How To Run A Thriving Busness
How To Run A Thriving Busness
How To Run A Thriving Busness
How to Run a
Thriving
Business
Strategies for Success and Satisfaction
by Ralph Warner
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NOLO
1st edition
How to Run a
Thriving
Business
Strategies for Success and Satisfaction
by Ralph Warner
FIRST EDITION
OCTOBER 2004
Editor
RICH STIM
Book Design
TERRI HEARSH
Proofreading
Index
THRSE SHERE
Printing
Warner, Ralph E.
How to Run a Thriving Business: Strategie for Sucess and Satisfaction/ by Ralph
Warner.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 1-4133-0104-5 (alk. paper)
1. Small business--Management. 2. Success in business. I. Title: Thrive and prosper. II.
Title.
HD62.7 .W374 2004
658'.022-dc22
2004055213
Acknowledgments
Believe it or not, this book took me four years to write, during which time I was
frequently diverted to other Nolo tasks. Im not sure I ever would have found the
willpower to finish had it not been for the encouragement of my production
assistant Susan Cornell. I am also indebted to Susan for many good ideas.
My friend Rich Stim was an inspired editor, who made many substantive and
creative suggestions. The result is a much-improved book.
Nolos inimitable researchers, Stan Jacobsen and Ella Hirst, contributed much
valuable material to this book, allowing me to at least occasionally back my
opinions with fact.
Huge thanks to Terri Hearsh, who designed this book. Terri's sharp eye spotted
several errors and omissions, allowing me to fix them with no need to be
embarrassed by conscientious readers.
Finally, just as this book was going to press, George Miller introduced me to the
wit and wisdom of Richard Kinky Friedman, of The Texas Jewboys. My life will
never be the same.
Table of Contents
Introduction
4 Start on a Shoestring
.................................................................... 280
Index
Introduction
spot, understand, and embrace them. As long as you are savvy enough to
develop a customer-focused enterprise you truly care about, which at the
same time is designed from the start to produce a substantial profit, youll
succeed. And if, in addition, your business finds a way to engage the
hearts and minds of its customers and employees in an effort to make
even a small slice of the world a little bit better, it will thrive.
Sound easy? Not so fast. Building a prosperous business you, your
customers, your employees, and even your competitors respect will take a
lot of effort and, usually, at least several or more years. But its something I
can help you learn how to do.
Many of the lessons I have learned at Nolo and discuss here are
directly at odds with the advice youll most often read in the business
press. In fact, I believe that to truly thrive and prosper, you often must
turn conventional business advice on its head. For example, I believe the
entrepreneur who regularly puts in 60 or 70 hours per week is more likely
to fail than the one who gets the job done in a normal workweek. This
puts me at odds with much of the business press, which routinely features
entrepreneurs who proudly brag that their success is the result of working
their fingers to the bone. Too bad that none of these profiles point out an
owner who more sensibly designs her business so she can work a 40hour week, by learning to substitute smarts for hours and to delegate key
tasks, both key skills highly predictive of success. In addition, because the
person who works a shorter week will have enough time and energy to
cope with lifes many other important concerns, she is far more likely to
avoid owner burnout and stick with her business over the long term, itself
a huge, but seldom remarked on, predictor of entrepreneurial success.
At first glance, a couple of my prescriptions for success, such as
Drive a Modest Car or Pay Your Bills Early, may seem almost trivial.
Certainly you wont find them featured in most business school courses.
Nevertheless, I hope to convince you that embracing these habits will be
INTRODUCTION
discuss here will have far more impact on your businesss core effectiveness.
Ive drawn my sometimes counterintuitive theories about how to
succeed in small business both from my years at Nolo and by studying the
successes and failures of other entrepreneurs. Out of both personal
curiosity and a determination to run Nolo business better, Ive paid close
attention to how others approach critical entrepreneurial problems. Ive
watched as a small minority of brilliant businessowners have learned to
pick a business with a competitive edge, imbue it with a sense of purpose, keep it innovative and fresh over many years, and target and inspire
employees to be loyal and productive. In fact, understanding what makes
excellent small businesses hum has become a bit of a hobby. Whenever I
encounter a seemingly successful enterprise Im unfamiliar with, whether
it involves helping contractors reduce workers compensation premiums,
plucking ducks for hunters, patenting new plant varieties, or running the
busiest hair salon in town, I immediately want to puzzle out what makes
it tick financially. And I dont mean the myriad day-to-day details that
keep the busy in all businesses, but the core entrepreneurial facts that
position the particular enterprise to produce a good profit year after year.
Often, Im disappointed. Given their core costs for things like rent and
salaries, and their anticipated sales volume and unit profit margins many
will never earn enough to justify their owners time investment and
personal commitment.
But not infrequently I encounter businesspeople who clearly understand how to design an efficient and profitable operation. Recently, for
example, I met Philip, an urban animal trapper I called when raccoons
tried to turn my lawn into a mud pit. Looking at Philips business, I
immediately saw he had discovered a much-in-demand, albeit unusual,
service, which he could provide to a large local audience for a good
price. And best of all, his overhead was rock bottomhe needed little
INTRODUCTION
1
Build a Meaningful Business
And it wasnt simply an effort to put their heads in the sand. Like virtually
everyone who has been long associated with Americas legal system,
Noloids knew that being right isnt necessarily enough. A well-heeled
opponent like the State of Texas can wear down any small business with
a long legal battle and millions of dollars in legal bills with the result that
even a favorable judgment may only be a Pyrrhic victory.
But Noloids also knew from prior run-ins with lawyer trade groups
that fighting back was the best way to spread the word about our little
company and its core mission to make Americas legal system more
accessible, affordable, and democratic. Indeed, way back in 1971 then
tiny Nolo achieved its first marketing success after the president of a prestigious California bar group warned that using Charles Ed Shermans Do
Your Own Divorce in California was akin to ingesting poisoned Tylenol.
Our initial conclusion that the Texas legal establishment was serious
about banning our publications was confirmed in the spring of 1998 when
we were instructed to appear at a closed-door hearing before the Texas
UPLC in Dallas. This was to be our official chance to respond to charges
that selling our books and software amounted to the unauthorized practice
of law.
But before I tell you how our battle with the Texas legal establishment
played out, let me go back a few years to briefly explain how Nolos
deeply embedded culture of standing up for the legal consumer developed.
In 1971, Charles Ed Sherman and I founded Nolo after spending several
years as legal aid lawyers in the Bay Area. Working for a federally funded,
community-based legal assistance program in the late 1960s, we were
tasked with providing legal help to thousands of low-income people,
most of whom had never previously met a lawyer. As you might guess,
helping the legally disenfranchised was an exhilarating experience for a
couple of middle class guys still in their mid-twenties. But unfortunately
our years as legal aid lawyers were marred by one huge unhappy reality;
every day we turned away scores of people with serious legal problems
because their modest, working-class incomes rendered them ineligible for
free legal help.
To truncate a much longer story, after several years of referring
thousands of these working poor citizens to local lawyers we knew they
couldnt possibly afford, we sensed an entrepreneurial opportunity. Starting
with Eds breakthrough How to Do Your Own Divorce in California, we
founded Nolo to provide self-help legal alternatives to the millions of
average Americans priced out of our legal system by the professions high
fees.
Over the almost 27 years from Nolos founding to our brush with
Texas, Nolo deliberately hired and trained people who shared this populist
vision. Toni Ihara, Steve Elias, Mary Randolph, Linda Hanger, and many,
many more Noloids joined our company drawn by our core commitment
to building a profit-making enterprise that was at the same time committed to making our legal system more accessible and democratic.
Among the many ways we built this idea of legal reform into our
corporate business, a few stand out. Most important, symbolically, we
added the phrase Law for All to the word Nolo as our official business
identifier. Of more substantive significance, we encouraged our legal editors
to testify at public and legislative hearings advocating a more democratic
legal system, and for many years devoted roughly a third of our free
newspaper, The Nolo News, to legal reform issues such as rewriting laws
with plain English, tasking the courts with providing simple forms and
instructions to the self-represented, and making courtrooms welcoming
rather than intimidating for nonlawyers.
When our print publication was replaced by Nolo.com as the main
way to communicate with our fast-growing constituency we included a
prominent Democracy Corner section to continue our evangelism in
favor of leveling the legal playing field for the self-represented. Finally,
10
and probably most important to convincing our employees and knowledgeable customers that Nolo practiced what it preached, we used some
of the profits generated by our bestselling titles to subsidize the niche
publication self-help law books. Referring to these in house as soul of
Nolo books, we did this much in the spirit of a pharmaceutical lab that
spends time and money to find the cure to an obscure disease. Even
though we knew any potential profit would be somewhere between tiny
and nonexistent we also knew that the information was both badly
needed and available nowhere else. To take just two examples, way back
in the mid-1980s we published a title for grandparents who suddenly
found themselves parenting their grandkids and were in need of a lowcost legal guardianship. And even earlier, we published another to help
financially pressed stepparents who wanted to adopt their new spouses
children.
In short, when the Texas legal establishment challenged Nolos
continued ability to sell our publications in that state, we were psychologically and culturally ready to embrace the struggle. No question we were
also sobered by the prospect of the high costs of fighting an organization
with huge financial resources. And we were ever mindful that if we took
a wrong legal step and lost our fight, the growing but still immature
national self-help law movement would likely be set back by at least a
decade. But despite all this we also couldnt help feeling excited. And
why notwithout intending to, the Texas UPLC had handed Nolo a huge
media canvas on which we hoped to paint a persuasive picture of how
Americas legal profession regularly conspired to place their own profit
and privileges ahead of the right of all Americans to affordable legal access.
Enough history. Lets get back to the fight. As you might expect
Nolos immediate response to the UPLC summons was not to roll over
and beg for mercy (as several other self-help law publishers did). Instead
Nolo challenged the committee! Among other things, we promptly asked:
11
Unity of Purpose
First, as already mentioned, virtually everyone at Nolo was unified by our
businesss long-standing commitment to create a more democratic legal
system. Also, our convictions had already been repeatedly tested over the
12
years when state bar association officials attacked and criticized both the
broad concept of self-representation and Nolos growing arsenal of books
and software (often claiming that a person who represents herself has a
fool for a client). We had considerable experience in fighting back. For
example, when several prominent attorneys, including the late Melvin
Belli, claimed that filling out a simple check-the-boxes, fill-in-the-blanks
legal form was akin to doing your own brain surgery, we responded by
asking, Does it really take three years of law school to confuse a hair cut
with a major operation?
Nolo also gained conviction by observing how trailblazers in other
new fields acquired strength from the unfair attacks of established economic
interests. For example, we studied how pioneers in the organic food
business had turned the strident derision of the chemical and pesticide
industries into a marketing bonanza. Similarly, it was easy to see that one
of the biggest assets of auto safety experts, affordable funeral advocates,
and low-carb food pioneers was the over-the-top attacks of the vested
interests threatened by their new ideas.
Credibility
A second, huge Nolo asset was that many people in the media already
knew and trusted us. When we sent out press releases explaining how the
Texas legal establishment was trying to use an obscure law to ban our
books, many reporters paid attention because we had long been a leader
of the affordable legal access movement. Instead of having to convince
them from scratch that our publications offered people of average means
a reasonable alternative to $250-an-hour lawyers, we were able to quickly
get them to focus on the details of how the Texas UPLC was primarily
interested in protecting lawyers economic turf. As a result, over 1,000
Texas and national media outlets covered our battle, including The Wall
13
Street Journal, CNN, ABC News, The Chicago Tribune, and The L.A. Times.
A major New York Times piece was even reprinted in the International
Herald Tribune, which meant the story of how Texas lawyers threatened
to gun down our small company went worldwide. And every time the
Texas vs. Nolo story seemed to be getting stale, a member of the Texas
UPLC could be counted on to revive it by saying something inflammatory.
For example, panel chairman Mark Ticer told Time magazine that Ninetynine percent of the people we deal with [individuals and companies like
Nolo charged with unauthorized practice of law] should be in jail. As
Steve Elias said to me, With an enemy like this, you almost dont need
friends!
Public Support
The third important element of Nolos success was provided by many
direct supporters. When we filed our lawsuit against the UPLC, Nolo was
joined by both the Texas Library Association (representing the great
majority of Texas librarians), and the prestigious American Association of
Law Librarians. To say the least, the principled support of Nolo by these
two highly respected librarians groups added greatly to Nolos assertion
that our dispute really did raise fundamental issues of free speech, free
press, and access to justice.
Loads of individual Americans, many of them influential, also supported Nolo. Their help took two broad forms. The first involved many
hundreds and possibly thousands of people who, after hearing or reading
about our story, contacted either the Texas UPLC, the Supreme Court of
Texas, or the Texas Legislature on our behalf. Letters, faxes, and emails
poured in to these organizations from consumers and businesspeople
who had used our books as well as academics, librarians, and even some
lawyers and judges who supported our right to publish them. In one
14
Customer Support
The fourth key element in our struggle was a group of individual Texans,
each of whom had successfully used our books or software (and in the
process saved many thousands of dollars in legal fees). We needed
individuals to join our lawsuit filed in Austin, Texas, so we sent invitations
to 32 customers in that area. Remarkably, 28 said yes. Because such a
large group of plaintiffs was simply too hard to manage on our limited
budget, we eventually chose six. We included people who had used our
materials to start businesses, make wills, and file for divorce. In sworn legal
declarations, all these people responded to the UPLCs core charge that
Nolos publications somehow practiced law, by stating that they had no
trouble telling the difference between a Texas lawyer and a Nolo book.
The evening before we filed our court papers, all of the plaintiffs
gathered at our Austin law firm where Peter Kennedy reviewed the
significant legal issues at stake. The atmosphere was earnest and electric. I
stood and looked into the faces of the librarians and public-spirited Texans
who had volunteered to join our lawsuit with no expectation of personal
gain. Their sincere, unselfish gesture to protect access to the law struck
me as an intensely patriotic stance and I was reminded of the many
thousands of similar protest gatherings which had been held throughout
American history from the town meetings that preceded the American
15
The Finale
And now for the end of our drama. Instead of an Alamo-like showdown,
it ended in a series of legal whimpers. In the summer of 1999, in the face
of our lawsuit (and the legal maneuverings of several other self-help law
publishers), the Texas legislature adopted House Bill 1507 which altered
the states UPL statute to state that the practice of law does not include
written materials, books, printed forms, Internet sites or similar media, as
long as the items clearly indicate that they are not prepared by a person
licensed to practice law in this state. Of course this had been our position
from the start and our books and software had long carried a similar
disclaimer.
But quibbles aside, the new law was great news. Not only was our
two-year fight finally over, but it had ended on our terms. And although it
had cost Nolo a small fortune, our books and software salesdriven in
large part by all the favorable publicity we receivedactually increased
enough over the next few years to make us financially whole. And, in a
bit of poetic justice, Texans, it turned out, became some of our best
customers, purchasing more Nolo books and software than the citizens of
any state, except our home state of California.
16
17
Sustainability
In the words of Ernest Callenbach, author of Ecology: A Pocket Guide
(University of California Press, 1998), from a human point of view, a
sustainable society is one that satisfies its needs without diminishing the
18
Superior Service
A second way to imbue your business with a sense of purpose is to
dedicate it to providing truly superior customer service. Since many small
businesses at best provide spotty help to consumers, designing your
operation so that it is accessible, responsive, cheerful, and competent will
almost immediately set it apart. And for good reason, since by putting
your patrons needs first, you have created a remarkable thinga business
that is at the same time helpful and unselfish. Just as all of the worlds
religions and many of its other not-for-profit enterprises honestly attract
people by emphasizing these virtues, so, too, can your small business.
19
Example 1:
When prospective customers call Phil, a home repair contractor,
the phone is picked up by an answering machine. Phil tries to
return calls each evening but doesnt always succeedespecially
when he has had a long, frustrating day. When Phil finally does
talk to callers its often to tell them hes too busy to fit their job in.
The result of Phils poor call return policy is that he ends up not
working for three out of every four people who call. Thats really
too bad since Phil frequently experiences periods when no one
calls and he doesnt work.
Example 2:
Now suppose that Phil realizes his business model is broken and
decides to fix it by making customer service his first priority. To
this end, Phil contacts five quality competitors and invites them to
join in setting up a customer referral and support network. When
a potential customer calls Phil or one of the other contractors
during a busy time, shell be referred to another member of the
group who can more promptly fit the job in. And oh yes, because
five contractors now work together they can now afford a parttime scheduler who will return every call within two hours.
Its easy to see how this approach allows Phil and the other home
repair contractors to provide better service. And, of course, it follows that
the satisfied customers are likely to recommend the contractors group to
others, thereby creating new business. (See Chapter 8, Market Your
Business Creatively, to better understand the principle of word-of-mouth
marketing.)
20
Education
But as important as the concepts of sustainability and service are to building a meaningful business, a strong commitment to education normally
offers the best way for most small businesses to instill a sense of honest
purpose in their operations. Without being too corny about it, we tend to
regard those who teach to be worthy of our respectand that goes for
everything from teaching golf and cooking to woodworking and novel
writing. Providing instruction taps into the almost universal human respect
for knowledge and the ability to do things better.
Add to this respect for learning the fact that most Americans are
inveterate self-helpers, anxious for information that will allow them to
improve their own lives. Its easy to see why consumers are drawn to
businesses that teach them useful skills. And lest you doubt this, think for
21
Example:
Walters Barbershop is a relatively new addition to the Main Street
scene in a small mid-western city. Like all barbershops, Walters
cuts hair. But in an effort to set his business apart from at least its
less fastidious competitors, Walter commits himself to maintaining
a super-clean, uncluttered environment. In addition, he adopts a
flexible staffing pattern backed by an easy-to-access reservation
system so as to both reduce waiting time and accommodate as
many customers as possible during busy periods.
So far so good, but several other barbershops in town have
also thrown off their sleepy old ways. In short, although Walters
commitment to cleanliness and service is a definite marketing plus,
it doesnt convincingly distinguish his business. To do that Walter
decides to educate men about healthy hair care and effective
remedies to reverse baldness. He does this by creating a little
niche in his waiting area, complete with attractive information
sheets explaining the pros and cons of different types of shampoos,
conditioners, and dandruff treatments along with copies of reliable
consumer testing reports and other comparative hair product data.
In addition, Walter provides up-to-date information about the
advantages and disadvantages of all legitimate anti-baldness treat-
22
Example:
Joes Hardware occupied the corner of Main and Maple in downtown Riverview ever since Joe I opened it in 1946 after returning
from service as a sergeant in Pattons 3rd Army during World War
II. But in 2004, with more competition soon to come from a big
box store planned for a commercial area ten miles away, Joe III
clearly saw that the old stores relatively small physical size plus
its lack of free parking doomed it to a marginal future. So Joe III
decided to make a big move to a strip mall a half mile away,
taking over the space vacated by a large chain drugstore. Not only
was the new buildings footprint double the size of the old ones,
but it was surrounded by half an acre of free parking and came
with an efficient loading dock, something the old store lacked.
Nevertheless, Joe III worried that by abandoning his familys
charming and much-loved downtown shop in favor of a more
23
24
both Joes Hardwares gross revenue and net profit almost doubled
as newly empowered customers purchased more and told their
friends that almost any do-it-yourself home improvement job
would go better with the help of the knowledgeable folks down
at Joes.
Excellence
Depending on the type of business you operate, excellence can be
defined in many ways: highly accurate, relentlessly innovative, most
accessible, or cleanest, for example. Arguably, a commitment to excellence
should be a part of every enterprise, and that it isnt, by itself, a discrete
way to do business. But I dont buy it. In my experience, because many,
if not most, small businesses are run in a mediocre fashion, a true dedication to providing customers with the highest quality goods and services is
a significant way to imbue it with purpose.
25
26
free cars. The fact that in our new century these two excellently run
companies have also embraced the concept of sustainability by introducing
higher-mileage, less-polluting electric-gas hybrid vehicles has only deepened the esteem in which their many loyal customers hold them. And of
course Hondas and Toyotas commitment to excellence means that people
who work for these companies are not only proud of what they do but
understand that its up to them to be sure that the highest standards
continue to be met.
Similarly, at Nolo, everyone in the building is proud of the fact that
our people-oriented, plain-English legal materials are the most accurate
and up to date, bar none. Thus when a customer writes or emails us a
success story, whoever receives it typically forwards it to everyone. But
instead of telling you more about how Nolo communicates its quality
advantage to its customers and longtime media fans, lets focus on how a
more typical small business might apply the concept of excellence to
improve a key aspect of its operations.
Example:
Cindy and her brother Abraham inherited the Ace Garage when
their dad, Woody, died. Ace had been repairing cars in Lake Port
for over fifty years. But like so many car repair shops, it looked its
age. In the last decade of his life, Woody simply hadnt had the
energy or inclination to make significant improvements.
Cindy and Abraham immediately agreed that big changes
were needed if the garage was to provide a comfortable income
over the next several decades. They focused first on cleaning up
what they had to admit was a typically filthy garage. With the help
of a team of professional cleaners and painters, Cindy, Abraham,
and their employees cleaned and painted almost everything, from
the service bays and office to the driveway and the roof. Even the
27
gumball machine got a coat of new red paint. And it wasnt just
the building that was scrubbed and shinedenough new overalls
were ordered so that every Ace employee would have a clean pair
each morning. Not surprisingly, when the refurbished, new Ace
reopened in mid-January, Cindy and Abraham received lots of
praise, including even a picture of the garage and its striking new
sign in the local paper. Best of all, business immediately increased
almost 15%, with the result that they could project that the cleanup cost would be amortized in less than a year.
But Cindy and Abraham werent done. They next set out to
create a keep-it-clean culture at Ace. Instead of yelling at longtime
employees when they reverted to their sloppy old ways, Cindy
and Abraham demonstrated their personal commitment to cleanliness by adopting a Sunday clean-up strategy. If a mechanic fouled
the floor or walls of his area during the week, or the oil an old
clunker leaked on the driveway was still there Saturday evening,
Cindy or Abraham would personally come in on Sunday to scrub
and, if necessary repaint the offending area. As you might guess, it
only took a couple of weeks of this gentle shaming before the
garage was kept so clean Cindy and Abraham were free to find
better ways to spend their day off.
Cindy and Abrahams next effort to distinguish their business
was to install a small carwash unit in the back parking lot. Now,
every car repaired by Ace was given a complimentary washand
for a small optional fee an inside cleaning. Not surprisingly,
customers who brought in cars both broken and dirty were
delighted to pick them up both repaired and scrubbedso pleased,
in fact, that they frequently told their friends and relatives about
Aces superior service.
28
29
2
Choose a Business You
Care About
not a sprint. And that means youll want to pick a business you fundamentally care about, not just one you think will make big profits.
Picking the right business is a lot like picking the right spouse. Till
death do us part is a long timeimpossibly long if you and your spouse
arent a good fit. Running a small enterprise is much the same; youll have
many days when nothing goes right, and youll inevitably wonder whether
life doesnt have something better to offer. As with marriage, youll hang
in there only if the glue that brought you together in the first place has
lots of stick.
A few people are lucky enough to create a business that springs
directly from their hearts. They are what they do in the best sense of that
phrase. But most of us arent quite so fortunatethe best we can do is to
start a business in a field we are interested in, but not in love with. We
are content to fill teeth, sell golf clubs, or counsel dieters from 9 to 5 so
we can raise a great family, spend time with our friends, and maybe even
sing opera, scale mountains, or write poetry in our free time.
No problem, as long as you really do care about your businesss core
functions and find ways to invest them with meaning. That way, when the
going gets tough, or even when youve been successful for several years
and begin to feel boredoms first inevitable tugs, youll be well-positioned
to persevere. To carry on happily and profitably over many years, you
will also need to periodically change and refresh many aspects of your
business, something that will be much easier to accomplish if you respect
and care about what you do.
32
idea or hard work, is key to success. Of course, small businesses fail for
dozens of reasons. Financial mismanagement, poor customer relations,
bad personnel decisions, fights between co-owners, and selling undistinguished products and services top the list. Especially in combination,
these failings are quick business killers. But oddly, one of the commonest
reasons small businesses closeespecially after experiencing an initial
burst of successis often overlooked. Entrepreneurial boredom is the
best description of this stealthy killer of seemingly healthy small businesses. Typically, it strikes just when a business begins to successfully
emerge from its start-up phase, but is still fragile.
To prosper, most small businesses depend on the energy and entrepreneurial savvy of their owners, and if either begins to flag, it creates an
immediate problem. A bored or depressed owner is likely to stop doing
the many little things that made the business initially seem so special to its
customers. A restaurant owner is no longer willing to stay late to greet the
last customer; the proprietor of an imported fabric store refuses to travel
frequently in search of new designs; or the owner of a haircutting boutique
neglects freshening the window display. As these businesses begin to
become as boring as their owners are bored, customers quickly sense the
loss of entrepreneurial energy and look for more robust alternatives.
