1 - Nuclear Chemistry PDF
1 - Nuclear Chemistry PDF
1 - Nuclear Chemistry PDF
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
A
ZX
Element Symbol
proton
1p
1H
or
1
1
neutron
1n
0
electron
0b
0e
or
-1
-1
positron
0b
0e
or
+1
+1
a particle
4He
4a
or
2
2
-1
+1
23.1
www.epa.gov
+ 10n
138
55 Cs
96
37 Rb
+ 2 10n
+ 10n
138
55 Cs
96
37 Rb
92 + 0 = 55 + 37 + 2x0
+ 2 10n
23.1
212Po
4He
2
+ AZX
212 = 4 + A
A = 208
84 = 2 + Z
Z = 82
212Po
84
4He
2
+ 208
82Pb
23.1
23.1
14C
6
14N
7
40K
19
40Ca
20
Decrease # of neutrons by 1
+ -10b + n
1n
0
Increase # of protons by 1
1p
1
+ -10b + n
Positron decay
++10b + n
Increase # of neutrons by 1
++10b + n
Decrease # of protons by 1
11C
6
11B
5
38
19K
38Ar
18
1p
1
1n
0
++10b + n
23.2
37Ar
18
+ -10e
37Cl
17
55Fe
26
+ -10e
55Mn
25
1p
1
Increase # of neutrons by 1
+n
Decrease # of protons by 1
+ -10e
1n
0
+n
Alpha decay
212Po
84
4He
2
+ 208
82Pb
Decrease # of neutrons by 2
Decrease # of protons by 2
Spontaneous fission
252Cf
98
1n
2125
In
+
2
49
0
23.2
Y
n/p too small
positron decay or electron capture
23.2
Nuclear Stability
23.2
911p + 1010n
E = mc2
BE = 9 x (p mass) + 10 x (n mass) 19F mass
BE (amu) = 9 x 1.007825 + 10 x 1.008665 18.9984
BE = 0.1587 amu
BE = 2.37 x 10-11J
binding energy
binding energy per nucleon =
number of nucleons
2.37 x 10-11 J
= 1.25 x 10-12 J
=
19 nucleons
23.2
nuclear stability
23.2
daughter
DN
rate = Dt
rate = lN
DN
= lN
Dt
N = N0exp(-lt)
lnN = lnN0 - lt
ln2
l =
t
23.3
ln [N]
[N]
[N] = [N]0exp(-lt)
23.3
Radiocarbon Dating
14N
7
+ 01n
14C
6
14C
6
14N
7
+ 11H
+ -10b + n
t = 5730 years
Uranium-238 Dating
238U
92
206Pb
82
+ 8 24a + 6-10b
23.3
Nuclear Transmutation
14N
7
27Al
13
14N
7
+ 24a
+ 24a
+ 11p
17O
8
+ 11p
30P
15
+ 01n
11C
6
+ 42a
Nuclear Transmutation
23.4
Nuclear Fission
235U
92
+ 01n
90Sr
38
1n + Energy
+ 143
Xe
+
3
0
54
Nuclear Fission
Representative fission reaction
235U
92
+ 01n
90Sr
38
1n + Energy
+ 143
Xe
+
3
0
54
23.5
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear chain reaction is a self-sustaining sequence of
nuclear fission reactions.
The minimum mass of fissionable material required to
generate a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction is the
critical mass.
Non-critical
Critical
23.5
23.5
Nuclear Fission
Annual Waste Production
3.5 x 106
ft3 ash
1,000 MW coal-fired
power plant
70 ft3
vitrified
waste
1,000 MW nuclear
power plant
23.5
Nuclear Fission
Hazards of the
radioactivities in spent
fuel compared to
uranium ore
23.5
Natural Uranium
0.7202 % U-235 99.2798% U-238
Measured at Oklo
0.7171 % U-235
Nuclear Fusion
Fusion Reaction
2
2
3
1
1 H + 1H
1 H + 1H
2H
1
+ 13H
6Li
3
+ 12H
4He
2
+ 10n
4He
2
Energy Released
6.3 x 10-13 J
2.8 x 10-12 J
3.6 x 10-12 J
Tokamak magnetic
plasma
confinement
23.6
Radioisotopes in Medicine
24Na,
131I,
123I,
18F,
99mTc,
Brain images
with 123I-labeled
compound
23.7
Radioisotopes in Medicine
Research production of 99Mo
98Mo
42
+ 10n
99Mo
42
99Mo
42
99mTc
43
+ 10n
99Mo
42
99mTc
43
99Tc
43
+ -10b + n
+ g-ray
t = 66 hours
t = 6 hours
23.7
Geiger-Mller Counter
23.7
Quality Factor
g-ray = 1
b=1
a = 20
23.8
Dosage
Effect
Up to 100 kilorad
Half-lifes
The rate at which a particular radioisotope decays is
described by its half-life.
Table N provides us
with a list of various
nuclides, their decay
modes, and their halflifes.
Using Table N, what is
the decay mode and
half-life for Radium226?
Using Table N
Table N indicates that Radium-226 undergoes alpha
decay.
Using Half-life
Table N also tells us that Radium-226 has a half-life of
1600 years.
Starting with a 100g
sample, after 1 halflife (or 1600 years),
50g remain.
Carbon-14 Dating
The age of objects that were once alive can be
determined by using the C-14 dating test. In this test,
scientists determine how much C-14 is left in a sample
and from this determine the age of the object.
Uranium-238 Series
The Uranium-238 Decay Series is used to determine the age of
rocks.
In this series, the
ratio of the U238 to the Pb206 is used to
determine the
age of the rock.
Parent-daughter Relationship
Your turn!
On a sheet of paper, answer the following questions
from your textbook. Indicate how you arrived at your
answer and turn in your work for a homework/quiz
grade.
Page 670
The End
This is the end of the first slide show on
nuclear reactions. You may continue
learning about nuclear reactions by viewing
the second show:
Nuclear Chemistry:
Fission and Fusion