720 650 0.90

1,000 1,040 900 940 830 0.88

min. min. min.

22

20

12 52

12

10 48

9 48

8 44

0,24

0,22

0,20

No fracture min. max. min. max. min. max. min. max. max. min. max. max. min. min. 120 220g 114 209g 67 95.0g ISO 6157-1n 27 71 79 82 124 147 152 130 155 160 190 250 181 238 89 99,5 250 320 238 304 22 32 h 1/2H1 0,015 20 nach ISO 898-7 27 27 27 27 m ISO 6157-3 23 34 28 37 32 39 h,i 2/3H1 39 44 h,j 3/4H1 255 335 242 318 290 360 276 342 320 380 304 361 385 435 366 414

Loss of hardness following re-tempering (hardening), HV Fracture torque, MB, Nm Notch impact energy, KVk, l, J Surface condition in accordance with

Values do not apply to steel construction screws. For steel construction screws d M12. Nominal values are stipulated only for the designation system of the strength classes. See Annex 5. If the lower yield point ReL cannot be determined, the 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2 may be determined. The values for Rpf min are examined for strength classes 4.8, 5.8 and 6.8. The current values are shown only for the calculation of the test stress ratio. They are not test values. Test forces are stipulated in tables 5 and 7. The hardness measured at the end of a screw may not exceed max. 250 HV, 238 HB or 99.5 HRB. The surface hardness at the respective screw may not exceed 30 Vickers points of the measured core hardness, if both the surface hardness and the core hardness are determined with HV 0.3. An increase of the surface hardness to over 390 HV is not permissible. An increase of the surface hardness to over 435 HV is not permissible. The values are determined at a test temperature of 20C, cf. 9.14. Applies for d 16 mm. Values for KV are examined. ISO 6157-3 may apply instead of ISO 6157-1 by agreement between the manufacturer and the customer.

Tab. 2: Extract from DIN EN ISO 898-1, mechanical and physical properties of screws 1261

1.3.1 Test forces In the tensile test the test force shown in tables 3 and 4 is applied axially to the screw and held for 15 s. The test is regarded as successful if the screw length after measuring coincides with the length before the test. A tolerance of 12.5 m applies. The following tables are an important help for the user for choosing suitable screws. ISO metric standard thread

Threada d

Nominal tension cross-section t As, nomb, mm2 5.03 6.78 8.78 14.2 20.1 28.9 36.6 58 84.3 115 157 192 245 303 353 459 561 694 817 976

Strength class 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.9/ 12.9 4,880 6,580 8,520 13,800 19,500 28,000 35,500 56,300 81,800 112,000 152,000 186,000 238,000 294,000 342,000 445,000 544,000 673,000 792,000 947,000

Test force, Fp (As, nom Sp), N 1,130 1,530 1,980 3,200 4,520 6,500 8,240c 13,000c 19,000 25,900 35,300 43,200 55,100 68,200 79,400 103,000 126,000 156,000 184,000 220,000 1,560 2,100 2,720 4,400 6,230 8,960 11,400 18,000 26,100 35,600 48,700 59,500 76,000 93,900 109,000 1,410 1,900 2,460 3,980 5,630 8,090 10,200c 16,200c 23,600 32,200 44,000 53,800 68,600 84,800 98,800 1,910 2,580 3,340 5,400 7,640 11,000 13,900 22,000 32,000 43,700 59,700 73,000 2,210 2,980 3,860 6,250 8,840 12,700 16,100 25,500 37,100 2,920 3,940 5,100 8,230 11,600 16,800 21,200c 33,700c 48,900d 3,270 4,410 5,710 9,230 13,100 18,800 23,800 37,700 54,800 4,180 5,630 7,290 11,800 16,700 24,000 30,400c 48,100c 70,000

M3 M3.5 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 M18 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 M33 M36 M39
a b c d

50,600 66,700d 74,800 95,500 69,100 91,000d 102,000 130,000 84,500 115,000 159,000 203,000 252,000 293,000 381,000 466,000 576,000 678,000 810,000

93,100 108,000 147,000 115,000 133,000 182,000 134,000 155,000 212,000 174,000 202,000 275,000 213,000 247,000 337,000 264,000 305,000 416,000 310,000 359,000 490,000 371,000 429,000 586,000

142,000 128,000 174,000 157,000 215,000 194,000 253,000 229,000 303,000 273,000

If a thread pitch is not indicated in the thread designation, the standard thread is stipulated. See 9.1.6.1 for the calculation of As,nom. In accordance with ISO 10684:2004, Annex A, reduced values apply for screws with thread tolerance 6az in accordance with ISO 965-4 that are to be hot-galvanised. For steel construction screws 50700 N (for M12), 68800 N (for M14) and 94500 N (for M16).

Tab. 3: Extract from DIN EN ISO 898-1, Test forces for ISO metric standard thread

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Metric ISO ne thread

Thread dxP Nominal Strength class tension 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 cross-section t As, nomb, mm2 Test force, Fp (As, nom Sp), N 39.2 61.2 64.5 88.1 92.1 125 167 216 272 333 384 496 621 761 865 1,030 8,820 13,800 14,500 19,800 20,700 28,100 37,600 48,600 61,200 12,200 19,000 20,000 27,300 28,600 38,800 51,800 67,000 84,300 11,000 17,100 18,100 24,700 25,800 35,000 46,800 60,500 76,200 14,900 23,300 24,500 33,500 35,000 47,500

6.8

8.8

9.8

10.9

12.9/ 12.9 38,000 59,400 62,700 85,500 89,300 121,000 162,000 210,000 264,000 323,000 372,000 481,000 602,000 738,000 839,000 999,000

M8 x 1 M10 x 1.25 M10 x 1 M12 x 1.5 M12 x 1.25 M14 x 1.5 M16 x 1.5 M18 x 1.5 M20 x 1.5 M22 x 1.5 M24 x 2 M27 x 2 M30 x 2 M33 x 2 M36 x 3 M39 x 3

17,200 26,900 28,400 38,800 40,500 55,000

22,700 35,500 37,400 51,100 53,400 72,500

25,500 39,800 41,900

32,500 50,800 53,500

57,300 73,100 59,900 76,400 81,200 104,000 109,000 139,000 179,000 226,000 276,000 319,000 412,000 515,000 632,000 718,000 855,000

63,500 73,500 96,900 82,100 95,000 130,000 103,000 120,000 163,000 126,000 146,000 200,000 146,000 169,000 230,000 188,000 218,000 298,000 236,000 273,000 373,000 289,000 335,000 457,000 329,000 381,000 519,000 391,000 453,000 618,000

74,900 103,000 93,200 86,400 119,000 108,000 112,000 154,000 139,000 140,000 192,000 174,000 171,000 236,000 213,000 195,000 268,000 242,000 232,000 319,000 288,000

a See 9.1.6.1 for the calculation of As,nom

Tab. 4: Extract from DIN EN ISO 898-1, Test forces for ISO metric ne thread 1.3.2 Properties of screws at increased temperatures The values shown apply only as an indication for the reduction of the yield points in screws that are tested under increased temperatures. They are not intended for the acceptance test of screws.
Strength class Temperature + 20 C 5.6 8.8 10.9 12.9 300 640 940 1,100 + 100 C 250 590 875 1,020 + 200C 210 540 790 925 + 250C 190 510 745 875 + 300C 160 480 705 825 Lower yield point ReL or 0.2% o set yield point Rp 0.2 MPa

Tab. 5: Extract from DIN EN ISO 898-1 1999-11, hot yield strength 1.4 Strength classes for nuts With nuts, the test stress and the test forces calculated from it are usually indicated as parameters (04 to 12), because the yield point does not have to be stated. Up to the test forces shown in table 6 a tensile load on a screw is possible without problems (take note of pairing 1.5). The strength class of a nut is described through a test stress in relation to a hardened test mandrel and divided by 100. Example: M6, test stress 600 MPa 600/100 = 6 strength class 6

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Test forces for ISO metric standard thread (nuts)

Thread Thread pitch Nominal stressed cross section of the test mandrel As mm2 5.03 6.78 8.78 14.2 20.1 28.9 36.6 58.0 84.3 115 157 192 245 303 353 459 561 694 817 976 Strength class 04 05 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 Test force (AS Sp), N 1,910 2,580 3,340 5,400 7,640 11,000 13,900 22,000 32,000 43,700 59,700 73,000 Style 1 2,500 3,400 4,400 7,100 10,000 14,500 18,300 29,000 42,200 Style 1 2,600 3,550 4,550 8,250 11,700 16,800 21,600 34,200 51,400 Style 1 3,000 4,050 5,250 9,500 13,500 19,400 24,900 39,400 59,000 Style 1 Style 2 Style 2 4,500 6,100 7,900 13,000 18,400 26,400 34,400 54,500 80,100 Style 1 Style 1 Style 2 5,800 7,800 10,100 16,300 23,100 33,200 42,500 67,300 100,300 136,900 186,800 230,400 294,000 363,600 423,600 550,800 673,200 832,800 980,400 1,171,000

mm M3 M3.5 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 M18 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 M33 M36 M39 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 3.5 3.5 4 4

4,000 5,400 7,000 12,140 17,200 24,700 31,800 50,500 74,200

5,700 5,200 7,700 7,050 9,150 10,000 14,800 16,200 20,900 22,900 30,100 32,900 38,100 41,700 60,300 66,100 88,500 98,600 120,800 134,600 164,900 183,700 203,500 259,700 321,200 374,200 486,500 594,700 735,600

70,200 80,500 101,200 57,500 109,300 95,800 109,900 138,200 78,500 149,200 96,000 97,900 121,000 138,200 176,600 170,900 176,600

93,100 122,500 125,000 154,400 176,400 225,400 218,100 225,400 115,100 151,500 154,500 190,900 218,200 278,800 269,700 278,800 134,100 176,500 180,000 222,400 254,200 324,800 314,200 324,800 174,400 229,500 234,100 289,200 330,550 422,300 408,500 422,300 213,200 280,500 286,100 353,400 403,900 516,100 499,300 516,100 263,700 347,000 353,900 437,200 499,700 638,500 617,700 638,500

310,500 408,500 416,700 514,700 588,200 751,600 727,100 751,600 866,000 370,900 488,000 497,800 614,900 702,700 897,900 868,600 897,900 1,035,000

Tab. 6: Extract from DIN EN 20898-2, Test forces for ISO metric standard thread (nuts) The test force FP is calculated as follows with the help of the test stress Sp (DIN EN 20898 Part 2) and the nominal stressed cross section As: Fp = As x Sp The nominal tension cross-section is calculated as follows: As = 4 nuts have to be paired in accordance with the above rule. In addition, a screw assembly of this type is fully loadable. Note: In general nuts in the higher strength class can be used instead of nuts in the lower strength class. This is advisable for a screws-nut connection with loads above the yield point or above the test stress (expansion screws).

( (
d2 + d 3 2 H 6

where: d2 is the ank diameter of the external thread (nominal size) d3 is the core diameter of the production prole of the external thread (nominal size) d 3 = d1

with d1 Core diameter of the base prole of the external thread H = height of the prole triangle of the thread 1.5 Pairing of screws and nuts: Rule: If a screw has strength class 8.8, a nut with a strength class 8 has to be chosen as well. To avoid the danger of stripping threads when tightening with modern assembly technology methods, screws and 1264

Pairing of screws and nuts (nominal heights

Strength class of the nuts 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 Appropriate screw Strength class 3.6 3.6 5.6 6.8 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.9 4.6 4.6 5.8 4.8 4.8

0.8 D)
Nuts Style 1 Style 2 > M16 M39 M16 M39

Thread range > M16 M16 M39 M39 M39 M16 M39 M39

Thread range > M16 M39 M39 M39 M39 M16

Tab. 7: Extract from DIN EN 20898 Part 2 1.5.1 Information for steel nuts A screw in strength class 8.8 is paired with a nut in strength class 8 or higher. Thanks to this connection, the screw can be loaded to the yield point. If nuts with a limited loadability are used for example in strength class 04, 05; nuts with hardness details 14H, 22H this is not the case. There are test forces for these nuts in accordance with DIN EN 20898-2.
Strength class of Test stress the nuts of the nuts N/mm2 04 05 380 500

1.5.2 Stripping resistance for nuts with a nominal height 0.5 d and < 0.8 d (in accordance with DIN EN 20898, Part 2) If nuts are paired with screws in a higher strength class, stripping of the nuts thread can be expected. The reference value show here for the stripping resistance refers to the strength class shown in the table.

Minimum stress in the screw before stripping when paired with screws in strength classes in N/mm2 6.8 260 290 8.8 300 370 10.9 330 410 12.9 350 480

Tab. 8: Extract from DIN EN 20898 Part 2 There is limited loadability as well for nuts in accordance with DIN 934 that are marked I8I, and I4I, I5I, I6I, I9I, I10I, I12I. When a screw in strength class 8.8 and a nut in accordance with DIN 934 (nominal height approx. 0.8 x d) are used, this connection is not to be loaded with certainty to the screws yield point. To mark and dierentiate them, these nuts are marked with a bar before and after the 8 (I8I) instead of just 8. 1.6 Mechanical properties of threaded pins (in accordance with DIN EN ISO 898, Part 5) The mechanical properties apply for threaded pins and similar threaded parts not subject to tensile stress that are made of alloyed and unalloyed steel.

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Mechanical property Vickers hardness HV Brinell hardness HB, F = 30 D2 Rockwell hardness HRB Rockwell hardness HRC Surface hardness HV 0.3
1)

Strength class1) 14H min. max. min. max. min. max. min. max. 140 290 133 276 75 105 22 H 220 300 209 285 95 30 320 33 44 450 45 53 580 33 H 330 440 314 418 45H 450 560 428 532

Strength classes 14H, 22H and 33H do not apply to threaded pins with a hexagonal socket

Tab. 9: Extract from EN ISO 898-5 1.7 Marking of screws and nuts Marking screws with full loadability Hexagon head screws: Marking hexagon head screws with the manufacturers mark and the strength class is prescribed for all strength classes and a nominal thread diameter of d 5 mm. The screw must be marked at a point where its shape permits. Socket head cap screws: Marking socket head cap screws with the manufacturers mark and the strength class is prescribed for strength classes 8.8 and a thread diameter of d 5 mm.

Fig. H: Example for the marking of socket head cap screws

Fig. G: Example for the marking of hexagon head screws

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Marking nuts
Strength class Mark 04 04 05 05 4 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 9 9 10 10 12 12

Tab. 10: Extract from EN 20898-2 Marking screws with reduced loadability Screws with reduced loadability have an 0 before the strength class mark, e.g. 8.8. The point between the digits may be omitted so that the variants 08.8 and 088 are possible. This marking is possible for all strength classes.

8 8

Fig. I: Example of marking with the code number of the strength class Marking of hexagonal nuts with the manufacturers mark and the strength class is prescribed for all strength classes and with a thread M5. Hexagonal nuts must be marked on the bearing surface or on a at with a recessed mark or on the chamfer with a raised mark. Raised marks may not project beyond the nuts bearing surface. As an alternative to the marking with the code number of the strength class, marking can also be done with the help of the clockwise system (for more information see DIN EN 20898 Part 2). 1.8 Inch thread conversion table inch/mm
Inch mm Inch mm 1/4 6.3 1.1/2 38.1 5/16 7.9 1.3/4 44.5 3/8 9.5 2 50.8 7/16 11.1 2.1/4 57.1 1/2 12.7 2.1/2 63.5 5/8 15.9 2.3/4 69.9 3/4 19.1 3 76.2 7/8 22.2 3.1/2 88.9 1 25.4 4 102.0 1.1/4 31.8

Number of threads per 1 UNC/UNF

0-inch Thread pitch UNC Thread pitch UNF 1/4 20 28 5/16 18 24 3/8 16 24 7/16 14 20 1/2 13 20 5/8 11 18 3/4 10 16

Tab. 11: Thread pitch UNC/UNF

1267

2. RUST AND ACID-RESISTANT FASTENERS

2.1 Mechanical properties DIN EN ISO 3506 applies to screws and nuts made of stainless steel. There are a great number of stainless steels, which are classied in the three steel groups austenite, ferrite and martensite, whereby austenite steel is the most widespread. The steel groups and the strength classes are designated with a four-character sequence of letters and digits. Example: A270 A Austenite steel 2 Alloy type in group A 70 Tensile strength not less than 700 MPa, strain-hardened

Steel group

Austenite

Martensitisch

Ferrite

Steel grade

A1 A221 A3 A423 A5

C1

C4

C3

F1

Strength classes screws, nuts type 1 Lower nuts

50 025 Soft

70 035 Coldformed

80 040 Highstrength

50 025 Soft

70 035

110

50

70 035

80 040

45 020 Soft

60 030 Coldformed

055 025 Soft

Hardened and tempered

Hardened Hardened and and tempered tempered

Dierentiation characteristics of austenite steel grades (in accordance with ISO 3506)
Steel group A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Chemical composition in % (maximum values, unless other details provided) C 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.08 0.08 Si 1 1 1 1 1 Mn 6.5 2 2 2 2 P 0.2 0.05 0.045 0.045 0.045 S 0.150.35 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 Cr 1619 1520 1719 1618.5 1618.5 Mo 0.7 23 23 Ni 510 819 912 1015 10.514 Cu 1.752.25 4 1 4 1

A3 and A5 stabilised against intercrystalline corrosion through adding titanium, niobium or tantalum.

Chemical composition of austenite steels (in accordance with ISO 3506)

1268

The most important stainless steels and their composition

Material name A1 A2 X 8 Cr Ni S 18-9 X 5 Cr Ni 1810 X 2 Cr Ni 1811 X 8 Cr Ni Ti 19/10 A3 A4 A5 X 6 Cr Ni Ti 1811 X 5 Cr Ni Mo 1712 X 2 Cr Ni Mo 1712 Material no. 1.4305 1.4301 1.4306 1.4303 1.4541 1.4401 1.4404 C % Si % Mn % 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Cr % 17.0 19.0 17.0 20.0 17.0 20.0 17.0 20.0 17.0 19.0 16.5 18.5 16.5 18.5 16.5 18.5 Mo % 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 Ni % 8 10 8.5 10 10 12.5 10.5 12 9.0 11.5 10.5 13.5 11 14 10.5 13.5 Altri % S 0.15 0.35 Ti 5 X % C Ti 5 X % C

0.10 1.0 0.07 1.0 0.03 1.0 0.07 1.0 0.10 1.0 0.07 1.0 0.03 1.0 0.10 1.0

X 6 Cr Ni Mo Ti 1712 1.4571

Tab. 15: Common stainless steels and their chemical composition Steel grade A1 Steel grade A1 is intended in particular for metal-cutting. Because of the high sulphur content, steels of this grade have lower corrosion resistance than corresponding steels with a normal sulphur content. Steel grade A2 Grade A2 steels are the more commonly used stainless steels. They are used for kitchen equipment and for apparatus for the chemical industry. Steels of this steel grade are not suitable for use in non-oxidising acids and media containing chloride, e.g. in swimming pools and in sea water. Steel grade A3 Grade A3 steels are stainless steels stabilised through the addition of titanium, possibly niobium, tantalum, with the properties of A2 steels (stabilised against intercrystalline corrosion, e.g. after welding). Steel grade A4 Grade A4 steels are acid-resistant steels that are molybdenum alloyed and have much better corrosion resistance. A4 steels are used in large volumes in the cellulose industry, because this steel grade was developed for boiling sulphuric acids (which is the reason for the designation acid-resistant), and are suitable to a certain extent for environments containing chloride. A4 steels are also used frequently in the food industry and in ship building. Steel grade A5 Grade A5 steels are stabilised acid-resistant steels with properties of grade A4 steels (see A3 as well). 2.1.1 Strength classication of stainless steel screws DIN EN ISO 3506 puts together the steel grades that are recommended for fasteners. Austenitic steels in grade A2 are used primarily. In contrast, in case of increased corrosion loads chromium-nickel steels from steel grade A4 are used. The mechanical strength values in Table 17 below are to be used for the construction of screw assemblies made of austenitic steel.