Typically, a business begins to lose momentum when the owner stops
focusing on how to continuously improve every aspect of its operation,
and instead adopts an if its not broken, dont fix it attitude. This lackadaisical approach may work fine for several months or, if the business has
a large following or a particularly well-defined competitive niche, maybe
even a few years. But businesses that stand pat for an extended period
or until others copy or improve on their products or servicesinevitably
lose customers. And once a downward spiral begins, it is often too late to
reenergize an operation enough to reclaim its position in the marketplace.
Whether you give massages, provide home health care, install fences, or
33
any one of thousands of other tasks, the smart and aggressive competitors
who have passed you by are likely to be working hard to extend their
new lead.
Although entrepreneurial boredom can damage businesses of any
sizeit took decades of producing mostly undistinguished cars to
severely blemish once mighty General Motorsthere are two reasons it is
particularly lethal to small ones. First, little businesses rarely have the
financial reserves to weather an extended downturn. Second, when old
customers begin to disappear, few small enterprises can afford to spend
enough on advertising or other marketing efforts to quickly attract new
ones. They must rely instead on the slow process of gaining new business
based on the positive word of mouth of satisfied customers, who are by
definition beginning to be in short supply (or in a worst case, are no
longer satisfied and are beginning to actively criticize the business). Or
put another way, even if a somnolent business finally wakes up and
introduces fresh and exciting products or services, it may run out of
money before it can convince enough customers to give it another chance.
Which, of course, goes far towards explaining why, when a downtrodden
business is sold, the new owners first steps are usually to put up an
Under New Management sign and to attempt to change as many of the
physical attributes of the business as possible. Thus a new owner will
often try to signal a business reawakening by painting the building, holding a sale, and implementing a number of new marketing initiatives.
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perfectly that women all over town were buzzing about Snapdragon. But
it was clearly designing the shop, not selling clothes, that really turned
Millie on. I mean, she usually wore shorts and a t-shirt.
Whether Millie came to work in shorts or an evening dress, I still
dont get why such a popular store closed in less than four years, I
remarked.
Making a lot of money fast actually made Millie dumber, Kathy
replied. Instead of putting aside a reserve for the inevitable bad period,
she made a down payment on a nice house, bought a BMW, and went on
a couple of expensive buying trips that were really just thinly disguised
vacations. This ticked off a couple of good employees, who quit because
they didnt receive expected raises. But the problems really developed
when Millie began to lose interest in what really made the business work:
clothing that was attractive and exciting to her particular customers. For
example, she decided it was too hard to travel to trade shows every few
months to find exactly the right fashions, and started buying the styles
sales reps pushed on her. When lots of them turned out to be a little too
Rodeo Drive for her audience, she tried to get back to her old formula.
But by then, a couple other shops had opened nearby that combined
decent style with lower prices, and Snapdragon never regained enough of
its customers to return to its early level of profitability.
Do you mean Snapdragon wasnt losing money when it closed? I
asked.
Not really, Kathy answered. After making a bundle for a couple of
years and opening the other storeswhich, incidentally, were never as
profitable as the original and sapped Millies energy since she never
learned to delegate wellSnapdragon barely broke even in its third year.
That next fall, Millie worked extremely hard and worried a lot, but she
still made only a small profit. Thats when she decided shed had enough.
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why youre shanking your seven iron or buying the perfect sailboat, your
business is unlikely to continue to prosper.
The most insidious thing about entrepreneurial boredom is that
typically, it springs from the very thing that makes a business successful in
the first place: the intelligent repetition of many small tasks over many
months and years. No question, it can be tough to continue to make
excellent wine, soup, or soap day after day after day, or to teach ten great
aerobics classes 49 weeks a year. If you doubt how different it can be to
set a high standard and live up to it over the long term, think for a moment
about the laundry/dry cleaning businesses in your area. Chances are good
that only one or two excellent establishments have built up and kept a
large and loyal following over an extended period while other shops have
opened, done a seemingly decent business for a while, and then closed.
Its likely that the winning establishments built their apparently unassailable
market position because their owners stayed committed to providing
excellent customer service for years, if not decades, while at least some of
the businesses that folded did so because their owners just couldnt look
at another dirty collar.
As someone who has run a business for close to 35 years despite
being born with a low boredom threshold, I consider myself something of
an expert on strategies to stay interested and even invigorated by ones
business. Here are several that have worked for me.
41
But whether you simply like your field or have been lucky enough to
turn a beloved hobby into a successful enterprise, actually running your
business will inevitably involve many workaday aspects. Among literally
dozens of other tasks, typically youll need to crunch lots of paperwork,
pay bills, mediate food fights between employees or contractors, placate
customers, and probably coax the landlord to get broken equipment fixed
or restripe the parking lot. In my experience, its often while trying and
failing to squeeze a weeks worth of this type of work into a morning that
business-killing boredom begins to corrode your interest in your company.
Instead of happily spending your hours on your businesss fundamental workthe activity you found so attractive in the first placeyoull
often find yourself too busy to get to it. If youre a furniture maker,
instead of contentedly working in the shop with hammer and chisel, youre
all too likely to find yourself in the office spending frustrating hours
straightening out quality and collection problems with a big customer. If
youre a golf pro, instead of being out on the practice teeor better yet
the linksyoull only be human if you resent the many hours you spend
running the busy pro shop. And if you are an antiquarian bookseller who
lives for literature and fine examples of the bookmakers art, youll likely
hate long hours spent trying to decipher the intricacies of bookkeeping
software.
Sound familiar? If so, call a halt and do something about it. Several
times over the years, Ive had to just say hell, no to additional administrative work while facing the need to rid myself of piles of busywork. And
I didnt necessarily do this because I was overworked, but in order to
have time to do the writing, editing, and other legal self-help activities I
most enjoy. The good news is that if you follow my example, youll not
only stay in touch with what originally attracted you to your business, but
also have the opportunity to empower your employees, contractors, and
others you work with to competently handle many routine tasks. Because
42
almost by definition many small business owners come with Control Freak
stamped on their psyches, learning to delegate well can be as tough as it
is essential. (See Chapter 11, Dont Work Overlong Hours.) But even in
the unlikely event that you really are twice as smart and three times as
hardworking as the people who will replace you, its essential that you
make time for the work you care about. If you dont, the chances that you
wont stay interested in your business over the long term go way up. And
if this happens, the odds your business will produce the continuing stream
of healthy profits you hope for over the long term will drop just as fast.
Example:
Ed quit his job at one of the large Silicon Valley chip outfits and
started his own website design consultancy, operating from a
small office in a converted backyard garden shed. In the beginning,
Ed did it allfixing the balky printer, hunting for business, creating
the custom websites that were the businesss core product, and
collecting the money. But as his business quickly prospered, Ed
moved into an office building and recruited a couple of designer
pals to help create the sites while he concentrated on bringing in
more and more lucrative contracts. But the better Ed succeeded
financially, the more dissatisfied he became with the hassles of
running the business, at one point even considering closing and
going back to the Silicon Valley treadmill.
Thats when Beth, a business consultant and friend, suggested
a different approach. She recommended that instead of hiring
designers, Ed should hire an experienced marketer so that he
could spend at least 50% of his time on the design side of the
business. He took the advice, and the result was that even though
WayCoolWebPlaces earnings declined slightly the next year, Ed
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Deciding that the only thing I was both best at and enjoyed the most
was Nolos editorial functiondeveloping Nolos new self-help law
contentI decided to fire myself from running all the rest. I knew I had
made the right personal decision when for the first time in quite a while I
found myself in a great mood. But I also knew my newfound euphoria
wouldnt last long unless I could find the right person to competently lead
all the essential business tasks I would no longer be responsible for. Fortunately, I knew just the person for the job: Linda Hanger, an experienced
publishing executive and friend who had worked for Nolo many years
before. And providentially, Linda, who was fed up with her increasingly
miserable daily commute to her job, where she ran several divisions of a
computer book publisher, agreed to become Nolos president, a position
she held from 1993 until 2004, when she resigned to head up Evan-Moor
Educational Publishers.
But as you might guess, I still faced the huge challenge of getting out
of Lindas way and letting her run the company I had cofounded and run
for more than 20 years. To get this process off to a good start, Linda and I
drew up a two-page document called Its a Deal. In it, we listed the
major functions of a publishing company, including writing and editing,
layout and design, financial management, marketing, publicity, printing,
warehousing, and shipping. We then made it clear that I remained the
boss only of Nolos book and software publishing activities. Linda would
be in charge of all the rest. In addition, each of us reserved the right to
express our opinions to each other (kibitz) about the decisions the other
had made.
From the beginning, our division of labor worked. No question, facing
up to the need to surrender long-held power was as wrenching as it was
exhilarating. But the important point was that I survived it (with loads of
help from Linda) because I clearly understood that only by voluntarily
giving up power would I have enough time to do the self-help law work I
48
loved. In short, firing myself from the parts of my job that had begun to
depress me allowed me to rededicate myself to the work that had originally
drawn me to help start Nolo. This lesson was so empowering I have
applied it twice more when I experienced similar bouts of boredom. In
1998, I fired myself as Nolos book and software publisher and hired myself to supervise Nolos fast-growing Internet operationsthen a relatively
new and exciting area of our business that simply wasnt getting enough
attention. Later, with Nolos Web strategy largely in place, I turned the job
over to people who better understood how to develop our Webby-winning
website and hired myself as executive publisher, to integrate Nolos
traditional and new media efforts.
Each time that I gave myself permission to shuck off work that bored
me and focus on tasks I looked forward to, I felt almost reborn. And best
of all, I accomplished these personal transformations without selling the
business, retiring, or becoming an absentee owner. Even more important,
I allowed Nolos estimable employees, many of whom have spent over 20
years with the company, a chance to continue to develop Nolo as a profitable enterprise. Whether your boredom threshold is high or low, one
thing is sure: The longer you run a business, the more likely it is that you,
too, will need to learn how to fire and rehire yourself.
Example:
Jed and Paul, brothers in their 40s, took over active management
of their dads vending machine business, Evergreen Vending, a
decade ago. With about 500 machines in operation, mostly located
at worksites with 50 to 150 employees, the brothers made a
decent living in part because they both worked hard keeping the
machines in good repair and full of soda and candy. Although the
business was doing well, increasingly Jed wasnt. Many days he
49
got up in the morning tired and grumpy, and told his wife that
just making it through the day seemed like wading through acres
of wet cement.
After ruling out physical illness, Jeds doctor explained that
he was suffering from depression, a condition that could probably
be improved by exercise, diet, and medication, but was undoubtedly also rooted in Jeds psyche (his soul, if you will). The doctor
suggested that Jed knock off work for a week, take a look at how
his life was going, and consider making some changes. Following
this advice, Jed realized that he had come to hate the repetitive,
boring nature of his job and that doing something about it was
imperative. Either he had to sell his share of the business and find
a new career (no easy task at age 46 with a limited education) or
find a way to feel better about his part of the work.
Fortunately, Dave, Jed and Pauls dad still worked a couple
of days a week to help out, made a good suggestion. Reasoning
that 20% of the machines almost surely generated the majority of
the profit, Dave proposed that instead of maintaining and filling
the machines, Jed spend a couple of months crunching numbers
to see whether he could come up with a plan to make the business
more profitable. In the meantime, Dave and other family members
would pitch in and cover Jeds routes.
To oversimplify more than a little, Jed quickly concluded that
Daves hunch was righta minority of the machines made most
of the profits. In part, this reflected the fact that vending machines
located at design firms, architects offices, and Internet-related
businesses, where many employees worked nontraditional hours,
produced far higher sales than those at warehouses, machine
shops, and other 9-to-5 operations. And interestingly, Jed also
established that a number of the more profitable businesses were
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3
Understand How You Make a Profit
dreams they happily chatter on for hours. In one instance, I hardly got to
say a word, but still received profuse thanks and a nice little present
when the three-hour meeting was finally over. I guess by just listening I
had confirmed the excited new businesspersons high opinion of her
business prospects.
When I do finally get a chance to actually comment on a business
idea, I typically ask for a short explanation of how the businessperson
plans to make money, something that is usually missing from the original
presentation. Often, the person acts surprised, as if I have not been listening. I remember one plaintively saying, Ive just told you the whole
thingdont you get it?
I tried to explain that although she had told me a lot about her
business visionand maybe buried in there somewhere had been some
information about how she hoped to make a profitI hadnt quite understood the dollars and cents of her plan. I asked her to grab a napkin or
the back of an envelope and quickly outline her key income and expense
numbers.
The hopeful entrepreneur took a deep breath and again started in on
the encyclopedic version of her plans, including even how she would
spend the big bucks she planned to make. This time I interrupted to
explain that describing entrepreneurial hopes is different than succinctly
explaining how youll make a profit. But what I really wanted to say was,
Get a job. Thats because I strongly suspected that like most hopeful
entrepreneurs who cant clearly explain how his or her business will earn
a solid profit, this hopeful woman would fail to achieve the success she
so eagerly sought.
One typical example of the pitfalls of this numbers-be-damned
approach involved a very bright woman who saw a business opportunity
in capitalizing on the popularity of a new type of stretching exercise. To
54
exploit it, she decided to establish a national training and support center
that would provide publications, products, and seminars to teachers and
committed students. Excited about the possibilities and aware that similar
groups had done well in fields as diverse as yoga, Jazzercise, and tai chi,
she quickly established what amounted to a for-profit trade association for
this new activity. Her first steps included trademarking a clever name,
obtaining an 800 number, and sending out a press release describing her
organization. When a prominent news magazine picked up on the press
release and mentioned her new venture in a news you can use item, she
received over 2,000 phone calls on her 800 line in less than two weeks.
Too bad, she had nothing to sellno newsletters, classes, instructional
videos, or seminars. Even worse, instead of immediately focusing on the
steps necessary to produce these income-producing items, she ran up a
huge phone bill over the next six weeks excitedly talking about her vision
to everyone who called, from exercise devotees to potential investors to
just plain flakes. In fact, about the only thing she did right was to close
down her money-losing operation a few months later after someone else
grabbed her hoped-for market by quickly publishing what turned out to
be a highly successful series of books, guides, and videos on the subject.
Another man I talked to at length wanted to create a series of 40-page
booklets he named Antique Finders. Each booklet would be designed to
help consumers in a particular geographical area locate the best antique
shops. This enthusiastic, smart fellow had already spent hundreds of hours
locating the best antiques retailers in several cities and writing clever
descriptions of each. He had even paid a graphic designer to create
mock-ups of his first three guides. But unfortunately, he had spent no
time considering the first question I asked: How are you going to sell
enough of your pamphlets to make a profit, given that bookstores dont
sell pamphlets and America has no pamphlet stores?
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exactly how many Fiddlyhumps youll need to sell each month, for how
many dollars, to cover those expenses and have an adequate profit besides.
Of course, being able to describe the details of how youll make money
wont guarantee success. Youll still have to create a marketing plan that
really will result in your selling enough Fiddlyhumps at a high enough
price. But understanding your numbers will give you a chance to succeed.
Unfortunately, its extremely easy to skip over this dollars-and-cents
step, a lesson I learned the hard way more than 25 years ago. One Fourth
of July, then-tiny Nolo was invited to participate in a flea market sponsored
by the Berkeley Coop, a consumer-owned grocery store. Nolo set up a
booth that sold damaged and slightly out-of-date books for a dollar or
two each, and almost literally raked in money.
That evening, with my pockets bulging with bills, I stopped by a
friends house for dinner and described my new vision to substantially
increase Nolo profits by regularly selling Nolos overstock at similar flea
markets. Fortunately, one of the other guests, who had considerable retail
experience, started to laugh. When I got over feeling hurt and asked why,
he replied, I bet when you add up all your costs, you worked a ten-hour
day for practically nothing.
To prove him wrong, I got out pen and paper and we went to work.
In addition to $20 to rent the space, $10 for supplies to make signs, and a
$15 promotional fee to be included in the flea markets ads and flyers, the
largest cost was paying the two Nolo employees who helped me run the
booth and transport the books to and from the Nolo warehouse. Although
both Noloids were happy to trade working on July 4th for time off on
another day, this was nevertheless a considerable cost. And then there
were a few hours of additional employee time to pack up the books the
day before the flea market and unpack the ones that hadnt sold the day
after. Add a couple dollars for gas, $10 to treat workers to lunch and it
57
turned out we had netted about $80. If, instead of working a 12-hour day
for no pay, I had also paid myself even $7 per hour, we would have lost
money.
So much for my dreams of making a profit selling bargain-priced
distressed books one by one. But as you can see, it wasnt until I carefully
worked the numbers that I understood that this clearly wasnt a business
Nolo wanted to be in. And fortunately, Nolo did eventually find a way to
get a few bucks out of our big pile of distressed merchandise. We began
selling much of it to what are called remainder outfits, companies that
buy publishers overstock for a few cents on the dollar and resell them to
bookstores who resell them on bargain tables. Although following this
approach we got far less per individual book, the fact that we sold in bulk
with minimal overhead costs meant we not only made a profit, but also
that I got to sleep in on the Fourth of July.
Okay, by now I hope youre convinced of the wisdom of grabbing
paper and pen (or your computer) and on one page, describing how you
make money now or, if your business is in the start-up phase, how you
plan to earn it in the near future. Again, dont try to explain how your
entire business will work as you would to a stranger. Just briefly set out
exactly where your profits will come from.
Let me predict that doing this will turn out to be a little tougher than
you first anticipated. To help you, the next sections contain some examples
of brief profit statements written by businesspeople who have thought
through how to accomplish this. Dont worry if you dont fully grasp
every detail of these statementsagain, these are back-of-the-envelope
profit forecasts, not formal business plans designed to explain to a
stranger how a business will operate.
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61
$ 175,000
40,000
Total Revenue
$ 215,000
Expenses
Equipment
Office
Marketing
Wages & benefits (crew, bookkeeper)
Total Expenses
Ables Personal Net
20,000
10,000
5,000
90,000
125,000
$
62
90,000
63
$ 296,100
Retainers
Total
30,000
$ 326,100
Expenses
Office rent and secretarial services
Entertaining
Publications, professional dues, classes
Business travel
Total
Wilburs Personal Net
$ 100,000
15,000
5,000
5,000
$ 125,000
$ 201,100
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$2,000,000
Net receipts
$1,000,000
Cost of Goods
Manufacturing ($2 per book)
Author royalties (10% of net)
Total cost of goods
200,000
100,000
$ (300,000)
Expenses
Rent and utilities
Equipment (lease and purchase)
Book storage and shipping
Salaries and benefits for 61/2 employees
Payments to freelancers
Miscellaneous
Total expenses
Profit
30,000
40,000
50,000
350,000
140,000
10,000
($ 620,000)
$
66
80,000
67
Example:
Tamara dreamed of opening a shop specializing in handmade
Southwestern furniture. She located a large, bright space near the
affluent residential area that she expected to produce the bulk of
her customers. Everything seemed great until she looked closely
at the numbers and found that the cost of maintaining a large
floor of furniture in a reasonably pricey location would gobble all
her anticipated profits and then some. Disappointed, she pulled
back and rethought her business plan.
The next year, she was back with a new one. This time, she
would work with just a few high-end furniture makers. She would
ask each to supply her with floor samples of their tables, chests,
chairs and other items, allowing customers to place orders, for
which they would pay in advance. Tamara would then transmit
the orders to the workshops where the furniture was built. Free of
the need to tie up money in inventory, Tamara next searched for
and eventually found a much smaller, cheaper showroom in a
light industrial area that was not too far from the upscale residential
area from which she expected to draw most of her customers. Now,
with far lower overhead costs, Tamara was able to come up with
a back-of-the-envelope plan that showed her making a tidy profit.
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4
Start on a Shoestring
oull never succeed unless your business is adequately capitalized. Youve probably heard or read this many timesbut
frequent repetition does nothing to improve bad advice. On
the contrary, one of the biggest mistakes a novice business owner can
make is to have too much money too soon.
dont bury them in debt, they are usually able to learn and recover from
them. In short, assuming you really do have an idea for a better mousetrap and the knowledge and passion needed to create a superior business
to sell it, youll almost surely do better if you have to count your pennies
during your start-up stage. Hewlett-Packard, Apple Computer, and Nolo
are just three examples of the many thousands of successful enterprises
that called a garage or attic their first headquarters.
Starting a small business on the cheap also helps you more quickly
determine whether or not your entrepreneurial idea really does have the
potential to succeed. Absent money in the bank or your dads checkbook,
you must quickly face the truth. Can you sell enough whatchamacallits for
enough pennies to pay your business expenses and put enough dollars in
your pocket to buy groceries and pay the mortgage? If you cant, its better
to find out early and move on to something else.
By contrast, novices who begin a new business by rounding up
investment capital or borrowing a wad of cash are likely to spend a
substantial portion of it foolishly. Commonly, they pay for a nice office,
state-of-the-art equipment, or a new vehicle instead of focusing their
dollars on what really makes their business tick. By the time experience
teaches them that a thick rug and leather couch dont help make a profit,
it may be almost impossible to dig themselves out of their financial hole.
For a vivid example of this riches-to-rags scenario, consider how and
why the dot-com balloon that soared so high at the end of the last century
popped so quickly at the beginning of this one. Certainly, one big reason
was that investors showered far too much money on inexperienced managerspeople who had optimistic PowerPoint presentations, slick offices,
and fat salaries but no authentic knowledge of how to run a profitable
enterprise. But the flood of money also meant that even people with
potentially sound businesses took them from idea to full-scale, heavily
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START ON A SHOESTRING
73
ing with the menu, attempting to copy the business practices of successful
competitors, lowering prices, or offering early bird specials. If all this
fails, the chef may be firedor quit anyway because of all the new restrictions on his artistic freedom. Given enough time, a persistent owner
may begin to get the formula right. But by the time customers really are
pleased with the food, service, and prices, it is often too late to save the
business. Payments on the bank loan needed to cover all the expensive
equipment and decor are likely to be far overdue, investors reluctant to
put up more money, and even the owners marriage may be headed for
trouble.
Now lets look at an alternate scenario of opening a new restaurant
one, incidentally, that is based on a real story. It begins with Eileen, a
young woman determined to start a small restaurant even though she has
saved less than $10,000 and doesnt run with a deep-pocketed crowd.
Although she knows a lot about food and loves to cook, Eileen realizes
that before she reaches for her slim checkbook, her first task is to learn
far more about the business. She starts by getting a job as a hostess at a
successful restaurant she admires. Each evening after work she makes
copious notes about what works and what doesnt. After four months,
Eileen transfers to the food preparation side of the business and again
spends every free minute studying and recording how the kitchen operates.
Eileen also finds and reads everything she can about operating a
small restaurant at a profit. Before long she knows how much shell need
to mark up food and wine, and what percentage of her gross should go
for rent, salaries, and to amortize the cost of equipment. And crucially,
she understands that to succeed with a dinner house shell absolutely
need a license to serve beer and wine.
When Eileen believes she has learned enough of the basics, she sets
up a meeting with an experienced commercial real estate broker to ask
about the possibilities of getting into business on the cheap by taking
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START ON A SHOESTRING
over the lease of a failed restaurant. The broker confirms Eileens hunch
that a landlord with a building full of equipment but no tenant may be
willing to take a chance on a new operator, even one with more energy
than experience.
Whenever a small local restaurant or cafe goes out of business,
Eileen checks out the situation, each time learning a bit more about what
it takes to do a deal. Once or twice she seems close to leasing a desirable
spot, but each time is beaten out by someone else with more money or
experience. Finally, when the owner of the tatty old Red Brick Caf has a
stroke and the business simply closes because no one wants to take it on,
Eileen gets her chance. Although the kitchen equipment is prehistoric, the
dining area threadbare and the location marginal, two things are absolutely
right: the rent and the easily transferable beer and wine license. By paying
the retiring owner $8,000 for his equipment (half in cash and half with a
promissory note to be paid over two years) and assuming the last year of
his lease, Eileen is finally ready to begin.
Her first step is to give herself a few weeks to spruce up the place.
Instead of calling an architect and planning to do lots of expensive
remodeling, Eileen and a small army of her closest friends repaint the
interior themselves. When she runs into what looks like a budget-busting
problemthe old pink tablecloths are disgusting and the tables too
scarred to go withoutshe improvises by filling in the dents and nicks
with plastic wood and then painting the tables bright contrasting colors.
Eileen then orders stylish but low-cost paper placemats just like the one
she saved years ago from a cool little caf outside Florence. Finally, she
buys small inexpensive vases and dresses up each table with a fresh
flower from her garden.
To reflect her strategy of serving just two or three gourmet entres
each evening at a very competitive price, Eileen renames the old place
The Humble Gourmet. She reasons that if her food is good enough, price-
75
sensitive customers who appreciate a quality meal will gladly forgo a big
selection in exchange for an affordable bill. To this end she targets young
adults without children and older empty-nesters who are either saving for
retirement or have already retired, reasoning that both groups like to eat
out a lot if they can do so at a reasonable cost. And to help people worried
that on any given night they might not like anything on her small menu,
Eileen decides to post her selections two weeks in advance, both on a
board outside the restaurant and on a bare-bones website.
