RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING LEVEL III

(GENERAL)
1. The specific activity of radioactive isotopes is measured in:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Million electron volts (Mev).

Curie per gram (c/g).
Roentgen per hour (R/h).
Counts per minute (C/min).

2. The range of specimen thickness that can be adequately recorded on radiograph is

called .. of the radiograph:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Sensitivity.
Latitude.
Accuracy.
Intensity.
Density.

3. Intensity of an X-ray is directly proportional to:

A.
B.
C.
D.

KV across the tube.

Current through the tube.
The penumbra of the radiograph
The back scatter

4. Isotopes of the same elements have different number of _______ in the nucleus.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Neutrons.
Protons
Electrons
Alpha particles

5. Compton Effect is the mechanism, wherein the portion of X-radiation is absorbed

and a portion is
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Used in producing secondary photons.

Used in increasing energy of original photons.
Used in dislodging protons from the nucleus.
Used in dislodging electrons from the outer shell.
None of the above.

6. Which of the following will not affect the definition of the radiograph?
A. Scattering
B. Geometry

C. Focal spot size

D. Film graininess
E. All of the above will defect radiographic definition.
7. Fluorescent screens are used:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Whenever possible.
To improve the definition of the radiograph
To prevent scatter radiation from reaching the film.
Medical radiography.

8. Maximum film density to which the radiograph should be exposed is dependent upon
the:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Intensity of the film viewer.

Variation in the thickness of the specimen
Speed of the film
Graininess of the film

9. Which of the following are ionization radiations?

A.
B.
C.
D.

X-rays
Gamma rays.
Neutrons
All of the above

10. What proportion of the light of the viewing screen is transmitted through a radiograph
of density 2?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

50%
20%
10%
1%
0.1%

11. Purpose of double coating of emulsion on X-ray film is to:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Increase the speed of the film.

Decrease the speed of the film
Decrease the contrast of the film
Reduce the inherent unsharpness.

12. Water spots on the film can be minimized by:

A. Rapid drying of the film.

B. Immersion of wet film in the wetting agent solution for 1 to 2 minutes.

C. Using fresh fixer during the rinse cycle.
D. Cascading water during rinse cycle.
13. Which of the following does not affect developer strength?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Exposure to air.
Film grain size
Density of the film
Number of films processed.

14. In scintillation counters, ionization radiation is converted into:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Electrons
Light photons
Electronic charge
All of above

15. Transport index for package containing radio-active material is decided by dose rate
at:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Surface of the package.

1 meter from the package
1 foot from the package
Two foot from the package
None of the above.

16. Double wall double wall image technique is used for the radiography of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Longitudinal welds in large pipes- 200mm dia or more

Plate welds
Circumferential welds in the large vessels.
Tubular products with outside diameter less than 80mm.
Corner joints in the pressure vessels.

17. The quantity of radiation striking the unit area of film:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Is the product of radiation intensity and time.

Is the intensity per unit of time
Is directly proportional to intensity and inversely proportional to time.
Varies directly with intensity and exponentially with time.

18. Total natural and man made back ground radiation exposure is estimated to be:
A. 2 mrem/yr.
B. 20mrem/yr.

C. 200 mrem/yr.
D. 1000 mrem/yr.
E. More than 1000 mrem/yr.
19. Primary disadvantage of fountain pen type of ionization chamber to measure the
amount of radiation received by personnel is the:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Delay is necessary before the results of the measurement are known.

Inaccuracy of such device in measuring scattered radiation.
Inability of such device to provide a permanent record of exposure.
Cost of recharging such devices.

20. A sheet of lead with an opening cut in the shape of the part to be radiographed may be
used to decrease the effect of scattered radiation, which undercuts the specimen.
Such a device is called:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Mask.
Filter.
Back scatter absorber.
Lead foil screen.
Collimator.

21. Which of the following is the gas filled radiation detector?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Ionization chamber.
G.M.tubes
Proportional counter chamber.
All of the above.
A and C only.