1269

Mechanical properties of screws in the austenitic steel groups

Steel group Steel grade Strength class Diameter range Screws Tensile strength 0.2% o set yield point Rm1) MPamin. Rp 0.21) MPa min. 500 700 800
3)

Elongation at fracture A2) mm min. 0.6 d 0.4 d 0.3 d

Austenitic

A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5

50 70 80

M39 < M243) < M24

210 450 600

1) 2) 3)

The tensile stress is calculated in relation to the tension cross-section (see annex A or DIN EN ISO 3506-1). According to 6.2.4, the elongation at fracture is to be determined at the respective length of the screw and not on turned o specimens. d is the nominal diameter. In case of fasteners with a nominal thread diameter d > 24 mm the mechanical properties must be agreed between the user and the manufacturer. They must be marked with the steel grade and strength class in accordance with this table.

Tab. 16: Extract from DIN EN ISO 3506-1 The yield point Rp0.2 is determined in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3506-1 in the tensile test of whole screws because the strength properties are achieved in part through cold forming. 2.1.2 Apparent yielding point loads for set screws Austenitic chromium-nickel steels cannot be hardened. A higher yield point can only be achieved through strain hardening that arises as a consequence of cold forming (e.g. round die thread rolling). Table 17 shows apparent yielding point loads for set screws in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3506.
Nominal diameter Strength class M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M27 M30 Apparent yielding point loads for austenitic steels in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3506 A2 and A4 in N 50 2,980 4,220 7,685 12,180 17,700 32,970 51,450 74,130 96,390 117,810 70 6,390 9,045 16,470 26,100 37,935 70,650 110,250 88,250 114,750 140,250

2.1.3 Reference values for tightening torques for screws, cf. chapter 6.6 2.2 Corrosion resistance of A2 and A4 Stainless steels and acid-resistant steels such as A2 and A4 come in the category of active corrosion protection. Stainless steels contain at least 16% chromium (Cr) and are resistant to aggressive oxidising media. Higher Cr contents and additional alloy components, such as nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti) or niobium (Nb), improve the corrosion resistance. These additives also inuence the mechanical properties. Other alloy components are added only to improve the mechanical properties, e.g. nitrogen (N), or the machining capability, e.g. sulphur (S). Fasteners made of austenitic steels are generally not magnetisable, but a certain amount of magnetisability may be present after the cold forming. However, this does not aect the corrosion resistance. Magnetisation through strain hardening can go so far that the steel part sticks to a magnet. Under the eect of oxygen stainless steel forms a stable oxide layer (passive layer). This passive layer protects the metal from corrosion.

Tab. 17: Apparent yielding point loads for set screws in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3506

1270

It should be noted that in practice there are a number of dierent types of corrosion. The more frequent types of corrosion involving stainless steel are shown below and in the following Fig. J as examples:

be the starting point for pitting. For this reason, residues and deposits must be cleaned regularly from all fasteners. Austenitic steels such as A2 and A4 are more resistant to pitting than ferrite chromium steels. Classication of the degree of resistance into di erent groups
Degree of resistance A B C D Assessment Fully resistant Practically resistant Less resistant Not resistant Weight loss in g/m2h < 0.1 0.11.0 1.010 > 10

Tab. 22 a Surface degrading corrosion, pitting b Contact corrosion c Stress corrosion cracking d Mechanical eects Fig. K: The most frequent corrosion types with screw assemblies 2.2.1 Surface and degrading corrosion With uniform surface corrosion, also known as degrading corrosion, the surface is degraded evenly. This type of corrosion can be prevented through a careful selection of the material. On the basis of laboratory experiments manufacturers have published resistance tables that provide information on the behaviour of the steel grades at dierent temperatures and concentrations in the individual media (see chapter 2.2.5). 2.2.2 Pitting Pitting is seen through surface corrosion degrading with the additional formation of cavities and holes. The passive layer is penetrated locally here. In case of stainless steel in contact with active media containing chloride there is also pitting by itself with pinhole notches in the material. Deposits and rust can also 2.2.3 Contact corrosion Contact corrosion occurs when two components with dierent compositions are in metallic contact with each other and there is moisture in the form of an electrolyte. The baser element is attacked and destroyed. The following points should be observed to prevent contact corrosion: Insulating the metals at the contact point, e.g. through rubber, plastics or coatings, so that a contact current cannot ow. Where possible, avoid unequal material pairings. As an example, screws, nuts and washers should be matched to the connecting components. Make sure that the connection is not in contact with electrolytic active means. cf. chapter 6.8 as well 2.2.4 Stress corrosion cracking This type of corrosion usually occurs in components used in industrial atmospheres that are under heavy mechanical tensile and bending loads. Internal stresses created by welding can also lead to stress corrosion cracking. Austenite steels in atmospheres containing chloride are particularly sensitive to stress corrosion cracking. The inuence of the temperature is considerable here. The critical temperature is 50C.

1271

2.2.5 A2 and A4 in combination with corrosive media The following table provides an overview of the resistance of A2 and A4 in combination with various corrosive media. The values shown are intended only as reference points but still provide good possibilities for comparisons.

Overview of the chemical resistance of A2 and A4 screws

Corrosive agent Concentration 10% all all all all 10% pure 50% pure Citric acid Copper acetate Copper nitrate Copper sulphate Developer (photogr.) Ethyl alcohol Ethyl ether Fatty acid Formic acid Fruit juices Glycerine Hydrochloric acid to 10% 50% all all technical 10% conc. 0.2% 2% to 10% Temperature in C 20 boiling all 20 boiling all all all all 20 98 20 all all 20 boiling 20 boiling all 20 boiling all all 20 20 all 150 180 200235 20 boiling all all 20 50 20 50 20 Degree of resistance Degree of resistance A2 A4 A A A A A A A A A A A A A D A A C B D A A C A A A A A A A B C A B A A B C D D D A A A A A A A A A A A A A D A A B B D A A B A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B D D D

Acetic acid Acetone Ammoniac Beer Benzene, all types Benzoic acid Benzol Blood Bonderising solution Carbon dioxide Chloride: dry gas, damp gas Chloroform Chromic acid

1272

Corrosive agent Hydrocyanic acid Industrial air Lactic acid Lemon juice Magnesium sulphate Mercury Mercury nitrate Methyl alcohol Milk of lime Nitric acid

Concentration 1.5% 10% approx. 26% all to 40% 50% 90%

Temperature in C 20 all 20 boiling 20 all to 50 all all all all 20 boiling 20 boiling all 20 boiling boiling all boiling boiling 20 boiling 20 boiling 20 boiling all 20 20 all 20 boiling 120 all all all 100500 900 B boiling to 70 boiling 20 > 70 20 70 all 20 all

Degree of resistance Degree of resistance A2 A4 A A A A C A A A A A A A A B A C A B C D A B A A C B D B D A A A A A B C A A A C D A B B C B B C C D A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B A C A A C C A A A A B A C A D A A A A A B C A A A A C B A C A B B C D A A

Oils (mineral and vegetable) Oxalic acid Petroleum Phenol Phosphoric acid

10% 50% pure 10% 50% 80% conc.

Potassium permanganate 10% Salicylic acid Seawater Sodium carbonate Sodium hydroxide Sodium nitrate Sodium perchlorate Sugar solution Sulphur dioxide Sulphuric acid. 1% cold saturated 20% 50% 10% to 70% 2.5% 5% 10% 60% Sulphurous acid Tannic acid aqueous solution all

1273

Corrosive agent Tar Tartaric acid

Concentration to 10% over 100% to 50% 75%

Temperature in C hot 20 boiling 20 boiling boiling 20 and hot

Degree of resistance Degree of resistance A2 A4 A A B A C C A A A A A C C A

Wine

2.2.6 Creation of extraneous rust Extraneous rust consists of adherent particles of a carbon steel (normal steel) on the stainless steel surface that turn into rust through the eect of oxygen. If these places are not cleaned and removed, the rust can cause electrochemical pitting corrosion even in stainless steel. Extraneous rust can be caused by: Contact of objects that rust with a stainless steel surface. Flying sparks during work with a right angle grinder, or grinding dust. or during welding work. Water containing rust dripping onto a stainless steel surface. Use of tools that were previously used to work on carbon steel.

1274

Origin mark XYZ XYZ A2-70

A2-70 Alternative marking for socket head cap screws XYZ

A2-70 XYZ A4

Steel group

Strength class

A2-70 XYZ

Marking of screws that do not satisfy the requirements for tensile or torsion strength because of their geometry, e.g. low cylinder heads

A2

Fig. L: Extract from DIN EN ISO 3506-1 2.3 Marking corrosion-resistant screws and nuts The marking of corrosion-resistant screws and nuts must contain the steel group, the strength class and the manufacturers mark. Marking screws in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3506-1 Hexagon head screws and socket head cap screws from nominal diameter M5 must be clearly marked in accordance with the classication system. Where possible, the marking should be on the screw head. Marking nuts in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3506-2 Nuts with a nominal thread diameter from 5 mm must be clearly marked in accordance with the classication system. Marking on a single at is permissible and may only be recessed. Marking on the ats is also permissible as an option.

XYZ XYZ

A2-50 Strength class only with low-strength nuts (see chapter 3.2.3)

Fig. M: Extract from DIN EN ISO 3506-2

1275

3. ISO INFORMATION ON TECHNICAL STANDARDISATION CHANGEOVER TO ISO

3.1 Code Technical standardisation is work of harmonisation in the technical eld that is carried out jointly by all interested parties. Its aim is to stipulate, arrange and harmonise terms, products, procedures, etc., in the area of engineering. In this way, optimum solutions are found for all types of constructions, for example, whereby ordering the necessary components is considerably simplied. This work of harmonisation in Germany was previously carried out by the Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V. (DIN) on the national level. In addition, there are European standards (EN standards), and on an international level there are the ISO standards, which are issued by the International Organisation for Standardisation. National standards (DIN) are being or have already been largely replaced by international/European standards. There will be DIN standards only for products for which there are no ISO or EN standards. International standards (ISO). According to the task and goal of the ISO, which was established in 1946, these are intended to serve the global harmonisation of technical rules, and thus to simplify the exchange of goods and to break down barriers to trade. European standards (EN) aim at harmonising technical regulations and statutes in the internal European market, which was realised on 1.1.1995 (EU/EEC). In principle, existing ISO standards are to be taken over as far as possible unchanged as EN standards. The dierence between ISO and EN standards is that, according to a decision of the European Council, EN standards are to be transposed and introduced without delay and without amendment as national standards in the Member States and the corresponding national standards are to be withdrawn in the same step. 3.1.1 Product names and product changes In many cases the introduction of the European standards is described as intransparent or even chaotic. However, 1276 a closer look reveals that this is not the case. Many DIN standards were the foundation for ISO standards. The old DIN standards were changed into new ISO standards. If an ISO standard is taken over into national standards codes without change, the national standard is given the same title as the corresponding ISO standard. An ISO nut is thus known as an ISO 4032-M12-8 all over the world. In many cases, a changeover from DIN to ISO is, strictly speaking, not correct, because in the past many DIN standards had already been taken over by ISO standards. During the harmonisation of the individual standards codes some titles are in fact being changed, but there are not many changes to the products themselves. For an interim period the number 20000 was added to the ISO number on the takeover of ISO standards into the European code (EN) (e.g. DIN EN ISO 24034). However, this naming system was abandoned some years ago and replaced by the now common form DIN EN ISO . It is certain that the changes to names are very annoying with regard to production documents or order data, because these have to be changed in the short or long term. But we have to be clear about one thing: the sooner we realise conformity to European standards, the sooner we will prot from overcoming barriers to trade or procurement within Europe. As already stated, the contents of many DIN standards already conform to the ISO standard, because they were introduced at a time at which the changeover to ISO was not yet current. Following Europeanisation there are absolutely no changes to what is certainly the most important standard for screws and nuts, ISO 898-1 Mechanical properties of fasteners, because this standard was taken over into the German standards code from the start without any changes to the contents.

One of the most signicant product changes on the harmonisation of the codes was without doubt the change of the width across ats of all hexagonal products. Screws and nuts with dimensions M10, M12 and M14 are aected (here the width across ats is reduced by 1 mm) and M22 (width across the ats is 2 mm larger). Apart from these four dimensions, all other screw dimensions are already perfectly identical to ISO. This means, for example, that a DIN 933 M16 x 50-8.8 is dimensionally, and with regard to the technical properties, completely identical to ISO 4017 M16 x 50-8.8. All that is 3.2 DIN-ISO successor standards
DIN 1 7 84 85 94 125 125 126 417 427 433 438 439 439 440 551 553 555 558 601 603 660 661 911 912 913 914 915 916 ISO 2339 2338 1207 1580 1234 7089 7090 7091 7435 2342 7092 7436 4035 4036 7094 4766 7434 4034 4018 4016 8677 1051 1051 2936 4762 4026 4027 4028 4029 DIN 931 933 934 934 960 961 963 964 965 966 971-1 971-2 980 980 982 982 985 1440 1444 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1481 6325 ISO 4014 4017 4032 8673 8765 8676 2009 2010 7046 7047 8673 8674 7042 10513 7040 10512 10511 8738 2341 8744 8745 8740 8741 8742 8746 8747 8752 8734 DIN 6914 6915 6916 6921 6923 6924 6925 7343 7343 7344 7971 7972 7973 7976 7977 7978 7979 7979 7981 7982 7983 7985 9021 11024 ISO 7412 7414 7416 8102 4161 7040 7042 8750 8751 8748 1481 1482 1483 1479 8737 8736 8733 8735 7049 7050 7051 7045 7093 7072

necessary here is a change to the name in the production documents or order les. In contrast, following more recent technical ndings the ISO has changed the height of hexagonal nuts because it was recognised that the stripping resistance can no longer be guaranteed, particularly when modern tightening methods are used. In this case, the connection would no longer be safe against failure. For this reason alone the use of nuts in accordance with ISO standards is highly recommended.

ISO-DIN previous standards ISO

ISO 1051 1207 1234 1479 1481 1482 1483 1580 2009 2010 2338 2339 2341 2342 2936 4014 4016 4017 4018 4026 4027 4028 4029 4032 4034 4035 DIN 660/661 84 94 7976 7971 7972 7973 85 963 964 7 1 1434 427 911 931 601 933 558 913 914 915 916 934 555 439 ISO 4036 4161 4762 4766 7040 7040 7042 7042 7045 7046 7047 7049 7050 7051 7072 7089 7090 7091 7092 7093 7094 7412 7414 7416 7434 7435 7436 8102 DIN 439 6923 912 551 982 6924 980 6925 7985 965 966 7981 7982 7983 11024 125 125 126 433 9021 440 6914 6915 6916 553 417 438 6921 ISO 8673 8673 8674 8676 8677 DIN 934 971 971-2 961 603

8733 7979 8734 6325 8735 7979 8736 7978 8737 7977 8738 1440 8740 1473 8741 1474 8742 1475 8744 1471 8745 1472 8746 1476 8747 1477 8748 7344 13337 7346 8750 7343 8751 7343 8752 1481 8765 10511 10512 10513 960 985 982 980 10642 7991

7346 13337

7991 10642

1277

3.3 DIN-ISO changes to widths across ats

Hexagonal widths across ats M10 M12 M14 M22 DIN 17 mm 19 mm 22 mm 32 mm ISO 16 mm 18 mm 21 mm 34 mm

3.4 Standard changeover DIN/ISO, general changes, classied in accordance with special elds. Currently valid standards collections 3.4.1 Technical terms of delivery and basic standards
DIN (old) 267 Part 20 267 Part 21 DIN ISO 225 DIN ISO 273 DIN ISO 898 Part 1 267 Part 4 DIN ISO 898 Part 6 267 Part 19 267 Part 19 DIN ISO 7721 267 Part 9 267 Part 1 267 Part 5 267 Part 11 267 Part 12 267 Part 18 ISO 225 273 898-1 898-2 898-6 6157-1 6157-3 7721 8839 DIN (new) or DIN EN DIN EN ISO 6157-2 DIN EN ISO 10484 DIN EN 20225 DIN EN 20273 DIN EN ISO 898 Part 1 DIN EN 20898-2 DIN EN ISO 898 Part 6 DIN EN 26157 Part 1 DIN EN 26157 Part 3 DIN EN 27721 DIN ISO 4042 DIN ISO 8992 DIN EN ISO 3269 DIN EN ISO 3506, Part 1, 2, 3 DIN EN ISO 2702 DIN EN 28839 Title Fasteners, surface discontinuities, nuts Widening test on nuts Fasteners; bolts, screws, studs and nuts; symbols and designations of dimensioning (ISO 225:1991) Mech. fasteners; clearance holes for bolts and screws (ISO 273: 1991) Mech. properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel (ISO 898-1: 1988) Mech. properties of fasteners, part 2; nuts with specied proof load (ISO 898-2: 1992) Mech. properties of fasteners, part 6; nuts with specied proof load values, ne thread (ISO 898-6: 1988) Fasteners -- Surface discontinuities -- Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs for general requirements (ISO 6157-1: 1988) Changes Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy

Nothing noteworthy Fasteners -- Surface discontinuities -- Part 3: Bolts, screws and studs for special requirements (ISO 6157-3: 1988) Countersunk head screws -- Head conguration Nothing noteworthy and gauging (ISO 7721: 1983) Fasteners -- Electroplated coatings Fasteners -- General requirements for bolts, screws, studs and nuts Fasteners acceptance inspection Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant steel fasteners technical terms of delivery Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy

Heat-treated steel tapping screws mechanical Nothing noteworthy properties Mechanical properties of fasteners; nonferrous metal bolts, screws, studs and nuts (ISO 8839: 1986) Nothing noteworthy

1278

3.4.2 Small metric screws

DIN (old) 84 85 963 964 965 965 966 7985 ISO 1207 1580 2009 2010 7046-1 7046-2 7047 7045 DIN (new) or DIN EN DIN EN 21207 DIN EN 21580 DIN EN 22009 DIN EN 22010 DIN EN 27046-1 DIN EN 27046-2 DIN EN 27047 DIN EN 27045 Title Slotted cheese head screws -- product grade A (ISO 1207: 1992) Flat-headed screws with slot; product grade A Countersunk screws with slot, shape A Countersunk oval head screws with slot, shape A Countersunk screws with cross recess (common head): product class A, strength class 4.8 Countersunk screws with cross recess (common head): product grade A, strength class 4.8 Changes Head height and diameter in places Head height and diameter in places Head height and diameter in places Head height and diameter in places Head height and diameter in places Head height and diameter in places

Countersunk oval head screws with cross recess Head height and (common head): product grade A diameter in places Flat-headed screws with cross recess; product grade A Head height and diameter in places

3.4.3 Pins and screws

DIN (old) 1 7 1440 1443 1444 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1481 6325 ISO 2339 2338 8738 2340 2341 8739 8744 8745 8740 8741 8742 8746 8747 8752 8734 DIN (new) or DIN EN DIN EN 22339 DIN EN 22338 DIN EN 28738 DIN EN 22340 DIN EN 22341 DIN EN 8739 DIN EN 8744 DIN EN 8745 DIN EN 8740 DIN EN 8741 DIN EN 8742 DIN EN 8746 DIN EN 8747 DIN EN 8752 DIN EN 8734 Title Taper pins; unhardened (ISO 2339:1986) Changes Length I incl. round ends