Understanding that her approach might take a while to catch on, and
painfully aware that she has next to no financial cushion, Eileen sets out
almost maniacally to promote The Humble Gourmet. Adopting the old
saying marketing is a contact sport as her motto, she starts by sending a
short letter to everyone on the extended mailing list she and her friends
have been creating for over a year. Briefly explaining her dream of serving
delicious, stylish food at a reasonable price and asking each person for
their support, she includes a coupon good for a free dessert. When her
letter-writing campaign turns out to be surprisingly successful, Eileen asks
customers to add people to her mailing list, which she keeps posted
along with a convenient pen just inside the front door. Impressed by her
spunk, a surprising number of people contribute names, and a few even
plan dinner parties at the restaurant.
Each evening, as patrons leave her restaurant after what she hopes
has been an enjoyable meal, Eileen personally thanks them. She also
hands out a little packet containing a cleverly designed Humble Gourmet
refrigerator magnet along with a brief flyer explaining her dream of
providing excellent food at a reasonable price. Many people smile, nod,
and later deposit the flyer unread in their circular file. But pleased to
receive the clever little magnet, a good number take the time to read
Eileens material. And best of all, a substantial minority are willing to
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START ON A SHOESTRING
come back often bringing their friends. To thank this core group of
supporters, Eileen periodically holds a free wine-and-hors doeuvre party
with music supplied by her boyfriends ensemble (free, of course).
Eileen also adopts an unorthodox media strategy. Instead of trying to
convince jaded restaurant critics that her kitchen produces the most exotic
meals in River City, her press materials emphasize her determination to
each night serve a small but interesting selection of excellent food at a
very fair price. She also points out that she works with a couple of tiny
family wineries to serve house wines that are both interesting and affordable.
Attracted both by her modesty and pluck, critics who stop by are impressed
by The Humble Gourmets fun atmosphere and, given their lowered
expectations, find that meals are pretty darn good. Before long, The
Humble Gourmet is receiving favorable media mention, including a feature
in an influential local weekly newspaper entitled The Little Restaurant
That Could and a column in a major daily titled Ambitious Food at a
Modest Price.
After ten months of hard work, Eileen realizes that she has a potential
success on her hands. But she is also wise enough to understand that her
shoestring operation is stretched dangerously thin. Fortunately, now, with
positive cash flow as well as black ink on the bottom line, she can afford
to make improvements. She starts by talking to Tom, her landlord, about
making essential changes to the kitchen. Tom, who has long since joined
Eileens core group of believers and is hopeful shell remain as a longterm tenant, agrees to replace the wretched old stove and refrigerator with
state-of-the-art models he is able to pick up cheap when a nearby restaurant fails. Even more important, Eileen dedicates some of her positive
cash flow to hiring Mary, a talented cook with the experience to help her
improve the variety and quality of the meals. And noticing that customers
who get splinters are less likely to come back, she spends a few more
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dollars replacing the old tables with tasteful new ones. Now the cool
placemats and fresh flowers really do look good.
But before she goes very far with her improvement plan, Eileen turns
her attention to the lease, realizing that its silly to further upgrade the
restaurant until she and Tom have worked out a long-term deal. Understanding Eileens needs almost as well as she does, Tom offers to remodel
and expand the dining room if Eileen will agree to a five-year lease at a
somewhat higher rent. At first Eileen hesitates, unsure that she is experienced enough to run a larger restaurant. And she also wonders if her
customers will be turned off by a more upscale facility or drift away while
the restaurant is closed for the six weeks it will take to get the work done.
Sensibly deciding to deal with these very different worries separately,
Eileen first decides to confront her concern that she doesnt have enough
experience to operate a bigger house. To this end she approaches Mary,
her cook, and Rolf, her de facto business manager, and asks if they would
be willing to become minority partners in exchange for making a longterm commitment to help her expand. When both answer yes, and the ink
on their partnership agreement is dry, she asks them to join her in closely
examining Toms remodeling and expansion proposals. After much back
and forth, they all agree on a plan that will increase seating capacity by
35% while changing the pleasantly down-to-earth character of the restaurant as little as possible. And after Eileen and her new partners sign the
five-year lease, they work with Tom to execute the remodeling in the
middle of the next summer, when many regular customers will be on
vacation. The result is that in September of its third year, The Humble
Gourmet reopens as one of the simplest, but nicest, restaurants in town,
and Eileen and her junior partners join the ranks of successful local
businesspeople. Eileen celebrates the event by retiring her 15-year-old
Honda Civic in favor of a shiny new Saturn wagon.
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tougher. After you first subtract your out-of-pocket costs of doing business,
and then the value of your own time, youll be lucky if you only need to
gross $10 to pocket the same buck. So next time you are tempted to buy
something you dont absolutely need, ask yourself how likely it is that
your expenditure will quickly bring in ten times that amount in revenue.
In most businesses, often the honest answer will be somewhere between
a long time and never.
Here is a quick review of some kinds of expenses that commonly get
out of hand, along with some commonsense suggestions for how to keep
them in check. If youve already been in business for a while, youll almost
surely be able to add to the list.
Office Decor
Spending money to create an upmarket image may make some sense if
youre selling expensive jewelry or running a posh hair salon. But in the
great majority of small businesses, where you and perhaps a few employees
are the only people who regularly use your office, its a huge waste. It just
doesnt make sense to drop a few thousand dollars so you can feel good
sitting behind a cool new desk. Serviceable used office furniture, much of
which has likely been repossessed from failed spendthrifts, is easily
available for a fraction of the cost. And even if customers or clients will
regularly visit your workspace, most will be more favorably impressed by a
utilitarian atmosphere than one of opulence.
Electronic Gizmos
Many business owners could cut their electronic equipment expenditures
in half and still be spending way too much. For reasons that have more to
do with stroking ones ego than common sense, its easy to toss away a
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Advertising
Advertising is another place where inexperienced small business owners
(and plenty of veterans as well) frequently waste significant dollars. As
discussed in some detail in Chapter 8, Market Your Business Creatively,
much, if not most, money paid for advertising could be far better spent in
other ways. And this is doubly true when a business owner hasnt yet
developed the experience to know which types of advertising are effective.
Lets return for a moment to Eileen and The Humble Gourmet. Suppose
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industry trade shows, and asking for free help and advice from people
already in the business. This is not to say that it is never wise to hire an
experienced coach to help with the start-up phase, only that if you plan
to buy information at a hefty hourly rate, you should first glean as much
as possible for free.
Example:
Jenny, an English teacher and lifetime amateur gardener, decides
to retire early to write and publish a series of local gardening
guides. By tightly focusing her horticultural advice on her extended metropolitan areas many microclimates, she believes she
can create publications that will have a significant marketing edge
over the one-size-fits-all national gardening books that dominate
the market. Wondering how to print and distribute her planned
titles, Jenny asks a friend to introduce her to Mavis, a successful
local publisher of restaurant guide books. Mavis is kind enough to
accept Jennys lunch invitation, and the two women spend a
pleasant hour bonding. When the coffee cups are cleared, Mavis
smiles, reaches in her bag and gives Jenny a list of the printers,
wholesalers, and retailers her company uses, remarking, When I
started, a very generous, established publisher did this for me, so
now its my turn to pass on the favor. She then explains that
dealing successfully with established printers is mostly a question
of being sure you are being offered a competitive price. Mavis
goes on to explain how she has at least three printers bid on
every title. Then explaining that its much easier to write and
manufacture a title than it is to sell it, she suggests that Jenny hire
David McCloud, of the Tactical Bookmarketing Group, to help
coax area wholesalers and retailers to stock Jennys books.
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Similarly, when it comes to the nuts and bolts of getting your business
established as a legal and tax entity, there is no need to spend big bucks
on professional help. Many sole proprietors should be able to pay less
than $100 for all the licenses and permits they need to get started. If,
instead, you decide to form a partnership, corporation, or limited liability
company (LLC), you have available a plethora of top-quality self-help
materials published by Nolo and others. Even if you choose not to do
necessary legal work yourself, it makes sense to educate yourself on the
basics before hiring a professional. That way, you wont be paying a lawyer upwards of $200 an hour to teach you routine legal information, but
will be billed only for the tasks or advice you really need. For example,
many lawyers charge upwards of $1,000 (often many dollars more) to
form an LLC for your business, so you can enjoy freedom from personal
liability for most business debts at the same time that you can report
business taxes on your personal return. By contrast, you can safely and
quickly accomplish this same legal task using Nolos LLC Maker software
for less than $60.
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Employees
Rather than staffing a new business to meet your fondest hopes, its far
better to keep your money in the bank and start with a small staff, even if
it means imposing on the goodwill of family and friends for a few
months. This way, if business is slower to develop than you hope, no
money will be wasted on unneeded wages. When and if you really need
more employees, youll be able to afford them. Even if once you open,
business is surprisingly robust, and you need to hire additional help right
away, keep control of your enthusiasm and staff up conservatively. Hiring
temporary workers until you see how much permanent staff will really be
needed can be one good approach.
Never try to impress new employeesor yourselfby throwing out
overly generous salaries or benefits for managers and employees at the
high end of your pay scale. During the start-up phase of your business,
when every dollar is precious, its essential to pay most workers fairly but
modestly. (In Chapter 9, Hire and Keep Good People, I also explain why
it does make sense to pay people at the very low end of your pay scale
generously.)
Space
Dentists, lawyers, accountants, and consultants are among the small
business owners who often convince themselves its wise to invest lots of
money in fancy digs. In fact, spending money on elegant offices is often
counterproductive, because customers and clients understand exactly who
is footing the bill. Its usually far better to spend half as much on modest
but pleasant space, investing some of the dollars you save in providing
free parking.
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Get and Keep a Competitive Edge
good reason to prefer them, struggle for survival in the shadow of mediocre
chain outlets. Similarly, the typical pet food outlet, chiropractor, sandwich
shop, or freelance bookkeeping service enjoys little or no edge over the
ever-present herd of similar businesses. True, because pets and people
need to eat, and the IRS and sore feet are always with us, these look-alike
businesses may nevertheless make a few dollars. But unless one of them
designs itself around a clear and compelling edge, such as better knowledge, business methods, or a terrific location, its unlikely to attract enough
loyal customers to prosper over an extended period.
Even when an undistinguished small business does do well (perhaps
because its location is great, its product or service is temporarily in short
supply, or its prices are low), it is almost sure to attract competition. And
unless the profitable business smartens up and finds a way to distinguish
itself, these competitors will eventually find a way to siphon off customers.
This, of course, is just what happened in the last few decades to many
pioneering video stores, quick oil changers and photocopy shops. In each
instance the new service was in demand, and businesses that entered
these fields early often did very well. But because their business formulas
were so easy to copy, deep-pocketed competitors quickly flooded in, and
all but the cleverest small operators saw most of their profits vanish.
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Example:
Julia owns The Top Slice Sandwich Shop in a busy downtown
location in a small Midwestern city. On a summer vacation to Los
Angeles, she spots a new food trenda cross between a taco and
a crepe, called a craco. Believing that she has seen the future,
and convinced the craco could be her ticket to prosperity, Julia
rushes home and updates her menu. Yowser! Cracos fly out the
door as fast as she can make them, and Julia has her most profitable quarter ever. Then reality hits. Julias three main competitors,
Bills Coffee Shop, Noreens Bakery, and Sandwich-A-Go-Go, fight
back by introducing their own versions of the craco. Even more
annoying, Bill and Noreen underprice Julia. With her competitive
advantage gone as fast as it arrived, Julias sales and profits fall
back to their normal meager levels.
Fortunately, not all knowledge can be copied as easily as a
sandwich recipe. Suppose, instead of staking her future on
flogging a fad sandwich, Julia decides to turn her run-of-Main-Street
sandwich shop into a high-quality soup, salad, and sandwich bar
serving super-fresh baked goods and hearty soups made from
fresh organic ingredients. To pull this off, Julia first needs to find
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growers and wholesalers who can supply her with organic produce
daily. Once she creates this network, Julia must then install the
equipment and master the cooking skills and management systems
necessary to cost-effectively and consistently produce a changing
array of top-quality food.
Assuming her new health-conscious, high-quality format attracts
plenty of customers, Julia will now find it far easier to charge premium prices and defend her market niche. To compete effectively,
her competitors will have to similarly reengineer their businesses,
something that will take a lot more planning, effort, and investment
than copying a trendy sandwich. And even if a competitor moves
to open a similar operation, Julia should have ample time to
further improve her business.
You may already know things that could make your business hard to
beat. Take my friends Will and Cara, who for a number of years imported
womens casual clothing from India under the name Radiant Imports.
Using contemporary designs created in the U.S., this husband-and-wife
team contracted to have Radiants clothing line sewn in Madras, using
Indian fabrics. Then, principally by taking orders at trade shows, Will and
Cara sold their creations to retail clothing shops throughout the U.S.
Although Radiant enjoyed a number of modestly profitable years, the fact
that it had to compete with a swarm of similar importers meant that Wills
and Caras business was brutally price-competitive, making it difficult to
really prosper. In addition, the fact that there were a number of similar
suppliers made it tough for Radiant to collect from many underfunded
boutiques; when Will and Cara stopped extending credit to a shop, it
could simply order from others. What all this added up to was that despite
Will and Caras excellent designs, hard work, and exhausting travel
schedule, Radiant simply couldnt sufficiently separate itself from its
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competitors. At the end of the day, they were just one more lookalike
importer of contemporary Indian clothing.
Understanding that they needed to get out of the low-profit, highvolume end of the rag trade, Will and Cara decided to look for a more
profitable and less volatile niche. After researching a number of possible
new directions, they decided to make the most of their deep knowledge
of how and where handloomed Indian fabrics were made. They started a
business in high-end upholstery fabrichandmade, hand-dyed, highpriced cloth, bought in relatively small quantities by decorators and small
custom upholstery shops serving an affluent clientele. Armed with fashionable Western designs, Will and Cara put together a network of skilled
handweavers and dyers in several remote Indian villages they already
knew well. Then, using familiar marketing techniques, such as displaying
their wares at high-end trade shows and in upmarket upholstery fabric
catalogs (as well as other creative strategies Ive agreed not to mention),
Will and Cara developed a network of upholstery shops and designers in
the U.S. and Europe willing to pay well for a unique product. Over just a
few years, Will and Cara, who called their new business Pushkar Designs,
were able to translate their superior knowledge of how to create and
market high-quality handmade upholstery fabric into a business that was
simultaneously more creative, more stable, and more profitable than
Radiant had ever been. Although several competitors tried to copy
Pushkars formula, few were willing to invest the time and care necessary
to create and maintain a similar loyal network of highly skilled villagebased handweavers. And crucially, the two that tried didnt last long, as
they were never able to match Pushkars proprietary system of quickly
ramping up production of each seasons most popular designs.
Building superior knowledge into your business is particularly important if you provide services that can be purchased from many others, such
as house painting, financial planning, bill collecting, or childrens dentistry.
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Unless you can convince customers to highly value your services, youre
in danger of having to compete only on price, something that is likely to
consign you to the familiar small business treadmill of hard work for low
profits. In the traditional professions, such as law, medicine, accounting,
and engineering, licenses and degrees used to be proxies for knowledge
for example, patients were willing to pay well for the services of a doctor
who graduated from a good medical school and had privileges at a
prestigious hospital. Today, with a surplus of general practice providers in
most professions, coupled with the price-depressing market clout of thirdparty payers such as insurance companies, it is far tougher to prosper. No
matter what your profession or occupationbe it architecture, pediatrics,
or teaching dog obedienceyoull normally find that the key to consistent
profits is to go beyond the basic occupational activity and develop a
specialty that customers will pay a premium for. Thus surgeons who
specialize in difficult cardiac cases, lawyers with expertise in intellectual
property, and architects who know how to design extra-secure terrorist
resistant buildings are almost sure to do better in the years ahead than
peers who dont specialize.
Example:
Tina paints houses. So do dozens of other local contractors.
Because she realizes early on that shell never prosper if she gets
all of her jobs based on the lowest bid, Tina sets out to design a
service people will pay a little extra for. Deciding that her skill
with color is a competitive edge, Tina targets customers who want
their houses to look distinctive. As part of getting her color is
cool message across, Tina calls her business Color by Tina. More
important, before she bids on a job, Tina insists on spending an
hour talking color with each potential customer. This includes
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But as the new century began to unwind, several of the people who
worked for Sparkle figured out how to emulate Juans system. And when
they did, it proved fairly easy for them to poach customers whose homes
they, after all, already cleaned. Juan recruited more cleaners and customers,
but found himself having to run faster just to stay even.
In short, Juans edge, based on his ability to assure customers that
Sparkles workers were fully legal, was fast eroding. To give his customers
a reason to stick with him over the long term and not defect to lower-fee
competitors, Juan saw he needed to develop a new competitive edge.
Reflecting on the fact that over the years he had often been asked if his
employees could help customers with the many chores that go with putting
on a party, Juan introduced a party setup and cleanup service. Positioning
his new business midway between a high-cost traditional caterer and a
janitorial service, Juans allowed his customers to choose from a long list
of helpful party services. These included preparty cleaning, renting and
setting up tables, chairs, and other party equipment, as well as helping
decorate a yard, patio, or inside space. In addition, Sparkle was equipped
to provide coolers full of ice and beverages, serve drinks, provide Mexicanstyle hors doeuvres, and even do simple barbecue cooking. And best of
all, almost before the party was over, Sparkle would make the mess
disappear.
Sparkles new, reasonably priced party service was an immediate
success with Juans cleaning customers. To drum up more business, Juan
mailed flyers describing his new enterprise to Sparkles roster of former
cleaning customers. Almost immediately a number called him. And several,
admitting that their new housecleaners were not reliable, rehired Sparkle
to clean their houses. Able to charge higher rates for party work than he
could for cleaning houses (people are in a good mood when its celebration
time), Juan was able to raise the pay of his employees, thus cutting down
on turnover. But best of all, party work gave Juan a great chance to
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Or look at Happy Feet, a store that seeks out and sells the most
comfortable shoes on the market to an ever-increasing market of healthconscious middle-aged customers. The company puts great effort into
building close relationships with local podiatrists, and clearly has a hard-tocopy market edge, certainly one that is more solid than that of the fashionchasing shoe boutique next door. But sooner or later, competitors will
find ways to poach Happy Feets comfort-seeking customers, perhaps by
undercutting its prices or offering a bigger selection or a more convenient
location. To stay successful over many years, this means that Happy Feet,
like all small businesses, will have to regularly deepen and broaden how
it meets its customers needs. Happy Feet might do this by broadening its
selectionperhaps by importing walking shoes from other parts of the
world. Another approach might be to create a store within a store to
showcase reasonably comfortable shoes that dont look like grandmas
galoshes. Some customers, at least, will want to include in their wardrobe
at least a couple of pairs of shoes with a little style.
To stay profitable, Nolo has had to repeatedly figure out new ways
to meet its customers needs, and weve used a series of knowledge edges
to help us succeed over the years. But before I tell you about a few of
them, I have a confession to make. Like too many other businesspeople, I
have sometimes assumed that because a particular way of doing business
worked well for several years, it would continue to do so indefinitely.
Wrong.
In the early 1970s, when Nolo was founded, the very concept of
handling legal matters without a lawyer was radical or, if you prefer, deviant.
Still, Nolos first books, How to Do Your Own Divorce in California, by
Charles Sherman, and The California Tenants Handbook (now California
Tenants Rights), by Sherman, Myron Moskovitz, and myself, sold well.
Fortunately for us, established publishers avoided the self-help law field,
apparently reasoning that it made no sense to risk pissing off a famously
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6
Innovate Now and Forever
you realize that by most estimates, 80% of business start-ups dont reach
their fifth birthday. One big reason why many enterprises stagnate or even
flatline can be summed up in this way: lack of innovation. Enterprises that
build creative change into their very structure are far more likely to do well
than those that look for a recipe for success and then hope to endlessly
repeat it. And this, of course, is yet another reason why most paint-by-thenumbers franchise formulas quickly look as dated as your average Burger
King.
The reason innovation is crucial to long-term success is simple: To
establish and maintain a robust profit margin, you need to establish a true
competitive advantage. (See Chapter 5, Get and Keep a Competitive Edge,
for more on why this is true.) And assuming you are smart or lucky enough
to accomplish this, you must keep your edge in the face of competitors
who will inevitably try to copy it and customers whose thirst for the new
and trendy seems almost endless. For example, if you establish a small
graphic design business to help local businesses lay out advertising copy,
youll be competing with dozens if not hundreds of others who do much
the same thing. And all of you will be selling your services to business
customers, most of whom are price-sensitive, tight-fisted, and looking to
hop onto the latest design trend. This means that to charge the premium
prices youll need in order to do well, youll have to provide design work
to your customers thats clearly more desirable than they can buy down
the street (or increasingly over the Web). For example, if one year you are
the first local graphics shop to offer a library of popular art deco design
elements, chances are your competitorswho, after all, are similarly
struggling to make a decent profit, will quickly offer similar motifs. To
keep your edge, youll need to be ready with fresh work, perhaps by
turning to the creative design motifs of vintage appliances, including
toasters, coffee pots, and stoves. Or maybe youll seek inspiration in the
wonderful world of 18th century Japanese art. Either way, one big key to
economic success will be to almost maniacally innovate.
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There are at least three big reasons why trying to latch on to a fad
business idea is likely to result in abysmal failure. First and most fundamental,
by the time you spot the cant miss opportunity, more experienced
businesspeople savvy enough to be ahead of the curve will be cashing out.
A second big reason to avoid fad businesses is that because they
usually are simple to run, they are easy to copy. Almost as soon as croissants
or fruit smoothies became popular, a thousand bakeries and juice bars
began to serve them. As a customer, you probably barely notice when
another opens or closes in your area. Why should you? Because these
businesses are all much the same, there is little reason for you or any
other customer to develop loyalty to any of them.
Third, because fad businesses tempt entrepreneurs to enter fields
they care little about, they violate a fundamental rule of small business
success: that you be interested in your business. (See Chapter 2, Choose a
Business You Care About.) The result is that after a year or two, the
chances that youll become bored or burned out go way up.
Even if a red-hot new business looks to be enduring, it usually doesnt
make sense to plunge in. Thats because a truly huge change in the business
firmament is sure to attract big competitors. A good example is the video
rental business, where the rapid expansion of Blockbuster and other huge
outfits in the 1980s and 90s quickly killed tens of thousands of mom-andpop shops. Most small operators failed not because renting videos was last
years fad, but precisely because video rentals turned out to be a huge and
lasting business. Much the same thing happened with while-you-wait oil
changing and designer coffee boutiques. In short, unless you can locate a
good location far away from the price-cutting chains (no easy trick), or
develop some other clear entrepreneurial edge, big operators will almost
surely use their economies of scale to drain most of the profit out of
these hot businesses.
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Paradoxically, rather than trying to win the race to the next big thing,
it can often make more sense to look at business fields that were red-hot
a decade ago. You might even find a field where so many underfunded
businesses have folded that there is actually an opportunity for the survivors.
Assuming it suits your personality and interests, you might be able to
cheaply move in just in time to catch a second wave.
Invention
Its hardly a secret that Americans love new things. From digital camcorders
and camera phones to MP3 players and programmable DVDs, much of
our time is spent using tools and toys that didnt exist a generation or two
ago. Its not only big inventions, however, that change lives and make
fortunes. Think about the equipment in todays dental offices and compare
it to what was in use a decade ago. Virtually every piece has been substantially improved or changed. Many of these state-of-the-art tools were
thought up by dentists themselves who apparently thought it was more
fun to invent things than fill another bicuspid.
Similarly, many of the services we now take for granted are either
relatively new or are packaged or delivered in innovative ways. For example,
most small businesses now outsource payroll preparation, equipment
maintenance, graphic design, and many other tasks to automated specialists
whose work is better, cheaper, and faster than that done in-house. Similarly,
21st-century electricians, plumbers, contractors, and most other service
providers use many tools and techniques that didnt exist in Ronald Reagans
America. For example, a generation or two ago, hiring a housepainter
usually meant living through a month of having a couple of men hang off
heavy wooden ladders while swabbing away with short-handled brushes.
Today the combination of lightweight ladders and scaffolding, power
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sanding and other efficient prep equipment, and better, faster ways to
apply paint means the same job can be done in less than a week.
When new goods and services are introduced or old ones are improved,
someone always profits from the attendant jump in productivity. The U.S.
government hands out over 20,000 patents to independent inventors each
year, a number dwarfed by the huge number of non-patentable but nevertheless significant innovations. Occasionally, an inventor is clever enough
to both create and capitalize on a valuable breakthrough. But at least as
often, much of the profit falls to others who use or market the unique
product, service, or business method. For example, when easy-to-customize
modular storage systems were first developed to organize closets and
garages, interior designers who quickly understood and embraced these
exciting new tools could charge hefty fees to customers determined to
improve on closet designs that had changed little for several centuries.