22. A hundred curie cobalt 60 source is to be placed at the center of iron sphere having
2m outside diameter. What should be the minimum thickness of the sphere, if does
rate on the surface is not to exceed 10 mr/hr.?
A.
B.
C.
D.

36 mm
154 mm
302 mm
170 mm

23. Neutron radiography is useful for inspecting:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Hydrogen embattlement.
Water entrapment
Nuclear fuel.
All of the above.

24. A 6 mm thick steel plate is exposed by double marker method. SFD = 250 mm and
distance of film from plate = 10mm. The difference in shift of source side and flaw =
5 mm and difference in shift of source side and film side marker = 20mm. The
location of flaw from film side surface:
A.
B.
C.
D.

1.5 mm
4.5 mm
3.0 mm
2.0 mm

25. Which of the following statement is correct regarding G.M. Tube?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Air is used as fill gas in these tubes

Noble gases such as Argon, Helium, and Neon are used as fill gases.
These are operated in ion saturated regions.
These are frequently used in real time radiography
Both B and C.

26. Van de Graff generator has --------- as one of its components:

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Electromagnet.
Belt of insulating material, traveling at high speed.
Wave guide
Pulse generator
Villard circuit

27. In electron radiography, hard X-ray photons produce electrons from:

A.
B.
C.
D.

The lead foil.

The surface of the specimen to be radiographed
The copper and aluminum filter
Both A and B above.

28. Beta emission is result of:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Neutron, Beta reaction

Release from nucleus that have large number of neutrons.
Electrons bombardment on tungsten target
None of the above.

29. For 2.56 curie Iridium-192 source, what is the minimum cordoned off distance for the
safe level of 0.2 mr/hr?
A. 8 meters.
B. 16 meters.
C. 80 meters.

D. 160 meters.
30. 30. In the question 29, what is the minimum cordoned off distance, if lead sheet of
10.0 mm thickness covering full beam, is placed at 2 meters distance?
A.
B.
C.
D.

8 meters.
20 meters.
40 meters.
180 meters.

31. In the same condition as Q 30 (i.e. 10mm of lead sheet at 2 meters distance), what
will be the effect on cordoned off distance, if the Iridium-192 source is replaced by
Cobalt source of the same strength?
A.
B.
C.
D.

It should be more.
It should be same.
It should be less
Cannot calculate unless source dimensions are also known.

32. At 2 ft distance from a radiation source, the radiation intensity density is 300 R/hr.
what is the intensity at 8 ft from the source?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

12 R/hr.
120 R/hr
18.75 R/hr.
28.5 R/hr.
75 R/hr.

33. The film density of radiograph taken with an exposure time of 1 min 30 sec at 10 mA
resulted in a density of 1.6. What exposure time at 5 mA is required to be given to
result in a radiographic density of 2.5 in identical development conditions?
(INDUSTREX AA Film is used)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

3 minutes.
5 minutes 20 seconds.
8 minutes 16 seconds.
100 minutes.
9 minutes.

34. It is desired to radiograph a 0.5 thick copper plate using 220 KV X-ray. The
exposure required for this will be equivalent to that required for .. thick steel
specimen?
A. 17.8 mm.
B. 0.35 inch.
C. 1.4 inch.

D. 22 mm
35. The effective focal spot of an X-ray unit is 0.1 inch in diameter. The thickness of the
object is 1.0 inch. If the geometric unsharpness is 0.15 mm. What is the object to
focus distance?
A.
B.
C.
D.

38 cms.
37.5 inches.
16.9 inches.
55 cms.

36. For a given exposure, a 2-4T sensitivity was achieved. What is the equivalent
penetrameter sensitivity in % ?
A.
B.
C.
D.

1.5%
2%
2.8%
3.2%

37. ASME penetrameters for materials other than steel are identified by the notches on
their sides. For material group magnesium, the penetrameter may be made of all
magnesium or magnesium will be predominant constitute. It will have:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Two notches on one side and one end.

Notches on two sides, one on each side
Three notches on one side
One notch on each end.