Parallel pins, of unhardened steel and austenitic Length I incl. round stainless steel (ISO 2338:1986) ends Plain washers for clevis pins -- Product grade A (ISO 8738: 1986) Clevis pins without head (ISO 2340:1986) Clevis pins with head (ISO 2341:1986) Grooved pins, full length parallel grooved pins with pilot (ISO 8739:1997) Grooved pins -- Full-length taper grooved (ISO 8744:1997) Grooved pins -- Half length taper grooved (ISO 8745:1997) Outer diameter in places Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy

Gooved pins -- Full-length parallel grooved, with Nothing noteworthy chamfer (ISO 8740:1997) Grooved pins -- Half-length reverse-taper grooved (ISO 8741:1997) Grooved pins - one-third-length centre grooved (ISO 8742:1997) Grooved pins with round head (ISO 8746:1997) Grooved pins with countersunk head (ISO 8747:1997) Spring-type straight pins -- Slotted, heavy duty (ISO 8752:1997) Parallel pins, of hardened steel and martensitic stainless steel (Dowel pins) (ISO 8734:1997) Nothing noteworthy Increased shearing forces Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy Bevel angle cancelled Shape A/B cancelled

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DIN (old) 7977 7978 7979 7979

ISO 8737 8736 8733 8735

DIN (new) or DIN EN DIN EN 28737 DIN EN 28736 DIN EN 8733 DIN EN 8735

Title Tapered pins with external thread; unhardened (ISO 8737:1986) Tapered pins with internal thread; unhardened (ISO 8736:1986) Parallel pins with internal thread, of unhardened steel and austenitic stainless steel (ISO 8733:1997) Parallel pins with internal thread, of hardened steel and martensitic stainless steel (ISO 8735:1997)

Changes Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy Nothing noteworthy

3.4.4 Tapping screws

DIN (old) 7971 7972 7973 7976 7981 7982 7983 ISO 1481 1482 1483 1479 7049 7050 7051 DIN (new) or DIN EN DIN ISO 1481 DIN ISO 1482 DIN ISO 1483 DIN ISO 1479 DIN ISO 7049 DIN ISO 7050 DIN ISO 7051 Title Slotted pan head tapping screws (ISO 1481: 1983) Slotted countersunk (at) head tapping screws (common head style) Slotted raised countersunk (oval) head tapping screws (common head style) Hexagon head tapping screws Cross recessed pan head tapping screws Changes Head height and diameter in places Head height and diameter in places Head height and diameter in places Head height in places Head height and diameter in places

Cross recessed countersunk (at) head tapping Head height and screws (common head style diameter in places Cross recessed raised countersunk (oval) head tapping screws Head height and diameter in places

3.4.5 Hexagon head screws and nuts

DIN (old) 439 T1 439 T2 555 558 601 931 933 934 ISO type 1 934 ISO type 1 960 961 ISO 4036 4035 4034 4018 4016 4014 4017 4032 8673 8765 8676 DIN (new) or DIN EN DIN EN 24036 DIN EN 24035 DIN EN 24034 DIN EN 24018 DIN EN 24016 DIN EN 24014 DIN EN 24017 DIN EN 24032 DIN EN 28673 DIN EN 28765 DIN EN 28676 Title Hexagon thin nuts, unchamfered (ISO 4036: 1979) Hexagon thin nuts, unchamfered (ISO 4035: 1986) Hexagon nuts, product grade C Hexagon head screws, product grade C Hexagon head bolts, product grade C, DIN 555 Hexagon head bolt with shank Hexagon head screw Hexagonal nuts, style 1 Hexagon nuts, style 1, with metric ne pitch thread Hexagon head bolts with shaft and metric ne pitch thread Hexagon head screws 10.9, thread to head Changes 4 widths across ats 4 widths across ats Nut height and 4 widths across ats 4 widths across ats 4 widths across ats 4 widths across ats 4 widths across ats Nut height and 4 widths across ats Nut height and 4 widths across ats 4 widths across ats 4 widths across ats

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3.4.6 Threaded pins

DIN (old) 417 438 551 553 913 914 915 916 ISO 7435 7436 4766 7434 4026 4027 4028 4029 DIN (new) or DIN EN DIN EN 27435 DIN EN 27436 DIN EN 24766 DIN EN 27434 DIN 913 DIN 914 DIN 915 DIN 916 Title Slotted set screws with long dog point (ISO 7431: 1983) Slotted set screws with cup point (ISO 7436: 1983) Slotted set screws with at point (ISO 4766: 1983) Slotted set screws with cone point (ISO 7431: 1983) Socket set screws with at point Slotted set screws with cone point Slotted set screws with dog point Slotted set screws with cup point Changes Head height and diameter in places Head height and diameter in places Head height and diameter in places Head height and diameter in places Head height and diameter in places Head height and diameter in places Head height and diameter in places Head height and diameter in places

3.5 Dimensional changes to hexagonal screws and nuts

Nominal size d Sizes to be avoided M1 M1,2 M1,4 M1,6 M2 M2,5 M3 (M3,5) M4 M5 M6 (M7) M8 M10 M12 (M14) M16 (M18) M20 (M22) M24 (M27) M30 Width across at s DIN 2.5 3 3 3.2 4 5 5.5 6 7 8 10 11 13 17 19 22 24 27 30 32 36 41 46 34 16 18 21 ISO Nut height m min. max. DIN 555 3.44.6 4.45.6 5.757.25 7.258.75 9.2510.75 12.113.1 15.116.9 17.118.9 17.9520.05 20.9523.05 22.9525.05 ISO 4034 ISO type 1 0.550.8 4.95.6 4.66.1 6.47.9 89.5 10.412.2 12.113.9 14.115.9 15.116.9 16.919 18.120.2 20.222.3 22.624.7 24.326.4 DIN 934 0.550.8 0.751 0.951.2 1.051.3 1.351.6 1.752 2.152.4 2.552.8 2.93.2 3.74 4.75 5.25.5 6.146.5 7.648 9.6410 10.311 12.313 14.315 14.916 16.918 17.719 20.722 22.724 ISO 4032 (RG) 8673 (FG) ISO type 1 1.051.3 1.351.6 1.752 2.152.4 2.552.8 2.93.2 4.44.7 4.95.2 6.446.8 8.048.4 10.3710.8 12.112.8 14.114.8 15.115.8 16.918 18.119.4 20.221.5 22.523.8 24.325.6

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Nominal size d (M33) M36 (M39) M42 (M45) M48 (M52) M56 (M60) M64 >M64

Width across at s 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 M4 M5M39 M42

Nut height m min. max. 24.9527.05 27.9530.05 29.7532.25 32.7535.25 34.7537.25 36.7539.25 40.7543.25 43.7546.25 46.7549.25 49.552.5 to M100*6 0.8 C (average) 7H 27.429.5 29.431.9 31.834.3 32.434.9 34.436.9 36.438.9 40.442.9 43.445.9 46.448.9 49.452.4 0.831.12 ~0.8 24.726 27.429 29.431 32.434 34.436 36.438 40.442 43.445 46.448 49.151 to M100*6 0.8 27.428.7 29.431 31.833.4 32.434 34.436 36.438 40.442 43.445 46.448 49.151 / 0.8 0.840.93 0.8 M16 = A (average) >M16 = B (average roughness) 6H 6.8,10 (ISO 8673 = strength class 10 M16) Following agreement DIN 267 Part 4 ISO 898 Part 2 (ST) Part 6 (FT)

Nut height factor m/d approx.

Product class Thread tolerance Strength class Steel Core range ~M5-39 >M39 Mechanical properties according to standard
ST standard thread, FT ne thread

5 M16 < d M39 = 4.5 Following agreement DIN 267 Part 4 ISO 898 Part 2 (ST) d M39

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4. MANUFACTURING SCREWS AND NUTS

4.1 Manufacturing processes In principle, the following manufacturing processes are dierentiated: On the one hand there is forming without cutting and on the other, machining. With forming without cutting there is a further dierentiation between cold and hot forming. The following diagram is intended to make the production processes clearer: (wire). Screw manufacturers usually receive the wire coiled on rolls that often weigh over 1000 kg. The wire is normally phosphate treated to enable the wire to be worked perfectly and to minimise tool wear. The designer of a screw or a fastener tries during development to harmonise the advantages and disadvantages of the dierent materials with the requirements specied for the fastener. With the materials dierences are made, along with corrosion-resistant steels, between unalloyed and alloyed steels. For example, if increased strengths are required, it is absolutely essential to subject the parts after pressing to a heat treatment process in order to be able to inuence the mechanical properties specically. Diagram of the stages for a hexagon head screw

Fig. N: Overview of the various production processes 4.1.1 Cold forming (cold extrusion) In modern fastening technology the majority of fasteners are made using the cold forming procedure. In this procedure, the fastener is formed, usually in multistage processes, by pressure forging, cold extrusion and reducing, or a combination of these procedures. The term solid or cold forming was coined for this type of production. This procedure is usually used for large quantities, because, from an economic aspect, it is the most rational method. The choice of the suitable forming machine depends on the size of the fastener and on the degree of forming. The greater the degree of forming, the more forming stages are required. Sharp-edged transitions or thin proles are unfavourable for cold forming and lead to increased tool wear. A decisive role for the quality of the nal product is played by the choice and the quality of the input material

Wire Descaling Intermediate section upsetting

Finishing

Calibrating Round die thread rolling

Nuts are usually produced with the cold or hot forming procedure as well. The choice of one or the other procedure depends on the one hand on the size and on the other on the required quantities.

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Diagram of the stages for a hexagonal nut

During turning, the required contour of the component is cut from the input material using a turning tool. The diameter of the input material depends on the largest diameter of the component. Usually, bars with a length of up to 6 m are used. In contrast to cold or hot forming, the chamfer course of the input material is destroyed. This production procedure is used either if the production run is not very large or if the part geometry cannot be complied with in cold or hot forming procedures because of sharp edges, small radiuses or even nominal sizes. Surface roughnesses of Ra 0.4 or Rz 1.7 can be achieved with this production procedure without any problems. In the case of large production runs the blanks are often produced with the cold extrusion method and are then machined. 4.2 Thread production Where screws are mass-produced, the thread is usually formed or rolled. In this procedure, the screw is rolled between two rolling dies (at dies), one of which is xed and the other running, and this creates the thread (see the diagram). With this type of thread production it is possible to t several hundred screws per minute with a thread. The thread is usually applied before hardening and tempering. If special requirements mean that the thread is applied after the heat treatment process, the thread is referred to as nally rolled.

Advantages of cold forming: Optimal use of material Very high output High dimensional accuracy and surface quality Increase of strength properties through strain hardening Run of the chamfers in press parts in accordance with the load 4.1.2 Hot forming This production method is used mainly to manufacture large diameters starting with approx. M27, and longer pieces starting from approx. 300 mm. In addition, parts are possible that cannot be produced using cold forming because of the very small volumes, or because of a very high degree of forming. With this procedure, the input material (usually bars) is heated wholly or partially to forging temperature. This heating up enables even complicated geometries or very high degrees of forming to be realised. A typical feature for a hot-formed component is the raw surface structure. Strain hardening is not carried out during hot forming! Advantages of hot forming: Enables production of complicated geometries Low production runs Large diameters and lengths 4.1.3 Machining Machining is usually understood as processing steps such as turning, milling, grinding or reaming. The most common method with regard to fasteners is turning, but this has lost a great deal of importance because of the technical possibilities of cold pressing.

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Fixed die

External diameter of the thread Thread cutting on an automatic lathe with a taper tap Running die 4.2.1 Fibre pattern The two diagrams show very clearly the dierences between a rolled and a cut thread. With thread forming the material is work hardened again in addition, and the bre pattern is not interrupted. In this case, the original diameter of the screw is approximately the same as the ank diameter. With thread cutting, the original diameter of the screw is the same as the nominal diameter of the thread. The bre pattern is interrupted by the cutting.
Chamfer course on thread cutting Chamfer course on thread forming

Other methods for making threads: Plunge cutting Tool rolls that are driven at the same speed rotate in the same direction. The workpiece rotates without being axially displaced. This method can be used to make threads with very high pitch accuracy. Continuous method The thread pitch is generated by inclining the roller axes by the pitch angle. The workpiece is given an axial thrust and moves by one thread pitch in an axial direction, with a full rotation. Overlength threads can be made in this way. Thread cutting In this procedure the thread is made by means of a tap or a screw stock. With screws, this procedure is mainly used for very low production runs or with machined parts as well. However, things are dierent when a female thread is made. In this case the thread is usually cut with a screw tap or taper tap. 4.3 Heat treatment 4.3.1 Hardening and tempering The combination hardening and subsequent tempering is referred to as hardening and tempering. DIN EN ISO 898 Part 1 prescribes hardening and tempering for screws from strength class 8.8, and DIN EN 20898 Part 2 prescribes it for nuts in strength class 05 and 8 (>M16), and from strength class 10. 4.3.2 Hardening The screw is heated to a specic temperature among other things in dependence on its carbon content and kept at this temperature for a long period. This changes the microstructure. A great increase in hardness is achieved through the subsequent quenching (water, oil, etc.).

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4.3.3 Annealing The glass-hard and therefore brittle material cannot be used in practice in this condition. The material must be heated up again to a minimum temperature specied in the standard, in order to reduce the distortions in the microstructure. It is true that this measure reduces the hardness that was reached beforehand (but this is much higher than the values of the untreated material), but greater ductility is achieved. This procedure is an important aid for manufacturers to make screws that satisfy the requirements demanded by users. 4.3.4 Case hardening This procedure is used among other things for tapping screws, thread grooving and self-drilling screws. In this case, very hard surfaces are decisive, so that these screws are able to make their own thread automatically. The screw core, in contrast, is soft. Steels with a carbon content of 0.05% to 0.2% are used for these types of screws. The steels are heated and kept for a long time in an atmosphere that gives o carbon (e.g. methane). The carbon diuses into the surface zones and in this way increases the local carbon content. This process is known as carburisation. Finally, the material is quenched and in this way hardened in the surface zones. This has the advantage that the surface is very hard, but sucient ductility remains in the core of the screw. 4.3.5 Stress relief annealing There are a number of dierent annealing procedures which have dierent eects in each case on the microstructure and the states of stresses in the material. One very important procedure in the context of fasteners is stress relief annealing (heating to approx. 600C and maintaining this temperature for a long period). The strain hardening created on cold forming can be reversed by stress relief annealing. This is particularly important for screws in strength classes 4.6 and 5.6, because here there has to be a large elongation of the screw.

4.3.6 Tempering Tempering is the thermal treatment of high strength components (strengths 1000 MPa or hardnesses 320 HV) with the aim of minimising the risk of hydrogen embrittlement. Tempering must be carried out at the latest 4 hours after the conclusion of the galvanic surface treatment. The minimum temperature depends on the strength classes or on the materials that are used.

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5. SURFACE PROTECTION
5.1 Corrosion About 4% of the gross national product of a western industrial nation is destroyed by corrosion. About 25% of this could be avoided by applying existing knowledge. Corrosion is the reaction of a metallic material with its environment that causes a measurable change to the material and may lead to an impairment of the function of a component or of a complete system. This reaction is usually of an electrochemical nature, but in some cases it may also be of a chemical or metal-physical nature. We can also observe corrosion in our daily lives: Rust on vehicles, railings and fences Creeping destruction of road structures, bridges, buildings Leaks in water pipelines and heating pipes made of steel Crevice corrosion Corrosion is unavoidable but the damage caused by corrosion can be avoided through the correct planning of suitable corrosion protection measures. The corrosion system of a screw assembly should, under operating conditions, be at least as corrosion-resistant as the parts that are to be connected. The design engineers job is to decide on the necessary corrosion protection measures. Here, the wear reserve of a corrosion protection system and the ambient conditions have to be taken into account. The ways in which corrosion manifests itself can vary greatly. (See DIN 50900 for corrosion types). 5.2 Corrosion types

T
Surface corrosion e.g. rust

Electrolyte

Contact corrosion

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Corrosion rates, reference values in m per year

Medium Country air Urban air Industrial air Sea air Zincnon-chromated 13 6 620 215 Brass Ms 63 4 4 8 6 Copper CuNi 1.5 Si 2 2 4 3 Unalloyed steel unprotected 80 270 170 170

Tab. 1 5.3 Frequently used types of coatings for fasteners 5.3.1 Non-metallic coatings
Designation Rubbing with oil Burnishing Procedure Workpieces are immersed in oil Application Bright steel parts Suitable for short-term corrosion protection e.g. during transport Corrosion resistance Undened

Workpieces are immersed in acid Parts of weapons Salt spray test approx. 0.5 h or alkaline solutions. Gauges and measuring technology Corrosion protection oil can Oxide layers with a (brown) black increase resistance colour are created through reaction No layer development Purpose: formation of a weak protective layer on the surface No hydrogen embrittlement Steel component in metal phosphate bath or chamber with metal phosphate solution 515 m layer connected with the material Iron/manganese/nickel/zinc phosphate Cold forming of steel Salt spray test: approx. 3 h Combination with corrosion Corrosion protection oil can increase resistance protection media Reduction of wear on manganese phosphatising Primer for coat of lacquer (prevents rust creep)

Phosphatising

Tab. 2 5.3.2 Metallic coatings

Designation Electro-galvanised Procedure Metal deposition in the galvanic bath After treatment through passivation Optionally with sealing Metal deposition in the galvanic bath After treatment through passivation Optionally with sealing Application In areas with low to average corrosion exposure, e.g. general mechanical engineering, electrical engineering system-dependent thermal loadability 80C120C In areas with extreme corrosion exposure e.g. components in the engine compartment or on brakes, where normal electroplating is unable to cope not only because of the great heat but also because of the eect of salt in winter Corrosion resistance Corrosion resistance to 120 h against backing metal corrosion (red rust) in the salt spray test in accordance with DIN 50021 SS (ISO 9227) (layer thicknesses and dependent on the system) Greatest cathodic corrosion protection even with layer thicknesses from 5 m (important for ts) No voluminous corrosion products with zinc-nickel) Corrosion resistance to 720 h to backing metal corrosion (red rust) in the salt spray test in accordance with DIN 50021 SS (ISO 9227) (layer thicknesses and systemdependent) Because of its electrochemical properties with regard to steel nickel cannot take over the function of a reactive anode.

Galvanic zinc alloy layer (zinc-iron) (zinc-nickel)

Electro-nickel plated

Metal deposition in the galvanic bath Optionally with impregnation

In areas with very low corrosion exposure, e.g. decorative applications in interiors Component of a multilayer system e.g. copper-nickel-chromium

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Designation Electro-chrome plated

Procedure Metal deposition in the galvanic bath Usually as a coating on a nickelplated surface Thickness of the chromium layer usually between 0.2 m and 0.5 m Metal powder is hammered onto the components, glass beads are used as impact material. Coating is carried out by means of a chemical medium, electricity is not used. Coating is carried out at room temperature. Immersion in molten metal bath Min. layer thicknesses approx. 40 m Process temperature approx. 450C Greater corrosion protection Not suitable for small screws Cathodic corrosion protection

Application In areas with very low corrosion exposure, e.g. decorative applications in interiors Component of a multilayer system e.g. copper-nickel-chromium Retaining washers, high-strength spring-mounted components (no risk of hydrogen induction during the coating process)

Corrosion resistance Because of its electrochemical properties with regard to steel chromium cannot take over the function of a reactive anode.

