SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

WORD TWIST
D

L
A

L F

G T

A L

C H

Y N

N2O

SO2

CH4
CO
Furans
NOX

Dioxins

H2S

CO2
leachate

groundwater
Source: Climate Change Institute

Solid Waste
-shall refer to all discarded household
-commercial waste
-non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste
-street sweepings
-construction debris
-agricultural waste
-and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste.
("Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.)

What is solid waste

management?
Solid Waste Management
shall refer to the control of generation, storage,
collection, transfer and transport, processing
and
disposal of solid wastes in a manner
that is in accord with the best principle of
public health, economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics and
other environmental considerations.

Prohibited Acts of RA 9003

Littering, throwing, dumping of

waste matters in public places, such
as roads, sidewalks, canals, esteros
and parks, and establishment.

The open burning of solid wastes

Prohibited Acts of RA 9003

Causing or permitting the collection of nonsegragated or unsorted waste.

Squatting in open dumps and landfill.

Open dumping, burying of biodegradable or

non-biodegradable materials in flood prone
area.

Prohibited Acts of RA 9003

Unauthorized removal, recyclable material

intended for collection by authorized person.

The mixing of source-separated recyclable

material with other solid waste in any vehicle,
box, container or receptacle used in solid
waste collection or disposal.

Establishment or operation of open dumps.

Prohibited Acts of RA 9003

The manufacture distribution or use of nonenvironmentally acceptable packaging

materials and importation of consumer
products packaged in non-environmentally
accepted materials.

Importation of toxic wastes misrepresented

as recycleable or with recyclable content.

Prohibited Acts of RA 9003

The construction of any establishment with

the two hundred meters from open dumps or
controlled dumps or sanitary landfills;
and the construction and operation of landfills
or any waste disposal facility on any aquifer,
groundwater reservoir or watershed area and
or any portions thereof.

Prohibited Acts of RA 9003

Section 37. Prohibition Against the Use of Open

Dumps for Solid Waste. -No open dumps shall be established and operated,
nor any practice or disposal of solid waste by any
person, including LGUs, which constitutes the use of
open dumps for solid waste, be allowed after the
effectivity of this Act: Provided, That within three (3)
years after the effectivity of this Act, every LGU shall
convert its open dumps into controlled dumps, in
accordance with the guidelines set in Section 41 of
this Act: Provided, further, That no controlled
dumps shall be allowed five (5) years following
effectivity of this Act.

Waste Characterization

-means finding out how much

paper, glass, food waste, etc.
is discarded in your waste
stream.

-helps in planning how to

reduce waste, set up recycling
programs, and conserve
money and resources.
(http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/wastech
ar/)

Waste Audit
waste audit - structured processed to quantify
the amount and types of waste being generated
by an organization.
---identify current waste practices and how they
can be improved.
Being waste-wise can mean:
a more efficient and effective organization
reduced waste management costs
better use of limited natural resources.

4Rs - Refuse, Reduce, Reuse and

Recycle

Refuse: Do not buy or accept

anything you do really need. Say
No to plastic bags:. Refuse to
accept one. Instead, carry a cloth
shopping bag with you.

Reduce the amount of garbage

generated.

http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/97558-The-R-s-waste-Management.aspx

4Rs - Refuse, Reduce, Reuse

and Recycle

Reuse: Reuse everything to its maximum after

properly cleaning it.
Recycle: Keep things which can be recycled to
be given to rag pickers or waste pickers.

http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/97558-The-R-s-waste-Management.aspx

Reuse and Recycle

Re-use
the process of recovering materials intended for
the same or different purpose without the
alteration of physical and chemical
characteristics
Recycling
treatment of used or waste materials making
them suitable for beneficial use and for other
purposes.

Recycling
Benefits of Recycling

Recycling creates jobs

Recycling reduces the need for

landfills and incineration of
solid waste

Recycling reduces the pollution

caused by making products
from new raw materials

Recycling saves energy

Recycling

Recycling decreases emissions of

greenhouse gases that contribute to
climate change

Recycling conserves the natural

resources such as timber, water and
minerals

By conserving resources today, recycling

ensures there will be plenty left for
future generations.

Collection

Collection shall refer to the act of removing solid

waste from the source or from a communal
storage point

("Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.)

Composting

Composting shall refer to the controlled

decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a
humus-like product;

("Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.)