I have little useful to say about the pure process of invention. Like art
or poetry, eureka breakthroughs either occur or they dontthere is little
most of us can do to turn ourselves into an Edison, Bell, or Shockley. But
fortunately, to prosper in the small business world, you dont have to invent the light bulb, telephone, or transistor switch. In fact, most profitable
innovations consist of combining or connecting two or more fairly mundane things. For example, in the 1990s a tiny website dedicated to buying
and selling classic Pez dispensers figured out how to combine the fun of a
local swap meet or garage sale with the global connectivity of the Internet.
The result, of course, was eBay, now one of the worlds most valuable
corporations. Similarly, Amazon.com rode its patents on the simple but
powerful concept of One-Click Shopping to create a hugely successful
business selling a wide variety of new merchandise.
But its not just large enterprises that profit by deploying existing
knowledge in new ways. In your own neighborhood, many service
businesses have very profitably found ways to provide traditional services
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in ways so efficient and attractive that their customers patronize them even
though they charge a premium compared to many of their competitors.
For example, near me, several opticians and eyeglass shops now work
together, so in one stop you can have your eyes checked, order new
glasses or contacts, and have them ready in 24 hours, something that was
impossible just a few years ago. And an estate planning lawyer has given
up her traditional office-based practice and switched to making house
calls, an old-fashioned service her clients, many of whom are elderly,
nevertheless regard as being highly innovative.
Often, the ability to look at familiar information in new ways is all
the entrepreneurial insight needed to blaze a new and profitable small
business path. When Ed Sherman and I started Nolo, we realized many
millions of low- and middle-income Americans couldnt afford to hire
high-priced lawyers to handle routine legal matters. We also saw that the
few self-help law products then on the market were very poor. Putting
this information together, we began creating a library of high-quality,
plain-English legal materials that would allow ordinary people to safely
and affordably take the law into their own hands.
Many new enterprises start when someone gets mad at how traditional enterprises operate and decides there must be a better way. This may
be as simple as becoming disgusted with the quality of the coffee local
restaurants provide and figuring how to serve a tastier brew. As you sip your
morning latte at Starbucks, Peets, or an independently owned purveyor of
excellent coffee, it may seem like this hugely profitable innovation was a
no-brainer. Not so. If you are old enough to remember how bad most
American coffee tasted 30 years ago, youll understand just how much
insight and determination was necessary to create businesses that really
can serve a great cup. And, of course, there are many other fields where
dissatisfaction with the status quo was the fuel that drove innovation. For
example, I patronize a shop that sells beautifully designed, handcrafted tile
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that got started in large part because its owners were frustrated with the
unimaginative selection available at local building supply outfits.
Example:
Jill wanted to quit her job at ABC Travel and open her own travel
agency. But airlines were cutting travel agent fees, and people
were increasingly booking domestic air travel through discount
websites. Realizing the last thing her city needed was one more
struggling air travel booking agent, Jill decided she needed to do
something different. As part of her planning process, she polled a
group of affluent people who traveled frequently about the places
they most wanted to visit. When she collected their answers, she
saw that several destinations, principally in Europe, stood out.
Deciding to call her business All About England and France, she
focused on travelers visiting these two countries. Jills new business
quickly developed a reputation as being the most knowledgeable
in her metropolitan area about travel to these places, and she
quickly achieved a very solid profit margin booking a high volume
of upscale tours and other vacation packages.
But within 18 months, several other travel agents began
copying Jills formula. Fortunately, anticipating this development,
Jill had already improved her services. One way she did this was
to ask her clients what they were most interested in doing, learning
about, or participating in on their vacations. Seeing that bicycling,
gardening, golf, and cooking were high on the list, Jill developed
a number of preplanned itineraries emphasizing these activities.
For example, working with English and French bicycle rental and
touring companies, Jill was able to offer customers a dozen
guided or self-guided tours complete with reservations at lively
wayside inns and suggestions for places to eat and visit.
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Copying
In big-business doublespeak, copying the ideas of other businesses is
called benchmarking, something that all major corporations routinely
practice. For example, the owners of virtually every large entertainment
and sports complex in America have for decades sent managers to Disney
World to look for people-handling practices they can beg, borrow, or
benchmark. Because most of Disneys business practices are right out in
the open, learning from and even copying them is not only smart and
cheap but, as long as competitors dont try to borrow the Mouse, Duck, or
other copyrighted or patented characters or inventions, perfectly legal.
And it should come as little surprise that Disney itself has borrowed
innovative ideas from many other entertainment venues.
Copying, borrowing, or, if you prefer to be blunt, stealing is a particularly great way to innovate in the world of small business. America is a
big place, and in many fields there are so many small operations that it
can take years for best practices to permeate a whole business segment.
For example, if you run a childrens clothing store in Omaha, you may be
able to check out a dozen similar operations in California and perfectly
legally come away with several innovative business ideas no one in Nebraska
has yet tumbled to. Similarly, if you own several bagel shops in Seattle,
you would be nuts not to check out the New York bagel scene when
visiting the East Coast. And if you picked up a couple of good ideas, you
would really be meshugeh if you didnt quickly adopt them.
Copying the best practices of others should be a part of every new
and established businesss plan. Since its free and easy, you may already
do it on an informal basis. But to improve your chances of success, I
advocate a disciplined approach of systematically studying the operations
of excellent businesses in your field, particularly those that are not in your
immediate area. Staying away from local competitors will not only avoid
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Example:
Maureen has spent several years working as an electrician in a
medium-sized midwestern city and recently passed the state
electrical contractors exam. Excited by the aesthetic and energysaving possibilities of new lighting systems, Maureen dreams of
opening a lighting store combined with a traditional electricians
business. Her idea is to give remodelers a one-stop way to buy
new lighting systems and get them installed. Although in her city
there are plenty of both lighting retailers and electricians, no
business efficiently combines the two, in large part because lighting stores are afraid to offend electricians, who are a major source
of customer referrals.
Maureen is convinced that customers will be enthusiastic about
a one-stop operation. Although she concedes that her approach
may alienate some independent electricians, who will send customers
elsewhere, Maureen reasons she will gain far more than she loses
by funneling lighting purchasers directly into her own installation
business. And shes sure that once she provides these customers
with quality electrical service, they will be likely to call her when
they have future electrical needs.
Maureen enlists her Uncle Jimmy, who retired early with a
big nest egg, as an investor. Although Jimmy is impressed with
Maureens reasoning, he has one big concern: Maureen cant point
to any successful area businesses like the one she proposes. The
positive side of this is that Maureens business is fresh and innovative. However, Jimmy worries that since Maureen wont be able to
learn from the good and bad practices of others, shell likely make
costly mistakes. Telling Maureen that Ecclesiastes had it right when
he wrote, There is no new thing under the sun, Jimmy gets on
the phone and starts calling lamp manufacturers and wholesalers
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Serendipity
Way back in the 1950s, in his groundbreaking book Innovation and
Entrepreneurship (Harper Business), legendary business thinker Peter
Drucker pointed out that many profitable innovations result from accidental
or unexpected breakthroughs. He meant the kind of thing that occurs
when you set out to develop a better variety of easy-to-remove packaging
tape and end up inventing a revolutionary wallpaper that both sticks tight
and is easy to peel off the moment you are sick of it. Whats so special
about Druckers insight? After all, from the discoveries of penicillin and
saccharin to the inventions of nylon and Velcro, its obvious that chance
plays a significant role in finding new ways to do things. Drucker really
gets interesting with a second and more telling point: When businesses
stumble on a new product or service, even one that could give them a
significant competitive advantage, they often either fail to recognize it or
even actively suppress it. That is, they keep fooling around with the tape
and stick the wallpaper in the trash.
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Example:
Leo Rac and Stan Frax are longtime partners in the Racafrax Glass
Co., a nothing-special local glass supplier. It sells hundreds of
types of glass to contractors for use in residential and small commercial construction projects, and also caters to do-it-yourselfers.
A few years ago, Racafrax began to get more and more requests
for several types of plastic, particularly for newer, unbreakable
burglar-deterring types that could be substituted for window glass.
At first, Racafrax sent these people elsewhere. Finally, after turning away more and more business, Leo and Stan began stocking a
few of the most commonly requested types of window plastic,
keeping them in an unused area behind the stairs they not-soprivately referred to as the Plastic Hole.
When plastic sales immediately turned out to be solidly
profitable, helping Racafrax to have its best ever year, Leo and
Stan were delighted that they finally had the financial wherewithal
to expand and improve their facility. They bought and remodeled
the next-door warehousesomething that allowed them to more
than double their selection of glass. Despite their huge increase in
floor space, they left the Plastic Hole in its same dingy spot.
Were Leo and Stan dumb? No question. Unfortunately, they were
also typical. Like most business owners, they were slow to recognize and
even slower to embrace an accidental business breakthrough, especially
since doing so would have meant fundamentally changing their original
formula.
Sadly, this head-in-the-sand approach often doesnt change even if
the innovative business approach is more profitable than the original
business. Drucker beautifully illustrates this point with a story of how
after World War II, Macys used huge profits from its suddenly red-hot
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sales of stoves, dishwashers, and other appliances to expand its lowerprofit clothing business instead of its appliance department. And when this
didnt work to restore clothing to its traditional three-fifths of Macys sales,
the company actually tried to push appliance sales down. The result was
that aggressive competitors who understood that new affluent Americans
were ready to fill their new suburban houses with appliances stepped in
and captured the entire business.
Think about a half-dozen small enterprises you patronize. When was
the last time your drycleaner, plant nursery, or beauty salon significantly
changed the way it does business? If the answer is somewhere between
rarely and never, you can safely bet that the business is guilty of
ignoring and probably even suppressing new information, and as a result
is in at least the early stages of decline. In a world where change is an
ever-present fact of business life, a more nimble competitor will surely
appear and quickly grab market share. On the other hand, if a successful
business you know has recently made positive changes to the way it looks,
what it sells, or how it interacts with its customers, chances are its owner
has learned to efficiently gather the innovative information necessary to
build on the companys competitive edge.
In the big business world, innovation is often the product of many
years of expensive research, as is obviously true for new drugs, computer
chips, and jet engines. Fortunately, the information necessary to innovate
in the small business world is usually far more available. Indeed, for the
business owner with an open mind, good ideas that can be implemented
at a reasonable cost are everywhere available. Unfortunately, as Drucker
points out, too few businesspeople are prepared to recognize and act on
the highly valuable information that is right under their own noses.
Here are several more examples of businesses that are ignoring
information they should be embracing to improve their competitive
position:
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Example:
Madge opened a gift shop, Something Special, in a small university city in the Midwest. Selling a wide variety of items, she barely
broke even her first year. Given that Madge was a single mother
with two teenagers to raise, this simply wasnt acceptable. Madge
was about to put up a going-out-of-business sign when a customer
came in and bought almost $1,000 worth of Native American crafts
which were displayed on a couple of shelves at the back of the
store. When the customer asked to be alerted when the next
shipment came in, Madge reflected that sales of Native American
artwork had been profitable and several other people had made
similar requests. In short, after checking to be sure no one else in
her extended area had captured this niche, she decided to put
away her closing sign and convert half of the store to North
American Indian arts and crafts. To make a long story short,
Madges new emphasis, aided by a savvy marketing campaign
featuring programs and workshops hosted by many of the Native
American artists, really worked. So much so that a year later,
Madge renamed her new, prosperous shop Something Tribal, and
dealt exclusively in indigenous arts and crafts.
Another great example of how to improve a business by paying
attention to unexpected information involves the Holiday Inn in
Cumberland, Maryland. As reported by Associated Press writer David
Dishman, for years this motel bore the heavy burden of being built hard
against a railroad line. When the hotel wasnt full, desk clerks, fearing that
guests would be bothered by the 65 noisy trains that clattered past each
day, assigned guests to the quieter rooms closer to the highway. Then one
day a train enthusiast contacted Sales Director Karen Twigg to ask how
much extra it would cost to book a room facing the tracks. Twigg could
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have politely said they were the same price, accommodated the mans
request and gone on with her routine. Instead, she quizzed the caller
about why he wanted to overlook the trains and then, realizing that he
wasnt the worlds only train enthusiast, decided to see whether she could
profit from her new knowledge. She did this by starting a promotional
campaign aimed at train buffs. Make tracks to stay with us, Cumberland
Holiday Inn advertised in train fanciers magazines. This message was a
big hit, and train-loving travelers from all over the world booked track-side
rooms with a view of all those locomotives pulling their loads in and out
of the CSX switching yard and maintenance shops.
One reason Im so familiar with the tendency to suppress accidental
discoveries is because, like most businesspeople, Ive done it. One example
involves Nolos website, which we established in 1994. To attract users
without incurring prohibitive advertising costs, we urged other Internet
sites to use portions of our legal content free in exchange for providing a
link to Nolo.com. Then one day an editor for a prominent website called
asking for permission to place a significant portion of Nolos Online Legal
Encyclopedia on their site without a link back to Nolo. Linking to other
companies is against our policy, he explained. Seeing no benefit, our
marketing rep said no thanks and hung up. Literally a few minutes later,
the editor called back and offered to pay us an annual fee of $25,000 to
use over 100 articles of our self-help law material. As you might expect,
this time we cheerfully said yes.
Because this unexpected revenue had not been budgeted, it was
essentially up for grabs. The marketing director opined that this was a
lucky accident (no one pays for content online) and suggested Nolo
spend it as part of an effort to redesign its book covers. Since this was
long overdue, we did. In the meantime, Nolos Web marketing staff went
about its usual business of trading Nolo content for links to our site. A few
months later, much the same story repeated. Again, Nolo unexpectedly
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got a substantial fee for a content license. And again, Nolo management
concluded this was a fortunate anomaly (we wouldnt have gotten this
money if the other sites negotiators were experienced) and spent the
windfall to improve non-Web-related areas without changing the way
we marketed our online content.
Fortunately, the third time we were offered dollars for content a few
Noloids began asking why, if other businesses were willing to pay for
online content, Nolo didnt actively pursue the business. To cut to the end
of this little drama, licensing Nolo content finally did become a new and
profitable Nolo endeavor. Interestingly, this in turn led Nolo to redesign
its content creation process to create more products our licensees wanted
to buy. Instead of simply publishing books and software in hopes someone would buy them, Nolo began to look for ways to create at least some
of its plain-English legal information to order, thus locking in a profit
before a word was written.
Example:
Mack, the hardworking owner of Bright Spot, a small plant nursery,
was forced to think about the future of his newish business for the
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earn a decent profit? Or should Mark put it out of its misery and
go back to work?
At first no one said a word, each trying to avoid being the
first to say that Bright Spot was simply the wrong business in the
wrong place at the wrong time. Finally, Ed, Marks 15-year-old
son, tried to put a positive spin on things. Dad, I know were not
selling enough plants, but like Ive been telling you, my part of
the business is in great shape. Ive gained ten pounds and can
bench 270.
Ed, you agreed to help carry the heavy stuff to peoples
cars, Mark snapped. I wish you would stop complaining.
Cmon, Dad, I was trying to say something nice. And you
have to admit Ive lugged tons of dirt. Probably 70% of the work
Ive done this summer involves fetching and carrying those heavy
bags of soil.
Curious, Salli asked, Do people really buy that much soil?
Oh, yeah, Mom. Ive ended up spending most of my time as
Dads dirt boy, hauling the stuff to peoples cars.
Why do customers buy so much? Salli asked. Isnt bagged
planting mix mostly used in small outside containers?
Nahpeople who get frustrated trying to break up the
rocky soil around here spread it right on their gardens. Or they
end up digging out the hard stuff and replacing it with new soil
thats easy to work.
Cant people buy bags of soil cheaper at the shopping center?
Salli asked.
A little bit, but remember they have to drive another 15
miles to do it, and on a Saturday morning, who wants to
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software to meet the needs of closely related businesses you already have
a good feel for.
Second, focus on ideas that can be implemented promptly. In the
small business world, the investment of time or money to get something
going two or more years from now is almost always more than you can
afford. Better to focus on innovations that can be implemented immediately. If you are right, theyll produce income now and in two years. And
if your idea doesnt work, you can quickly scrap it and move on to something else. For example, the owners of the Cumberland Holiday Inn might
conclude that while immediately redesigning their operation to cater to
rail buffs makes great sense, opening more railroad-focused motels does
not.
Third, focus on the real needs of your target market, not on your
own hopes and dreams. When askedand believe me, its always wise to
askcustomers often request the most basic improvements, not clever
breakthroughs. For example, a lawyer, house remodeler, or landscaper
who adopts a policy of returning all phone calls the same day may do
more to please customers and clients than they would if they developed a
laundry list of new services. Similarly, a coffee shop that serves better
grades of coffee and tea may score more points with breakfasters than if it
went to far more trouble to create a whole new menu.
Example:
Madge, the woman who was smart enough to turn her failing gift
shop into a successful purveyor of Native American arts and crafts,
distributed a questionnaire to a number of her best customers
requesting feedback as to how she could better serve them. A
number of responders suggested she not only carry arts and crafts
from North America, but also stock folk art from other parts of the
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world, including Nepal, Tibet, South East Asia, and Central America.
Worrying about spreading herself too thin, Madge nevertheless
decided to expand her inventory to include folk art from all the
Americas. Although doing this involved the cost of renting a small
adjoining space, Madges new initiative was profitable from the
start.
Brainstorm
An approach I find particularly useful consists of setting up one or more
brainstorming sessions with people who care about your success. Depending
on whether your business is still in its start-up phase or is well-established,
participants might include investors, family members, and close friends
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customers with good ideas. For example, recently when I was working
out at a gym, I overheard the manager discussing with a contractor the
layout of a new stretching room. The conversation was public, and another member (lets call him Craig) politely asked if the new room could
contain wider mats. When the manager didnt seem very responsive, Craig
pointed out that big men like himself who didnt easily fit on the existing
mats used two mats so as not to bump neighboring stretchers. Craigs
point that small mats actually resulted in fewernot morepeople using
the stretching space was so good that several other members immediately
spoke up to agree. Too bad that after listening for a very short time the
manager interrupted to say that the size of the mats wasnt his decision,
but he was pretty sure the owner was buying more of the small ones.
No big deal, you may be thinking. After all, most people wont
switch health clubs based on the size of their mats. Dont be so sure.
When I glanced at the window of another local exercise facility, I saw it
was advertising a new yoga area. Although I didnt bother to check the
new place out to see if the stretching area was better designed, Craig
might.
Not only is it wise to listen to good ideas your customers bring to
you, it also makes sense to solicit them. Depending on your business,
there are a variety of appropriate ways to ask for feedback. Often the
traditional method, asking interested customers to complete a brief
suggestions form before dropping it in a box or mailing it back in a prestamped envelope, works best.
But its a mistake to ask for suggestions unless you are prepared both
to implement the best ones and tell your customers you acted on their
feedback. If you take those two steps, youll not only increase customer
satisfaction (the mats really are wider), but will also reinforce the trust you
want them to place in your business (Craig and the others will feel greater
involvement with and loyalty to a business that pays attention to them).
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One good way to let people know that their suggestions arent being
ignored is to periodically list ones you have implemented. For example,
when the customers of Pams independent drugstore stuffed her new
suggestion box with good ideas, she created a small display area next to
the suggestion box listing a number of the ideas and what she had done
to implement them.
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work until you try them, its usually wise to try as many of the top scorers
as possible.
Example:
Amos, who has been laid off from his job maintaining computers
at a large corporation, decides to accept his fathers offer to take
over the family TV repair business and see if he can breathe some
life into it. He uses several methods, including a brainstorming
session with employees and suppliers, to come up with new ideas
to try to achieve his four big goals: increase sales, improve marketing, improve customer access, and reduce employee turnover. To
decide which he should implement first, Amos creates the following grid. He then rates the ideas he collects one to five as to how
likely each is to further his larger goals.
Idea
Increase
Sales
Improve
Help Keep or
Improve
Customer Recruit Talented
Marketing Access
Employees
Total
Institute a 401K
plan for employees
Fix computers as
well as TVs
12
Amoss final step is to factor in how much each idea will cost
to implement. Realizing that painting the truck will cost very little,
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Fix computers
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7
Target Your Customers
kids have just graduated from collegeand may have a few extra dollars
to refurbish the housein an outer circle. Similarly, a publisher of a
consumer product guide might be eager to reach reference librarians who
are regularly consulted about how to find consumer information, and less
eager to market to college students, many of whom are still trying to
perfect the art of asking their parents for more money.
Although you are probably not planning to start a periodical, the idea
of identifying your best customer groups in this way makes great sense.
Only when you can convincingly describe who your best prospective
customers are and why they will want to patronize your business can you
sensibly create a marketing plan to reach them. So if you plan to open a
dental lab making crowns, bridges, caps, and other oral paraphernalia, you
should be able to list near the center of your target the specific dentists or
groups of dentists you believe will use your services. In addition, you
should be ready to explain why they will do so. What utility or value will
you offer to convince area dentists to prefer your service?
Similarly, if you will open an aerobics and dance studio, you should
be able to identify the folks you are pretty sure will enthusiastically don
their leotards for your master classes, as well as the baggy-clothing set
you hope to coax into your early morning weight-loss session. And you
should be prepared to detail your marketing messagethat is, why, once
these people find out about your classes, they will prefer them to others.
Unfortunately, many businesses have only a hazy idea of their markets
and how to reach them. They follow the open-the-doors-and-hope-forthe-best marketing approach, which of course goes far to explain why so
many promptly fail.
Typical of this approach might be a new restaurant that places a few
ads in free local newspapers, does some leafleting in neighborhood office
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buildings, places an early-bird special sign in the window, and buys into
several two-for-one coupon books. A couple of these initiatives might
make good sense if they were part of a coherent marketing plan aimed at
budget-conscious diners who live or work close to the restaurant. But in
the absence of such a focused plan, this approach is likely to do more
harm than good. For example, if this restaurant owner hopes to attract a
more affluent dinner crowd later in the evening, two-for-one deals and
cut rates to early diners are likely to amount to a kiss of death, because
many upmarket customers equate low prices with poor quality.
Given the fierce competition in the restaurant business, only establishments that figure out exactly who their customers will be, why these
people will prefer the restaurant over others, and how to successfully
reach them will have much chance of success.
Now and then, of course, businesses that dont do their marketing
homework are nevertheless lucky enough to succeed for some reason the
owner had never thought of. But then, as my father used to remark when,
despite his refusal to practice, he occasionally sank a 15-foot putt, even a
blind squirrel finds an acorn once in a while.
Be Specific
Ready to identify your most likely customers and explain why they will
prefer your business to others? Although this may sound easy, Ive found
that most small business owners cant do it. For example, here is a short
list of sadly inadequate marketing statements.
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Business
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owners ability to pay and desire to provide their dogs with excellent
daycare, its a big improvement. But several crucial marketing factors are
still missing. Hillarys biggest omission is her failure to consider location.
Assuming most people wont drive more than five to ten miles out of their
way to drop Bingo off, its obvious that Happy Pup should concentrate its
marketing efforts on affluent owners of younger dogs who live or work
fairly close to Happy Pups facility.
When it comes time to prepare a marketing message for this group,
Happy Pup will need to include an explanation of why dogs really are
pleased by its facility. Do they get more exercise? More attention from the
staff? Are there other ways in which Happy Pup offers a better service
than its competitors?
Now its your turn. Considering the following three key marketing
principles, identify your most likely groups of customers.
Need. People who have a pressing need for your goods or
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Example:
Sandy, a fast-pitch softball coach, opened a batting cage to teach
hitting to young women softball players. With softballs fast-growing popularity, Sandy hoped she would draw enough students to
allow her to quit her day job. During the prime spring months,
more girls tried to book lessons than she could accommodate. But
during the rest of the year, the flood of students slowed to a
trickle. On a Tuesday night in October, Sandy was lucky to give
two half-hour lessons.
To attract more off-season students, Sandy decided to engage
in a marketing campaign, a subject about which she knew substantially nothing. When Sandy first tried to describe her target
audience, the best she could come up with was girls and young
women age 8 to 18 who want to play better softball and who live
within 20 to 30 minutes driving distance of my facility. Realizing
she had described her existing marketthe one she already knew
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of your bulls-eye? The best approach depends on the field you are in and
the number of people you need to reach. A physical therapist and a floor
refinisher will adopt very different types of outreach plans. But there is a
common element to all good small business marketing plans. You must
empower, motivate, and encourage the customers your marketing efforts
recruit to recommend your business to others. (See Chapter 8, Market
Your Business Creatively.)
Example:
Sandys decision to market her services to serious softballers over
a much larger geographical area paid off. She began by calling the
30 or so coaches of the club teams within a 40-mile radius of her
facility and offering to run free weekend hitting clinics for their
players. When a number jumped at the chance, Sandy was able to
show off her indoor training facility and sophisticated teaching
techniques. Almost immediately a number of players who participated in the free clinics signed up for private lessons. As their
hitting quickly improved, it didnt take them long to tell their
athlete friends about how much Sandy was teaching them.
Fueled by this positive word of mouth, larger numbers of
committed athletes from more distant areas began to sign up for
regular lessons. Before long, Sandy was almost as busy during
winter as she was in the spring, and was able to support herself
coaching full time.