Mechanically galvanised

Corrosion resistance to 144 h against backing metal corrosion (red rust) in the salt spray test in accordance with DIN 50021 SS (ISO 9227) (layer thicknesses and system-dependent)

T
Fasteners for steel construction. For example, HV kits. Applicable for fasteners M12 Corrosion resistance between 5 and 25 years depending on the environmental conditions

Hot-dip galvanising

Tab. 3 5.3.3 Other coatings

Procedure Veralising Brass coating Copperplating Silver-plating Tinning Anodising Ruspert Explanations Special hard nickel-plating. Brass coatings are used mainly for decorative purposes. Apart from this, steel parts are coated with brass to improve the adherence of rubber on steel. If necessary, as an intermediate layer before nickel-plating, chrome-plating and silverplating. As a cover layer for decorative purposes. Silver coatings are used for decorative and technical purposes. Tinning is used mainly to achieve or improve soldering capability (soft solder). Serves at the same time as corrosion protection. Thermal after-treatment not possible. A protective layer is generated in aluminium through anodic oxidation that works as corrosion protection and prevents staining. Nearly all colour shades can be achieved for decorative purposes. High-grade zinc-aluminium ake coating, can be produced in extremely dierent colours. Depending on the layer thickness 500 h or 1000 h in fog test (DIN 50021). Maximum application temperature

Burnishing (blackening) Chemical procedure. Bath temperature approx. 140C with subsequent oiling. For decorative purposes. Only slight corrosion protection. Blackening (stainless) Polyseal Chemical procedure. The corrosion resistance of A1A5 can be impaired by this. For decorative purposes. Not suitable for external application. Following a conventional immersion procedure a zinc-phosphate layer is applied at rst. An organic protective layer is then applied that is precipitation-hardened at approx. 200C. Following this, a rust-protection oil is applied as well. This protective coating can be carried out in dierent colours (layer thickness approx. 12 m). With nickel-plated parts above all, the micropores can be sealed with wax through after-treatment in dewatering uid with added wax. Signicant improvement of corrosion resistance. The wax lm is dry, invisible. 70 C

Impregnating

Tab. 4

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5.4 Standardisation of galvanic corrosion protection systems 5.4.1 Designation system in accordance with DIN EN ISO 4042 The most common system for the abbreviated designation of galvanic surfaces on fasteners is the standard DIN EN ISO 4042. In the rst place, this standard stipulates the dimensional requirements for fasteners made of steel and copper alloys that are to be given a galvanic coating. It stipulates layer thicknesses and provides recommendations for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement in high-strength or very hard fasteners, or with surfacehardened fasteners. DIN EN ISO 4042 does not dierentiate between surface coatings containing chromium (VI) and those without chromium (VI). Designation example

Coating metal/alloy Abbreviation Ag CuAg ZnNi ZnCo ZnFe Element Silver Copper-silver Zinc-nickel Zinc-cobalt Zinc-iron

Code letter L N P O R

Tab. 5: Extract from ISO 4042 Table B layer thickness

Layer thickness in m One coating metal No layer thickness prescribed 3 5 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 Two coating metals 2+3 3+5 4+6 4+8 5+10 8+12 10+15 12+18 0 1 2 3 9 4 5 6 7 8 Code no

A surface designation must always consist of the code letter table A + code number table B + code letter table C X Coating metal Minimum thickness After-treatment X X

Tab. 6: Extract from ISO 4042 Table C Passivation/chromating

Gloss level Matte Passivation through Code letter chromating No colour Yellowish shimmering to yellow-brown iridescent Olive green to olive brown Bright No colour Yellowish shimmering to yellow-brown iridescent Olive green to olive brown Glossy No colour Yellowish shimmering to yellow-brown iridescent Olive green to olive brown A C D E G H J L M Bluish to bluish iridescent B

Table A Coating metal/alloy

Coating metal/alloy Abbreviation Zn Cd Cu CuZn Ni b Ni b Cr r CuNi b CuNi b Cr r Sn CuSn Element Zinc Cadmium Copper Copper-zinc Nickel Nickel-chromium Copper-nickel Copper-nickelchromium Tin Copper-tin A B C D E F G H J K Code letter

Bluish to bluish iridescent F

Bluish to bluish iridescent K

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Gloss level High gloss Any Matte Bright Glossy

Passivation through Code letter chromating No colour As B, C or D Brown-Black to black Brown-Black to black Brown-Black to black N P R S T U

All gloss levels Without chromating

Tab. 7: Extract from ISO 4042 5.4.2 Reference values for corrosion resistances in the salt spray test DIN 50021 SS (ISO 9227)
Procedure group Passivation colourless Passivation blue Chromating yellow Chromating olive Chromating black Chromating designation A Inherent colour of the chromate layer Transparent Designation in accordance with ISO 4042 A1A, A1E, A1J A2A, A2E, A2J A3A, A3E, A3J B Blue iridescent A1B, A1F, A1K A2B, A2F, A2K A3B, A3F, A3K C Yellow iridescent A1C, A1G, A1L A2C, A2G, A2L A3C, A3G, A3L D Olive green A1D, A1H, A1M A2D, A2H, A2M A3D, A3H, A3M BK Sooty to black A1R, A1S, A1T A2R, A2S, A2T Nominal White rust layer h thickness 3 5 8 3 5 8 3 5 8 3 5 8 3 5 8 2 6 6 6 12 24 24 48 72 24 72 96 12 12 24 Red rust h 12 24 48 12 36 72 24 72 120 24 96 144 36 72 96

Tab. 8 5.4.3 Designation system in accordance with DIN 50979 This standard applies to electroplated and Cr(VI)-free passivated zinc and zinc alloy coatings on ferrous materials. The zinc alloy coatings contain nickel or iron (zinc/ nickel, zinc/iron) as the alloy components. The main purpose of the coatings or coating systems is the corrosion protection of components made of ferrous materials.

This standard denes the designations for the coating systems that are shown below and stipulates minimum corrosion resistances in the described test procedures as well as the minimum layer thicknesses required for this.

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5.4.4 Designation of the galvanic coatings The galvanic coatings consist of zinc or zinc alloys
Abbreviation Denition Zn ZnFe ZnNi Zinc coating without added alloy partner Zinc alloy coating with a mass share of 0.3% to 1.0% iron Zinc alloy coating with a mass share of 12% to 16% nickel

Tab. 9: Extract from DIN 50979

5.4.5 Passivation Passivating means making conversion layers by treating with suitable Cr(VI) free solutions in order to improve the corrosion resistance of the coatings. Colouring is possible.
Passivation or procedure group Transparent passivated Iridescent passivated Black passivated Abbreviation Appearance of the surface An Cn Fn Colourless to coloured, iridescent Coloured iridescent Black Notes Frequently referred to as thin layer passivation Frequently referred to as thick layer passivation

Tab. 10: Extract from DIN 50979 5.4.6 Sealings Sealings increase corrosion resistance and usually have a layer thickness up to 2 m. Sealings consist of Cr(VI)-free organic and/or inorganic compounds. Products that can be removed with cold cleaners, e.g. on an oil, grease, wax basis, are not considered as sealings in the context of this standard. The inuence of sealings on the functional properties of the component, such as, for example, transition resistance, weldability, compatibility with fuels, glued joints, is to be assessed on the basis of the component. In case of the special requirements for the surface functionality the use of the sealing and the type of sealant have to be agreed, because the band width of the possible surface modications through sealings is large.

In most cases the sealings also eliminate the interference colours (iridescences) formed by passivating.
Abbreviation T0 T2 Description Without sealing With sealing

Tab. 11: Extract from DIN 50979

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5.4.7 Minimum layer thicknesses and test duration

Type of surface protective layer Execution type Procedure type Without coating corrosion Minimum test duration in h Without base material corrosion (in dependence on the Zn or Zn alloy layer thickness) 5 m Galv. zinc coating, transparent passivated Galv. zinc coating, iridescent passivated Galv. zinc coating, iridescent passivated and sealed Galv. zinc iron alloy coating, iridescent passivated Galv. zinc iron alloy coating, iridescent passivated and sealed Galv. zinc nickel alloy coating, iridescent passivated Galv. zinc nickel alloy coating, iridescent passivated and sealed Galv. zinc iron alloy coating, black passivated and sealed Galv. zinc nickel alloy coating, black passivated and sealed Galv. zinc nickel alloy coating, black passivated Zn//An//T0 Zn//Cn//T0 Zn//Cn//T2 ZnFe//Cn//T0 ZnFe//Cn//T2 ZnNi//Cn//T0 ZnNi//Cn//T2 ZnFe//Fn//T2 ZnNi//Fn//T2 ZnNi//Fn//T0 Drum Frame Drum Frame Drum Frame Drum Frame Drum Frame Drum Frame Drum Frame Drum Frame Drum Frame Drum Frame 8 16 72 120 120 168 96 168 144 216 120 192 168 360 120 168 168 240 48 72 48 72 144 192 192 264 168 240 216 312 480 600 600 720 192 264 480 600 480 600 8 m 72 96 216 264 264 360 240 312 288 408 720 720 720 720 264 360 720 720 720 720 12 m 96 120 288 336 360 480 312 384 384 528 720 720 720 720 360 480 720 720 720 720

Tab. 12: Extract from DIN 50979

Designation examples: Zinc/nickel alloy coating on a component made of steel (Fe), a thinnest local layer thickness of 8 m (8) and iridescent passivated (Cn), without sealing (T0) Fe// ZnNi8//Cn//T0 Zinc/iron alloy coating on a component made of steel (Fe), a thinnest local layer thickness of 5 m (5) and black passivated (Fn), with sealing (T2) Fe//ZnFe5//Fn//T2 5.5 Standardisation of non-electrolytically applied corrosion protection systems 5.5.1 Zinc ake systems The parts that are to be coated are placed in a centrifuge basket and immersed in the coating medium. Part of the coating substance is thrown o through centrifugation. In this way a largely even layer is created. The coating

is then burnt in a continuous furnace at 150C300C (depends on the system). To obtain an even and covering layer it is necessary that the parts to be coated pass through two coating passes. Larger parts can also be coated by spraying the coating medium on. This procedure is unsuitable for threaded parts M6 and for fasteners with small internal drives or ne contours. Here, threads that are not true to gauge size and unusable internal drives must be reckoned with. Zinc ake systems are suitable for coating high-strength components. If suitable cleaning procedures are used hydrogen inducement in the coating process is ruled out.

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5.5.2 Standardisation of non-electrolytically applied corrosion protection systems Designations in accordance with DIN EN ISO 10683 Zn-480h = zinc ake coating (Zn), corrosion resistance to RR 480 hours, e.g. Geomet 500A, Geomet 321A, Dacromet 500A, Dacromet 320A, Delta Tone/Seal ZnL-480h = zinc ake coating (Zn), corrosion resistance to RR 480 hours, with integrated lubricant, e.g. Geomet 500A, Dacromet 500A Zn-480h-L = zinc ake coating (Zn), corrosion resistance to RR 480 hours, with subsequently applied lubricant, e.g. Geomet 321A+VL, Dacromet 320A+VL Znnc-480h = zinc ake coating (Zn), corrosion resistance to RR 480 hours, without chromate, e.g. Geomet 321A, Geomet 500A, Delta Protect, Delta Tone/Seal Znyc-480h = zinc ake coating (Zn), corrosion resistance to RR 480 hours, with chromate, e.g. Dacromet 500A, Dacromet 320A

5.6 Standardisation of the hot-dip galvanising of screws in accordance with DIN EN ISO 10684 5.6.1 Procedure and area of application Hot dip galvanising is a procedure in which the fasteners are immersed in a molten bath after suitable pre-treatment. Excessive zinc is then thrown o in a centrifuge in order to set the zinc layer thickness required for corrosion protection. Following this, the fasteners are usually cooled down in a water bath. Hot dip galvanising is permissible to strength class 10.9. DIN EN ISO 10684 provides information for pretreatment and galvanising processes that minimise the risk of brittle fractures. Further specications, which are described in the technical guidelines of the Gemeinschaftsausschusses Verzinken e.V. (GAV) and of the Deutscher Schraubenverband e.V. (DSV), are required, in particular with screws in strength class 10.9. Only normal temperature galvanising should be applied above the thread size M24.

Corrosion resistances in accordance with DIN 50021 SS (ISO 9227) in dependence on the layer thickness
Minimum values for the local layer thickness (if specied by buyer) Test duration in hours (salt spray test) 240 480 720 960 Coating with chromate (Znyc) m 4 5 8 9 Coating without chromate (Znnc) m 6 8 10 12

If the layer weight per unit of area in g/m2 is specied by the buyer, it can be converted as follows into the layer thickness: Coating with chromate: 4.5 g/m2 corresponds to a thickness of 1 m Coating without chromate: 3.8 g/m2 corresponds to a thickness of 1 m The buyer may specify whether he wants to have a coating with chromate ( Znyc) or without chromate (Znnc); in other cases the abbreviation Zn applies.

Tab. 13: Extract from DIN EN ISO 10683

1294

With female thread parts such as nuts, the thread is not cut until after galvanising. The load bearing capacity of the paired threads can be reduced with thread sizes less than M12, because the zinc coating, with its thickness of at least 50 m on average, leads to a reduction of thread overlapping. 5.6.2 Thread tolerances and designation system Two dierent ways of proceeding have proved their worth for creating sucient space for the quite thick coating when screws and nuts are paired. Starting from the zero line of the thread tolerance system, the space for the coating is placed either in the screw or in the nut thread. These methods may not be mixed. It is therefore very advisable to obtain hot-dip galvanised fasteners in a set. In the building industry this is in fact prescribed in standards. Mixing the procedures 1 and 2 shown in table 15 leads either to a reduction of the connections load bearing capability or to assembly problems .

5.7 Restriction on the use of hazardous substances 5.7.1 RoHS Electrical and electronic equipment brought onto the market from 1 July 2006 may not contain any lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). Exceptions (among others) Lead as alloy element in steel up to 0.35% by weight Lead as alloy element in aluminium up to 0.4% by weight Lead as alloy element in copper alloys up to 4.0% by weight Up to 0.1% by weight of the above-mentioned substances (cadmium 0.01% by weight) per homogeneous material is permissible.

Nut thread tolerance Procedure 1 Special marking Procedure 2 Special marking 6AZ/6AX Z or X 6H/6G None

Screw thread tolerance before galvanising 6g/6h None 6az U

Tab. 14: Tolerance systems on pairing hot-dip galvanised screws and nuts The special marking is to be applied after the strength class marking. In the order designation, the hot-dip galvanising is expressed by the notation tZn. Example: Hexagon head screw ISO 4014 M12x80 - 8.8U tZn

1295

This concerns: Large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment Consumer equipment Lighting equipment Electric and electronic tools, with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial tools Toys Sports and leisure equipment Medical devices Monitoring and control instruments Automatic dispensers 5.7.2 ELV End-of life vehicles directive (up to 3.5 t gross vehicle weight) Materials and components for vehicles brought onto the market from 1 July 2007 may not contain any lead, mercury, cadmium or hexavalent chromium. Exceptions include Lead as alloy element in steel up to 0.35% by weight Hexavalent chromium in corrosion protection layers (to 01 July 2007) Lead as alloy element in copper alloys up to 4.0% by weight Up to 0.1% by weight of the above-mentioned substances (cadmium 0.01% by weight) per homogeneous material is permissible, insofar as they are not added intentionally. This concerns: All vehicles with a gross vehicle weight not exceeding 3.5 t 5.8 Hydrogen embrittlement With galvanically coated steel components with tensile strengths Rm 1000 Mpa or hardness 320 HV that are subject to tensile stress there is a risk of a hydrogeninduced brittle fracture. Tempering the components immediately after the coating process contributes to minimising the risk. However, a complete elimination of the risk of brittle fractures cannot be guaranteed under the current state of the art. If the risk 1296

of a hydrogen-induced brittle fracture has to be reduced, alternative coating systems should be preferred. Corrosion protection and coating systems should be selected for safety components that exclude the possibility of hydrogen inducement during coating through the procedure, e.g. mechanical galvanising and zinc ake coatings. Users of fasteners are familiar with the respective purposes and the resulting requirements and must select the most suitable surface system themselves.

6. DIMENSIONING METRIC SCREW ASSEMBLIES

VDI guideline 2230, published in 2003, provides fundamental information on dimensioning, in particular of high-strength screw assemblies in engineering. The calculation of a screw assembly starts from the operating force FB that works on the joint from the outside. This operating force and the elastic deformations of the components that it causes bring about an axial operating force FA, a shear force FQ, a bending moment Mb and where applicable a torque MT at the individual screw position. When the necessary screw dimension is calculated mathematically, it must be taken into account, starting from the known load ratios, that a loss of preload force can occur through setting processes and temperature changes. It must also be taken into account that, depending on the chosen assembly method and on the frictional conditions, the assembly preload force FM can disperse in more or less wide limits. An approximate dimensioning is often sucient for an initial selection of the suitable screw dimension. Depending on the application, further criteria are then to be checked in accordance with VDI 2230. 6.1 Approximate calculation of the dimension or the strength classes of screws (in accordance with VDI 2230) On the basis of the above-mentioned ndings, the preselection of the screw is carried out in the rst step in accordance with the following table.
1 Force in N 2 3 4 1 Force in N 2 3 4 Nominal diameter in mm Strength class 12.9 2.500 4.000 6.300 10.000 16.000 25.000 40.000 63.000 100.000 160.000 250.000 400.000 630.000 M3 M4 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 10.9 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M18 M22 M27 M33 M39 8.8 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36

Tab. 1 A From column 1 choose the next higher force to the one that acts on the joint. If the combined load (lengthwise and shear forces FAmax <FQmax/ Tmin) apply, only FQmax is to be used. B The necessary minimum preload force FMmin is found by proceeding as follows from this gure: B1 If the design has to use FQmax: four steps for static or dynamic shear force

FQ FQ

Nominal diameter in mm Strength class 12.9 10.9 8.8

250 400 630 1.000 1.600 M3 M3 M3 M3 M3 M3

B2 If the design has to use FAmax: 2 steps for dynamic and eccentric axial force or

1297

FA

1 step for tightening with a torque wrench or precision screwdriver, which is set by means of the dynamic torque measurement or elongation of the screw or 0 steps for tightening by angle control in the plastic range or by computerised yield point control D Next to the number that is found, the required screw dimension in mm for the appropriate strength class for the screw is found in columns 2 to 4. Example: A joint is subjected dynamically and eccentrically to an axial force of 9000 N (FA). The strength class was stipulated previously as strength class 10.9. The installation is carried out using a torque wrench. A 10.000 N is the next higher force in column 1 for the force FA B 2 additional steps because of eccentric and dynamic axial force Reading: 25,000 N (= FMmin) C 1 additional step because of the tightening method using a torque wrench Reading: 40,000 N (= FMmax) D The screw size M12 is now read in column 3 for strength class 10.9. 6.2 Choosing the tightening method and the mode of procedure Tightening factor A (taking the tightening uncertainty into account) All tightening methods are more or less accurate. This is caused by: the large range of distribution of the friction that actually occurs during installation (friction gures can only be estimated roughly for the calculation) dierences in the manipulation with the torque wrench (e.g. fast or slow tightening of the screw) Depending on whether the inuences referred to above can be controlled. the tightening factor A has to be selected.

