Optical Performance Monitoring

Performance Monitoring in Optical Networks
Lian-Kuan Chen
Lightwave Communications Laboratory,

Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong SAR.
WOCC 2004
Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics

The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Outline
Optical performance monitoring (OPM): Why is it needed?
Optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) monitoring techniques
System design aspects + future perspectives
WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan

OPM: A New Paradigm of Performance

Monitoring
ATM Switch
Todays SDH/SONET Networks

z BER at O/E/O locations
z BIP checks of header & payload (G.826)
IP Router
Regenerator
ADM
ADM
ADM
Future all-optical transparent networks

z O/E/O eliminated
z Different modulation formats, bit rates, and protocols
IP Router
e.g. SDH/SONET, Gigabit Ethernet, ATM, IP over WDM
Characterization of channel parameters without knowing

origin transport history data format
and
at arbitrary network points
data content

Drivers for more advanced OPM

Technological drivers:
Longer
transmission
distance
Higher bit rate

More intelligence
More stringent QoS

requirements
Increased number
Business drivers:
z Lower Operation & Maintenance costs
z Enable SLA and service differentiation

Examples of Service Level Agreement

QoS measured in terms of:
z Committed network availability
z Provisioning time
z Target repair time and procedures
z Penalties
z Interface description
Ref: Roland Bach, Need for Optical Monitoring OPM for QoS, ACTERNA Deutschland
Also see Service level agreement and provisioning in optical networks, Com. Mag. Jan 2004
Challenges of OPM
Complex system effects:
CD, PMD, PDL, PDG, XPM, SPM,
Power + fluctuations
Different format, bit rate
All-optical architectures:
Transparent
Reconfigurable
Temperature, stress, dirt, aging

damage, maintenance, repair
Technical
Challenges
Business
Challenges
Standards + Interoperability:
Standard-based vs. proprietary-based
Vendors
Inter-domain (ULH, metro, access)
Inter-layer considerations:
OPM metrics dissemination
to upper layers
OPM metrics correlation
Cost, cost, and cost!

Optical vs. Electronics solutions

We care about
Transparency
(Bit rate,
modulation format,
protocol)
BASIC
BASIC
Signal
degradation
discovery
capability
Sensitivity
Athermal
Accuracy
General
Requirements
of OPM
Techniques
Low cost!
Simplicity
Low power
consumption
Interoperable
NonThe monitor has to

intrusiveness
be more reliable
High dynamic
than the devices being
range monitored
update
speed
Reliability
Compactness
VALUE
VALUE--ADDED
ADDED
Comprehensiveness
Fault
localization
Scalability
capability
COMMERCIAL/
COMMERCIAL/
CUSTOMER
CUSTOMER CARE
CARE
7

The broad spectrum of OPM

OPM
Signal
Loss
In-line
Component
Failure
Signal
Alignment
Fiber
Break
Analogue
Parameter
TX/RX
Failure
OSNR
CD
crosstalk
EDFA
Failure
Optical
Power
PMD
Extinction
Ratio
Other Active/passive
Components
Failure
Wavelength
Signal
Quality
Pump
Power
(EDFA)
PDL &
PDG
Eye diagram
& Q-factor
Digital
Parameter
BER
Other possibilities?
SOP, Optical phase,
Jitter
Monitoring in time/frequency domain

Time-domain
z
z
z
z
Eye diagram
BER
Histogram (synchronous and asynchronous)
Time-varying changes: PMD, jitter, power,
Frequency-domain
z Out-of-band
ASE noise (less accurate)

z In-band
Power
Ref: Need for Optical Monitoring OPM for
Wavelength
QoS, Roland Bach ACTERNA
Deutschland, OFC2003
ASE noise (more accurate)
Spectral width/data-rate
Clock tones power for CD/PMD compensation