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Example:
Roman dreamed of opening his own gourmet takeout pizza shop.
Knowing, of course, that virtually every American already eats
pizza and that there were dozens of competitors in his area,
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needs of pizza eaters who are pressed for timeboth early birds
and night owlsRoman gave experienced pizza eaters a reason to
patronize his restaurant and at the same time expanded his potential market.
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Example:
When her dad died, Mandy took over his business, which pumped
out vacation-home septic tanks in a resort area. Soon she got a
call from Janet, a customer whose main home was in a city several
hours distant. Could Mandy take some cat food with her and feed
the feral cat that was living under the porch, Janet asked?
Not only was Mandy happy to do this, she was even happier
to prepare a questionnaire to all her septic tank customers, asking
them whether there were additional things she could do when she
visited their properties. When quite a few responded yes, Mandy
developed a service she called Property Check. For a modest fee
she would work with the homeowner to develop a list of everything the homeowner wanted checked. Each time Mandy visited
the property, she promptly emailed to the owner a list of all items
checked and any problems discovered. Before long, Property
Check became so successful that Mandy hired an assistant to drive
the honey wagon and concentrated on developing more new
services for absentee owners.
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sauces, and other gourmet specialty items. The products are sold
individually and also in boxed collections ready for mailing. Just
produce your credit card and the addresses of family members
and friends, and the restaurant will do the rest. The program is so
popular the restaurant sets up a website to handle repeat orders.
Although the wisdom of developing and marketing new products
and services to existing customers may seem obvious, it can be difficult to
accomplish since to work in the long run you need to provide a product
or service of real utility. I can vouch for this out of my own experience.
For many years, Nolos self-help law customers asked us if we could
recommend lawyers. Often they didnt want to hire the lawyer long-term,
but only to get the answer to a fact-specific question or obtain advice in a
complicated legal area beyond the scope of Nolos materials.
One day at a marketing meeting, someone asked for about the
thousandth time why Nolo was trying so hard to find more customers for
its self-help law products, but ignoring people who wanted to solve their
problems with limited help from a lawyer. In the middle of repeating the
answer I had given for yearsMost lawyers are hostile to self-helpers and
wont help them on a question-by-question basisI realized that it had
been years since Nolo had taken a fresh look at this area. And in the
intervening years, at least some lawyers had become more open to
working with self-helpers who wanted to purchase limited legal advice.
With our eyes newly open, Nolo decided to form a relationship with
the ARAG group, a prepaid legal insurance company whose main business consisted of providing legal help to people who worked for large
corporations. As part of ARAGs employee benefit program, plan lawyers
answered legal questions by phone. Now, under Nolos arrangement with
ARAG, Nolos Internet customers can call a lawyer in their own state (or
specialist area) and for a very modest fee discuss their legal questions or
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problems. For Nolo, offering this new service to our customers has been
solidly profitable from the beginning. Too bad it took us so long to take
our marketing blinders off and introduce a new product our customers
had actually been requesting for years.
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8
Market Your Business Creatively
Example 1:
Ted is an early retiree lucky enough to have received a generous
compensation package from his former employer. With money in
his pocket and his kids grown, Ted is ready to fulfill his lifetime
dream of opening a small bookstore, which he calls Academy
Books. Before the doors are even open, Ted signs an expensive
contract with a weekly newspaper to run a large display ad in the
next 12 issues. When Ted writes the check and hands over the
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Example 2:
Instead of only buying advertising, Ted decides that he needs to
target readers who live and work close to his shop and find lowcost ways to reach out to them. Accordingly, Ted arranges a
meeting with Ann, the owner of WakeUP, a neighboring coffee
bar, and proposes a series of joint promotions. These include
having WakeUP place a small display of Academy bestsellers in
the coffee shop and having Academy give every book purchaser a
50-cents-off coupon redeemable at WakeUP. In addition, book
lovers who attend one of Academys frequent author readings will
be able to order coffee or tea delivered right to the bookshop.
When several of these and other promotional ideas work well
to increase both WakeUps and Academys sales, Ted and Ann ask
Molly, the owner of Mollys Place, a nearby restaurant, to join
their local marketing group. Now, on the evenings when Academy
Books schedules readings by particularly popular authors, Mollys
Place provides a fixed-price buffet supper to super-fans willing to
come early and pay a few extra dollars to break bread with the
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money to pay for an ad campaign and other business priorities. But in the
real world, where the vast majority of start-ups are short on capital, its
almost always more sensible to spend most of your scarce dollars on
improving the core competencies of your business than on advertising.
First, invest in the quality of your goods and services, provide easy and
affordable customer access, and work to attract and keep top-quality
employees and contractors. Only if you have money left over should you
even consider spending it on advertising.
Your message probably wont get through. As you well know,
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about marketing is theres so much hype everywhere, Id rather be selfdeprecatory. Get people curious, they can find out for themselves.
People distrust ads. I regard most ads to be at best half-honest and
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are likely to look for them. For example, if you own a summer horse
camp, buying a classified ad on an equestrian website may pay for itself
many times over.
Here are some places where listing-type ads may work:
Auction websites such as eBay, and single-interest sites where
goods and services are listed by category or keyword.
Publications aimed at visitors or new residents. For example, list
your big-city restaurant in a guide given to guests at local hotels.
Publications or websites of nonprofit organizations or other
groups popular with people you want to reach. For example, if
youre a child care provider, place an inexpensive ad in the
newsletter published by a working moms group.
Special interest journals. For example, an architect who specializes
in designing fire stations might place a small monthly ad in
journals read by city, county, and state planning officials.
Trade publications and struggling local media outlets. Although
quality media outlets keep their editorial and advertising departments completely separate (putting an ad in The New York Times
wont buy you an inch of coverage in its news pages), others are
far less scrupulous. Like it or not, in many fields, the best way to
ensure regular editorial coverage in a particular publication is to
purchase an ad contract. Usually there is no need to ask for any
quid pro quo in terms of coveragein most cases youll get it.
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Example:
Emiko lives in Metropolis, a good-sized city that is a popular
international tourist destination. Reasoning that because the cityoperated tourist office is small and shabby, there is a golden
opportunity for a private business, she opens Metropolis Today in
a downtown storefront. She provides free maps, walking tours,
and restaurant lists, but also sells tours, event tickets, and other
tourist-focused goods and services, including Metropolis-branded
clothing, books set in Metropolis, and even a line of hand-painted
Christmas ornaments depicting Metropolis scenes. Realizing that
because she is targeting tourists and other visitors, it will be very
helpful to have regular articles written about her new business in
the weekly tourist newspaper distributed free at area airports,
Emiko buys an ad package. A few weeks later, the newspaper
writes an extensive feature about her innovative new enterprise
and, even more important, adds Metropolis Today to its Good
Tourist Info list, which appears in every issue.
Before you commit to any ad campaign, even a modest one, test it.
Experiment with language, layout, and, most important, different publications. For example, instead of running the same small ad promoting your
tai chi classes in the bodywork section of a free weekly paper for two
months, run several different ads for two weeks each and keep track of
which draws more customers.
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stocked, and most accessible in town? Does your staff deal with customers
more promptly, pleasantly, and knowledgeably than do other stores
employees?
Keep it clean.
A small, but nevertheless significant, slice of the public makes
many purchasing decisions based on how clean a business is.
For example, I have several friends who wont patronize a
good-sized list of local restaurants because they arent spotless. Similarly, a member of my family only buys one brand of
gas, based on her belief that their restrooms are usually the
cleanest. Fortunately, since insisting on the highest standards
of cleanliness doesnt cost much, and it really will distinguish
your business from its sloppier competitors, its an easy way
to create a marketing edge.
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discourage other shops from opening nearby or, even if one does, hold
onto most of your customers. (In Chapter 6, Innovate Now and Forever, I
discuss in more detail why its essential to build continuous innovation
into your business.)
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tasks people can do for themselves) will get more referrals than one who
displays copies of last years Field & Stream.
Example:
Real estate brokers Ira and Carol Serkes, of Berkeley, California,
own a good-sized panel truck that they make available free to
their clients for local moves. And when the truck is not being
used as a small moving van, its available free to community and
charitable groups. As it rolls around town, the van prominently
advertises the Serkes real estate business. But since Ira and Carol
are simultaneously providing a needed and appreciated service,
their moving ad is seen in a positive light.
Customer recourse. Everyone wants to feel they are in good hands
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Example:
Earlier in this chapter, I mentioned that when I was put off by an
electrician whose ad I saw in the local paper, I got a recommendation from a friend and called Bens Electric. Ben not only did a
good job repairing several broken outlets and fixtures, but as he
left, he asked if all my other systems were working well. This
jogged my memory about my wonky front doorbell, and I asked
Ben if he could replace it. He replied that he didnt install new
doorbells, but would be glad to help me with other purely electrical
problems.
A week later, Ben called me and said that because I wasnt
the first customer to ask, he had decided to install doorbells. He
had picked up several catalogs from an electrical supply shop and
would be happy to show them to me at my convenience. I was
not only pleased to get my doorbell replaced, but to deal with
someone willing to listen and respond to my needs. And I was
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even more pleased when I next encountered Ben six months later,
when he thanked me for helping nudge him into offering what
had turned out to be a profitable service.
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who regularly appears on a local radio talk show called Saving for Retirement is another.
Providing consumer advice is only one way to get free exposure. If
theres something special about your businessand there should bethe
local media, at least, may want to report on it. And dont be discouraged
by the belief that your business isnt newsworthy. With a little creativity,
every business has an interesting story to tell.
Example:
Marty and Karen run a K-8 private school, Meadowbrook. They
get most of their new pupils through referrals made by parents of
current and former students. But when they decide to rent an
adjoining building and double the size of the school, they fear
that word of mouth wont fill up all the new desks quickly enough.
One way to try to do this would be to run newspaper ads.
But Marty and Karen know that excellent schools generally dont
need to advertise, although they may buy listings in specialized
publications aimed at parents. Because advertising might put the
school in the company of schools with lesser reputations, it might
even disappoint the parents of current students. What are the
alternatives?
One is to go out and get the school some favorable media
coverage. To do this, Marty and Karen start by creating a press
package. On a single sheet of paper, they list Meadowbrooks
innovative educational programs and other things they believe
make the school special:
Meadowbrooks commitment to improving all students
language skills by teaching Latin and French beginning in
the sixth grade
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their proposed ads into the recycling box and spend the ad
money on repainting two classrooms.
Figuring out how to get media coverage is only one way to get your
businesss name out without advertising. Here are some others.
Sponsor nonprofit activities. Supporting youth sports or arts groups,
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Example:
Dr. Price, a childrens dentist, sponsors the Walruses, a local little
league team, whose symbol is, no surprise, a huge tusk. Each
year, when the Walruses are invited to march in the parade, Dr.
Price makes a huge plaster-of-Paris walrus tusk. The day before
the parade, the third-graders on his team decorate it, using paint,
sticky paper, colored band-aids and other fun stuff.
On the big morning, the tusk is placed on the bed of Dr.
Prices appropriately decorated pickup truck, which then leads the
team dressed in their walrus tusk team t-shirts in the parade. The
result is that the kids, as well as Dr. Price and his staff, who
supervise the decorating process, have a great time. And if, in
their march along Main Street, Dr. Price recruits a few new
patients, so much the better.
Become a source of trusted information. It can be an extremely
valuable business asset to be known as a source of high-quality unbiased
information. For example, a plumber, optician, or veterinarian who
publishes and updates a series of free handouts designed to help people
troubleshoot predictable problems and, if possible, solve them on their
own, will soon gain respect among customers, peers, and the local media.
This positive reputation will grow in direct proportion to how unbiased
the information is.
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Example:
Here is a marketing target for an accountant who specializes in
providing services to authors, musicians, inventors, and others
who sell intellectual property.
Once you have identified your most likely groups of customers and
what they are most likely to buy, you are ready to figure out how to reach
them as effectively as possible. If your universe is relatively small, as
would be the case for the accounting business discussed above, your best
approach is usually a personal marketing effort. For example, if a halfdozen agents represent most of the well-known authors in your area,
getting to know them personally and educating them about your expertise
would be a good start. After all, a prominent agent who appreciates that
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you understand all the tax ramifications of the many ways royalty deals
can be structured (and even better, if you are available to advise the agent
on structuring deals), is in a great position to recommend you to many
others. Similarly, local publishers and support groups for inventors,
musicians, and writers are excellent venues through which to get the
word out to many potential clients.
If your potential customer universe is both bigger and more diverse,
you will want to consider more public ways to market your goods or
services. Again, depending on the type of business, these might appropriately include:
Events. A sporting goods store sponsors a 10K run; a restaurant
heads an annual food-for-the-homeless drive.
Tie-ins. An orthodontist sponsors a kids soccer team; a plant
nursery becomes leads an effort to restore the towns neglected
rose garden.
Coupons. A music store works with a classical music radio station
to distribute discount coupons to listeners.
Free media. A general contractor who runs a house inspection
business self-publishes a small book and quarterly newsletter
explaining such topics as what to look for, how not to get ripped
off, and how to make needed repairs as frugally as possible. He
widely distributes these for free through local real estate offices,
lenders, and at several annual home-buyers fairs. This helps
establish his credentials with local media outlets, where he is
regularly interviewed and quoted.
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9
Hire and Keep Good People
I not only use all the brains I have, but all I can
borrow.
Woodrow Wilson
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Example 1:
At a family gathering, you mention your decision to hire a financial manager. The next day your brother-in-law calls to forcefully
recommend his close friend Elizabeth. Ten minutes later Elizabeth
faxes her rsum and then calls to ask for a meeting. Since, at
least on paper, she has the qualifications you are looking for, you
agree to interview her. Impressed by Elizabeths energy and your
brother-in-laws thrice-repeated recommendation, you hire her
after making only a cursory check of her references. Only later do
you learn that Elizabeth (who your brother-in-law never tells you
he continued to date even after he met your sister) is in the throes
of a midlife emotional crisis and is about to be fired from her
present job because she has trouble getting along with other
employees.
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Finally, six months later, with your books in a mess and your
stress level off the charts (and the growing suspicion your sister
married an idiot), you fire Elizabeth. Alleging that you have not
reasonably accommodated her mental problems, Elizabeth
promptly calls a lawyer who threatens to sue you for violating the
Americans With Disabilities Act. Your own lawyer says that although
Elizabeth doesnt have a decent case, it will cost you at least
$25,000 to prove it. After much teeth-grinding, you accept his
recommendation to settle for $10,000.
Now lets take a look at this same scenario, but this time add a hiring
committee that has real power to make decisions.
Example 2:
When your brother-in-law calls to push his protg, you truthfully
reply that a hiring committee, not you, makes all the decisions
and that you never try to influence it based on personal considerations (you probably wont even need to admit that you are a
member of the committee). Now when Elizabeth calls, you
politely respond that you dont talk to candidates outside the
committee process. Elizabeth submits her application, as do half a
dozen other seemingly qualified candidates. When you conduct a
careful background check of each, several, including Elizabeth,
are eliminated. In her case, a phone call to a person your sales
manager knows, who worked with Elizabeth two jobs ago, is all it
takes to uncover the fact shes a high-maintenance employee.
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reason, but they rarely do it often. Most people who change jobs frequently
fall into one of five undesirable categories:
They do poor work. Often they put in long hoursoften overlong hours, but they simply dont have the discipline, focus, and
smarts to do a superior job.
They are chronically insecure. Often they fight needless turf
wars, trying to steal credit, shift blame, or otherwise needlessly
and endlessly pissing off their coworkers.
They steal or are otherwise highly irresponsible.
They are chronically unhappy (often because personal problems
lead them to seek something the workplace cant provide).
They have substance abuse problems.
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one versesince you expect all the words to be there, you must pay
careful attention to notice that a few key ones are missing.
Another common technique employed by recommenders who know
a job applicant has serious weaknesses is to simply avoid directly answering a key question. For example, assume you ask, How did Tammy get
along with her coworkers? Instead of saying very well or mostly well,
perhaps with a short list of minor exceptions, suppose Tammys former
boss says, Tammy is a very bright person who cares so much about what
she does we actually found she did best when we gave her a lot of independence.
Cmon, it was a simple question. The fact that you got a politicians
non sequitur should tell you all you need to know about Tammys poor
interpersonal skills.
Also listen for someone who tries to put a positive spin on an
applicants negative quality. Say, in answer to the same question about
how well an applicant gets along with others, a former boss says, Joe is
an amazing self-starteran energetic person who regularly gets way out
in front of everyone else and can be impossible to catch. Again, pink, if
not red, flags should be flying. Its all too likely you are being politely
warned that Joe is a loose cannon who, despite having a load of energy
and good ideas, is difficult for others to work with.
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Example:
Edna, just out of college, applied for a copywriting job with
QuickTime, a five-person ad shop. Gordon, QuickTimes owner,
called Francis, the college professor Edna listed as a personal reference on her rsum. Before Gordon could even ask a question,
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Francis, who seemed pressed for time, quickly said that Edna was
bright, intuitive, and a quick study and that he recommended her.
Only after a couple of other people at QuickTime read Ednas
rsum did someone spot that it had taken her more than six
years to graduate. Gordon again called Francis, but this time he
insisted on answers to a short list of focused questions, one of
which was, Why did it take Edna two years more than normal to
graduate? When Francis replied that for all her brilliance, Edna
sometimes had trouble meeting deadlines, Gordon decided she
would not be a good fit at a company that constantly faced them.
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To find superior people for a decent but still affordable salary, start
by identifying appropriate groups of high-quality employees others may
overlook. If you dont, youll usually find yourself sifting through the
people left over after more established and better-funded enterprises have
done their hiring. Here are several groups in which you may find excellent,
affordable employees.
People who have been recently laid off by high-quality employers.
When large corporations downsize or move jobs overseas, they
often cut big groups of workers with little attention to individual
competence. At least some of these well-trained, often wellconnected folks will be open to finding steady work in the small
business sector, even at reduced pay. For example, a salesperson
who represented a major player in your field and got to know
buyers at a number of major accounts could be a godsend for
your niche start-up. So when you hear about mass layoffs at a
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Dont set much store by what a current employer says. In an age when
many employers are terrified to fire problem employees, lest they be sued,
it has become popular to get rid of even the rottenest of apples by helping
them find a new job. To do this, many employers provide sub par and
even some terrible workers with positive references. This explains why its
usually not only a waste of timebut often counterproductiveto talk to
anyone in authority at a company where a job applicant currently works.
Youre far more likely to get an unvarnished story by talking to a previous
employer, who is far less likely to be motivated to shade the truth.
Of course, there are exceptions to the rule. For example, when a job
applicant leaves a job for an obviously good reason, such as to move
across country with a spouse or as part of a major career change, a current
employer may give the straight scoop. But even then youll want to get a
second and third opinion, preferably from people not listed on the
applicants rsum.
Example:
John plans to open a company to refurbish museum-quality antiques.
To succeed, he needs an experienced sales manager who can
work easily with his anticipated clientele of collectors, gallery
owners, and museum curators. After listing the job in several
industry publications, John gets an application from Evie, a woman
with both an MBA and ten years sales experience at a prominent
auction house specializing in antiques. Concerned only that Evie
seems almost too perfect to be true, John remembers that Jos, a
business acquaintance, used to work for the auction company.
Jos, it turns out, doesnt know Evie, but offers to call Ann, an
executive at the auction company, who does. When Ann whispers
that Evie is great on the days she is sober, John sensibly decides
to keep looking.
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mean youll get more mistake-free work done, but each of your long-term
workers will build a valuable mental database of useful information about
your products or services, customers, coworkers, and suppliers. As long
as these people continue in your employ, this knowledge remains at your
service. If they move on, you lose everything they know.
For example, at Nolo we hire legal editors, most of them lawyers who
can explain legal rules in plain English (a rare combination, admittedly),
to edit and often write our new titles. Even though we use a rigorous
screening and testing process to hire highly skilled people who can
immediately do good work, weve found that, on average, it takes about
18 months before a new editor can do the job without at least some
mentoring from a more senior editor. And it typically takes even longer
for a new editor to gain enough knowledge about a wide range of Nolo
products to fully catch up with their more experienced peers. It follows
that Nolo has a huge interest in hanging on to people who go through
this extended apprenticeship.
To fully appreciate how valuable it is to keep good employees for as
long as possible, think about your own relationships with local businesses. If you are like me, you enjoy dealing with the same competent
people year after year, and can become frustrated when familiar faces (or
even familiar voices) are replaced by new ones. Its no fun to deal with
someone who is obviously learning on the job. More than once Ive gone
elsewhere when I realized that, as a longtime customer, I knew more
about the task than the poorly trained novice employee who was trying to
do it.
So how do you go about keeping an extremely productive employee
working for you as long as possible? At a time when most Americans will
have many jobs during their working lives, the key is to focus on the
words as long as possible. For example, if you run a take-out food
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business, you may achieve a real victory if you keep the college kids who
work the counter and drive the delivery vans for a year. On the other
hand, you may be able to hang on to your bookkeeper and night manager
for a decade or more. The point is that if you can keep the best shorttermers for a year or two instead of six months and provide a career path
that will keep top-notch long-termers loyal for many years, youll get a
huge gain in productivity.
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they will be treated fairly. True, your aunt may snub you at the next
family gathering, but thats a price youll have to pay to run a business
your employees will respect.
When it comes to pay, employees normally use three key factors to
judge whether they are being fairly treated:
How much similar jobs in your area pay. Especially for highly
productive people who receive $10 to $12 per hour or less, its
essential to pay more than your competitors do. If you dont, those
penny-conscious employees are sure to feel slighted and move
on, with the predictable result that youll quickly be left with a
stable of the slow, difficult, and depressed. Unfortunately, most
small employers never grasp this lesson. Thus in most businesses
the sales clerk who works twice as fast as the norm gets the same
pay as the others. Again, as emphasized at the beginning of this
chapter, its far better for employee retention, overall productivity,
and workplace happiness to significantly raise the pay of your
most productive employee and look to hire more like her.
How much others with comparable skills are paid in your
company. Your employees will have no trouble accepting substantial pay disparities as long as in their eyes they reflect real
differences in skill, training, seniority, and job responsibilities.
But dissatisfaction will quickly surface if employees conclude that
one person or group receives substantially better pay or perks for
no honest reasonor worse, for a bad reason. This is not the
place to tackle the details of complicated pay equity issues, such
as differing pay rates for different departments, individual vs.
across-the-board raises, and overtime for some job categories and
not others. But it is important to grasp just how essential it is
even for employers with just a handful of employees to create
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Purpose
As discussed in detail in Chapter 1, successful small businesses are almost
always imbued with a sense of purpose. Their owners understand and
respect the fact that most of their employees and contractors yearn to find
meaning in their work. There are several tried-and-true methods to help
your employees believe in the value of their work. But no amount of
cheerleading will work unless your employees believe you really do run a
high-quality operation. For example, if you claim your caf serves the
freshest baked goods in town but your employees know you occasionally
slip a few day-old muffins in with todays batch, youll need to change
your ways before youll get any traction trying to convince them your
business is special.
But assuming you do run a quality operation, helping your employees
create and participate in a larger vision will go far towards cementing
their loyalty. Im reminded of a veterinarian who not only ran the cleanest,
most efficient animal care operation in town, but also carved out the hours
necessary to allow employees to participate in a variety of free animal
rescue and support activities. As a result of this altruism, the vet attracted a
terrific crew of animal-loving employees, people who were so pleased to
be part of a committed business that many of them stuck around for years.
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booklet (also available online) in which employees tell newcomers their favorite places to shop, recreate, and play. One
feature that often draws critical acclaim is called How to spend a
perfect day within a few miles of home.
A neighborhood restaurant not only serves an innovative breakfast and lunch menu, but publishes a small cookbook containing
100 favorite meals. The book, created with input from employees
(and containing plenty of pictures of the whole crew), is sold
both at the restaurant and at several local bookshops. With costs
of production underwritten by the restaurant, all profits go to
purchase food for the homeless.
A local body and fender shop works in a variety of ways to
promote auto safety. Each year the garage runs a raffle to raise
money for a safe driving course taught at a local high school and
several senior centers. Several employees of the garage who have
been appropriately trained are given paid time off to help give
the courses.
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You can avoid or at least reduce these problems by making sure that
every new employeeno matter how experiencedhas a mentor, someone who helps guide the new persons development within the company.
A mentor isnt necessarily a supervisor, but should pay attention to both
the new hires progress and any problems that crop up.
Mentoring doesnt have to be a formal process, as long as an experienced person is asked to look after the new employee. It can be a great
help with making sure that new hires are comfortable in the company and
get the training and feedback they need to do a good job.
Making people welcome and comfortable is more important than you
might think. Although you probably regard your small business as a
friendly place, its probably also a very busy one, where employees dont
always have time to reach out to new folks. Thats why its so valuable to
have a mentor who can answer questions, provide background about
how the business works (institutional knowledge), and see that the new
employee is getting the tools, time, and information necessary to do the
job.