FA

or

1 step for dynamic and concentric or static and eccentric axial force

FA

FA

FA

FA

or 0 steps for static and concentric axial force

FA

FA

C The required maximum preload force FMmax is found by proceeding from force FMmin with: 2 steps for tightening the screw with a simple screwdriver which is set for a tightening torque or

1298

A calculation is therefore made taking account of the tightening and setting method, as well as the coecients of friction classes in accordance with the following table. Reference values for the tightening factor A
Tightening factor Distribution A 1.05 to 1.2 2% to 10% Tightening method Setting method Notes Calibration values required With lK/d<2 progressive fault increase to be noted Smaller fault with direct mechanical coupling, greater fault with indirect coupling The exact determination of the screw's axial elastic exibility is necessary. The distribution depends essentially on the accuracy of the measuring method. With lK/d<2 progressive fault increase to be noted

Elongation-controlled Sound transmission tightening with time ultrasound

1.1 to 1.5

5% to 20%

Mechanical length measuring

Setting by means of elongation measurement

1.2 to 1.4

9% to 17%

1.2 to 1.4

9% to 17%

The preload force distribution is determined basically through the distribution of the yield point in the installed screw batch. The screws are dimensioned here for FMmin. A construction of the screws for FMmax with the tightening Rotation angle Experimental determifactor A is therefore not applicable for these controlled tightening, nation of preliminary power-operated or torque and angle of tightening methods. manual rotation (stages) Hydraulic tightening Torque controlled tightening with torque wrench, torque signalling wrench or mechanical screw driver with dynamic torque measuring Torque controlled tightening with torque wrench, torque signalling wrench or mechanical screw driver with dynamic torque measuring Setting by means of length or pressure measuring Experimental determination of target torques at the original screw part, e.g. by means of elongation measurements of the screw Determining the target torques by estimating the coecient of friction (surface- and lubrication ratios) Lower values for long screws (lK/d 5) Higher values for short screws (lK/d2) Lower values: large number of setting or control tests necessary (e.g. 20). Low distribution of the given torque (e.g. 5%) necessary. Lower values for: measuring torque wrench on even tightening and for precision torque wrenches Higher values for: signalling or collapsing torque wrench Lower values for: low angle of rotation, i.e. relatively sti connections relatively low hardness of the countersurface Counter-surfaces that do not tend to seize, e.g. phosphated or with sucient lubrication. Higher values for: large angle of rotation, i.e. relatively resilient connections and ne threads Very hard countersurfaces in combination with rough surface.

Yield strength Input of the relative controlled tightening, torque angle of power-operated or rotation coecients manual

1.2 to 1.6 1.4 to 1.6

9% to 23% 17% to 23%

1.6 to 2.0 23% to 33% (coecient of friction class B) 1.7 to 2.5 26% to 43% (coecient of friction class A)

2.5 to 4

43% to 60%

Tightening with impact or impulse screw driver

Setting the screws by means of the retightening torque, which comprises the target tightening torque (for the estimated coefcient of friction) and a supplement

Lower values for: large number of setting tests (retightening torque) on the horizontal branch of the screw driver characteristics impulse transmission without play

Tab. 2

1299

A dierent coecient of friction has to be selected, depending on the surface and lubrication condition of the screws or nut coat. With the great number of surface and lubrication conditions it is often dicult to ascertain the correct coecient of friction. If the coecient of friction is not known exactly, the lowest probable coecient of friction is to be reckoned with so that the screw is not overloaded. 6.3 Allocation of friction coe cients with reference values to di erent materials/surfaces and lubrication conditions in screw assemblies (in accordance with VDI 2230)
Coe cient of friction class A Range for G and K 0.04 to 0.10 Selection of typical examples for Material/surface Bright metal Black annealed Phosphate Galv. coatings such as Zn, Zn/Fe, Zn/Ni, zinc ake coatings Bright metal Black annealed Phosphate Galv. coatings such as Zn, Zn/Fe, Zn/ Ni, zinc ake coatings, Al and Mg alloys Hot dip galvanised Organic coating Austenitic steel C 0.14 to 0.24 Austenitic steel Bright metal, Phosphate Galv. coatings such as Zn, Zn/Fe, Zn/Ni, zinc ake coatings, adhesive D 0.20 to 0.35 Austenitic steel Galv. coatings such as Zn, Zn/Fe, hot-dip galvanised E 0.30 Galv. coatings such as Zn/Fe, Zn/Ni, austenitic steel, Al, Mg alloys Lubricants Solid lubricants such as MoS2, graphite, PTFE, PA, PE, PI in solid lm lubricants, as top coats or in pastes; liqueed wax; wax dispersions Solid lubricants such as MoS2, graphite, PTFE, PA, PE, PI in solid lm lubricants, as top coats or in pastes; liqueed wax; wax dispersions; greases, oils, delivery condition MoS2; graphite; wax dispersions With integrated solid lubricant or wax dispersion Solid lubricants, waxes, pastes Wax dispersions, pastes Delivery condition (lightly oiled) None Oil None None

0.08 to 0.16

Tab. 3

Coecient of friction class B should be aimed for, so that the highest possible preload force with simultaneous low distribution can be applied. (The table applies to room temperature.)

6.4 Assembly preload forces FMTab and tightening torques MA with 90% utilisation of the screw yield strength Rel or 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2 for set screws with metric standard thread in accordance with DIN ISO 262; head sizes of hexagon head screws in accordance with DIN EN ISO 4014 to 4018, screws with external hexalobular drive in accordance with DIN 34800 or socket cap screws in accordance with DIN EN ISO 4762 and medium bore in accordance with DIN EN 20 273 (in accordance with VDI 2230)

1300

Standard thread
Size Strength Assembly preload forces class FMTab in kN for G = 0.08 M4 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 4.6 6.8 8.0 7.6 11.1 13.0 10.7 15.7 18.4 15.5 22.7 26.6 19.5 28.7 33.6 31.0 45.6 53.3 45.2 66.3 77.6 62.0 91.0 106.5 84.7 124.4 145.5 107 152 178 136 194 227 170 242 283 196 280 327 257 367 429 313 446 522 389 554 649 458 652 763 548 781 914 0.10 4.5 6.7 7.8 7.4 10.8 12.7 10.4 15.3 17.9 15.1 22.5 26.0 19.1 28.0 32.8 30.3 44.5 52.1 44.1 64.8 75.9 60.6 88.9 104.1 82.9 121.7 142.4 104 149 174 134 190 223 166 237 277 192 274 320 252 359 420 307 437 511 381 543 635 448 638 747 537 765 895 0.12 4.4 6.5 7.6 7.2 10.6 12.4 10.2 14.9 17.5 14.8 21.7 25.4 18.6 27.3 32.0 29.6 43.4 50.8 43.0 63.2 74.0 59.1 86.7 101.5 80.9 118.8 139.0 102 145 170 130 186 217 162 231 271 188 267 313 246 351 410 300 427 499 373 531 621 438 623 729 525 748 875 0.14 4.3 6.3 7.4 7.0 10.3 12.0 9.9 14.5 17.0 14.4 21.1 24.7 18.1 26.6 31.1 28.8 42.2 49.4 41.9 61.5 72.0 57.5 84.4 98.8 78.8 115.7 135.4 99 141 165 127 181 212 158 225 264 183 260 305 240 342 400 292 416 487 363 517 605 427 608 711 512 729 853 0.16 4.2 6.1 7.1 6.8 10.0 11.7 9.6 14.1 16.5 14.0 20.5 24.0 17.6 25.8 30.2 27.9 41.0 48.0 40.7 59.8 70.0 55.9 82.1 96.0 76.6 112.6 131.7 96 137 160 123 176 206 154 219 257 178 253 296 234 333 389 284 405 474 354 504 589 415 591 692 498 710 831 0.20 3.9 5.7 6.7 6.4 9.4 11.0 9.0 13.2 15.5 13.1 19.3 22.6 16.5 24.3 28.4 26.3 38.6 45.2 38.3 56.3 65.8 52.6 77.2 90.4 72.2 106.1 124.1 91 129 151 116 166 194 145 207 242 168 239 279 220 314 367 268 382 447 334 475 556 392 558 653 470 670 784 0.24 3.7 5.4 6.3 6.0 8.8 10.3 8.4 12.4 14.5 12.3 18.1 21.2 15.5 22.7 26.6 24.7 36.2 42.4 35.9 52.8 61.8 49.3 72.5 84.8 67.8 99.6 116.6 85 121 142 109 156 182 137 194 228 157 224 262 207 295 345 252 359 420 314 447 523 368 524 614 443 630 738 Tightening torques MA in Nm for K = G = 0.08 2.3 3.3 3.9 4.4 6.5 7.6 7.7 11.3 13.2 12.6 18.5 21.6 18.5 27.2 31.8 36 53 62 63 92 108 100 146 171 153 224 262 220 314 367 308 438 513 417 595 696 529 754 882 772 1,100 1,287 1,053 1,500 1,755 1,415 2,015 2,358 1,825 2,600 3,042 2,348 3,345 3,914 0.10 2.6 3.9 4.5 5.2 7.6 8.9 9.0 13.2 15.4 14.8 21.7 25.4 21.6 31.8 37.2 43 63 73 73 108 126 117 172 201 180 264 309 259 369 432 363 517 605 495 704 824 625 890 1,041 915 1,304 1,526 1,246 1,775 2,077 1,679 2,322 2,799 2,164 3,082 3,607 2,791 3,975 4,652 0.12 3.0 4.6 5.1 5.9 8.6 10.0 10.1 14.9 17.4 16.8 24.7 28.9 24.6 36.1 42.2 48 71 83 84 123 144 133 195 229 206 302 354 295 421 492 415 592 692 567 807 945 714 1,017 1,190 1,050 1,496 1,750 1,428 2,033 2,380 1,928 2,747 3,214 2,482 3,535 4,136 3,208 4,569 5,346 0.14 3.3 4.8 5.6 6.5 9.5 11.2 11.3 16.5 19.3 18.7 27.5 32.2 27.3 40.1 46.9 54 79 93 93 137 160 148 218 255 230 338 395 329 469 549 464 661 773 634 904 1,057 798 1,136 1,329 1,176 1,674 1,959 1,597 2,274 2,662 2,161 3,078 3,601 2,778 3,957 4,631 3,597 5,123 5,994 0.16 3.6 5.3 6.2 7.1 10.4 12.2 12.3 18.0 21.1 20.5 30.1 35.2 29.8 43.8 51.2 59 87 101 102 149 175 162 238 279 252 370 433 360 513 601 509 725 848 697 993 1,162 875 1,246 1,458 1,292 1,840 2,153 1,754 2,498 2,923 2,377 3,385 3,961 3,054 4,349 5,089 3,958 5,637 6,596 0.20 4.1 6.0 7.0 8.1 11.9 14.0 14.1 20.7 24.2 23.6 34.7 40.6 34.3 50.3 58.9 68 100 116 117 172 201 187 274 321 291 428 501 415 592 692 588 838 980 808 1,151 1,347 1,011 1,440 1,685 1,498 2,134 2,497 2,931 2,893 3,386 2,759 3,930 4,598 3,541 5,043 5,902 4,598 6,549 7,664 0.24 4.5 6.6 7.8 9.0 13.2 15.5 15.6 22.9 26.8 26.2 38.5 45.1 38.0 55.8 65.3 75 110 129 130 191 223 207 304 356 325 477 558 462 657 769 655 933 1,092 901 1,284 1,502 1,126 1,604 1,877 1,672 2,381 2,787 2,265 3,226 3,775 3,081 4,388 5,135 3,951 5,627 6,585 5,137 7,317 8,562

M5

M6

M7

M8

M10

M12

M14

M16

M18

M20

M22

M24

M27

M30

M33

M36

M39

Tab. 5

1301

Assembly preload forces FMTab and tightening torques MA with 90% utilisation of the screw yield strength Rel or 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2 for set screws with metric ne thread in accordance with DIN ISO 262; head sizes of hexagon head screws in accordance with DIN EN ISO 4014 to 4018, screws with external hexalobular drive in accordance with DIN 34800 or socket cap screws in accordance with DIN EN ISO 4762 and medium bore in accordance with DIN EN 20 273 (in accordance with VDI 2230)

Fine thread
Size Strength Assembly preload forces class FMTab in kN for G = 0.08 M8 x1 M9 x1 M10 x1 M10 x 1,25 M12 x 1,25 M12 x 1,5 M14 x 1,5 M16 x 1,5 M18 x 1,5 M18 x2 M20 x 1,5 M22 x 1,5 M24 x 1,5 M24 x2 M27 x 1,5 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 21.2 31.1 36.4 27.7 40.7 47.7 35.2 51.7 60.4 33.1 48.6 56.8 50.1 73.6 86.2 47.6 70.0 81.9 67.8 99.5 116.5 91.4 134.2 157.1 122 174 204 114 163 191 154 219 257 189 269 315 228 325 380 217 310 362 293 418 489 0.10 20.7 30.4 35.6 27.2 39.9 46.7 34.5 50.6 59.2 32.4 47.5 55.6 49.1 72.1 84.4 46.6 68.5 80.1 66.4 97.5 114.1 89.6 131.6 154.0 120 171 200 112 160 187 151 215 252 186 264 309 224 319 373 213 304 355 288 410 480 0.12 20.2 29.7 34.7 26.5 39.0 45.6 33.7 49.5 57.9 31.6 46.4 54.3 48.0 70.5 82.5 45.5 66.8 78.2 64.8 95.2 111.4 87.6 128.7 150.6 117 167 196 109 156 182 148 211 246 182 259 303 219 312 366 209 297 348 282 402 470 0.14 19.7 28.9 33.9 25.9 38.0 44.4 32.9 48.3 56.5 30.8 45.2 52.9 46.8 68.7 80.4 44.3 65.1 76.2 63.2 92.9 108.7 85.5 125.5 146.9 115 163 191 107 152 178 144 206 241 178 253 296 214 305 357 204 290 339 276 393 460 0.16 19.2 28.1 32.9 25.2 37.0 43.3 32.0 47.0 55.0 29.9 44.0 51.4 45.6 66.9 78.3 43.1 63.3 74.1 61.5 90.4 105.8 83.2 122.3 143.1 112 159 186 104 148 173 141 200 234 173 247 289 209 298 347 198 282 331 269 383 448 0.20 18.1 26.5 31.0 23.7 34.9 40.8 30.2 44.4 51.9 28.2 41.4 48.5 43.0 63.2 73.9 40.6 59.7 69.8 58.1 85.3 99.8 78.6 155.5 135.1 105 150 176 98 139 163 133 190 222 164 233 273 198 282 330 187 267 312 255 363 425 0.24 17.0 24.9 29.1 22.3 32.8 38.4 28.4 41.7 48.8 26.5 38.9 45.5 40.4 59.4 69.5 38.2 56.0 65.6 45.6 80.2 93.9 74.0 108.7 127.2 99 141 166 92 131 153 125 179 209 154 220 257 187 266 311 177 251 294 240 342 401 Tightening torques MA in Nm for K = G = 0.08 19.3 28.4 33.2 28.0 41.1 48.1 39 57 67 38 55 65 66 97 114 64 95 111 104 153 179 159 233 273 237 337 394 229 326 381 327 466 545 440 627 734 570 811 949 557 793 928 822 1,171 1,370 0.10 22.8 33.5 39.2 33.2 48.8 57.0 46 68 80 44 65 76 79 116 135 76 112 131 124 182 213 189 278 325 283 403 472 271 386 452 392 558 653 529 754 882 686 977 1,143 666 949 1,110 992 1,413 1,654 0.12 26.1 38.3 44.9 38.1 55.9 65.4 53 78 91 51 75 87 90 133 155 87 128 150 142 209 244 218 320 374 327 465 544 311 443 519 454 646 756 613 873 1,022 796 1,133 1,326 769 1,095 1,282 1,153 1,643 1,922 0.14 29.2 42.8 50.1 42.6 62.6 73.3 60 88 103 57 83 98 101 149 174 97 143 167 159 234 274 244 359 420 368 523 613 348 496 581 511 728 852 692 985 1,153 899 1,280 1,498 865 1,232 1,442 1,304 1,858 2,174 0.16 32.0 47.0 55.0 46.9 68.8 80.6 66 97 113 62 92 107 111 164 192 107 157 183 175 257 301 269 396 463 406 578 676 383 545 638 565 804 941 765 1,090 1,275 995 1,417 1,658 955 1,360 1,591 1,445 2,059 2,409 0.20 37.0 54.3 63.6 54.4 79.8 93.4 76 112 131 72 106 124 129 190 222 123 181 212 203 299 349 314 461 539 473 674 789 444 632 740 660 940 1,100 896 1,276 1,493 1,166 1,661 1,943 1,114 1,586 1,856 1,697 2,417 2,828 0.24 41.2 60.5 70.8 60.7 89.1 104.3 85 125 147 80 118 138 145 212 249 137 202 236 227 333 390 351 515 603 530 755 884 495 706 826 741 1,055 1,234 1,006 1,433 1,677 1,311 1,867 2,185 1,248 1,777 2,080 1,910 2,720 3,183

1302

Size

Strength Assembly preload forces class FMTab in kN for G = 0.08 0.10 276 393 460 347 494 578 425 606 709 512 729 853 607 864 1,011 0.12 270 384 450 339 483 565 416 593 694 502 714 836 595 847 991 0.14 264 375 439 331 472 552 407 580 678 490 698 817 581 828 969 0.16 257 366 428 323 460 539 397 565 662 478 681 797 567 808 945 0.20 243 346 405 306 436 510 376 535 626 453 645 755 537 765 896 0.24 229 326 382 288 411 481 354 505 591 427 609 712 507 722 845 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9 281 400 468 353 503 588 433 617 722 521 742 869 618 880 1,030

Tightening torques MA in Nm for K = G = 0.08 806 1,149 1,344 1,116 1,590 1,861 1,489 2,120 2,481 1,943 2,767 3,238 2,483 3,537 4,139 0.10 967 1,378 1,612 1,343 1,912 2,238 1,794 2,555 2,989 2,345 3,340 3,908 3,002 4,276 5,003 0.12 1,119 1,594 1,866 1,556 2,216 2,594 2,082 2,965 3,470 2,725 3,882 4,542 3,493 4,974 5,821 0.14 1,262 1,797 2,103 1,756 2,502 2,927 2,352 3,350 3,921 3,082 4,390 5,137 3,953 5,631 6,589 0.16 1,394 1,986 2,324 1,943 2,767 3,238 2,605 3,710 4,341 3,415 4,864 5,692 4,383 6,243 7,306 0.20 1,630 2,322 2,717 2,276 3,241 3,793 3,054 4,350 5,090 4,010 5,711 6,683 5,151 7,336 8,585 0.24 1,829 2,605 3,049 2,557 3,641 4,261 3,435 4,892 5,725 4,513 6,428 7,522 5,801 8,263 9,669

M27 x2 M30 x2 M33 x2 M36 x2 M39 x2

Tab. 6 6.5 Tightening torque and preload force of Safety screws with nuts Flange screws with nuts With 90% utilisation of the screws yield strength Rel or 0.2% oset yield point Rp0.2 (according to manufacturers data)
Counter material Locking screws strength class 100 and nuts strength class 10 Steel Rm < 800 MPa Steel Rm = 800 1,100 MPa Gray cast iron Preload forces FVmax (N) M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 Tightening torque MA (Nm) M5 M6 M8 M10 19 42 85 M12 130 M14 230 M16 330

9,000 12,600 23,200 37,000 54,000 74,000 102,000 11

9,000 12,600 23,200 37,000 54,000 74,000 102,000 10

18

37

80

120

215

310

9,000 12,600 23,200 37,000 54,000 74,000 102,000 9

16

35

75

115

200

300

Reference values

1303

6.6 Reference values for tightening torques for austenite screws in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3506 The following table shows the tightening torque required for an individual case in dependence on the nominal diameter, the coecient of friction and the strength class (SC) as a reference value. Coe cient of friction ges 0.10