Composting

a biological
activity

The biological
stabilization of
wastes of
biological
origin under
controlled
condition

Operations of Composting
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sorting
Shredding and
Pulverizing
Digestion
Product
Upgrading
Market

Operations of
Composting

Operational Parameters

Temperature rise and fall

Change in color and odor good quality

composts should have rich brown colour, be
visually homogeneous and emanate earthy odor.

Oxygen supply

Moisture content 50 60% is suitable for organic

wastes.

pH level ideal pH is 7

Design Description

site of operation
Climate
solid waste characteristics
Bulking materials adjust moisture
content, adjust C/N ratio, provide porosity
to the mass for oxygen supply.
Common bulking materials : woodchips,
saw dust, solid waste, shredded straw,
leaves, bark.
processing time

Incineration

An engineering process that uses

thermal decomposition via
oxidation to convert a less bulky,
less toxic or noxious materials.

Incineration

Waste destruction in a furnace by

controlled burning at high temperatures.

Incineration removes water from

hazardous sludge, reduces its mass
and/or volume, and converts it to a nonburnable ash that can be safely disposed
of on land, in some waters, or in
underground pits.

Factors Affecting Operation of

Incineration:

temperature
time
turbulence
availability of oxygen

Advantages of Incineration

volume reduction of waste

requires only small space

can also be located close to the area of

service which makes it more cost effective

Advantages of Incineration

can be in operation 24 hours a day which allows

for increased net garbage disposal per day

odors and rodents that are present in other

methods are not a problem

incinerator requires

fewer employees

Ban on Incineration

AIR QUALITY
MANAGEMNT SYSTEM

INCINERATION
B

of municipal, hospital and

hazardous wastes, which process

emits toxic and poisonous fumes
is prohibited

Ban on Incineration

INCINERATION OF
HOSPITAL WASTE
IS
ALLOWED UNTIL JULY 2003

Ban on Incineration

NON-BURN
TECHNOLOGIES
SHALL BE
PROMOTED

OPEN BURNING (SIGA)

Burning of any materials in any quantities
which shall cause the emission of toxic and
poisonous fumes is prohibited, such as:
plastic
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
paints
organic chemicals
heavy
Petroleum related
metals
compounds
Industrial
Toxic and hazardous substances
wastes
inks

Ozone depleting substances

Disadvantages of Incineration

large stacks that emit the excess

heat and gases from the waste
contribute to the greenhouse
effect

emissions coming from the stacks

of incineration plants consist of
other potentially harmful
substances that pollute the air

ash ( bottom ash and fly ash)

contains toxic materials

AIR
POLLUTION

CONTAMINATED
ASH

Dioxins
Where do dioxins come from?
-Dioxins can be formed during
the burning of substances
containing chlorine.
-incomplete
incineration
can
produce carbon monoxide gas,
gaseous dioxins, and/or other
harmful
substances.

- automobile exhaust (leaded gas

only), and the burning of wood
in the presence of chlorine (for
instance, burning of rain
forests).

Viktor Yushchenko after

dioxin contamination

REPUBLIC ACT No. 8749

Philippine Clean Air Act

Section 20. Ban on Incineration. - Incineration, hereby

defined as the burning of municipal, bio-medical and
hazardous wastes, which process emits poisonous
and toxic fumes, is hereby prohibited: Provided,
however, That the prohibition shall not apply to
traditional small-scale method of
community/neighborhood sanitation "siga",
traditional, agricultural, cultural, health, and food
preparation and crematoria:
Provided, further, That existing incinerators dealing
with bio-medical wastes shall be phased out within
three (3) years after the effectivity of this Act:
Provided, finally, That in the interim, such units shall
be limited to the burning of pathological and
infectious wastes, and subject to close monitoring
by the Department.

Disposal

Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit,

dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of any solid
waste into or in an land;

Sanitary Landfill

solid wastes are disposed of by spreading in

thin layers, compacting to the smallest
practical volume, and covering each day or
periodically with soil or suitable materials in
a way to minimize environmental problems.

landfills design life extends many years

beyond the time when it is closed.