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Example:
Jan decided that a great way to reward hard work and increase
sales was to create a salesperson-of-the-quarter award, with the
winner getting a trip for two to Hawaii. Consulting no one, she
called a company meeting and proudly announced the detailed
rules of this new program. Too bad that Jan hadnt realized that
the rules she announced favored the three salespeople with the
best territories, and in consequence angered several others who
worked in less productive areas and saw the whole program as a
backhanded way to tell them they werent producing enough.
Even worse, Jan didnt create a parallel award for the office staff
and other support personnel who processed the orders, shipped
the goods, collected the bills, and did other essential work to
allow the sales staff to succeed.
Fortunately for Jan, a longtime employee soon marched into
her office to forcefully explain that everyone, save the three
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may occasionally work, they are just plain awful ways to recognize and
appreciate good work. Just think about how good you feel if a spouse or
friend says something like, Thanks for cooking such a great mealI
really appreciated it. And how you would feel if the same person said,
You know, if you would just cook this well for the next two weeks, Id
take you out to dinner.
Have Fun
Not enough businesses encourage their employees to enjoy themselves.
Some sobersided owners simply dont understand the value of creating an
environment where employees have permission to enjoy themselves. Its
as if they really believe the old saying, If work was supposed to be fun,
it wouldnt be called work. Other entrepreneurs act as if they believe fun
is subversive and will undermine productivity.
To cut through this neo-Puritanism and quickly understand how
actually encouraging workers to enjoy themselves can be a powerful
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anxious and impatient, customers in line were smiling, pointing, and talking
to each other. And when they finally got to the front of the line to check
their bags, everyone had something nice to say to the people behind the
counter. A few minutes later, as I walked smiling and almost relaxed
towards my plane, I understood once again why Southwests decision to
encourage its employees to do their jobs seriously and well, but also to
enjoy themselves at work, is one important reason why it is so successful.
Okay, Im sure you get my point that fun and enthusiasm will increase
productivity, not subtract from it. But even if no more widgets are made,
or whatchamacallits sold, encouraging people to smile can help create
camaraderie and long-term loyalty to your business that are all but impossible to replicate in other ways.
Since workplace environments vary so much, no one can give you a
100% effective list of ways to encourage employees to enjoy themselves.
But fortunately, writing a prescription for fun isnt necessary. All you need
do is send the occasional message its okay for employees to enjoy themselves, and then get out of the way and let it happen. Often the best way
to do this is to loosen up a bit yourself. For example, if on St. Patricks
Day, you come to work dressed as a leprechaun, people will likely get
the idea.
Here are a few of the things that Ive found work to establish an upbeat workplace tone. Like many smart approaches to life, many are as
simple as they are commonsensical.
Food. Sharing food is probably the most basic way to build community.
If you occasionally bring in some treats (homemade is best), others will,
too. Be sure that when this happens everyone in your business has a few
minutes to enjoy the gift. If this means that you sometimes spell the
person who answers the phone, do it with a smile.
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Businesses smart enough to treat the people who work for them as part of
a workplace family do, too. Keep a calendar of employee birthdays and
remember to do a few little things (balloons and a cake may be corny,
but they always work) to honor the birthday person. In businesses with
more than a dozen employees, combine birthdays and have one party
every month or two.
Hats, shirts, and other tchotchkes. At Nolo we have a long tradition
tasteful decorations on the walls is a great way to tell both employees and
customers that you take pride in your workplace. This costs very few
dollars, but is well worth it in many ways. For example, if an impressed
visitor tells your employee, Wow, its really nice here, youre lucky to
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work in such a cool place, obviously you have received a huge dividend
on your investment.
Parties and picnics. Now and then its a great morale-builder to invite
everyone to a fun off-site party or other social event. There are many ways
to do this, from the ubiquitous summer picnic and winter holiday party to
all sorts of less-usual events. For example, at Nolo we usually hold an
annual Play Day. We close the entire business for a day and all go to a
local park to hang out with each other (no spouses or kids are allowed).
A committee of employees helps design the days activities. Often each
Nolo department comes up with a wacky game for everyone to play. For
example, our design group might divide the rest of the company into
eight teams, giving each a pile of objects including colored paper, string,
glue, a couple of vegetables, and a golf ball. Each group is then given ten
minutes to create the funniest book cover. Of course, there are silly prizes
for the winners.
Other popular Nolo events have included the Pet Parade. Held in
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Im sure you get the idea, so I will spare you the details of our
Halloween party, holiday gift exchange, and other events, some of the
best of which are spontaneous.
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10
Drive a Modest Car
Those who dress up in a fancy uniform and mount a white horse often
find themselves riding alone.
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Park in the lot or garage with everyone else, not in a CEO slot
next to the front door. If parking is tight and others have reserved
spaces, you obviously should, too, but if you are often out of the
office, consider sharing with another employee.
Roll up your sleeves and participate in periodic workplace
cleanup efforts.
Get your own coffee and snacks. If you insist, people will
probably fetch and carry for you, but every one of them will
think less of you for making them do it.
Buy and use equipment such as computers and phones that are
appropriate for the work you really do, not to window-dress
your ego.
Always address and refer to employees by their names. Never
use disrespectful terms like sport, stud, honey, or babe.
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Example 1:
Liam answers the phone and schedules service calls for Goodlight,
a local electrical contractor. Because he talks to customers all day,
Liam learns a lot about their needs and desires and sees that
Goodlight is out of touch with some significant new developments
in the market. Liam considers talking to his boss, Peter, about how
introducing two new services might really kick up profits. But ever
since the company began to grow Peter has barely seemed to
have time to nod hello. Still, wanting to share his insights and
ideas, Liam thinks about asking Peter for a short meeting. Then he
hears through the grapevine that when Jen in customer service
tried to suggest changes in the phone system, she was laughed at.
Liam doesnt bother to talk to Peter. Six months later, when a
competitor opens, Liam applies for and receives a job at considerably higher pay, in part because at his interview, Mia, his new
boss, is impressed by several of his innovative ideas. When Mia
implements the first one to immediate success, she not only gives
Liam full credit within the company, but also a meaningful raise.
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Example 2:
Now lets change this story a little and imagine that despite
Goodlights success, Peters personal style remains a little more
homespun. Not only is there a suggestion box in the employee
lounge, but recently a display recognizing the best suggestion of
the previous month was added. The day after Liam has his big
idea, he drops it in the box. The next day, he encounters Peter
helping repair a door on one of the delivery trucks. Peter invites
Liam for coffee and asks him to present his idea in more detail.
Impressed, a few days later Peter convenes a meeting with several
key employees to which Liam is invited. The result is that
Goodlight introduces what turns out to be a highly profitable new
service.
A few months later, when annual profits turn out to be a little
better than expected, Peter announces at a company meeting that
everyone in the company will receive a small bonus. In addition,
he thanks Liam for his creative idea. Later, privately Liam receives
a decent raise and a promotion. After word of this gets around,
Liam is not the only Goodlight employee who resolves to try to
come up with more good ideas.
Once good ideas are captured, its time to implement them. When it
comes time to make the decisions necessary to do this, be sure you include
key employees in the process instead of setting down the law, Moses-like.
New policies and procedures carried out with the input of the people
who will have to cope with them day to day are not only likely to be
more successfulbut they are far less prone to be sabotaged. Remember,
employees who dont buy into new way of doing things can always find
ways to subvert them.
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step aside while pushing someone else forward, youve made a good
start. But to really help people feel appreciated, youll need to go beyond
fancy words and often superficial employee of the month type programs
to show people you really do value them. In addition to paying decently,
rewarding superior work, and providing good benefits, especially health
care for all employees, adopting a simple stock option or other employee
ownership plan can be the best way to literally put your money where
your mouth is. That way your employees really do know that your business
is about them, not just you.
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is in its start-up phase; in fact, its more likely that youll overdo it. (See
Chapter 11, Dont Work Overlong Hours.) But once a business becomes
comfortably solventespecially if affluence comes suddenlya fair number of entrepreneurs go through a quick and unhappy transformation
from hard-working ant to showboating butterfly.
It is easy to understand why the workaholic owner of a suddenly
successful small business may want to take a little time to flit among the
flowers, golf balls, sailboats, or motorcycles. But understandable or not,
going walkabout for any extended period is always a mistake. Few, if any,
of your employees who have worked so hard to help your business succeed will have a similar opportunity, and many will almost surely begin to
resent you. And no matter how successful your small business has become,
its not big or established enough to stay that way long if you withdraw
your attention at the same time key employees become disaffected.
Taking off an afternoon or even a day to indulge a favorite hobby or
just to spend time with your family or by yourself can be good for both
you and, by extension, your business. But redirecting a significant amount
of your time and energy to nonwork activities is not. If you no longer
want to stay involved in the day-to-day management of your successful
business, you may be able to reduce your managerial role by delegating
these tasks to others, while concentrating on another important part of
your business, such as new product development. But if there really is no
part of your business that truly interests and engages you, your best bet is
probably to sell it. That way, you allow the business to move under
committed new leadership while you have the freedom to do other
things. Later, should you be ready to recommit to being a business owner,
youll have the financial wherewithal to start fresh.
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Example:
Ted started Sunshine Electric, a business installing rooftop solar
panels that allow consumers to generate at least some of their
own electricity. For the first couple of years, business conditions
were tough, and Ted paid his two installers, Emily and Angie,
very modest wages. Some weeks he couldnt pay himself at all.
Then when power prices spiked, the business took off. Over the
next 18 months, Ted was able to triple Emilys and Angies pay,
hire 20 more installers, and pay himself a very generous salary
despite the fact that he cut back to working two days a week. In
Teds view, at least, everything was going great until the day
Emily and Angie both quit and announced they were starting their
own business. Ted went ballistic, called them ungrateful and
swore he would never speak to either again.
Finally, six months later, when Ted ran into Angie and Emily
at a supplier, the three former buddies agreed to call a truce and
sit down over a pitcher of beer. When Ted said he had no idea
that Emily and Angie had been unhappy enough to quit, they told
him that when the business was on short rations and the three of
them had worked shoulder-to-shoulder, they felt fairly treated
despite their low pay. But when Sunshine hit the jackpot, and Ted
quickly transformed himself from a hardworking guy with dirty
jeans into a very part-time boss with clean hands, a shiny new
Lexus, and lots of vacations, they had felt slighted. The big raises
didnt change the fact that they no longer felt that everyone was
in the same boat. Had they been given (or even been permitted to
buy) a small ownership stake in Sunshine, they would probably
have hung in there over the long term. But without it, being a
wage slave, even a well-compensated one, to an absentee boss,
just didnt cut it.
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11
Dont Work Overlong Hours
Example:
At Nolo, we subscribe to a number of daily, weekly, and monthly
legal newspapers and magazines. Its obviously key to our continued success that all of our legal editors stay up to date on their
specialties. Thats why for years we circulated all the publications
and all looked at them. Then one day someone suggested a new
system by which one person reads for the others, flagging only
those articles that were important. As a result, the total time spent
reading legal journals dropped from 20 to two hours per week,
with no loss of efficiency.
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Most businesses that really meet a customer need offer many opportunities
for an owner to be more productive in less time. Except for starting or
buying a business that soon bores you into disinterest, its my experience
that owner overwork is the biggest reason why potentially successful
businesses close. Working too many hours for too long is bad for your
health and the well-being of your familytwo things you absolutely need
to nurture to have a chance of thriving long-term. Fortunately, in most
instances overwork isnt necessary; by learning to concentrate on the
activities that count most, most entrepreneurs can achieve excellent results
in up to a third fewer hours. If, despite the obvious perils of working too
many hours, you conclude that your business would otherwise fail, you
need to face the fact that your enterprise is not financially viable. Except
possibly during a fairly short start-up phase, your business should produce a solid profit in a reasonable number of hours. If you can scrape by
economically only because you work 60 to 70 hours a week, year after
year, you are not really in business at all. Instead, you have hired yourself, at a rotten wage, to do a task no one values enough to generate a
decent profit.
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Example:
Sal and Patricia, each the 30-something mother of young children,
began a business, Z-Pot, importing and wholesaling large glazed
pottery planters from Southeast Asia. They almost immediately
began making a solid profit wholesaling their unique wares to
about 25 nurseries and half a dozen indoor gardener shops. In
addition, they opened their own retail outlet to profitably dispose
of overstock and slightly damaged goods.
But after two years of running both Z-Pots wholesale and
retail businesses, while trying to keep on top of their growing
family responsibilities, Sal and Patricia both felt exhausted.
Patricias husband, whose own career was also going well, began
to strongly suggest that their family life would improve if Patricia
sold her share of the business and stayed home with the kids for a
few years.
Not wanting to give up the business entirely, but recognizing
their problem, Sal and Patricia decided to hire a salesperson to
operate the small retail operation. When, after a few months, it
proved difficult to hire and keep a trustworthy employee to run
what was essentially a cash business, the two women reluctantly
decided to close it and concentrate all their energy on the core
wholesale operation. Although they missed the additional income
the retail outlet had generated, both appreciated the extra time.
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small business owner I know has adopted a work schedule that provides
them plenty of time to have a life. And I dont believe I happen to hang
out with a lazy or pampered group, but rather that the ability to create a
business that very effectively meets the needs of its profitable customers,
not the determination to work many hours, is the real hallmark of a
successful businessperson.
Interestingly, when I talk to these successful people about how much
they work, many immediately say that although theyre not at work long
hours, that doesnt mean business isnt on their minds. Several report
coming up with their best, most creative business ideas when theyre
swimming laps, tossing a Frisbee to the dog, or just taking a walkaway
from the emails, phone calls, meetings, and other distractions that crowd
days at the office, store, or factory. One friend puts it like this, Busy
workdoing any one of thousands of little tasks at the officedoesnt
improve anything important about how my business operates. Just the
opposite. To have time to focus on important initiatives, I have to stop
spending all day at the office dealing with an endless list of things that
dont really count. When it comes right down to it, I need to take the time
necessary to figure out how to better meet the needs of my customers. If I
can do that, both my business and I will thrive even if I only work 30
hours per week.
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that for a modest fee can be farmed out to a highly automated specialist,
freeing your staff from the time-consuming payroll-preparation ritual my
grandfathers business performed every other Friday afternoon.
Of course, it costs money to hire others to accomplish routine tasks.
But because sensible delegation frees up your time to concentrate on the
high-value aspects of your business, it produces long-term profits. And, by
definition, this is even more true for entrepreneurs who run one- or twoperson businesses and must purchase most services from independent
contractors and vendors than it is for larger outfits with many employees.
If, for even a moment, you doubt the wisdom of working with others,
consider that without the phone company, your Internet service provider,
and package delivery companies, you would probably need to spend
every waking hour just trying to deliver essential messages. Fortunately,
because these companies are at our beck and call for a very reasonable
cost, you can efficiently delegate your communications tasks for a fraction
of what it would cost to personally deliver your messages.
Unfortunately, when it comes to many other business tasksfrom
bookkeeping to equipment maintenance and repair to graphic design to
human resources managementthe wisdom of delegation is less well
understood. In a nutshell, thats a big reason why so many Americans
persist in wrongly believing long hours and high profits go together.
People who work overlong hours often do so precisely because they fail
to grasp the crucial difference between routine work and high-value work.
Example:
Jeff is an architect whose firm, J&D Associates, designs big buildings
such as schools and hospitals. Although he is a gifted draftsman,
Jeffs real skill is his ability to inspire people who have different
agendas to agree on design issues. Given that the success of every
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Example:
Hallie owns MusicWorks, a new and used CD store. Most of the
profit comes from the sale of used CDs, because they can be
bought cheaply and marked up a far higher percentage than can
new CDs. But the used music business has a big Achilles heel:
There is virtually no market for most of the product people bring
in for sale. Hallies business wont last long if she buys Bobbie
Blue Bland Live at Reno, Fess Parkers Greatest Hits, or tens of
thousands of other titles nobody wants.
Thats why, on the days she works, Hallie personally buys
and prices used CDs from 10 until noon and again from 2 to 4,
rejecting at least 90% of what shes offered. It also explains why
Hallie hires a manager and assistant manager to open and close
the store and supervise the college students who cover the sales
counter, restock shelves, and do other routine tasks. Although her
shop is open from 9 a.m. to 10 p.m., seven days per week, Hallie
works only from 9:30 to 5, Tuesday through Saturday, and takes
time to go jogging in the middle of the day.
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Example:
John drives a cab in a suburb where throngs of residents commute
by train to a nearby city. This means John is super-busy from 6 a.m.
to 8:30 a.m. and again from 4 p.m. to 8 p.m.; during these times,
he can typically fill his cab with three or four regulars for each
train, earning as much as $50 per hour. During the rest of the day,
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How to Delegate
Many small business owners readily agree they need to learn to delegate
tasks that someone else can do better. But they put it off. One man who
puts in 12-hour days at his Internet-based sports memorabilia business
and whose wife had recently threatened him with divorce told me, I
know I need to cut back, but I just cant spare a dime to hire help right
now. When I explained that learning to delegate is even more important
for a tiny struggling operation than it is to an established and profitable
enterprise, he asked me to how to go about it. Heres what I told him.
There are two keys to making a delegation plan work. First, you
need to find people who can do the task as well as you can and at less
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cost. Again, if you understand Adam Smiths basic point that productivity
increases and costs drop when work is divided into a series of tasks, with
a specialist assigned to accomplish each, youll also understand that this
shouldnt be difficult. No question, if you are a perfectionist who has
trouble letting go of even the simplest tasks, learning to delegate can be a
big hurdle. But perhaps it will help get you started if you are able to
concede that there really are people in the world at least as competent
and careful as you are. (See Chapter 9, Hire and Keep Good People.)
Whether the person you hire is an independent businessperson or an
employee is not important. What is crucial is that you know the job is in
excellent hands so you can let go of it. And this is just as true if you are
hiring someone to do routine tasks, such as keeping an office running
smoothly, or work that is crucial to your businesss success, such as
making important sales calls.
The second key to profiting from delegation is to put at least some of
the time you save into more profitable activities. For example, if finding
new clients for your financial planning service is the activity that will most
positively affect your bottom line, youll want to delegate routine tasks
such as bookkeeping, using time saved to sell more. That way you win
three times: revenue goes up, your total work hours go down, and the
jobs you delegate get accomplished better.
Example:
Tina owns and runs East Mountain, a rural yoga center that offers
weekend and week-long retreats. Like many small business owners,
Tina finds herself stretched too thin, trying to deal with the many
workaday details of running East Mountains business and at the
same time paying enough attention to her core job of spending
time with guests and teaching many of the classes. Finally, realizing
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that something has to give, Tina makes two lists: one of the timeconsuming tasks that wear her out without really making much
difference to East Mountains success, and a second list of the
tasks that really are important to attracting clients. The routine
jobs include meal preparation, bookkeeping, and designing promotional materials; the ones that are most important to customer
satisfaction are teaching excellent and innovative yoga classes and
spreading the word about East Mountains unique yoga programs.
Tinas next step is to find good people to accomplish the
noncore tasks at a price she can afford. When it comes to designing brochures and doing the bookkeeping, it proves relatively
easy to find affordable independent contractors to take over.
Unfortunately, hiring someone to do all the meal preparation turns
out to be prohibitively expensive. So, instead, Tina decides to hire
a cook to coordinate dinners only, relying on workshop participants willing to trade work for a tuition reduction to prepare East
Mountains simple breakfast and lunch offerings. To cover the
additional costs of hiring others, Tina decides to devote 20% of
the hours she saves to teaching two more classes per week and
50% to increasing East Mountains marketing activities (the other
30% she saves for herself).
Tinas increased marketing efforts include writing articles for
interested media, preparing periodic press packages highlighting
East Mountains new and noteworthy offerings, and, most of all,
using email, regular mail, and the occasional phone call to stay in
close touch with former students, yoga teachers, and others in the
yoga network. As a result, business increases by 40%. This, in turn,
allows Tina to raise her rates by about 20%, with the result that
East Mountain is more than able to cover its additional labor costs.
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12
Learn to Live With Luck
248
score. But like Megan, he, too, made the mistake of publishing so many
titles so fast that both editorial quality and marketing focus got lost.
Megans business went belly-up within three years. Andrs failed in fewer
than four.
The last two lucky publishers also published more titlesin one
case, regional travel books, and in the other, small business guides. When
their subsequent books predictably failed to do nearly as well as their
initial bestsellers, each had to face and master the thousands of things it
takes to run a successful publishing operation. As they gradually learned
to publish books their target audiences really wanted to buy, these two
publishers expanded their lists of titles slowly, conserving much of the
cash their bestseller had generated. After more than a little struggle, both
eventually developed reliably profitable businesses.
It can be convincingly argued that the two publishers who failed did
so precisely because they were so blinded by good fortune that they
never bothered to learn the basics of running a good small publishing
company. And that the two who built solid businesses succeeded, in part,
because they understood that good luck doesnt often knock twice at the
same door and that they needed to use their initial windfall to help build
a solid, long-term publishing company.
Here are a few of the lessons luck has taught me. I share them in the
hopes that you wont have to learn as many of them the hard way as I
have.
Dont mistake luck for genius. Good luck rarely makes you
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your first self-published novel goes gold because Oprahs producer discovers it after you inadvertently leave it on an airplane,
congratulationsyouve been hugely lucky. What you havent
done is to stumble on a reliable business strategy. Even if you
write 50 more books and leave them on 500 more airplanes, your
big break is highly unlikely to repeat itself. But it is also true that
an entrepreneurial insight lurks behind most luckyand many
unluckyevents. For example, if our lemonade kid checks the
paper for open houses, and the weather report for hot days, he
may be able to move his stand around town, one step in front of
a crowd of thirsty house-hunters, turning his lucky strike into a
sweet little business. Similarly, the lucky author who now knows
that talk show producers play a big part in book promotion may
be able to use this information to find more reliable ways to put
his subsequent titles in front of them.
Bad luck can also teach you how to make a profit. Whether its
an earthquake, war, or a sudden recession, whenever an unexpected event happens, we all receive a mental jolt. Suddenly our
perceptions have been changed. Unfortunately, a big change can
quickly flatten a little business; fortunately, creative business
opportunities also abound when change is rampant. For example,
in the months immediately after the terrible events of September
11, 2001, many New York City tourist-related businesses were hit
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hard. Among the first to recover were those that realized that
while fun-seeking visitors to the Big Apple were at least temporarily a thing of the past, millions of Americans wished to express
solidarity and sorrow by visiting the ruins of the World Trade
Center and reengineered their business accordingly.
Put half your money in your pocket. Anyone who enjoys the
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Face It
Nobody likes bad news, and most of us have a tendency to avoid facing it
for as long as humanly possible. But no matter where it comes from or
how severe it is, putting your head under the pillow and hoping for the
best is always a mistake.
Here at Nolo, we have more than once mistakenly persisted with
projects Lady Luck seemed determined to spit on. One situation that
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Outsmart It
It is my experience that no matter how acute your short-term pain, you
need to try to come up with creative ways to overcome itor, when the
bad breaks are likely to quickly run their course, to simply outlast them.
In fact, I know several very successful small business owners who trace
their long-term success to circumventing exactly the kind of ill fortune
that caused many others to bolt the doors and run for the storm cellar.
Example:
Craig opened Fish Feathers, a retail fly-fishing equipment business,
just weeks before the city discovered a serious soil contamination
problem and closed the street in front of his store for three months.
After spending an hour kicking a brick around the back yard,
Craig accepted the fact that customers would be all but nonexistent
until the street reopened.
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Example:
Emily, an acupuncturist, specialized in helping people coping with
depression. Then her area was hit by a devastating earthquake
likely to affect peoples psyches for years. Quickly realizing that
during times of war and disaster peoples personal feelings of
isolation and depression are often relieved by their natural concern
for others, Emily decided to reconfigure her practice around the
goal of helping people reduce stress. When both her business and
her personal satisfaction went up, she knew she had made the
right choice.
Sometimes it may be necessary to make fundamental changes to your
business to work around the problem.
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Example:
Janet, a lawyer who specialized in IRS audits, lost more than 50%
of her business when a kinder, gentler IRS cut back on punitive
collection practices. Instead of exiting the tax business, Janet
decided to develop several new tax-related specialties. One was
to coach small businesses on how to legally hire independent
contractors in a way that would avoid the considerable and
expensive risk that the IRS would later classify these people as
employees. Another was to counsel divorcing couples on how to
understand and cope with the tax aspects of dividing their property.
A third was to provide estate tax planning services to upperincome taxpayers. Together, these new initiatives turned out to be
more profitable than Janets old audit-related business.
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violence means most travelers decide they dont really need to see the
Pyramids after all. How do you know whether its better to hang on and
hope for peace or quit? Im not smart enough to answer that one. But
here are a couple of other (and, I hope, easier) questions I suggest you
ask yourself if your business, or a part of it, is buffeted by an ill wind.