Coe cient of friction ges 0.20

Preload forces FVmax. [KN] FK 50 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 M18 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 M33 M36 M39 0.60 1.12 1.83 2.59 4.75 7.58 11.1 15.2 20.9 26.2 33.8 41.0 47.0 61.0 75.0 94.0 110.0 133.0 FK 70 0.65 2.40 3.93 5.54 10.2 16.2 23.7 32.6 44.9 56.2 72.4 88.0 101.0 FK 80 0.95 3.20 5.24 7.39 13.6 21.7 31.6 43.4 59.8 74.9 96.5 118.0 135.0 Tightening torque MA [Nm] FK 50 1.00 1.30 2.40 4.10 10.1 20.3 34.8 56.0 86.0 122.0 173.0 227.0 284.0 421.0 571.0 779.0 998.0 1.300 FK 70 1.10 2.60 5.10 8.80 21.4 44.0 74.0 119.0 183.0 260.0 370.0 488.0 608.0 FK 80 1.60 3.50 6.90 11.8 28.7 58.0 100.0 159.0 245.0 346.0 494.0 650.0 810.0

T
M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 M18 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 M33 M36 M39

Preload forces FVmax. [KN] FK 50 0.90 1.08 2.26 3.2 5.86 9.32 13.6 18.7 25.7 32.2 41.3 50.0 58.0 75.0 91.0 114.0 135.0 162.0 FK 70 1.00 2.97 4.85 6.85 12.6 20.0 29.1 40.0 55.0 69.0 88.6 107.0 142.0 FK 80 1.20 3.96 6.47 9.13 16.7 26.6 38.8 53.3 73.3 92.0 118.1 143.0 165.0

Tightening torque MA [Nm] FK 50 0.85 0.80 1.60 2.80 6.80 13.7 23.6 37.1 56.0 81.0 114.0 148.0 187.0 275.0 374.0 506.0 651.0 842.0 FK 70 1.00 1.70 3.40 5.90 14.5 30.0 50.0 79.0 121.0 174.0 224.0 318.0 400.0 FK80 1.30 2.30 4.60 8.00 19.3 39.4 67.0 106.0 161.0 232.0 325.0 424.0 534.0

Coe cient of friction ges 0.30

Preload forces FVmax. [KN] FK 50 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 M18 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 M33 M36 M39 0.40 0.90 1.49 2.09 3.85 6.14 9.00 12.3 17.0 21.1 27.4 34.0 39.0 50.0 61.0 76.0 89.0 108.0 FK 70 0.45 1.94 3.19 4.49 8.85 13.1 19.2 26.4 36.4 45.5 58.7 72.0 83.0 FK 80 0.70 2.59 4.25 5.98 11.0 17.5 25.6 35.2 48.6 60.7 78.3 96.0 110.0 Tightening torque MA [Nm] FK 50 1.25 1.50 2.80 4.80 11.9 24.0 41.0 66.0 102.0 144.0 205.0 272.0 338.0 503.0 680.0 929.0 1.189 1.553 FK 70 1.35 3.00 6.10 10.4 25.5 51.0 88.0 141.0 218.0 308.0 439.0 582.0 724.0 FK80 1.85 4.10 8.00 13.9 33.9 69.0 117.0 188.0 291.0 411.0 586.0 776.0 966.0

Tab. 8

1304

6.7 How to use the tables for preload forces and tightening torques! The procedure is as follows: A) Determining the total coe cient of friction : ges. Dierent coecients of friction have to be reckoned with, depending on the surface or lubrication condition of the screws or nuts. Table 3 in chapter 6 is used to make the selection. Example: Selecting the screw and nut with surface condition zinc galvanised transparent passivation, without lubricant: ges = 0.14 (Note: the lowest probable coecient of friction is to be reckoned with for the dimensioning of the screw so that it is not overloaded) B) Tightening torque MA max. The maximum tightening torque is found with 90% utilisation of the 0.2% oset yield point (Rp0.2) or of the yield point (Rel). Example: Hexagon head screw DIN 933, M12 x 50, strength class 8.8, galvanised, blue passivation: In Table 5 in chapter 6 look in the column for G = 0.14 for the line for M12 with strength class 8.8. Now read o the desired value MA max = 93 Nm from the section Tightening torque MA [Nm]. C) Tightening factor A (taking the tightening uncertainty into account) All tightening methods are more or less accurate. This is caused by: The large range of distribution of the friction that actually occurs during installation (if friction gures can only be estimated roughly for the calculation) Dierences in the manipulation with the torque wrench (e.g. fast or slow tightening of the screw) The distribution of the torque wrench itself.

Depending on how the above-mentioned inuences are controlled, the tightening factor A must be selected. Example: If a commercially available torque wrench with an electronic display is used, a tightening factor A = 1.41.6 must be reckoned with. The selection is: A = 1. 4 (see Table 2 in chapter 6 Reference values for the tightening factor ...) D) Preload force FVmin Example: In Table 5 in chapter 6 in column G = 0.14, line M12 and strength class 8.8 read o the value for the maximum preload force FVmax = 41.9 KN in the area Assembly preload forces. The minimum preload force FVmin is obtained by dividing FVmax by the tightening factor A. Preload force FVmin = FVmin = 29.92 KN E) Control of the results You should ask yourself the following questions! Is the residual clamping power sucient? Is the minimum probable preload force FVmin sucient for the maximum forces that occur in practice? 41.9 KN 1.4

1305

Steel, galvanised, yellow chromated

+ + +

Steel, galvanised, black pass.

Steel, galvanised, blue pass.

+ + + 20

Stainless steel A2/A4

6.8 Pairing di erent element/contact corrosion The following rule applies for preventing contact corrosion: In each case fasteners must have at least the same corrosion resistance as the parts that are to be connected. If fasteners of equal value cannot be selected, they must be of higher value than the parts to be connected.

Pairing di erent fasteners/component materials with regard to contact corrosion

Component material/surface*

Fastener material/surface Stainless steel A2/A4 Aluminium Copper Brass Steel, galvanised, black passivated Steel, galvanised, blue passivated Steel, bright

+++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ ++ ++ + + + +++ ++ + + + + + + + +

++ +++ +

+++ ++ ++

Steel, galvanised, yellow chromated + +++ ++

+

+ +++ +

+++

+++ Highly recommended pairing ++ Recommended pairing + Moderately recommended pairing Less recommended pairing Not recommended pairing Pairing not recommended under any circumstances * This assumption applies with a surface ratio (component ratio of fastener to the part to be connected) between 1:10 and 1:40.

Tab. 9 6.9 Static shearing forces for slotted spring pin connections Slotted spring pins, heavy duty in accordance with ISO 8752 (DIN 1481) Up to 8 mm nominal diameter Up to 10 mm nominal diameter Material: Spring steel hardened from 420 to 560 HV
3.5 4 4.5 5 6 8 10 12 52 13 57.5 14 72.3 16 18

Fig. AU
Nominal diameter [mm] Shearing force min. [kN] Single-shear Two-shear 1 0.7 1.5 2 2.5

Fig. AV
3 0.35 0.79 1.41 2.19 3.16 4.53 5.62 7.68 8.77 13 1.58 2.82 4.38 6.32 9.06 11.2 15.4 17.5 26 21.3 35

85.5 111.2 140.3 222.5 280.6

42.7 70.1 104.1 115.1 144.1 171

Tab. 10

1306

Steel, bright

Aluminium

Copper

Brass

Spring-type straight pins, standard design in accordance with ISO 8750 (DIN 7343)

Fig. AW
Nominal diameter [mm] Shearing force min. [kN] Single-shear Two-shear 0.8 0.21 0.40 1 0.3 0.6 1.2 0.45 0.90

Material: Spring steel hardened from 420 to 520 HV

1.5 0.73 1.46 2 1.29 2.58 2.5 1.94 3.88 3 2.76 5.52 3.5 3.77 7.54 4 4.93 9.86 5 7.64 6 8 39.2 10 12 14 16

11.05 19.6

31.12 44.85 61.62 76.02 62.24 89.7 123.2 152

15.28 22.1

Tab. 11 Spring-type straight pins, coiled, heavy duty in accordance with ISO 8748 (DIN 7344)

Fig. AX
Nominal diameter [mm] Shearing force min. [kN] Single-shear Two-shear

Material: Spring steel hardened from 420 to 520 HV

1.5 0.91 1.82 2 1.57 3.14 2.5 2.37 4.74 3 3.43 6.86 4 6.14 12.2 5 9.46 18.9 6 13.5 27

Tab. 12 Spring-type straight pins, slotted, light duty in accordance with ISO 13337 (DIN 7346) Up 8 mm nominal diameter Up to 10 mm nominal diameter Material: Spring steel hardened from 420 to 560 HV
4.5 4.4 8.8 5 5.2 6 9 7 21 8 24 10 20 40 11 22 44 12 24 48 13 33 66 14 42 84 16 49 98 18 63 126 20 79 158

Fig. AY
Nominal diameter [mm] Shearing force min. [kN] Single-shear Two-shear 2 1.5 2.5 2.4 3 3.5 3.5 4.6 0.75 1.2 1.75 2.3

Fig. AZ
4 4 8 10.5 12

10.4 18

Tab. 13

1307

F
single-shear two-shear

2F

Fig. BA 6.10 Design recommendations for internal drives for screws Technical progress and nancial considerations are leading worldwide to an almost complete replacement of straight slot screws by internal drives. AW drive Hexagonal socket

Fig. AS Good force transmission through several points of application of force. Hexagonal socket-screws have smaller widths across ats than hexagon head screws, which also means more economic designs because of smaller dimensions.
Previous drive systems AW drive

Fig. AR AW drive system Advantages with regard to previous drive systems: Improved force transmission by means of the conical multipoint head. Longer service life through optimal t. Optimum centring through the conical course of the bit. Greatest possible bearing surface of the bit in the screw drive comeout. Comeout = zero. The even force distribution prevents damage to the surface protective layer and thus guarantees greater corrosion resistance. 1308

Cross recess Z (pozi drive) in accordance with ISO 4757

Fig. AT

The four tightening walls in the cross recess, with which the screwdriver is in contact when the screw is being screwed in, are vertical. The remaining walls and ribs are slanted. This can improve ease of assembly if the cross recesses are made optimally. Pozi drive screwdrivers have rectangular blade ends. Cross recess H (Phillips) in accordance with ISO 4757

Angle of rotation method Prerequisite is that the parts to be joined rest largely at on each other. The pre-tightening torque is applied with one of the two methods described above. Mark the position of the nut relative to the screw shaft and component clearly and permanently, so that the subsequently applied further tightening angle of the nut can be determined easily. The required further tightening angle must be determined by means of a method test at the respective original screwed connections (e.g. by means of screw lengthening).

Fig. AU Normal cross recess in which all walls and ribs are slanted, whereby the screwdriver has trapezoid blade ends. 6.11 Assembly Torque method The required preload force is generated by the measurable torque MV. The tightening appliance that is used (e.g. a torque wrench) must have uncertainty of less than 5%. Angular momentum method The connections are tightened with the help of an impulse or impact driver with an uncertainty of less than 5%. The tightening appliances are to be adjusted as far as possible to the original screw assembly in a suitable manner (e.g. retightening method or length measuring method). Retightening method: the connection is tightened rst of all with the screwdriver and then retightened/checked with a precision torque wrench. Length measuring method: the resulting lengthening of the screw is checked (measuring calliper), whereby the lengthening of the screw has to be calibrated beforehand on a screw test stand.

Fig. W

1309

7. SECURING ELEMENTS
7.1 General To select the right securing element it is necessary to consider the screw assembly as a whole. In particular, the hardness of the materials that are to be braced and any dynamic loads that may have an eect on the screw assembly must be considered when choosing a securing element.

7.2 Causes of preload force loss

7.3 Methods of functioning 7.3.1 Securing against loosening Screw assemblies can be prevented from loosening by means of suitable construction measures. This may mean using expansion screws or long screws, or increasing the preload force through screws with greater strength. In the latter case in particular, attention must be paid to the surface pressing on the support. A anged screw, or moulding a suitable hard washer to the head, or using such a washer, reduces the surface pressure and prevents loosening.

Sems screw

1310

Flange screw

Lock screw

Ribbed washer 7.3.2 Securing against loosening Loose-proof fasteners eectively prevent automatic unscrewing under the heaviest dynamic loads. With the exception of slight unavoidable setting amounts the preload force in the connection is retained. Retention methods to prevent unscrewing are divided into locking at the bearing bonding in the thread

Self-locking screw with serrated bearing

Disc-lock washer Locking at the bearing takes place by means of the locking teeth that embed into the bearing material in the direction of unscrewing by means of tapered edges, or by means of symmetrical securing ribs that retain the preload force eectively on hard and soft materials. With bonding in the thread it is possible to work with anaerobically bonding liquid plastic retention devices, or to use screws with micro-encapsulated adhesives. Screws with micro-encapsulated precoating are standardised in accordance with DIN 267/Part 27.

Micro-encapsulation

1311

Optisert insert

T
Liquid adhesives 7.3.3 Securing against loss This group of securing devices comprises products that initially are unable to prevent automatic loosening, but after a more or less large preload force loss prevent complete unscrewing, so that the connection does not fall apart.

7.4 How securing elements work The action of a securing element can be tested on a vibration test stand (Junker test).

All-metal lock nut

Lock nut with plastic ring

The test results in three categories. 1312

7.4.1 Ine ective securing elements The products listed below have no securing eect whatsoever, either with regard to loosening, or with regard to unscrewing. Use with screws in strength class 8.8 is not advised. Spring washers DIN 127, DIN 128, DIN 6905, DIN 7980 Wave washers DIN 137, DIN 6904 Toothed washers DIN 6797, DIN 6906 Serrated lock washers DIN 6798, DIN 6907 Tab washers with external tab or two tabs DIN 432, DIN 463 Hex castle nuts DIN 935, DIN 937 with cotter pins DIN 94 7.4.2 Loss-proof fasteners The category of loss-proof fasteners comprises products that initially are unable to prevent automatic loosening, but after an unspecied large preload force loss prevent complete unscrewing, so that the connection does not fall apart. This category includes, for example, nuts with a polyamide ring insert (lock nuts), all-metal lock nuts or screws with a thread clamping insert in accordance with DIN 267/Part 28. 7.5 Measures for securing screws 7.5.1 Loosening
Securing type Loose-proof Functional principle Securing element

7.4.3 Loose-proof fasteners Loose-proof fasteners eectively prevent automatic unscrewing under the heaviest dynamic loads. With the exception of slight unavoidable setting amounts, the preload force in the connection is retained. Retention methods to prevent unscrewing are divided into locking at the bearing bonding in the thread Locking at the bearing takes place by means of the locking teeth that embed into the bearing material in the direction of unscrewing by means of tapered edges, or by means of symmetrical securing ribs that retain the preload force eectively on hard and soft materials. With bonding in the thread it is possible to work with anaerobically bonding liquid plastic retention devices, or to use screws with micro-encapsulated adhesives. Screws with micro-encapsulated pre-coating are standardised in accordance with DIN 267/Part 27.

Information on application Screws/nuts Strength class Washers Hardness class 200 HV 300 HV Yes Yes No Yes No Yes

Reduce the surface pressure if braced together

Washer in accordance with DIN EN ISO 7089 DIN EN ISO 7090 DIN 7349 DIN EN ISO 7092 DIN EN ISO 7093-1 Heavy-duty locking washer in accordance with DIN 6796, proled locking washer serrated contact washer

8.8/8 10.9/10 A2-70/A2-70

Elastic if braced together

To reduce setting max. 20 m elastic force has to be aligned to the preload force.

Thread grooving screws also belong to the group of loss-proof fasteners.

1313

7.5.2 Automatic unscrewing

Securing type Unscrewing-proof Functional principle Blocking, in part braced together Securing element Lock screw, lock nuts Proled locking washers Tapered washer pair Ribbed washer Prole ring (material A2) Information on application To be used where screw connections with high preload forces are exposed to changing transverse loads. Not on hardened surfaces. Hardness of the contact surface must be lower than that of the contact surface of the screw and nut and of the elements that are tightened. Securing elements are only eective if they are arranged directly under the screw head and the nut. For electrical applications. To be used where screw connections with high preload forces are exposed to changing transverse loads and hardened surfaces do not permit the use of locking fasteners. Temperature-dependent. Use with electrical applications not recommended. If adhesives are used the threads must not be lubricated. The temperature limits for the adhesives that are used must be observed. Use with electrical applications not recommended. If adhesives are used the threads must not be lubricated. To be used where the primary aim of the screw assemblies is to retain a residual preload force and to secure the connection against falling apart. The temperature dependency must be noted for nuts and screws with a plastic insert. With electrical applications there may not be any chip formation through all-metal nuts.

Adhesive

Micro-encapsulated adhesive in accordance with DIN 267-27

Liquid adhesive

Loss-proof

Clamping

Nuts with clamp DIN EN ISO 7040, DIN EN ISO 7042, Inserts DIN 8140 Screws with plastic coating in the thread in accordance with DIN 267-28

1314

8. STEEL STRUCTURES
8.1 HV connections for steel structures HV is the marking of a screw assembly in steel constructions with high-strength screws in strength class 10.9. H stands here for high-strength, corresponding to the requirements for strength class 10.9 and V for preloaded, i.e. the possibility to bring the connection to a dened preload force with standardised methods. While it is true that in over 90% of steel construction connections preloading is not necessary for technical reasons, because the connections are not designed with friction grip, in such cases it is often usual and practical to pre-stress the connections, in order to close gaps, to increase the resistance against dynamic loads on parts or to limit the deformation of the total construction. HV connections are therefore suitable without restriction for implementing all the following standard connections in steel construction. Shear bearing connections (SL) transfer the force applied from the outside transverse to the screw axis through direct force transmission from the inner wall of the drill hole to the shaft of the screw (Fig. 1) The components aect the screw shaft like the blades of scissors. This type of connection can be preloaded (SLV) or implemented with dowel screws (SLP) or both (SLVP). Preloading the connection is necessary in particular with dynamic loads in the screws lengthways axis. Fig. 2 Operating forces in the screws lengthwise axis are of course permissible in all standard connections in steel construction and are accessible for verication of the strength by means of appropriate calculation formulae, for example, DIN 18800-1. Wrth HV sets have good, high-grade corrosion protection through hot-dip galvanising with a zinc layer thickness of 6080 m. In this way, long-term corrosion protection is achieved even in aggressive atmospheres. (Fig. 3). sion here takes place through friction between the contact surfaces of the preloaded components. For this purpose, the contact surfaces have to be made friction grip by blasting or by means of approved friction grip coatings. When the screw is tightened, the operating forces are transmitted vertically to the screw axis, as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 1 The principle of operation of friction-grip preloaded connections (GV), which are used in individual cases, such as bridge building, including with screws with short threaded portions (GVP), is fundamentally dierent. Force transmis1315

DIN Calculation DIN 18 800-1 design Execution Products DIN 18 800-7 DIN 7968, DIN 7969 DIN 7990 DIN EN ISO 4014/4017 DIN 6914, DIN 6915, DIN 6916 DIN 7999

DIN EN DIN EN 1993-1-8 DIN EN 1993-1-9 DIN EN 1090-2 DIN EN 15048-1/-2 + tech. product specs. (DIN EN ISO 4014) DIN EN 14399-1/-2 DIN EN 14399-4 DIN EN 14399-6 DIN EN 14399-8

Tab. 1: Changeover to European standards

T
Fig. 3 The galvanising is carried out accordance with DIN EN ISO 10684, taking account of additional stipulations that conform to the state of the art on manufacturing hot-dip galvanised screws. The cutting of the nut thread and the lubrication of the nuts under process conditions are carried out after hot-dip galvanising, in order to ensure the threads t and to guarantee uniform tightening behaviour through special lubrication. The then unplated nut thread is corrosion protected after assembly by the zinc coating of the screw through cathodic corrosion protection. For this reason, only complete assemblies (screw, nut and washer) from a single manufacturer are to be used. 8.2 HV screws, nuts and washers In the course of the changeover to the European Construction Products Directive, harmonised European standards were drawn up for fasteners in steel and metal construction that have replaced the previous German DIN standards to a great extent. The German standards have been retained only for ancillary products, such as HV square taper washers in accordance with DIN 6917 and DIN 6918. The procedure for verifying compliance in accordance with Building Rules List A continues to apply, i.e. the products are marketable with the so-called sign (conformity sign). Table 1 provides an overview of the changeover of the standards.