Three Tiers of OPM

DWDM signals
Ref: A. L. J. Teixeira et al,

Asynchronous Optical Performance
Monitor Techniques for DWDM Optical
Networks, ICTON 2002
Optical
Monitor
1 st
-ti
er
Op
Ch tic
Mo ann al
ni e l
to
r
Tunable Filter
Receiver
OSNR Power
Wavelength
10
d
e
nc
a
v PM
d
A O
2nd-tier
Optical
Performance
Monitor
Power
Channel #
3 rd
-ti
er
Error rate/Q-factor by channel,

and distortion

Relative cost
Compromise between cost and accuracy

Optical Layer Monitoring
OPM
OCM
Channel power
Indirect BER
Monitoring
Q-factor
Channel power
Channel wavelength
OSNR
Usages:
Diagnose system problems
Usages:
Channel equalization Channel equalization
Link setup
Auto-discovery
Auto-discovery
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
Direct BER
Monitoring
Digital Wrapper Frame
Usages:
Evaluate end-to-end
performance
Ensure QoS and SLA
Ref: Alex Vukovic et al, Performance

Monitoring of Long-haul Networks,
Lightwave Magazine, July 22, 2002
Accuracy and complexity

11

Making a judicious choice

Considerations:
z Right choice of monitoring/mitigation techniques
Optical monitoring techniques for WDM networks

Will electronics mitigation techniques on channel-bychannel basis drive OPM unnecessary?
z Suitable amount of monitoring
Effectiveness
Computation power (accuracy)
Budget
z Placement of monitoring points
Within one network (all nodes or some strategic points)
Inter-domain (ULH, metro, access, )
z Update Frequency
12

Outline
13

OSNR monitoring techniques

OSNR(dB) = 10log(Psig/PASE)
Uses of OSNR in
z Link setup, control, and optimization
z In-service characterization of optical signal quality
z Correlation with end terminal BER
Making OSNR measurements

DWDM signals
Psig
Optical Power
Pnoise
Reference bandwidth (0.1nm)
14

Reported OSNR monitoring techniques

Out-of-band: noise taken outside channel bandwidth
z +: Measurable by traditional OSA
z -: Different EDFA gains for channels, effect of optical filtering,
out-of-band noise in-band noise
In-band ASE noise
In-band: noise taken within channel bandwidth

z Electrical spectral analysis
z Polarization-assisted optical power analysis
z Subcarrier CNR correlation
z Mach-Zehnder interferometric method
15

Electrical spectral analysis

Orthogonal delayed-homodyne method
Monitoring
signal
Power
meter
PC
PBS
PBS
PMD Emulator
OSNR Monitoring Module
Electrical spectrum
Total power
Electrical noise power

RF Spectrum
PINFET
Analyzer
+: Bit-rate and modulation format independent
+: Insensitive to PMD
w/o PMD emul.

w PMD emul.
f
measure electrical noise
power at this null point
-: Complexity
-: High monitoring power required
-: High resolution power measurement required
-: Sensitive to chromatic dispersion
Ref: C. J. Youn et al, OSNR Monitoring Technique Based on Orthogonal Delayed-Homodyne Method, OFC 2002
& IEEE PTL Vol. 14, Oct 2002.
16

Polarization-assisted power analysis

Monitor by polarization-nulling or by degree-of-polarization
(DOP)
Monitoring PC
signal
Signal
Noise
Polarized
Unpolarized
PBS
Power
meter
Power
meter
ASE
Signal +
ASE
OSNR Monitoring Module (Polarization-nulling)

DOP Analyzer
Monitoring PC
signal
polarizer
spectrometer
OSNR Monitoring Module (DOP)

Ref: M. Petersson et al, Multi-channel OSNR
Monitoring for WDM networks, ECOC 2002
17
Ref: J. H. Lee et al, OSNR Monitoring Technique using

Polarization-Nulling Method, IEEE PTL, Vol. 13, Jan 2001.
+: Simple
+: Relatively low monitoring power needed
+: No electrical processing
+: Large dynamic range
-: Sensitive to PMD


Monitor by polarization-nulling with off-center narrowband
filtering
EDFA
EDFA
EDFA
AWG
AWG
...
EDFA
Monitor
Monitor
Monitor
Monitor
...