Does the bad news hit at the core or the periphery of your
business? The harder it hits your core assets, the tougher it will
be to outlast it, and the quicker youll need to face up to its
consequences and act. This means youll need to promptly figure
out a plan to circumvent the bad luck, reconfigure your business
to profit from it, or cut your losses and run. On the other hand, if
only one aspect of your business takes an unexpected hit, leaving
others strong, at least you have the option of waiting to see
whether or not good luck will soon replace the bad. For example,
if you sell both wood stoves and backyard spas, the water rationing that accompanies a prolonged drought may all but kill your
spa sales. You may want to emphasize the stove business, but
keep stocking spas in the belief that when normal weather eventually returns, youll be well-positioned to recoup your losses.
How long will the effects of the bad fortune last? Be honest. If a
new world-class shopping center is likely to drain much of the
foot traffic your candy shop depends on from the slightly tatty
older mall you are located in, it will bring you little joy to hang
on and hope for a miracle. You need to promptly face up to the
need to move, unless you can so fundamentally reinvent your
business that the unlucky event will no longer pull you down.
For example, if you are able to cook up a new type of candy so
delicious and unusual that people will drive out of the way to buy
itor order it by phone, fax, or emailyour low-cost location
may even be an advantage.
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Pay Your Bills Early
It Builds Trust
Each working day, you (and every other small entrepreneur on Earth)
form judgments about the other businesses you come into contact with.
For example, even as you read this, business owners are arriving at
conclusions like these:
Business A produces a reliable product.
Business B employees can be relied on to show up when they
say they will and work overtime if thats what it takes to finish a
job.
Business C constantly comes up with new and innovative services
that frequently anticipate our needs.
Business D always seems to be understaffed by surly employees
who never return phone calls.
Some of the younger employees Business E hires are not properly
trained.
Damn Business F to hell. Another day is here, and its check isnt.
When thoughts like these run through your head, youll doubtless
question whether you ever want to deal with business D, E, or F again.
And if you had to choose one of these less-than-stellar outfits to head
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your blacklist, I bet it would be the one that doesnt pay when its supposed
to. And that makes good sense. As tough as it is to cope with late deliveries,
unreturned phone calls, inexperienced workers, or even problems with
the quality of products or services, its not as hard as trying to survive
without being paid.
The corollary to the rule that a late-paying business gets a high spot on
your bozo list is that youll undoubtedly notice and appreciate customers
who always pay you on time. In fact, the only customers you value more
are probably those who either hand you a check when your goods or
services are delivered or put it in the mail the day they receive your bill.
Understanding that it puts them at the front of the popularity parade,
shrewd businesspeople make it a policy to pay bills very promptly. And
despite the disinformation promulgated in the business press by pay late,
save money advocates, this insight is far from new. For example, in
Abraham Lincolns time it was a high compliment to say a man paid cash
on the barrelhead, as opposed to asking for credit.
But what about the point that by paying bills earlyor even on
timeyou are giving away money? My answer is that compared to the
expense of all the other things you could do to build the same degree of
trust and respect in your businesss community, the cost of paying a little
early is incredibly low.
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service in the future. If, facing a last-minute emergency, I need extra help
from Genevieve, the woman I hire to drive my mother to the doctor, or
Juan, who occasionally helps care for my yard, I know the fact that I have
always paid them very promptly will mean they will do their best to
accommodate me.
And, of course, this approach works just as well for small businesses
as it does for individuals. Everyone from your freelance bookkeeper and
graphic designer to the person who cleans your office will know whether
you pay your bills early, on time, or are habitually late. And if you pay
promptly without being dunned, they will think more of you and do more
for you. Its that simple.
Example:
D&B Concrete Removal made it a policy to pay all the independent
contractors it worked with as promptly as possible, often even
before the invoices were due. Fred, D&Bs president, had never
forgotten how important it was, during D&Bs early years when
money was always tight, to be paid on time, and he wanted to
extend the same consideration to the people D&B worked with.
This practice paid huge dividends the day a water main
broke, flooding essential equipment in D&Bs storage yard at a
time when D&B was barely keeping up with a big contract and
would face penalties for late performance. Fred was able to pick
up the phone and place emergency calls to the shops that maintained D&Bs concrete saw and other equipment. Everyone
responded immediately and effectively to help D&B clean critical
machinery, with the result that D&B was back in business in 48
hours and able to meet its deadline.
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Example:
Doug, an insurance broker, goes to great lengths to help Bluebelle
Web Design find an insurance company willing to customize a
standard business policy to meet Bluebelles special needs. Joan,
Bluebelles president, is so impressed with Dougs creative work
that after the policy is finally in place and Bluebelle is billed, she
ignores the ten-day payment terms and immediately mails the
premium check along with a note of thanks. Now its Dougs turn
to be pleased. Later that week, when he attends a local service
club meeting at which the subject of small business websites comes
up, he favorably mentions Bluebelle to what amounts to a roomful
of potential customers. As a result, Joan picks up a couple of
excellent new accounts.
Would Doug have still recommended Bluebelle if he hadnt already
been paid? Possibly, if he liked Joan and respected her business. But what
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if the service club meeting took place a month later and, even after Doug
had made several phone calls, Joan still hadnt paid? You know the
answer.
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committed all its savings to expand, or the most trusted employee opened
a competing business and stole the best accounts, or a big customer who
owed $50,000 went belly-upor maybe they all happened at once.
If this sounds like a run of luck so terrible it would be enough to kill
any business, I have important news for you: As the bumper sticker says,
shit happens. Instead of making excuses for failure, you need to be prepared to survive when things go wrong, as sooner or later they inevitably
will. Sure, your first job is to keep a wary eye out and duck as much dung
as you can. But no matter how quick you move, youll rarely avoid it all.
It follows that you need to be ready with a survival and recovery plan.
Undoubtedly, the best way to accomplish this is to have a substantial cash
reserve. But in the real world, where most businesses need every extra
penny to grow or improve their operations, its no easy job to keep a
chunky sum in your bank or money market fund, just in case of emergency.
Fortunately, should the business gods turn perverse, getting into the
habit of paying your bills promptly, if not early, can weave a strong safety
net. Thats because people who run their businesses well enough to pay
bills before they are due have considerable leeway, in case of emergency,
to postpone paying most bills for at least a month or two. And at least as
important, they can also draw on the substantial reservoir of goodwill and
respect they have built up by their long-standing scrupulous payment
practices.
Suppose Franks Marine Services, a long-term customer of your
engine repair business, faces a difficult business patch as the result of a
waterfront fire, and asks for extended credit terms. If FMS has always paid
you on time or early, chances are you will be as accommodating as
possiblecertainly far more generous than you would be if Benjis Boat
Repair, your most feckless customer, asked for similar help.
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Example:
Peter, a stonemason, specializes in the repair of traditional
masonry fireplaces, commonplace in houses built before builders
found it cheaper to switch to metal fireboxes. Still, in the
older residential areas where Peter works, there are plenty of
decaying masonry fireplaces to keep him busy. When Peter bids
on a major fireplace job (rebuilding the entire unit from the
basement up), he estimates his total labor, materials, and permit
costs and then marks the total up to allow for a decent profit.
Finally, when bidding on bigger jobs in old buildings, he adds
on 10% or more to cover unforeseen problems all too likely
to crop up. Although real trouble develops only occasionally
(and Peters contract protects him from some potential
liabilities), the 10% cushion he charges on every job can be a
real lifesaver when he inevitably hits a truly hellish one.
But, occasionally, Peter overestimates how long a job will
take. This is just what occurred when he bid $12,000 to rebuild
two big and badly degraded fireplaces for Tania, who was
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sure you talk to the person who has real authority to manage accounts
receivable, briefly explain what the problem is and when you expect to
be able to pay. If you can make an immediate partial payment, even a
small one, its absolutely essential that you do so. As the old saying goes,
it always pays to put your money where your mouth is.
Occasionally, people who cant pay a bill on time are tempted to
detail all the miserable things that prevent them from doing so. Dont get
carried away. Telling too good a story can be counterproductive, since it
risks convincing the creditor that your business is in real jeopardy of failing.
While its effective, not to mention polite, to briefly explain a good reason
for the holdup, focus instead on knowing when your check will be in the
mail, and then do your best to keep your promise.
Be realistic.
If you have had a good payment history, many creditors will
let you catch up on past due bills in periodic increments, as
long as they believe youll really do it. It follows that the key
to developing a successful plan is usually not in how much
you agree to pay on any given date, but that the creditor has
faith in your ability to eventually pay the full amount. It follows
that its usually better to negotiate a slow schedule for catching up on overdue debts gradually, and keep your word, than
it is to agree to repay them more quickly and have to ask for
another extension.
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Example:
Mach 7, a motorcycle repair outfit, decided to expand into sales
by becoming the franchise for a newly hot line of Italian bikes.
Investing a substantial amount in building a showroom and training
salespeople, Mach 7 took a big financial hit when its first shipment
of bikes was immediately recalled because of a safety-related
defect that would take two months to put right.
In the meantime, short of friends, Mach 7 badly needed help
from its creditors. To get it, Erin, Mach 7s co-owner, sent a onepage fax to all key accounts, briefly explaining the problem and
the fact that it should be taken care of in 60 days. She then requested
permission to delay payment of all invoices for three months,
promising that if possible she would make a least partial payments
sooner. The next day, Erin followed up with a personal phone call
to all Mach 7s large creditors, during which she said she could and
would pay 10% of what was owed immediately. All were willing
to support her, although several wanted weekly updates on Mach
7s condition, something Erin readily agreed to provide.
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14
Embrace Your Best Competitors
The trouble with the rat race is that even if you win,
youre still a rat.
Lily Tomlin
you will inevitably earn the respect of others in your field; they may even
have to change the way they operate to better compete with your
successful example. On the other hand, if you run a slipshod business,
your competitors will almost surely enjoy mocking your efforts.
To fully grasp how important earning the respect of your competitors
can be, talk to any established local businessperson in a competitive field,
such as a doctor, house painter, or copy shop owner. Ask her whether
she is able to accurately rank her closest competitors by competence,
integrity, cost, timeliness, and other significant factors. My hunch is that
shell have no trouble doing it blindfolded, standing on her head in the
middle of a hurricane at 2 a.m. In fact, peer-based evaluation systems
tend to be so accurate they are often used as a rating methodology by
academics, consumer groups, and others. For example, the editors of the
book Americas Top Doctors, by Castle Connolly Medical Ltd., start their
rating process by asking tens of thousands of American doctors a very
simple question, To which doctors would you send a member of your
family? Nominees are then separated by specialty and again rated, this
time by teams of doctors in each major geographical area.
Assuming you agree that your competitors are likely to know a lot
about your business, you can be forgiven if you still dont see what this
has to do with my advice to embrace your best competitors. Traditional
small business wisdom, after all, teaches that you should be wary of your
competitors; you may even be coached to treat them as outright enemies.
Much of the rest of this chapter explains not only why this scorched-earth
approach is wrong, but also why a kinder, gentler approach is far more
likely to benefit your business and make your personal life more pleasant.
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its local competitors, Graphic Attack, T-Shirt Express, and T-Top are
almost sure to spot the danger early and move to counter it. They may
lower prices even before Ready T-Shirt makes its move, forcing Ready to
similarly slash its pricesand lose the profit margins necessary to justify
an expansion loan.
So while being seen by your small business competitors as running
an efficient, ambitious, and even highly competitive small business is
positive, being regarded as an unfair competitor or business predator is
likely to be counterproductive. And its important to realize that in this
context its often what you say as much as what you do that influences
how others regard you. For instance, Ill never forget the self-help law
publisher whose president bragged to a prominent journalist, Nolo is
history, or the competing software house whose marketing director
loudly proclaimed at an industry trade show, Well bury Nolo. Although
in both instances these executives may have been as guilty of hyperbole
as they were of a real plan to flatten Nolo, we have ever since been
extremely wary of both outfits.
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acumen), its easy to see how deeply each is committed to his or her
business and the people it serves.
So heres a key question I bet youve never answered: Assuming
there are good people like these in your chosen field, who better to be
on good terms with? After all, in our big, fast, anonymous world, you are
almost sure to have much in common with people who have somehow
been drawn to do the same work as you do, in the same place, and at the
same time. Except for the fact you see yourself scrapping with these
people for your daily bread, at least some might well turn out to be your
friends, if not soul mates. Fortunately, in some fields, such as dentistry,
landscaping, or real estate sales, where there is plenty of customer demand
to support many local providers, its common for competitors to establish
cordial relationships. This is especially likely where a local trade association
such as a county dental association offers competitors a regular opportunity
to meet and greet each other in a social context, where industry veterans
have an opportunity to teach anxious newcomers the long-term value of
civil, if not cordial, relations.
But in some occupationstree trimming, algebra tutoring, or video
production, for examplethere may be no comparable opportunity for
you to mingle with your competitors. Short of starting an organization to
provide these occasions (which can be a great idea), your contacts with
competitors will necessarily be more informal. Depending on your occupation, your paths may cross at a particular wholesale supply company
where your customers gather, at a service club, or just around town. How
you act during these encounters will have much to do with defining your
relationship. Except when dealing with true charlatans, youll want to
make every effort to establish and maintain at least a polite relationship
with all competitors, even those who arent quite your cup of tea. And to
the extent that you can form genuine friendships with your high-quality
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competitors, youll not only reap personal rewards, but, as Ill discuss in
the rest of this chapter, your business will also likely benefit.
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Example:
Jeannie, who is helping plan her daughters wedding, calls Pour
Vous, a local caterer, on the recommendation of her friend Millie,
one of Pour Vous best and most regular business customers. Pour
Vous is already fully booked for the date of the wedding, so
Jeannie asks Tad, Pour Vous owner, to recommend another
caterer. As a savvy businessperson, Tad immediately understands
that he has a lot riding on the success of his recommendation. If
Jeannie is satisfied by the caterer Tad suggests, Millie and probably
others Jeannie talks to will hear about it. But if the second caterer
turns out to be a bust, Jeannie will let Millie know all about it and
at least some of the discredit is sure to rub off on Tad. So Tad recommends Good Hands, a business he considers to be thoroughly
reliable. And a few days later he calls Deb, Good Hands owner,
to be sure she realizes where the referral came from. Fortunately,
Good Hands lives up to its name, and a pleased Jeannie tells
Millie all about how successful the reception was. As a result,
Millie emails Tad her thanks and asks him to begin planning to
cater the big Christmas party.
A year later, when Jeannie needs to plan her 30th anniversary
party, she understandably sticks with Good Hands. But two years
later, after Deb has closed Good Hands to go back to school,
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Jeannie remembers how nice Tad was and hires Pour Vous to
handle the catering for her youngest daughters wedding reception.
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Before making a decision to patronize a particular business, potential customers often check it out with someone in a closely related field.
Example:
Marcus, realizing its time to take his two-year-old to the dentist,
asks one of the other parents at Playtime Childcare to recommend
a childrens dentist. He receives a strong recommendation to Dr.
Yamaki. But then, realizing that he doesnt know the recommender
very well, Marcus decides to check out the recommendation with
his wifes adults only dentist. When this dentist says, You couldnt
do better, Marcus makes the appointment for his daughter.
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diplomatic, answer that doesnt risk starting a war. Ive found that pausing
before changing the subject usually conveys the message loud and clear,
without loosing negative words on the local universe to rattle around for
years to come. Another approach is to say that as a matter of policy, you
dont give opinions on people in your field, but you can explain the
criteria you use to judge a good business. This might include a good
educational background, on-the-job experience and training, offering a
money-back guarantee, or a particular excellent method of doing business.
With luck, the information you provide will arm the person you are talking
to with enough information to make an independent judgment about a
business that probably doesnt meet many of these criteria.
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15
Dont Buy a Franchise
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franchise business the McDonalds of its field. The point here seems to be
that if they can convince you, they will hype the hell out of whatever XYZ
sells, and youll want to buy in and rake in the dough when the franchise
inevitably becomes famous. But few franchisors ever spend enough
marketing money to make a significant impact on the consciousness of
the American public. And even if they do, people wont continue to
patronize a business unless its well designed and run. For every franchise
operation that has become widely recognized, dozens have struggled and
failed, all but unknown except to the people whose investments have
similarly disappeared.
Lest you think I exaggerate, consider that few bankseven those
that make many small business loanswill lend money to buy a franchise
without receiving a security interest in real estate or the personal guarantee
of a highly solvent person. They have learned the hard way that lots of
these businesses fail, meaning their chances of not being repaid are
unacceptably high.
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network. And the right to use the Scrub n Shine name isnt all youll receive. Youll benefit from Scrub n Shines sophisticated marketing effort
that will all but guarantee youll have a small army of customers knocking
down your door to hand you money.
The reality is usually far less exciting. First, youll pay an up-front
franchise fee, which might be $30,000 to $70,000 or more for a littleknown housecleaning service. A well-known restaurant or hotel franchise
will have a price tag in the millions when you figure the costs to construct
the required facility.
Typically, youll also be required to pay the franchisors 3% to 6% of
your monthly gross revenue (big-name fast food operators, such as
Wendys, McDonalds, Burger King, and Subway typically charge between
8% and 11.5%), plus a few cents on the dollar for the franchisors marketing effort. Put these fees together and it means that in addition to paying
the up-front fee for the franchise, you will usually have to pay the
franchisor six to ten cents or more of every dollar of revenue. And if the
franchisor requires that you buy goods or services either directly from it or
from an approved supplier, your costs will probably be higher, because
franchisors commonly charge substantially more than do suppliers on the
open market. Lets assume that the extra costs would amount to two cents
out of every dollar of revenue.
Add it all up, and youll likely pay the franchisor ten cents of every
dollar you take in (more for many fast-food franchises). This is a huge
burden to your long-term profitability. But wont a high volume of sales
more than compensate for these costs? Consider that the entire profit
margin of many small businesses is less than ten cents on the dollar, and
few businesses do much better.
And, of course, your franchise fees dont get your business open. If
you want to open a business that has a high start-up cost, such as a
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Example:
Joan, a retired Coast Guard officer, always dreamed of opening a
bookstore. Casting around for how to make it happen, Joan
discovered that she could buy a turnkey franchise that promised
to teach her everything she needed to know to stock and run a
bookstore. But before Joan invested, she decided to learn more
about the business by getting a job at the local Barnes & Noble
chain bookstore. After four months, she moved over to her areas
most successful independent store. After six months clerking
there, Joan clearly understood two things. First, she had already
learned most of the information the bookstore franchise proposed
to sell her. And second, because margins were low and inventory
requirements high, making a profit selling new books is extremely
difficult, something thats only likely to get worse as more and
more customers order books online.
Joan decided to take a very decent job running the book and
gift shop at a nearby planetarium. Her salary, plus her Coast
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Guard pension, would be more than enough to continue expanding her collection of 18th- and 19th-century English literature,
books she had already begun buying and selling at a profit on
eBay.
But what about all the benefits of the franchisors marketing efforts?
Dont hold your breath. National franchise outfits rarely do a good job of
promoting their local franchises, in part because they typically rely on
broadcast and print media campaigns, which for small businesses are
usually an inefficient way to use precious marketing resources. Even
worse, because franchisors are usually headquartered outside a franchisees
area, they are not equipped to implement the many types of low-cost
local marketing that can be extremely effective. (See Chapter 8, Market
Your Business Creatively.) Add to this the fact that most smaller franchises
never have enough money to buy more than a token amount of media
exposure and youll understand that Scrub n Shine is unlikely to ever
become a household nameand even if it does, you probably wont
benefit.
Youll Be Bored
To many prospective purchasers, the big appeal of buying a franchise is
that someone else has figured out how to run the business. Just pay your
money, and the franchisor will explain in great detail exactly how to
make a donut, wash a car, or sell sneakers. Often overlooked is the fact
that operating a business by following an instruction manual can also be a
big negative. Instead of having a chance to exercise your creativity and
imagination to improve and change your products and services, youll be
sentenced to endlessly repeating someone elses recipe. Another way of
saying this is that the franchise will never really be your business at all
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Example:
FrostiFruit, a franchisor of frozen fruit concoctions, charges all of
its franchises 4% of gross monthly sales as a royalty fee and an
additional 3% to participate in a mandatory centralized marketing
plan controlled by FrostiFruit. Candy, FrostiFruits president and
principal stockholder, sets up an ad agency, Candy & Associates,
to handle systemwide advertising, paying herself a generous salary
as agency president. FrostiFruit hires Candy & Associates to do all
its advertising. As long as the agency does a reasonably competent
job placing ads, the courts of many, if not most, states would find
nothing wrong with Candys feathering of her own nest. And this
would be true even if a local franchisee could prove that it could
pay half as much for a far more effective local ad campaign.
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Evaluating a Franchise
Even after reading my anti-franchise arguments, you may remain convinced that a particular franchise really does have such a valuable name
and reputation that buying in may be a good deal. Despite initial fee and
ongoing royalties and marketing costs, you are sure that if you can run
the local Subway sandwich shop, 7/11 convenience store, or Sir Speedy
printing center, youll do extremely well.
If thats so, I recommend you go through this step-by-step process to
investigate the business and its prospects before you write your check.
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Talk to Franchisees
If you talk to a number of people who already own a franchise in the
outfit you are attracted to, I can virtually guarantee youll learn many very
interesting things the salespeople somehow never told you. The UFOC lists
(see Item 20) existing franchisees and will tell you whether the system has
grown or shrunk over the last three years. Obviously, if you learn that the
franchise operation is shrinkingor if its too new to have a history
youll just want to say no. There is little reason to pay for a system that
hasnt proved itself.
If the franchisor suggests that you talk to particular franchisees, dont
bother. One way or another, these people are part of the franchisors sales
team and are unlikely to give you fully objective information.
Ask whether there is an association of franchisees. If so, contact this
group and ask for an objective assessment of the franchise. Also check
out the list of franchisees who have left the system in the last year, and
call some of these people.
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Meineke Mufflers to set up its own in-house advertising agency and hire it
to handle franchise system advertising, in effect ensuring itself millions of
dollars in fees to handle franchise advertising. (Broussard v. Meineke
Discount Muffler Shops, 155 F.3d 331 (4th Cir. 1998).)
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16
Sell Services, Not Goods
competition, you can normally earn a very good living unclogging toilets,
strengthening teeth, doctoring feet, laying tile, teaching kids advanced
sports techniques, or providing any of a thousand other types of help. As
long as there is a real demand for the type of assistance you provide, and
it cant realistically be delivered long distance from a low-wage county,
you normally have a great opportunity to establish and defend a robust
profit margin.
To illustrate why its far easier to succeed selling locally provided
services than selling physical items, here is a short list of people I know
whose businesses are solidly profitable:
Wendy, whose four-person business designs and maintains upscale gardens
Ted, whose eight-person company installs, replaces, and fixes
electric garage-door openers
David, who is working with his partner, Wilbur, tutors high
schoolers preparing for SAT exams
Roy, whose three-person business repairs and replaces masonry
fireplaces
Cecily, whose small law firm (three partners, two staff) helps
small businesses cope with employee-related problems
Ling, whose family runs a photography business that specializes
in childrens school, church, and sports-team portraits
Kyle, whose one-person business teaches batting skills to young
women who play fast-pitch softball, and
Andrew and Sid, who own an antique shop specializing in 18thand 19th-century furniture.
Now here is a second list of business owners I know who are doing
markedly less well:
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Faith, who runs a boutique dress shop with the help of four parttime employees
Paul, whose independent bookstore employs two full-time and
two part-time employees
Ali, who retails TV and consumer electronics and repairs bigscreen TVs (90% of his profits come from the repair business)
Helga, who operates a three-person ice-skating equipment store
(fortunately, Helgas second business, teaching people to skate, is
profitable), and
Jos, whose futon shop barely survives despite the poorly paid
help of several long-suffering family members.
Interestingly, the only successful business that exclusively sells
tangible items is the antique shop. It does well because it focuses on oneof-a-kind items not sold by major retailers. Even more telling, all the less
successful businesses are retailers. Of course, not every service business
prospers, and not every retail shop struggles. Loads of factors, including
consumer demand, marketing savvy, location and, often most important,
the proximity of low-price competition have a lot to do with whether a
particular enterprise thrives or withers. Nevertheless, the trend away from
being able to make a decent living selling goods is both strong and
inexorable. It began way back in the mid-19th century with the advent of
mass-produced consumer goods, and has accelerated ever since the large
discount chains opened after World War II. Today the marriage of superefficient, computer-driven, just-in-time inventory systems to low-cost but
highly reliable foreign production has produced goods that are actually
becoming both cheaper (in inflation-adjusted terms) and better quality.
Certainly there can be little doubt that many, if not most, Americans
prefer to shop at the huge low-cost megastores that have all but taken
over the retail environment. If you doubt it, walk along the main street of
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any American town or small city a year or two after Wal-Mart, Home
Depot, Staples, or other big box retailers move into the area. Despite the
best efforts of many established retailers to defend their traditional markets,
you are almost sure to find many empty storefronts. As discussed later in
this chapter, unless yours is a niche business specializing in products not
available from the big players, such as antiques, luxury goods, or crafts,
you are not looking at a future you want to be a part of.
By contrast, most service businesses have great potential to do well.