In future, DIN EN 1993-1-8 will apply to the calculation and design of joints, and DIN EN 1993-1-9 for the verication of fatigue, whereby the former DIN standards will continue to be applied during a transition period. DIN EN 1090-2 will apply in future to the execution, and there are transition periods here as well. The European standard DIN EN 15048 was created for non-preloaded, low-strength screwing assemblies and describes the procedure and the requirements for acquiring the CE mark. The appropriate technical descriptions for this may be, for example, the already existing standards for hexagon head screws such as DIN EN ISO 4014. The harmonised standard DIN EN 14399 was drawn up for high-strength structural screwing assemblies. In Parts 1 and 2, this standard also describes the requirements and the procedure for acquiring the CE mark. In Europe, trade barriers may not exist or be established for products displaying the CE mark. The HV screws that are commonly used in Germany, and the appropriate nuts and washers, and HV tting screws are found in Parts 4, 6, and 8 of this standard. The DIN pro-ducts were taken over to a great extent, so that there are only a few changes, and these will be discussed separately below. Under the European standard, HV nuts are always treated with a special lubricant, irrespective of the applied corrosion protection. Where the joints are preloaded in accordance with DIN 18800-7 with the help of the torque method, the same tightening torques are always applicable, which represents a simplication in comparison with the previous status. The screw grip lengths table contained in the standard denes the screw grip length including the washers used (Table 2a and 2b). In addition, the criteria

1316

for calculating the screw grip length in accordance with the special requirements of DIN EN 1993-1-8 have been changed slightly, so that there are further minor dierences. However, if a structure in accordance with DIN 18800 was planned, the planned DIN HV assemblies can be replaced by others with the same nominal length in accordance with the DIN EN standards without the necessity of a realignment of the screwed positions. The reason for this is the fact that DIN 18800 does not contain the above-mentioned special requirement in DIN EN 1993-1-8.
Sizes for HV and HVP screws Nominal size P1) c da ds min. max. max. nom. min. max. dw2) e k min. min. nom. min. max. kw r s h min. min. max. min. nom. min. max. m min. M12 1.75 0.4 0.6 15.2 12 11.3 12.7 20.1 23.91 8 7.55 8.45 5.28 1.2 22 21.16 3 2.7 3.3 9.64 M16 2 0.4 0.6 19.2 16 15.3 16.7 24.9 29.56 10 9.25 10.75 6.47 1.2 27 26.16 4 3.7 4.3 13 12.3
1)

T
M22 2.5 0.4 0.8 26 22 21.16 22.84 33.3 39.55 14 13.1 14.9 9.17 1.5 36 35 4 3.7 4.3 18 16.9 M24 3 0.4 0.8 28 24 23.16 24.84 38.0 45.20 15 14.1 15.9 9.87 1.5 41 40 4 3.7 4.3 20 18.7 M27 3 0.4 0.8 32 27 26.16 27.84 42.8 50.85 17 16.1 17.9 11.27 2 46 45 5 4.4 5.6 22 20.7 M30 3.5 0.4 0.8 35 30 29.16 30 46.6 55.37 19 17.95 20.05 12.56 2 50 49 5 4.4 5.6 24 22.7 M36 4 0.4 0.8 41 36 35 37 55.9 66.44 23 21.95 24.05 15.36 2 60 58.8 6 5.4 6.6 29 27.7

M20 2.5 0.4 0.8 24 20 19.16 20.84 29.5 35.03 13 12.1 13.9 8.47 1.5 32 31 4 3.7 4.3 16 14.9

nom. = max. 10

Note: sizes before galvanising apply for hot-dip galvanised screws, washers and nuts 1) P = thread pitch (standard thread) 2) dw,max. = sist

Tab. 2a

1317

Screw grip length tmin. and tmax. for HV and HVP screws1) Nominal length l 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 210 220 230 240 250 260
1)

M12 11 16 16 21 21 26 26 31 31 36 36 41 41 46 46 51 51 56 56 61 61 66 66 71 71 76 76 81 81 86 86 91 91 96 96101 101106 106111 111116 116121 121126 126131 131136 136141 141146 146151 151156 156161 161166

M16

M20

M22

M24

M27

M30

M36

12 17 17 22 22 27 27 32 32 37 37 42 42 47 47 52 52 57 57 62 62 67 67 72 72 77 77 82 82 87 87 92 92 97 97102 102107 107112 112117 117122 122127 127132 132137 137142 142147 147152 152157 157162 18 23 23 28 28 33 33 38 38 43 43 48 48 53 53 58 58 63 63 68 68 73 73 78 78 83 83 88 88 93 93 98 98103 103- 108 108113 113118 118123 123128 128133 133138 138143 143148 148153 153158 158163 163168 168173 173178 183188 193198 203208 213218 223228 233238 22 27 27 32 32 37 37 42 42 47 47 52 52 57 57 62 62 67 67 72 72 77 77 82 82 87 87 92 92 97 97102 102107 107112 112117 117122 122127 127132 132137 137142 142147 147152 152157 157162 162167 167172 172177 182187 192197 202207 212217 222227 232237 29 34 34 39 39 44 44 49 49 54 54 59 59 64 64 69 69 74 74 79 79 84 84 89 89 94 94 99 99104 104109 109114 114119 119124 124129 129134 134139 139144 144149 149154 154159 159164 164169 169174 179184 189194 199204 209214 219224 229234 36 41 41 46 46 51 51 56 56 61 61 66 66 71 71 76 76 81 81 86 86 91 91 96 96101 101106 106111 111116 116121 121126 126131 131136 136141 141146 146151 151156 156161 161166 166171 176181 186191 196201 206211 216221 226231 39 44 44 49 49 54 54 59 59 64 64 69 69 74 74 79 79 84 84 89 89 94 94 99 99104 104109 109114 114119 119124 124129 129134 134139 139144 144149 149154 154159 159164 164169 174179 184189 194199 204209 214219 224229 43 48 48 53 53 58 58 63 63 68 68 73 73 78 78 83 83 88 88 93 93 98 98103 103- 108 108113 113118 118123 123128 128133 133138 138143 143148 148153 153158 158163 168173 178183 188193 198203 208213 218223

The screw grip length

comprises the two washers as well

Tab. 2b

1318

kw X ds d

Serial no

In accordance with DIN 18800-1:2008-11 the calculation values for the hole face loads VI may not exceed the limit hole face forces VI,R,d. VI 1 VI,R,d The limit hole face force VI,R,d is VI,R,d = t dSch
I,R,d

15 to 30 k

ls lg l

Thread end in accordance with DIN 78-K u = incomplete thread = max. 2 P

Fig. 4
Screw in accordance with DIN EN 14399-4

dw da

Washer in accordance with DIN EN 14399-6

= t dSch l

fz,k
M

Nut in accordance with DIN EN 14399-4 h m

Detail X

Screw grip length t

Fig. 5 8.3 Construction information and verications for HV joints accordance with DIN 18800-1 and DIN EN 1993-1-8. 8.3.1 HV joints in accordance with DIN 18800-1 (2008) The calculation values for the shearing stress Va may not exceed the limit shear forces Va,R,d in accordance with DIN 18800-1:2008-11. Va 1 The limit shear force Va,R,d is Va,R,d f Va,R,d = A a,R,d = A a u,b,k
M

With t thickness of the component dSch Shaft diameter of the screw 1 Factor for determining the hole face endurance, depending on the hole pattern fy,k Characteristic yield point of the component material = 1.1 part safety coecient for the resistance M Factor 1 depends here on the geometry of the completed screwed connection, in particular on the distances of the screws from the edges of the components and from each other. Tables or appropriate software are usually available for calculation purposes. DIN 18800-1 dierentiates cases for the calculation of the limit tensile force under the pure tensile load on the screws. Because of the yield point ratios of strength class 10.9, the failure in the thread is decisive for HV screws. The limit tensile force is therefore calculated as: NR,d = ASp fu,b,k 1.25 M ASp Tension cross-section fu,b,k for FK 10.9 = 1,000 N/mm 1.25 = Coecient for the increased security against tensile strength = 1.1 M

fu,b,k

Shaft cross-section Asch, when the smooth shaft is in the shear joint. Tension cross-section ASp, when the threaded part of the shaft is in the shear joint. 0.55 for HV screws in strength class 10.9, when the smooth shaft is in the shear joint. 0.44 for HV screws in strength class 10.9, when the threaded part of the shaft is in the shear joint. Characteristic tensile strength of the screw material, for HV screws: 1000 N/mm2 = 1.1 part safety coecient for the resistance

If a tensile force and a shear force aect a screw simultaneously, interaction verication has to be carried out in accordance with the requirements of DIN 18800-1.

1319

With friction-grip connections (GV and GVP), the loads Vg may not exceed the boundary sliding forces Vg,R,d in the boundary state of usability Vg 1 Vg,R,d

8.3.2 HV joints in accordance with DIN EN 1993-1-8 The European standard classies the screw assemblies in accordance with Table 3 and makes a fundamental dierence depending on the direction of the external force.

Shear/bearing resistant and friction-grip connections Category Remarks No preloading necessary, but in most cases an advantage, strength classes 4.6 to 10.9 High-strength screws SC 8.8 or 10.9 preloaded. Remarks No preloading necessary, strength classes 4.6 to 10.9 High-strength screws SC 8.8 or 10.9 Compared with DIN 18800-1 GdG GdT SL or SLP SL or SLP GV or GVP (net) SL or SLP

A Shear/bearing connection B Friction-grip connection (GdG) C Friction-grip connection (GdT) Tensile loaded connections Category D Not preloaded E Preloaded

High-strength screws SC 8.8 or 10.9 preloaded GV or GVP GV or GVP

Compared with DIN 18800-1 Not classied, but verication criterion indicated

Tab. 3

The boundary sliding force Vg,R,d is Fv , if no external tensile force acts on the (1.15 M) HV screw, Vg,R,d = N ) Fv Vg,R,d = , if an external tensile force acts (1.15 M) on the HV screw, Fv (1 whereby: is the coecient of friction after pre-treatment of the friction surfaces in accordance with DIN 18800-7 Fv is the preload force in accordance with DIN 18800-7 N is the tensile force falling pro rate on the screw = 1.0 M In addition, interaction verication has to be carried out for GV and GVP connections in the same way as for SL and SLP connections.

The verication of bearing stress diers here in the approach from the procedure in accordance with DIN 18800-1 so that transmission of calculation results or table values is not possible. In this case, recalculation in accordance with the requirements of DIN EN 1993-1-8 is necessary. In many cases, the stress resistance in accordance with EN is greater than in accordance with DIN. Verication of shearing o of the screws in accordance with EN diers only slightly and has a similar structure from the theoretical aspect. If the shaft is in the shear joint the stress resistances are approximately the same. If the thread is in the shear joint they are the same. In the case of HV screws under tensile load in the screws lengthwise axis the calculation approach hardly diers at all from that in the DIN standard and the results are approximately the same. In the simple case of friction-grip connections without external tensile load the approaches in accordance with DIN and EN are also similar; however, a signicant dierence has to be mentioned at this point that also has eects on the applicable preloading method.

1320

DIN EN 1993-1-8 stipulates a higher preload force level for friction-grip connections (and only for these) than is usual for preloaded HV joints in accordance with DIN 18800-7. The preload force should amount to 70% of the tensile strength of the screw: Fp,C = 0.7 fub AS Because of friction distributions, this preload force level is no longer reliably achievable with the torque method, so that alternative methods have to be applied that reduce the inuence of the friction. However, a lower preload force level Fp,C* is permissible for all screw assemblies that are not friction-grip calculated and are to be preloaded for other reasons, for
Dimensions

8.4 Assembly 8.4.1 Assembly and test in accordance with DIN 18 800-7 The torque method is to be used preferably for preloading. The standard preload force in accordance with Table 4 corresponds to 70% of the screw yield point and is therefore generated by applying a tightening torque M A. The tightening torque is the same here for all surface conditions of the fasteners. Screw assemblies that were preloaded with the help of the torque method are accessible very easily for a check by applying a test torque that is 10% greater than the tightening torque.
Torque method Applicable tightening torque MA for achieving the standard preload force Fv [Nm] Surface condition: hot-dip galvanised and lubricateda and as manufactured and lubricateda

Standard preload force FV [kN] (corresponds to Fp,C * = 0.7 x fyb AS)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
a

M12 M16 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 M36

50 100 160 190 220 290 350 510

100 250 450 650 800 1250 1650 2800

Nuts treated in the delivery condition by the manufacturer with molybdenum sulphide or similar lubricant. In contrast to earlier rules, the tightening torque is always the same irrespective of the delivery condition.

Tab. 4: Preloading through torque

example to increase the fatigue resistance. For example, this can be the preload force level in accordance with DIN 18800-7. Fp,C* = 0.7 fyb AS That is, the preload force amounts to 70% of the screw yield point. This means that all preloaded screw assemblies in accordance with DIN EN 1993-1-8 that are not friction-grip preloaded may be preloaded with the standard torque method for screw assemblies. The assembly values may be taken from DIN 18800-7 and are shown in chapter 8.4.

Measures for checking are not required for connections that are not systematically preloaded. In the case of connections that are preloaded systematically at least 10% of the assemblies for the connection are tested in the case of connections that are not mainly loaded at rest, and at least 5% of the assemblies for the connection with connections that are mainly loaded at rest (with connections with less than 20 screws at least 2 connections, or 1 connection). The assembly is to be checked after the marking (situation of the nut relative to the screw shaft) from the side from which tightening took place.

1321

The procedure in Table 5 that is used depends on the further rotation angles that occur during the test. If an unequivocal test is not possible (other methods used), the operation must be monitored for at least 10% of the connections. If deviations from the defaults specied in the respective method test are found, following corrections the complete execution of the whole connection must be monitored. Checking the preload force with standard preload forces

Further angle of rotation < 30 30 to 60 > 60

1

Evaluation Preload force was sucient Preload force was conditionally sucient Preload force was not sucient

Measure None Leave the assembly and test two adjoining connections in the same joint Change the assembly1 and test two adjoining connections in the same joint

These checked fasteners may only be left in the construction with SLV or SLVP connections that are loaded mainly at rest without additional tensile loads.

Tab. 5

Other methods referred to in the standard are the momentum method, the angle of rotation method and a combined method, which are only mentioned here because they are seldom used. If necessary, the wording of the standard is to be used.

1322

8.4.2 Assembly in accordance with DIN EN 1090-2 With all preloaded connections that are not designed friction-proof the preload force is 70% of the screw yield point and thus the torque method in accordance with DIN 18800-7 is applicable in conformity with the EN without restriction. In the cases in which the connection is designed friction-proof, a preload force to: Fp,C = 0.7 fub AS is stipulated in accordance with DIN EN 1993-1-8. This makes it necessary to apply other methods, whereby the combined method appears practicable here. The connections are tightened here with a pre-tightening torque that is recommended by the screw manufacturer or can be estimated with Mr,1 = 0.13 d Fp,C if there is no recommendation from the manufacturer. After this the connections are then tightened by the further angle of rotation stipulated in the standard. Table 6 indicates the tightening parameters for the combined method in accordance with DIN EN 1090-2.
Combined method Dimensions Preload force Fp,C = 0.7 fub AS [kN] Pretightening torque MA [Nm]1) M12 59 75 M16 110 190 M20 172 340

8.5 Special information for using HV assemblies When stored, HV screws, nuts and washers must be protected from corrosion and dirt. If preloading is carried out by turning the screw head, a suitable lubricant must be applied to the head and a method test carried out. If a preloaded assembly is unscrewed subsequently it must be dismantled and replaced with a new one. After tightening, the screw thread should usually project over the nut by a complete turn of a thread. Up to 3 washers with a total thickness of 12 mm are permissible on the side of the assembly that is not turned to compensate for the screw grip length.

M22 212 490

M24 247 600

M27 321 940

M30 393 1240

M36 572 2100

Further angle of rotation or revolution dimension for screw grip length t Total nominal thickness t of the parts to be joined (including all lining plates and washers) d = screw diameter 1 2 3 t < 2d 2d t 6d 6d t 10d Further angle of rotation 60 90 120 Further revolution dimension 1/6 1/4 1/3

Note: If the surface under the screw head or the nut (taking account of any square taper washers that are used as well) is not vertical to the screw axis, the necessary further angle of rotation should be determined in experiments. 1) Example of manufacturers recommendation

Tab. 6: Preloading with the combined method

1323

9. DIRECT SCREWING INTO PLASTICS AND METAL

9.1 Direct screwing into plastics The use of plastics is gaining in importance through new application possibilities. Advantages here are found among other things in the elds of weight reduction, increased chemical resistance and in recycling components. Optimised thread pitch

The direct screwing into plastics with thread-forming metal screws oers advantages over other connection methods through its economic assembly possibilities, the ability to be unscrewed and low-cost procurement. Fasteners constructed for screwing into plastics in particular enable greater process security in comparison to other screw types through their lower ank angle and greater thread pitch. With its WPLAST product line the Wrth Industrie Service GmbH & Co. KG oers its customers an in-stock range of thread-forming metal screws for the application in plastics. Over 150 dierent dimensions are manufactured according to standards of the automotive industry. Thread geometry 30 angle

Highly self-locking Independent loosening of the connection is less likely Material protection Greater loadability of the screw assembly Optimised core diameter

No material jam/improved material ow No damage to the material and therefore enhanced assembly security Lower tightening torques Secure connection because of the greater dierence between screwing torque and thread stripping torque The reliable multiple connections of WPLAST products is secured through the combination of these features.

Reduction of radial tensions Construction of thinner walls, possibly savings of costs and weight No damage to the screw dome Greater overlapping between the thread anks and material greater pull-out forces increase the process security.

1324

30

Tube design:

Construction: The properties of WPLAST screws enable the tube to be constructed with thin walls and at. Relief hole: The relief hole at the upper end of the drilled hole reduces tension overlapping and thus prevents the tube from bursting. At the same time it serves to guide the screw during assembly. The tube geometry is to be adjusted to the dierent materials.

Material ABS ASA PA 4.6 PA 4.6-GF30 PA 6 PA 6-GF30 PA 6.6 PA 6.6-GF30 PA 30GV PBT PBT-GF30 PC PC-GF30 PE (weich) PE (hart) PET PET-GF30 PETP PETP 30GV PMMA POM PP PP-TV20 PPO PS PVC (hart) SAN Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene Acrylonitrile/styrene/acrylic ester Polyamide Polyamide Polyamide Polyamide Polyamide Polyamide Polyamide Polybuteneterephthalate Polybuteneterephthalate Polycarbonate Polycarbonate Polyethylene Polyethylene Polyethylene terephtalate Polyethylene terephtalate Polyethylene terephtalate Polyethylene terephtalate Polymethylmethacrylate Polyoxymethylene Polypropylene Polypropylene Polyphenylenoxide Polystyrene Polyvinyl chloride Styrene/acrylonitrile

Hole mm 0.8x d 0.78x d 0.73x d 0.78x d 0.75x d 0.8x d 0.75x d 0.82x d 0.8x d 0.75x d 0.8x d 0.85x d 0.85x d 0.7x d 0.75x d 0.75x d 0.8x d 0.75x d 0.8x d 0.85x d 0.75x d 0.7x d 0.72x d 0.85x d 0.8x d 0.8x d 0.77x d

External mm 2x d 2x d 1.85x d 1.85x d 1.85x d 2x d 1.85x d 2x d 1.8x d 1.85x d 1.8x d 2.5x d 2.2x d 2x d 1.8x d 1.85x d 1.8x d 1.85x d 1.8x d 2x d 1.95x d 2x d 2x d 2.5x d 2x d 2x d 2x d

Recommended screwing depth mm e 2x d 2x d 1.8x d 1.8x d 1.7x d 1.8x d 1.7x d 1.8x d 1.7x d 1.7x d 1.7x d 2.2x d* 2.2x d* 2x d 1.8x d 1.7x d 1.7x d 1.7x d 1.7x d 2x d 2x d 2x d 2x d 2.2x d** 2x d 2x d 1.9x d

* TnP test ** TnBP test materials sensitive to tension cracking

1325

Assembly instructions Schematic curve of the tightening process

lightweight construction materials up to 140 HV10 or in accordance with a tensile strength of 450 MPa. 9.2.1 Metric thread grooving screws These screws are used in clearance holes and very frequently in tapping holes (aluminium or zinc diecasting). The DIN 7500 screw is the oldest and most widespread design here and denes the thread and the technical delivery conditions. However, screws such as Taptite, Duo-Taptite or Taptite 2000 are frequently found on the market today. When driven in, the screws form a normal nut thread without cutting into which a conventional screw can be screwed.