Legend:
1- Leachate drainage system
2- Geosynthetics liner
3- Temporary soil cover
4- Compacted waste
5- Impermeable clay liner

6- Top soil layer

7- Flare
8- Pumping system
9- Surface water collection
10- Leachate treatment works

Case Study: Payatas Dumpsite

Waste Stream Composition
Type

%
%
Composition Moisture

%
Volatile
Matter

% Ash

% Fixed
Carbon

Plastic 10.07

1.11

94.87

0.07

3.95

Paper

6.83

25.18

56.54

0.39

17.89

Food

52.88

58.95

30.57

0.74

9.74

36.07

57.93

0.26

5.75

56.58

31.50

0.65

11.27

Film
15.11
Plastic
Yard
Not
Specified

PNOC/EC from Payatas Extraction Project

PAYATAS DUMPSITE
GAS COMPOSITION
Composition

Old Dumpsite

New Dumpsite

CH4

40.7%

53.5%

CO2

29.7

32.6

O2

4.2

0.5

N2

15.8

1.9

PNOC/EC, ibid.

Advantages of Sanitary Landfill

1.

Landfill is usually the most economical

method of solid waste disposal.

2.

Sanitary landfill is complete or final

disposal method as compared to
incineration composting which require
additional treatment or disposal operations
for their residues.

3.

Sanitary landfill can be put into operation

within a short period of time.

Advantages of Sanitary
Landfill
4.

Sanitary landfill can receive all types of

solid wastes, eliminating the necessity of
separate collections.

4.

sanitary landfill is flexible , increased of

solid wastes can be disposed of with little
additional personnel and equipment.

5.

submarginal land may be reclaimed for use

as parking lots, playgrounds, golf courses,
airports, etc.

Disadvantages of Sanitary
Landfill
1.

a highly populated area, suitable land

may not be available within the
economical hauling distance.

2.

proper sanitary landfill standards must

be adhered to daily or the operation may
result in an open dump.

3.

sanitary landfill located in residential

areas can result to extreme public
opposition.

Disadvantages of Sanitary
Landfill
4.

A completed landfill will settle and require

periodic maintenance.

5.

methane, an explosive gas and other

gases produced from the decomposition of
the wastes may become hazard or nuisance
problem and may interfere with the use of
the completed landfill.

Design of Sanitary Landfill

1 Estimate how many hectares of land would be
required for a sanitary landfill, under the following
conditions:

Design life of the site

MSW generation rate
MSW compacted unit weight
Average fill depth
Community population
MSW to cover ratio

30 years
25 N/ capita/day
5.0 KN/m3
10 m
50,000
4:1

Design of Sanitary Landfill

a.

b.

c.

d.
e.

Determine the volume of compacted refuse

per year
Determine the volume required for cover
per year
Determine the total volume required per
year
Determine the area required per year
Determine the total area required for ____
years

Design of Sanitary Landfill

Seatwork1:
1. Determine the area(ha) required for a
new landfill site with a projected life of 15
years for a population of 125 000
generating 25 kg per household per week.
Assume the density of waste is 500
kg/m3.A planning restriction limits the
height of the landfill to 10m. Assume
that municipal solid waste to soil cover
ratio of 4. (5 person = 1 household)

Step1.
Determine the volume of compacted refuse per year

V = mass/density

= 625,000 kg/week
500 kg/m3

= 65178.571 m3/year

Step2.
Determine the volume required for cover per year

V MSW per year = 4

V Soil cover
V Soil cover = V MSW per year
4

Step3.
Determine the total volume required per year

Vtotal = VMSW + V SOIL COVER

Vtotal = A x h ; Find Area required per year?

Step4.
Determine the total area required for n year.
For 15 years :
A X 15 = 12.22 ha

Design of Sanitary Landfill

Seatwork2:
2. A rural community of 15000 persons
generates refuse at an average rate of 5 lb /
capita/day. A 25 ac landfill site is available,
with an average depth of compacted refuse
limited to 20 ft by local topography. It is
estimated that the compacted refuse will
have a unit weight of 1000 lb/yard3 and that
an additional 25% of volume will be taken up
by the cover material. What is the
anticipated useful life of the landfill?

Problem 3.

Imagine a town where 10,000 households

each fill up one 320L container of refuse per
week. To what density would a 15m3 packer
truck have to compact the refuse to be able
to collect all the households during one trip?
Density in cans 120 kg/m3

Solution
Mass In

Loose=

Mass Out packer

Volume Loose x Density Loose = Volume packer x Density packer

Density packer = 25,600 kg/m3