Monitoring
signal
Optical
filter
Narrowband
optical filter
Power
Total power
meter
Power
meter
Half ASE
noise power
/4 Plate Linear Polarizer
Ref: M. H. Cheung et al, A PMD-insensitive OSNR

Monitoring Scheme Based on Polarization-Nulling with Offcenter Narrowband filtering, Paper FF2, Proc. OFC04.
18


filtering Robustness to PMD enhanced
(a)
polarization-nulling
(b)Conventional
Proposed polarization-nulling
with off-center narrowband filtering
Optical spectrum for 40-Gb/s 50% RZ signal
Carrier
Polarizer
Depolarization
Carrier
Optical
Optical Polarizer
Serious
// signal
// signal
Optical
clock
clock
Optical
Nosignal
total power
power
clockOptical
clock
under/overunderOptical
filter
estimation!
estimation!
filter
Total power measurement
Total power measurement
Signal + half ASE noise
Signal + half ASE noise
Polarizer
measurement
measurement Polarizer
higher-freq.
Polarizer
signal
Polarizer
narrowband signal Only
Serious
small
signal
signal
noise power
power
overoverestimation!
estimation!
Half ASE noise measurement
Half ASE noise measurement
within narrower noise
within narrower noise
equivalent
bandwidth
Half
ASE noise
measurement
Half
ASE noise
measurement
equivalent
bandwidth
w/oPMD
PMD
w/PMD
PMD
w/o
w/
19


OSNR monitoring errors for 2.5-ps
40-Gb/s OTDM RZ-OOK data
OSNR monitoring errors for

25-ps 10-Gb/s RZ-OOK data
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
10
20
30
40
50
DGD (ps)
w/o. off-center narrowband filtering
w. off-center narrowband filtering
20
OSNR monitoring errors (dB/0.1nm)
OSNR monitoring errors (dB/0.1nm)

filtering Robustness to PMD enhanced
0
-10
-20
-30
filter without offset from carrier

filter offset at 1nm from carrier
filter offset at 2nm from carrier
without narrowband filtering
-40
-50
0
10
20
30
40
50
DGD (ps)

Subcarrier CNR correlation

Monitor OSNR by correlation with carrier-to-noise ratio of
subcarrier
16.7GHz
Mod
10Gb/s
Transmitter
Monitoring
signal
PINFET
Monitor
carrier power
RF Spectrum
Analyzer
Ref: G. Rossi et al, Optical Performance Monitoring in Reconfigurable WDM

Optical Networks Using Subcarrier Multiplexing, IEEE JLT Vol. 18, Dec 2000
B ESA CNR
2
m
CNR : carrier to noise ratio
B ESA : resolution bandwidth of
electrical spectrum analyzer
: optical bandwidth
m : modulation depth of subcarrier
OSNR =
21
+: Simultaneous multiple channel monitoring

+: Simple
-: Extra bandwidth needed
-: Sensitive to PMD and CD
Mach-Zehnder interferometric method

Monitoring
signal
3dB
3dB
Phase
adjuster
Power
meter

Ref: Z. Tao et al, A Novel Method to monitor OSNR Using a MachZehnder Interferometer, CLEO/PR 2001. Peking University, China
Signal
Noise
Coherent
Non-coherent
+: Relatively insensitive to PMD

+: Potentially low-cost
+: Simple
-: Require accurate matching of coupling ratio
22

OSNR Monitoring Standards

Industry standards can be found at http://global.ihs.com/
z BS EN 61280-2-9
Revision: 02
Chg:
Date: 00/00/02
FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION SUBSYSTEM TEST PROCEDURES - PART
2-9: DIGITAL SYSTEMS - OPTICAL SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO
MEASUREMENT FOR DENSE WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXED
SYSTEMS
z IEC 61280-2-9
Revision: 02
Chg:
Date: 10/00/02
FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYBSYSTEM TEST PROCEDURES - PART
2-9: DIGITAL SYSTEMS - OPTICAL SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO
MEASUREMENT FOR DENSE WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXED
SYSTEMS
z TIA/EIA-526-19
Revision: 00
Chg:
Date: 06/00/00
OFSTP-19 OPTICAL SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO MEASUREMENT
PROCEDURES FOR DENSE WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXED
SYSTEMS
23