Tightening torque: Necessary for a reliable screwed joint is a great dierence between the screwing and the thread-stripping torques. The required tightening torque can be determined theoretically with the following equation: MA = ME + 1/3 1/2 (M ME) The screwing and the thread-stripping torques are to be determined in experiments. A secure directly screwed plastic joint can only be made with torque-controlled and rotation-angle controlled assembly equipment. The screwing speed is to be selected between 300 rpm and 800 rpm. Because of the heat eect, greater speeds lead to damage to the plastic and to a disproportionate reduction of the preload force. Both the tube design and the tightening torque are to be checked in practice on the components. 9.2 Direct screwing into metals Thread forming screws for metals are grooving screws with metric threads and tapping screws. These screws groove the counterthread themselves without cutting. They can be used in ductile metals such as, e.g., steel, or in

These screws are usually case-hardened, which means that the surface is extremely hard and the core is very ductile. To make thread grooving easier the screw cross-sections are specially formed (trilobular) over the whole length or at the screw end only. For placing in the core removing hole the screw thread is conical over max. 4 x P thread pitch in accordance with DIN 7500. The thread pitch, which is smaller in comparison with tapping screws, and the high thread engagement give the screws a certain amount of security against independent loosening. 9.2.2 Screw assemblies for thread-grooving screws in accordance with DIN 7500 (Gefu-1 and Gefu-2) The ideal drilling diameter for the tapping holes is to be determined through experiments. The following two tables provide good points of reference.

1326

Gefu-1: Recommended tapping holes for cold malleable materials in dependence on the screwing length
Thread d M3 M4 Cu M5 St Al Cu M6 St Al Cu

Material thickness Recommended tolerance eld of the screwing St Al Cu St Al length 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.0 3.2 3.5 4.0 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.3 6.5 7.0 7.5 8 to 10 >10 to 12 >12 to 15 2.75 2.75 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.65 3.65 3.65 2.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.65 3.65 3.65

4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.55 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.55 4.55 3.65 3.65 3.65 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.65 5.55 5.55 5.5 5.5 4.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.55 5.5 5.5 5.45 5.45

Gefu-2: Recommended tapping holes for ductile materials

Thread d M5 M6 Al Cu M8 St Al Cu

Material thickness Recommended tolerance eld of the screwing St Al Cu St length 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.0 3.2 3.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.55 4.55 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.55 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.55 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.45 5.45 5.45

5.4 5.4 5.4 5.45 5.45 5.45

5.4 5.4 5.4 5.45 5.45 5.45 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25

1327

Thread d

M5

M6 Al 5.45 5.45 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.55 Cu 5.45 5.45 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.55

M8 St 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 Al 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.35 7.35 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.5 Cu 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.35 7.35 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.5

Material thickness Recommended tolerance eld of the screwing St Al Cu St length 4.0 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.3 6.5 7.0 4.55 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.55 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.55 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.65 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.55 5.55 5.55

7.5 8 to <= 10 >10 to <=12 >12 to <=15

9.2.3 Direct screwing into metals with thread-grooving screws in accordance with DIN 7500 When they are driven in, DIN 7500 screws form their own counterthread without cutting through plastic deformation of the base material (steel, HB max. 135, light metal, nonferrous heavy metal). A2 screws can normally only be driven into lightweight metal. Strength properties, tapping hole geometry When the screw length is selected, the length of the non-bearing conical screw end has to be taken into account! With harder materials the hole diameters are to be determined in experiments. A B C s = = = = Max. 4 P Possible bearing thread length Total length, tolerance js 16 Material thickness

Fig. AB
Technical data Thread pitch P [mm] Tightening torque max. Fracture torque min. [Nm] Tensile force min. [kN] Material strength s [mm] 2 and less 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 Thread nominal diameter M2 0.4 0.5 1.7 1.8 1.85 M2.5 0.45 1 2.7 2.25 2.3 2.35 M3 0.5 1.5 4 2.7 2.75 2.8 M3.5 0.6 2.3 5.4 3.15 3.2 3.25 3.3 M4 0.7 3.4 7 3.6 3.65 3.7 3.75 M5 0.8 7.1 11.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.65 4.7 M6 1 12 16 5.4 5.45 5.5 5.55 5.6 5.65 M8 1.25 29 29 7.25 7.3 7.35 7.4 7.45 7.5 7.5 7.55

approx. 80% of the fracture torque

Tapping hole diameter d H11 for steel. HB max. 135; drilled and stamped

1328

Tapping holes for diecasting All recommendations must be checked by means of practical assembly experiments. General t1 [mm]: Upper hole range, with increased conicity for roundings advantageous for casting, strengthening of the mandrel, screw centring, prevention of material bucking, and adaptation to low-cost standard screw lengths. t2/t3 [mm]: Bearing tapping hole range, max. tightening angle 1

Fig. AC

Thread nominal diameter dH12 [mm] d1 [mm] d2 [mm] d3 [mm] Tolerances for d1, d2, d3 in [mm] t1 [mm] t2 [mm] Tolerances for t2 in [mm] t3 [mm]

M2.5 2.7 2.36 2.2 2.27 +0 0.06 5.3 +0.2 0.0 2.5

M3 3.2 2.86 2.67 2.76 +0 0.06 6 +0.2 0.0 3

M3.5 3.7 3.32 3.11 3.23 +0 0.075 6.9 +0.6 0.0 3.5

M4 4.3 3.78 3.54 3.64 +0 0.075 7.8 +0.5 0.0 4

M5 5.3 4.77 4.5 4.6 +0 0.075 9.2 +0.5 0.0 5

M6 6.4 5.69 5.37 5.48 +0 0.075 11 +0.5 0.0 6

M8 8.4 7.63 7.24 7.35 +0 0.09 14 +0.5 0.0 8

Variable, minimum 1x thread pitch P

1329

9.3 Tapping screws 9.3.1 Tapping screw assemblies The following examples for screw assemblies apply for tapping screws with threads in accordance to DIN EN ISO 1478. Tapping screws with form C with a point (also known as a pilot point) are used preferably. This applies in particular when several plates are screwed together and hole misalignment must be expected. Minimum value for the total thickness of the plates to be screwed together The plate thicknesses of the parts that are to be screwed together must be greater than the increase in the thread of the selected screw, because otherwise sucient tightening torque cannot be applied because of the thread run-out under the screw head. If this condition is fullled, tapping screw assemblies as shown in Figs. 3 to 6 can be used.

1330

T
Fig. 1: Simple screwed joint (two tapping holes) Fig. 4: Tapping hole drawn through (thin plates)

Fig. 2: Simple screwed joint with through hole

Fig. 5: Prestole screwed joint

Fig. 3: Tapping hole, widened (thin plates)

Fig. 6: Screwed joint with tightening nut

1331

Tapping hole diameters The tapping hole diameters shown in the following tables apply subject to the following preconditions: Simple tapping screw assembly in accordance with Fig. Z Tapping hole drilled Tapping screw case-hardened and uncoated Screwing torque 0.5 x minimum fracture torque Screwed joint in direction of stamping only Select stamped holes possibly 0.10.3 mm larger

Tapping hole diameter db for thread size ST 3.5 Plate thickness s 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 Material strength Rm N/mm2 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1

Internal preliminary tests should be carried out with other screws or plate materials. Reference values for the tapping hole diameter
Tapping hole diameter db for thread size ST 2.2 Plate thickness s 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Material strength Rm N/mm2 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9

Tapping hole diameter db for thread size ST 3.9 Plate thickness s 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 Material strength Rm N/mm2 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5

Tapping hole diameter db for thread size ST 2.9 Plate thickness s 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 Material strength Rm N/mm2 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Tapping hole diameter db for thread size ST 4.2 Plate thickness s 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.5 Material strength Rm N/mm2 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7

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Tapping hole diameter db for thread size ST 4.8 Plate thickness s 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 Material strength Rm N/mm2 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 Tapping hole diameter db for thread size ST 5.5 Plate thickness s 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 Material strength Rm N/mm2 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 Plate thickness s

Tapping hole diameter db for thread size ST 8 Material strength Rm N/mm2 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.3 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.4 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4

Tapping hole diameter db for thread size ST 6.3 Plate thickness s 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 Material strength Rm N/mm2 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.5 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.7 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8

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9.3.2 Thread for tapping screws

The dimensions for tapping screws such as pitch and diameter are shown in table 48 for ST 1.5 to ST 9.5.
Thread size P d1 d2 d3 c y Aux. dimension Number Thread size P d1 d2 d3 c y Aux. dimension Number ST 1.5 0.5 1.52 1.38 0.91 0.84 0.79 0.69 0.1 1.4 1.1 0 ST 3.9 1.3 3.91 3.73 2.92 2.77 2.67 2.51 0.1 3.5 2.7 7 ST 1.9 0.6 1.90 1.76 1.24 1.17 1.12 1.02 0.1 1.6 1.2 1 ST 4.2 1.4 4.22 4.04 3.10 2.95 2.84 2.69 0.1 3.7 2.8 8 ST 2.2 0.8 2.24 2.1 1.63 1.52 1.47 1.37 0.1 2 1.6 2 ST 4.8 1.6 4.8 4.62 3.58 3.43 3.30 3.12 0.15 4.3 3.2 10 ST 2.6 0.9 2.57 2.43 1.90 1.80 1.73 1.60 0.1 2.3 1.8 3 ST 5.5 1.8 5.46 5.28 4.17 3.99 3.86 3.68 0.15 5 3.6 12 ST 2.9 1.1 2.90 2.76 2.18 2.08 2.01 1.88 0.1 2.6 2.1 4 ST 6.3 1.8 6.25 6.03 4.88 4.70 4.55 4.34 0.15 6 3.6 14 ST 3.3 1.3 3.30 3.12 2.39 2.29 2.21 2.08 0.1 3 2.5 5 ST 8 2.1 8 7.78 6.20 5.99 5.84 5.64 0.15 6.5 4.2 16 ST 3.5 1.3 3.53 3.35 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.26 0.1 3.2 2.5 6 ST 9.5 2.1 9.65 9.43 7.85 7.59 7.44 7.24 0.15 8 4.2 20

max. min. max. min. max. min. max. Style C Style F

max. min. max. min. max. min. max. Style C Style F

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10. RIVETING
10.1 Rivet types 10.1.1 Solid rivets Solid rivets are used less and less. They have been replaced in many cases by welding or bonding. The most common head form is the round head rivet (DIN 660 (to 8 mm), DIN 124 (from 10 mm)), which is still used occasionally in steel constructions. However, riveting is being replaced here as well by joining with HV fasteners. Because of the large countersinking angle of 140 at countersunk head rivets (DIN 675) are very often used to join soft materials such as leather, felt, rubber (no tearing).

Countersunk head rivet 10.1.2 Hollow rivets In contrast to solid rivets, hollow rivets are still in demand. Over the last ten years blind rivets above all have experienced an enormous boom because they are relatively easy to work with.

Round head rivet Countersunk head rivets (DIN 661 (to 8 mm), DIN 302 (from 10 mm)) are used wherever the rivet head must not project. However, the connection can only support lower loads. Blind rivet, round head

Countersunk head Blind rivet, countersunk head Oval head rivets (DIN 662) are still used in many cases for stairs, treads and catwalks where the surface has to be non-slip and safe to walk on without risk of an accident. Rivet pins are simple cylindrical steel pins whos end face is either countersunk to 120 or has a short bore hole. The end faces are only slightly ared to secure the pins from falling out. For this reason only a load causing shear stress is permissible. 10.1.3 Tubular rivets Tubular rivets (DIN 7339 (made from strip), 7340 (made from tube)) are cylindrical sleeves that have a at edge at one end. A special tool is used to ange the other end during processing. This type of rivet is frequently used to join metal parts with sensitive materials (leather, cardboard, plastics) in electrical engineering and in the 1335

Raised countersunk head

toy industry. A further advantage of these tubular rivets: cables can be led through the very clean hollow part.

Rivet part

Head

Style A, rivet part open Hollow rivet, one-piece

10.1.4 Expanding rivets Expanding rivets (hammer drive rivets). No special tools are required for these rivets. A hammer is used to drive a pressed slotted pin or a grooved expanding mandrel into the hollow part. This creates a rm riveted connection with good properties against vibrations. In place

Rivet part

Head

Expanding rivet 10.1.5 Semi-tubular pan head rivets This rivet type (DIN 6791 and DIN 6792) is characterised by the fact that only the rivet end has to be processed. Same uses as for rivet pins.

Style B rivet part closed 10.1.7 Blind rivets This type of rivet has gained greatly in importance, in particular for joining thin-walled plates or in hollow prole construction. In addition, the great advantage is that the rivet can be inserted from one side, i.e. it is tted blind. The rivet consists of the rivet sleeve and a mandrel. Two types are dierentiated as follows: closed blind rivets (cup-type blind rivets) are suitable for making splash-proof connections.

Round head Semi-tubular pan head rivet 10.1.6 Two-piece hollow rivet This type of rivet is used very frequently for subordinate purposes. It is dierentiated in accordance with the type of the rivet part:

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10.2.2 Corner clearances for connections: To enable the greatest possible joint strength, the clearance from the centre axis of the rivet to the edge of the workpiece should not be less than twice the diameter of the sleeve.

Blind rivet, open (standard type)

min. 2 x d

10.3 Denitions and mechanical parameters

Blind rivet, closed (cup-type blind rivet) 10.2 Instructions for use 10.2.1 Joining hard to soft materials Soft and hard parts are often fastened with the help of an additional washer at the sleeve head that is pressed against the soft material. A much better method is to use a rivet with a large mushroom head and to place the sleeve head against the hard material.

dk Head diameter FZ Tensile force aecting the sleeve FQ Shearing force aecting the sleeve Splice plate joint

Soft claw blind rivets, blind rivets with a grooved rivet shaft, all-purpose rivets (press clip rivets) are recommended for this application.

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Fig. 2

d1 d3 dk l Id k

Sleeve diameter Mandrel diameter Head diameter Sleeve length Mandrel length Head height

The sleeve is pressed against the hole wall inside the material bore hole and at the same time is shaped from the blind side to the closing head. The mandrel breaks o at the predened rupture joint, while the remainder of the mandrel in the rivet sleeve is sealed tight by the rivet sleeve. (Fig. 2) The rivet connection is complete and does not require any more steps to nish. (Fig. 3)

10.4 Using blind rivets The rivet is placed with the rivet mandrel into the opening of the rivet tool and into the bore hole with the rivet sleeve. When the tool is operated, the clamping jaws grip the mandrel and pull it back. (Fig. 1)

Fig. 3 10.5 Rivet nuts These nuts are mainly used with hollow bodies, because they can only be set from one side (blind assembly). The very universal range is for material thicknesses of 0.57.5 mm. Fig. 1 The pulling movement causes the rivet head to deform the sleeve and this leads the two workpieces to be pressed rmly together. (Fig. 2)

Blind rivet nut, at head Rivet nuts combine two fastening types: blind riveting and an additional screw assembly.

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10.5.2 Special types of rivet nuts Neoprene rivet nuts Detachable, electrically insulating rivet connection with oscillation and noise-restricting function for fastening metal and plastic connections.

Blind rivet nut, countersunk head This makes it possible above all to use screw assemblies in relatively thin-walled construction elements. 10.5.1 Using rivet nuts The blind rivet nuts are used in a similar way to blind rivets. The blind rivet nut is screwed onto the threaded mandrel of the rivet tool. The nut is then placed into the prepared bore hole. When the tool is operated the threaded mandrel is withdrawn. The pulling movement causes the rivet head to deform the sleeve and this leads the two workpieces to be pressed rmly together. Method of use Design: mushroom head. Material: rivet body made of neoprene (EPDM) with brass insert. Hardness: 60 Shore. Advantages: can be used in blind or pocket holes. Double function as thread carrier or fastener. Air-tight and moisture-proof connection. Ideal for various materials. Possible operating temperatures: 30C to +80C. Ozone-resistant. Areas of application: Electronics construction, vehicle construction, trailer construction, sign making, plant engineering, air-conditioning and refrigeration engineering, agricultural engineering 10.6 Rivet screws Rivet screws are used analogously to rivet nuts. The rivet screw is screwed into the threaded sleeve of the rivet tool and the rivet sleeve is then inserted into the prepared bore hole. When the tool is operated the threaded sleeve is withdrawn. The pulling movement causes the threaded mandrel to deform the sleeve and this leads the two workpieces to be pressed rmly together.

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This type of connection results in a high-strength screw thread in thin-walled materials.

10.7.4 Bore hole too small: The rivet sleeve cannot be inserted into the material because the rivet sleeve diameter is greater than the bore hole. Other assembly faults can occur through the choice of the incorrect grip or riveting tool. 10.8 Explanation of terms 10.8.1 Cup-type blind rivet: Also known as sealed rivet. Its blind rivet sleeve is connected to the head in the shape of a cup and in comparison with open blind rivets is proof against splashed water. 10.8.2 Grip range: The range in which a blind rivet with a given rivet sleeve length fulls its riveting task perfectly.

1. Blind rivet screw

2. Screw into the appliance opening

3. Insert into the workpieces bore hole

4. Rivet together by tightening the screw

5. Spin the screw o

6. Riveting several plates together with an additional screwedon component

The grip range of the components is the total of all components that are to be connected. 10.8.3 Multi-range blind rivet: Blind rivet that unites several grip ranges in a single rivet (grip range to 20 mm possible). 10.8.4 Rivet sleeve diameter: The external diameter of the rivet sleeve. Frequently also referred to as well as the shaft diameter. 10.8.5 Rivet sleeve length: With blind rivets with mushroom heads the rivet sleeve length is measured to the start of the mushroom head. With the countersunk head design the rivet sleeve length is the total length including the countersunk head and the sleeve. 10.8.6 Closing head: The part of the blind rivet sleeve that is shaped by the head of the rivet mandrel after setting.

Procedure for use 10.7 Trouble shooting 10.7.1 Selected grip range too large: The mandrel does not break o at the rupture joint so that it may still project from the drawn sleeve after processing. The connection has insucient or no tensile or shearing strengths. 10.7.2 Grip range too small: The connection has weak points in the area of tensile and shearing strength. The rivet mandrel breaks o at the rupture joint but still projects from the sleeve. 10.7.3 Bore hole too big: The rivet can be inserted but there is no high connection strength because the sleeve material is insucient to ll the bore hole.

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10.8.7 Setting head: The factory-shaped head at the blind rivet sleeve that is not deformed. Designed as a round or countersunk head. 10.8.8 Rupture joint: Mandrels have notches at which they break o on the maximum deformation of the rivet sleeve.

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