Overbusy Americans are increasingly likely to buy help with all sorts of
tasks. And most service businesses, which have the great virtue of being
cheap and easy to start, are all but immune from the scorched-earth price
competition so common in retail business. The exception, of course, is
services such as telephone order taking and software development, which
are easily amenable to being transferred to low-wage countries.
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Example:
Josephina decided to locate her law firm in a small but tasteful
office complex on the edge of a light industrial area, rather than
paying twice as much for space in the new professional building
downtown. Before inking the lease, Josephina and her partners
even got the landlord to trade a small but significant portion of
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the rent in exchange for legal services. The result was a yearly
rent bill of only $50,000, not bad for a small firm that expected to
bill about $700,000. By contrast, if Josephinas firm had located in
the new professional building and negotiated no discount in
exchange for services, the rent would have been close to
$150,000.
Even service businesses such as car repair shops or dry cleaners,
which do need to rent easily accessible space, still usually spend far less
on overhead than do most retailers.
Example:
Don, an experienced car mechanic, dreamed of running his own
business to repair luxury cars. Recognizing that the local Lexus
dealer charged high prices for average service and that there were
plenty of older, out-of-warranty Lexus cars in the area, Don
sensed an opportunity for an independent garage charging less.
Having very modest savings, he looked around for a relatively
low-cost location from which to operate his new business. His
hope was to rent a corner of an existing garage and pay an additional monthly fee to use its sophisticated diagnostic equipment.
(Like most mechanics, Don already owned his own hand tools.)
Unfortunately, every one of the 15 or so local garages that had
good facilities and equipment turned him down. Then, just as he
was planning to look further afield, Don got a call from Vincent,
the owner of one of the first repair shops he had visited. It turned
out Vincents partner had just been diagnosed with cancer, and
Vincent suddenly faced the prospect of buying him out and running the business alone. Renting part of the garage to Don was
now attractive, and the two men quickly struck a bargain.
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Example:
Tomiko opens a legal document preparation service specializing
in helping people prepare the paperwork for uncontested divorces,
bankruptcies, guardianships, and other routine legal matters. As
part of developing her marketing plan, Tomiko follows the advice
in Chapter 7, Target Your Customers, and asks: Who are the
people most likely to purchase my services?
For divorces and bankruptcies, Tomiko decides her prime
targets are younger adults of limited financial means. By contrast,
for guardianships, Tomiko sensibly concludes that her target
market is largely made up of grandparents who suddenly find
themselves raising their kids kids when the parents cant.
To best serve the people in these target audiences, Tomiko
opens a small office in an older, but still respectable, office building
easily accessible to lower-middle-class and working-class neighborhoods. She then creates several flyers describing her legal document preparation services and has them translated into Spanish
and Vietnameseafter English, the most common languages
spoken in her area. Drawing a 20-mile circle around her office,
Tomikos next step is to hand-carry her materials to the social
services and other helping and counseling organizations from
which her target customers might seek help. At each place she tries
to talk to the frontline people most likely to come in contact with
people who have divorce, bankruptcy, guardianship, or other legal
problems. Here is a partial list of the groups and organizations
Tomiko contacts:
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Publishing
Businesses like Nolo and other small book, newsletter, and software
publishers have a huge advantage over most businesses. Their output is
protected by copyright, meaning that competitors cant directly copy it.
Thus, as long as Nolo invests the time and energy to create and constantly
improve its books and software, competitors must continually play catchup. True, since ideas and facts cant be copyrighted (only their expression),
all successful nonfiction publicationsbe they restaurant guides, genealogy
software, or a popular series of investment advice titles are sure to attract
imitators. But as many niche publishers like Nolo have shown, small
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outfits that adopt a strategy of continual improvement can both thrive and
prosper.
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helps explain why these functions are often separated, with galleries,
crafts shops, catalog companies, or Internet sites doing the selling. But
whether a creative person does the marketing or hires someone else to do
it, marketing is time-consuming and costly. In fact, recognizing just how
expensive it will be to sell your creations and designing a business model
that will allow for an adequate profit after subtracting marketing costs is
usually the key to designing a successful arts or crafts business.
Example:
John and Elaine create garden artlifelike bugs, birds, lizards, and
other creatures cut out of steel with a blowtorch and designed to
be displayed on poles or wall-mounted. To make their business,
called Critters, work, they carefully divide their time between
production days and selling days, sometimes working together
and sometimes going different ways. Like most artists, John and
Elaine find that creating their sculptures is both a lot easier and
more fun than selling them. But by personally marketing their
sculptures at a number of quality craft and street fairs, they are
nevertheless able to sell lots of product with low out-of-pocket
marketing costs. Unfortunately, operating booths at fairs, craft shows,
and other sales venues, in addition to designing and making
sculptures, requires so many long days that John and Elaine have
too little time left to have a decent life. Clearly, to make their
business a long-term success, they need to find additional sales
channels.
Deciding to avoid galleries and stores because they dont
want to pay chunky commissions or get bogged down in keeping
track of and trying to collect accounts or manage consignment
deals, they focus instead on the Internet. First, they display their
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Niche Businesses
A successful niche retail business is typically one thats popular enough
to make you a decent living, but not big enough to be flattened by the
price-cutting, profit-eliminating competition from mass retailers. Although
finding just the right niche can be tough, when accomplished successfully,
it is a path that can lead to a profitable and lasting business.
Example:
Tod opened The Lizard House, a shop that sold snakes, reptiles,
and amphibians and the often pricey equipment needed to keep
them healthy. By stocking a far greater variety of cold-blooded
creatures than any of the large pet retailers within at least 500
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want to look for a way to reorient your efforts to a specialized slice of it.
Unicycles built for two, perhaps.
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about 25% of the cover price for certain categories of used books can
resell many of them for 60% of the original list price, providing a markup
of 150%. By contrast, a small, new book store will be lucky to buy inventory at 45% off the cover price and, at least with bestsellers, be forced to
give customers at least a 20% discount, ending up with a dismal profit
margin.
Luxury Goods
Mass retailers make money by selling lots of products to lots of people.
When it comes to items where a few sizes fit most, such as appliances,
tires, and many types of clothing, they are all but impossible to compete
against. But for clothing, furniture, and a number of other types of goods,
people crave novelty. As discussed, one way to get it is to purchase handmade items. Another, obviously, is to buy luxury goods not available at
the mall.
Flight from the mass market makes it possible for shops selling some
types of upmarket goods to prosper. But even though loads of people will
pay $300 for a sweater, $600 for a pair of shoes, and many thousands for
just the right chair, particularly when economic times are good,
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succeeding long-term in a luxury goods business requires plenty of entrepreneurial savvy. For one thing, youll need an expensive address; people
willing to splash out big bucks for items they dont really need are not
likely to do it at the downscale strip mall out on the old state highway.
Add to this the fact that the wealthy are famously fickle. One year everyone seems to need a $10,000 watch; the next, only a $50 Swatch will do.
And finally, while the very rich are always with us and continue to spend
during tough economic times, the merely well-off often cut back on nonessential purchases at first whiff of a recession.
But despite these negatives, lots of retailers do well selling to the
Jaguar trade. The trick is to pick a product enough people are willing to
pay extra for. Fancy lighting is one good example. Big box stores carry
lots of serviceable lamps and light fixtures. But no matter how many styles
they stock, it barely scratches the surface of whats available from small
lighting manufacturers and custom designers. For example, one specialty
shop I occasionally patronize stocks lamps from 144 manufacturers, only
two of which are carried by the nearby Home Depot. Affluent customers
willing to pay hundreds of dollars for specialty lamps and lights make this
little lighting business solidly profitable. Whats to stop mass retailers from
trying to capture this business? Nothingand by constantly expanding
their lighting sections and keeping prices low, several are formidable
competitors of the smaller store. But as long as many tiny manufacturers
produce small quantities of expensive designer lamps, well-run independents can succeed marketing to upmarket customers who want their
houses to look a little different.
316
17
React Quickly to Bad News
trouble. Often the result is that owners of a sinking, but nevertheless savable, business delay necessary cutbacks and changes until their enterprise
is so waterlogged it cant be kept afloat.
318
319
As you might expect, both in war and business, often the best antidote for advancing too far too fast is to quickly pull back and consolidate
your initial success. Executing a strategic retreat isnt the only way to fix a
broken business, but absent a clear culprit, such as an embezzling bookkeeper, incompetent manager, or radically new competitive environment
that puts your whole business plan in question, its usually the first one
youll want to consider.
Youll probably want to focus energy on your profitable core competencies while shucking off other money- and energy-draining activities.
To develop a back-to-basics plan, start by looking at the profit margins in
all parts of your little empire. Often youll find that the areas that made
you successful in the first place are still your cash cows. For example, a
coffee shop that has begun to serve dinner, only to be hit by a businessdampening economic downturn, may find that most of its profits are still
made before 10:30 a.m. and that the new supper business, no matter how
excellent its long-term prospects, is causing unsustainable losses. Fine
cut dinner, take a hard look at whether lunch is also a money loser, and
reemphasize coffee and breakfast. When the operation is profitable again,
and sunnier economic times return, take another look at expanding into
pork chops and pasta.
Opening a second or third location is a particularly tough transition
for many small businesses, especially when the enterprise is simultaneously
hit by a profit-flattening event such as a recession, tough new competitor,
or natural disaster. Leaving aside the issue of whether its usually wise for
a successful small business to open additional locations or find other ways
to create new customers, one thing is sure: If your expanded operation
isnt quickly profitable, close it. If you dont, you are at high risk of transferring precious time and energy from the successful part of your business
to the bit that is failing, almost always a terrible strategy.
320
321
Go in a New Direction
Closing a poorly performing satellite location, shedding side businesses
and concentrating on your strengths, or fixing another problem such as
poor management wont always put a staggering business solidly back on
its feet. If suddenly no one wants to buy your most important product or
service, or a huge competitor has siphoned off a large chunk of your
business, cutbacks or leadership changes obviously wont help. Unfortunately, its fairly common for yesterdays highly profitable business model
to become todays big bust. For example, if you own Stoveland, a business
that sells wood stoves, in a semirural area where new air pollution
regulations have begun to drastically restrict their use, there may be little
you can do to save your core business. Similarly, if your venture-funded
322
323
Example:
In 1999, Sandrine, Mavis, and Paul formed SMP & Associates to
design websites for e-commerce companies. For two years, business was so good SMPs headcount ballooned to 60, and it was
about to sign a lease for thousands of square feet of office space
in a pricey area called Web Alley. Then, in 2001, the bottom fell
out of e-commerce and new business dried up. Still, for months
the partners thought they could survive until business picked up
by completing SMPs many existing contracts. But when in early
2002 three of their best remaining customers suddenly declared
bankruptcy and two others simply packed up in the middle of the
night and slunk out of Silicon Gulch without paying their bills, it
looked like SMP was toast.
Thats when Mavis mentioned that River People, a nonprofit
environmental group whose board she chaired, needed help with
its website. With nothing else on the horizon, SMP made River
People a proposal and landed a fair-sized job, albeit at an hourly
rate far lower than they were used to charging profit-making
enterprises. The partners decided that redeploying their skills to
design Internet sites for nonprofits was their best strategy to stay
in business at least until higher-margin commercial business again
became available.
To get started, they made a list of the 100 largest area health,
environmental, and education groups. Next, Sandrine, Mavis and
Paul systemically studied each organizations website. Identifying
a number that obviously needed improvement, they began pitching
SMPs design services. Although more than a few of these potential
customers claimed to have no funds to improve their sites, a
number of others were open to SMPs reasonably priced bids,
324
Example:
Jorge and Guillermo thought they would be tremendously successful opening Los Padres Grill, a mid-priced Mexican restaurant
across from a universitys large complex of married-student housing.
With the exception of a McDonalds, there was no real competition
nearby. Still, no matter how tasty its food, Los Padres Grill never
drew the number of lunch and dinner customers Jorge and
Guillermo needed to prosper. After two years, mostly in the red,
they finally had to either quit or try a different approach.
With the help of a loan from their uncle, they converted their
sit-down restaurant to a takeout place with just a few self-serve
tables. Because customers now lined up at a counter to order
food, there was no need for table service, meaning prices could
be reduced. More students were able to afford the food, and Los
Padres dinner business improved.
325
326
began a well-planned diversification into septic tanks at the first hint that
air quality rules would be tightened. But, like a hotel guest who, when
awoken by a fire alarm, decides that its a false alarm and rolls over and
goes back to sleep instead of heading for the exit, their chances of survival
decrease if they wait and hope for the best. And even if a desperate, lastminute switch into septic tanks keeps Stoveland out of bankruptcy, it may
still not assure it long-term success. Thats because in their haste to find a
new business that will pay the bills, Stovelands owners may end up
working in a field they dont enjoy and wont stay committed to over the
long term.
Close Down
For a variety of reasons, including new competition, a changing marketplace, bad luck, and, of course, owner mismanagement, many small
businesses dont succeed. Unfortunately, some enterprises fail despite the
fact that their owners work hard and do lots of things right, often because
their imagined market simply never existed. But it isnt just marginal
businesses that are vulnerable to trouble. Even initially successful ones
can sail into heavy weather.
Especially when a small business is hit by very bad news, as was the
case in New York City after 9/11 for many travel-related businesses, there
can often be little recourse, absent a government bailout, but to close
down and move on. Or put another way, if there are no tourists to ride
your excursion bus, no amount of entrepreneurial CPR will resuscitate your
business, at least in the short run. And because your business is losing
both money and hope, no one is likely to want to buy it. In Chapter 12,
Learn to Live With Luck, I discuss several indicators that help you decide
when you would do better to close up and move on, as opposed to holding on and hoping for better days. The most important factors are the
327
scope or severity of the bad news and how long it is likely to last. Thus if
a new digital technology makes your signature mechanical product
completely obsolete, there is probably little you can do to recover. Like a
manufacturer of carbon paper for typewriters who cant wait until people
tire of computers, you need to move on. But, as was predictable in New
York after the horrors of September 11, 2001, the business-dampening
effects of many types of catastrophic events are likely to pass relatively
quickly. This explains why many of New Yorks tourist-related businesses
that hung in theresometimes with the help of government financial
assistancethrough a very bad couple of years eventually returned to
profitability.
328
your budget youll need to cut expenses at least 25% and probably significantly more, since reduced volume is likely to further savage profits.
329
330
Example:
John and Adelle own HillTop, a 60-room country hotel near a ski
resort. Although the hotel does decent business year-round, in
most years the lions share of profits are made from the winter ski
crowd, who cheerfully pay high-season rates and eat and drink
everything in sight. After a decade of hard work during which
they invested most profits back in the business, John and Adelle
were finally able to pay themselves and several key employees,
including the reservations manager and head cook, comfortable
salaries. Then came the year when the snow failed to arrive in
their corner of the woods, and the skiers went elsewhere. It didnt
take many weeks of brown slopes and terrible business before
John and Adelle realized that HillTop was in serious trouble.
Calling a meeting of their five highest-paid employees, they
suggested freezing all nonessential expenditures, such as replacing
older but still serviceable equipment, repainting several hallways
and rooms, as well as cutting nonessential items such as subscriptions to periodicals and memberships in trade organizations. They
even decided to ask several employees to turn in their cell
phones. In addition, they resolved to severely cut the budget for
outside services, transferring work to employees who now had
time on their hands. Next they announced they were cutting their
own pay by 20% and were asking all managers to accept a 15%
reduction. A couple of people grumbled, but all they had to do
was look out the window to understand the problem. Respecting
Johns and Adelles determination to take the biggest hit, they
accepted their lower paychecks.
331
332
Example:
Returning to our example of the HillTop hotel, it became clear to
John and Adelle that to survive, it wouldnt be enough to cut
discretionary expenses and managerial pay. To plan deeper cuts,
Adelle, the financial officer, prepared a revised budget that matched
expenditures to their newly drafted worst-case scenario. This
333
334
335
your most inefficient people, it may not make sense to reverse these
decisions, no matter how much business prospects have improved. You
will often be smarter to hire fewer, more efficient workers at the same
time you lift the pay of those who have experienced cutbacks. A highly
motivated employee can be at least several times more efficient than a
weak one, meaning you may even be able to get more done than you did
before the cutbacks, when you had more employees. (See Chapter 9, Hire
and Keep Good People.)
Example:
Finally, in the last week of February, HillTop and the surrounding
mountains experienced a deep snowfall. Even though business
immediately improved, John and Adelle decided to keep a lid on
costs until they could reduce the bank line of credit they had all
but maxed out. So except for rehiring a couple of essential room
cleaners and restaurant staffers, and in the process replacing the
two who had been least diligent, John, Adelle, and the other
HillTop managers continued to fill in behind the front desk and
grab the now happily jingling phones. Adelle, subbing behind the
bar, even learned to make a killer martini (use cold gin and just
one drop of vermouth).
Only when a long and busy spring ski season gave way to an
equally good summer, allowing HillTop to reduce its line of credit
to a comfortable level, did John and Adelle finally restore half of
the salary reductions. A month later, when business stayed good,
they hired back the assistant reservations manager. But the old
bartender, who was not missed, was replaced with a new hire
willing, when necessary, to pinch-hit as a waiter. They also kept a
number of the efficiencies imposed during the downturn, including
336
337
Index
A
Access. See Customer access
Accidental discoveries, responding
to, 117122
Advertising, 8182, 158166
drawbacks, 158162
effective use of, 163165
writing a good ad, 166
Altruism, 17, 203. See also Purpose
Antiques and collectibles retailers,
314315
ARAG, 155
Arts and crafts businesses, 310312
examples involving, 89, 120,
128129, 311312
Attorneys. See Lawyers
B
Bad luck, coping with, 250251,
252258
Bad news. See Financial setbacks
Benchmarking, 113. See also
Copying competitors
Bonuses and rewards programs,
135, 207209, 227
C
Capitalization, 7173. See also
Starting on a shoestring
Cash flow forecasts, 59
Cell phones, 81
Choosing a business, 3132
Cleanliness, 168
Closing a business, 256258,
327328
Community service/involvement,
21, 176, 179
Competitiveness, 87103
developing competitive
advantage, 8899
examples, 9699
importance of, 8788
staying ahead of the competition,
99103
Competitors, 271282
copying by, 88, 93, 98, 101, 106,
108
earning respect of, 271274
expressing opinions about,
280282
friendships with, 274276
influence on your reputation,
271272, 279280
service vs. nonservice businesses,
307
as source of business, 276278
staying ahead of, 99103
studying and copying, 113116
working for, 278279
Consultants
office space for, 85
for start-ups, 8284
Contracts
franchise agreements, 291292
getting out of, to cut spending,
329
340
INDEX
D
Decision making, 222224
Declining businesses. See Financial
setbacks
Decor, expenses for, 80
Delegation, 228, 238246
avoiding work you dont enjoy,
4751
how to delegate, 244246
identifying your talents and
productive times, 240244
power of, 4344, 238239
Deviant business model, as
competitive advantage, 8990
Discrimination concerns, hiring and
employee management, 199
Diversifying, 251252, 323326.
See also Innovation
Downsizing, 317318
E
E-commerce, 73, 110, 312, 313314
Economic downturns, business
during, 322
341
F
Fad businesses, 107108
Failure. See Business success;
Financial setbacks
342
INDEX
G
Good luck, perils of, 248252
Guarantees, 170
H
Hiring
checking references, 188191,
196197
common hiring mistakes, 183190
how to hire top people, 191197
interviewing applicants, 198
legal issues, 198
mentoring new employees,
205206
testing applicants, 196
See also Employees
I
Ideas
choosing and implementing,
127128, 138140, 222
developing/soliciting, 127,
129138
of employees, recognizing and
rewarding, 135, 220223
Information
customer education/advice,
2125, 169170, 176
new, responding to, 117126
Innovation, 105140
brainstorming ideas for, 129134
as competitive advantage, 91
copying other businesses ideas,
113116
examples, 112, 115116, 117,
120, 122126, 139140
fad businesses, 107108
implementing new ideas,
127128, 138140, 222
invention, 109112
involving customers and
employees, 134137
in response to setbacks, 250251,
254256, 322327
343
serendipitous, 116126
staying competitive, 99103,
106107
to stimulate owner commitment,
4446
taking time to think, 137138
Interviewing job applicants, 198
Invention, 109112
Inventory
costs of, 68, 303
See also Manufacturing
businesses; Retail businesses
Investments, diversifying, 251
Investors, importance of purpose
buy-in, 25
J
Job applicants. See Hiring
K
Knowledge edges, 89, 91
developing, 9497
staying ahead of the competition,
100103
L
Lawyers
hiring, 84
profit forecast example, 64
See also Professionals
M
Macys, 117118
Manufacturing businesses,
profitability and profit forecasting,
61, 6568
Marketing, 157179
advertising, 8182, 158166
arts and crafts, 310312
competitive advantage through,
92
costs of, service vs. nonservice
businesses, 303306
creative examples, 76, 121,
159160, 161162, 170, 176,
179
to current customers, 152156,
160
344
INDEX
N
Nepotism, 186
New information, responding to,
117126
Niche retail businesses, 312314
publishers, 309310
Nolo, 910, 4749, 5758
ARAG partnership, 155156
commitment to legal reform,
1011, 1213
excellence commitment, 26, 27
hiring and employee relations,
182183, 200, 212, 213
responses to competition and
setbacks, 100103, 252254,
321
Texas legal battle, 79, 1116
website, 103, 121122, 313
Nonprofit sponsorships, 175
O
Odd businesses, competitive
advantage and, 8990
Office space, 85, 301302. See also
Locating a business; Physical
location
One-person businesses, 63, 181
Online commerce, 73, 110, 312,
313314
Outsourcing, 300
Overcapitalization, 7273
Overwork, 232233. See also Work
schedules
Owner commitment
business success and, 3240
345
P
Paying bills early, 259269
benefits of, 260265
if you must pay late, 267269
Paying employees, 85, 192, 201,
202203
bonuses and rewards programs,
135, 207209, 227
346
INDEX
Profitability
delegation and, 238239,
244246
importance of financial
awareness, 5356
retail/manufacturing businesses,
61, 6569, 297300
service businesses, 5961,
297300
time required for, 31
work hours and, 243244
writing a profit forecast or
business plan, 5659
Profit forecasts, 5660, 65
examples, 62, 64, 6566
Promotion. See Marketing
Proprietors. See Owner entries
Publicity, 77, 164165, 172176,
179, 279
Publishing businesses, 309310
examples involving, 5556, 83,
89, 248249
profit forecast example, 6566
See also Nolo
Purpose, 1729
communicating to employees,
203205
education focus, 2125
examples, 20, 2225, 2729
excellence focus, 2529
owner commitment and, 4647
Q
Quality. See Excellence
R
Recommendations. See Referrals
References, checking, 188191,
196197
Referrals
from competitors, 276278
customer referrals/word of
mouth, 34, 82, 167171, 233,
263264, 266, 304
Relatives, as employees, 186
Reputation
competitors respect and,
271272, 279280
early bill payment and, 260264
See also Word of mouth
Restaurants
examples involving, 7379,
9394, 205, 325326
franchises, 287288
Retail businesses
adding a service component to, 69
competitive edge examples,
8991, 9495, 100
customer education example,
2325
347
customer targeting/marketing
examples, 150152, 154155,
158160, 165, 179
failure to innovate, 117118, 119
innovation examples, 120126,
128129
online, 73, 110, 312, 313314
locating, 86, 301
owner commitment/involvement,
examples, 3740, 4951,
234235, 241
potentially profitable types,
309316
profitability, vs. service
businesses, 61, 65, 297300,
301302, 307
profit forecasting, 6568
responding to setbacks, example,
254255
Rewards programs, 135, 207209,
227
Royalty fees, franchises, 287, 292,
294
S
Schedules. See Work schedules
Serendipitous innovation, 116122
example, 122126
Serial entrepreneurs, 35
Service. See Community service;
Customer service
Service businesses
adding a service component to a
retail business, 69
charging less than quoted price,
266267
competitive edge development,
examples, 9192, 9699
developing competitive
advantage, 9599
employee relations, example,
229
failure to innovate, 119
innovation, examples, 112,
115116
innovation in, 109110, 110111
marketing, examples, 170,
171172, 173174, 176, 179
opportunities, 5
owner work schedules, examples,
239240, 243244, 245246
profitability, vs. nonservice
businesses, 5961, 65, 297300,
301302, 307
purpose development examples,
20, 2223, 2729
responding to setbacks,
examples, 255, 256
sample profit forecasts, 62, 64
startups, examples, 301303
staying interested in, example,
4344
348
INDEX
U
UFOC (Uniform Franchise Offering
Circular), 293, 294
Unauthorized Practice of Law
Committee of Texas. See Texas
UPLC
Uniform Franchise Offering Circular
(UFOC), 293, 294
Vacations, 47
W
Website design businesses,
examples, 4344, 324325
349
Work schedules
avoiding burnout, 232236
flexible schedules for employees,
195
non-work priorities, 236237
planning a sane schedule,
238246
Worksite. See Physical location
350
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