Outline
24

Features of advanced OPM techniques

Comprehensiveness:
z making measurements on multiple parameters
Simultaneous PMD and GVD monitoring

Simultaneous PMD and OSNR monitoring
Simultaneous wavelength, power, and path monitoring*
z Integrate various functions (X+OPM) into a single, simple
module
*Ref: K.J. Pak et al., OFC04 FF1
Fault localization:
Ref: D. C. Kilper et al, Monitoring

optical network performance
degradation due to amplifier
noise, JLT, Vol. 21, May 2003
25

Centralized vs. Distributed OPM

Distributed OPM
z More information easily collected and
processed
z Cost and ways to integrate OPM with
in-line components are of concern
Centralized OPM
z Collect information from other
segments of optical transmission

links
z Process information at a strategic
point
Example: OTDR
z Fault localization capability is a
desirable feature
26

Other related research

Sensor Networks
Computer Tomography
27

Summary
OPM in next-generation high-speed transparent reconfigurable
long-haul networks is a key enabler
OPM comprises different tiers of monitoring to cater for different
needs. Both optical surveillance schemes and OSNR monitoring
are indispensable.
The key challenges for OPM: developing a cost-effective OPM
technique and integrating OPM into different system design.
28

Not Just a Bonus Element
29
Uses:
Examples:
Signal quality
characterization
Relating OSNR with BER

Early signal degradation alarm
Fault management
Fault detection, localization, and
Active compensation
Dynamic CD + PMD monitoring and
Quality of service (QoS)

provisioning
SLA fulfillment verification
isolation
Resilience mechanism activation
compensation

OPM/Management & Control Plane Communications

Dissemination of monitoring signal to the corresponding network
management unit and related network elements (NE)
How to design monitoring frequency and storage memory of NE?
And also fault alarms, fault clearances and threshold setting?
How to optimize the network planning to provide highly reliable
channels for monitor and control signal dissemination and
regular channels for data transmission?
Further considerations in physical layer and higher layer protocol
z Horizontal communication between nodes to isolate the problem -
GMPLS LMPs Link Verification and Fault Management

z Inter-vendor collaboration
30

Going 40Gb/s and beyond: How OPM advances?

Optical diagnostics with high temporal resolution, high sensitivity,
or phase sensitivity needed
z High bandwidth optical RF spectrum measurement
Ref: C. Dorrer, New techniques for high-speed optical characterization Paper FF5, Proc. OFC04.
z High speed sampling techniques
31


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Performance Monitoring in Optical Networks

Lightwave Communications Laboratory,

Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics

WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan

Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics

OPM: A New Paradigm of Performance

Todays SDH/SONET Networks

Future all-optical transparent networks

e.g. SDH/SONET, Gigabit Ethernet, ATM, IP over WDM

Characterization of channel parameters without knowing

WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan

Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics

Drivers for more advanced OPM

Higher bit rate

More stringent QoS

WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan

Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics

Examples of Service Level Agreement

Temperature, stress, dirt, aging

WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan

Cost, cost, and cost!

Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics

NonThe monitor has to

WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan

Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics

The broad spectrum of OPM

WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan

Monitoring in time/frequency domain

ASE noise (less accurate)

WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan

Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics

Three Tiers of OPM

Ref: A. L. J. Teixeira et al,

WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan

Error rate/Q-factor by channel,

Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics

Compromise between cost and accuracy

Ref: Alex Vukovic et al, Performance

Accuracy and complexity

WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan

Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics

Making a judicious choice

Optical monitoring techniques for WDM networks

WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan

Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics

WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan

Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics

OSNR monitoring techniques

Making OSNR measurements

WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan

Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics

Reported OSNR monitoring techniques

out-of-band noise in-band noise

In-band ASE noise

In-band: noise taken within channel bandwidth

WOCC 2004 Taipei, Taiwan

Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics

Electrical spectral analysis

Electrical noise power