ANSWER QUESTION NO 38 TO 42 BASED ON FIGURE-B (ATTACHED)

38. The tenth value thickness for steel for source B is:
A.
B.
C.
D.

2 inches.
1 inch.
4 inches.
3 inches.

39. The half value layer for lead with source B is:
A.
B.
C.
D.

1.4 inches.
0.4 inches.
1.8 inches.
0.6 inches.

40. The half value layer for lead with source A is:

A.
B.
C.
D.

0.075 inches.
0.75 inches.
1.36 inches.
Cannot be determined from the data given in the data-sheet.

41. The source having highest effect on the holographic film (i.e. requiring minimum
exposure time) is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

42. The source having maximum change in exposure for small change in section
thickness is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

43. The general method of producing X-rays involves the sudden declaration of high
velocity electrons in a solid body called a:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Focusing cup.
Filament.
Target
Cathode.
Anode.

44. The minimum wavelength in angstrom unit of an X-ray unit of a particular KV rating
is given by:
A.
B.
C.
D.

12.375 / KV.
Frequency x velocity
KV/D.
None of the above.

45. The number of disintegrations per seconds in a radioactive source of 20 Ci activity

is:
A.
B.
C.

3.7 X 1010
2000000
7.4 X 1011

D.

300000
46. The temperature of the developing bath is normally limited to a maximum of ..
and minimum of 20 deg.C.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

22 deg. C.
30 deg. C.
25 deg. C.
25 deg. C.
50 deg. C.

47. X-ray machines A, B, C and D have focal spot size 1x1 mm, 0.51X1 mm 1X2mm.,
respectively. Which of these will give a radiograph with best definition?
A.
B.
C.
D.

A.
B.
C.
D.

48. Fluorescent screens have an advantage over ordinary lead foil screens in that:
A.
B.
C.
D.

The exposure time is increased.

The sensitivity is improved.
The exposure time is reduced.
The cost is greatly reduced.

49. Radiation intensity is measured in units of:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Milli REM.
Curies.
Roentgen per hour.
Becquerels.

50. The activity of radioactive isotopes in S.I. units is given in the units of :
A.
B.
C.
D.

Becquerels
Coulombs.
Grays.
Sieverts.

51. During manual development, if the film is not agitated which in the developer, it will
lead to the film having:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Streaks.
Discoloration.
Scratches.
Fog.

52. 2-2T sensitivity achieved on a penetrameter means that:

A. The thickness of the penetrameter T = 2% of the job thickness and the diameter of
the smallest hole visible on the radiograph = 2XT.
B. The thickness of the penetrant T = 2% of the job thickness and the diameter of
smallest hole visible on the radiograph is 2% of T.
C. The sensitivity is same as 2% obtained by the wire type penetrameter.
D. The thickness of the penetrameter T 20% of the job thickness and the diameter
of the smallest hole visible on the radiograph is 2% of T.
53. Radioisotopes are artificially produced by irradiation of pellets of target material
with:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Thermal neutrons.
Electrons
Positrons
Electrical discharges

54. A tenth value thickness for a specific radiation source of gamma rays is one inch of
lead and the radiation intensity of 500 R/hr at 24 inches from the source. How many
inches of lead are required to reduce the intensity to .25 mr/hr at 4 feet distance from
the source?
A.
B.
C.
D.

About 4 inches.
About 10 inches
About 2 inches
About 5 inches

55. Which one of following is not a specific condition which applies to a given exposure
chart?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

X-ray machine used

Film type
Processing conditions
Radiation intensity
Film density on which the chart is based.

56. The graininess of all the film:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Increase as the radiation becomes harder.

Decreases with the KV increase.
Is not dependent on KV.
Is totally controlled by Lamberts Law.

57. Specimen with uniform thickness and composition by definition have:

A.
B.
C.
D.

High subject contrast

Good definition
High film contrast
Low subject contrast

58. Fluoroscopic screens of zinc cadmium sulfide find occasional use in industrial
applications. These screens normally are not subject to wear or deterioration from
exposure to long term X-ray. Which one of the following will severely degrade this
type of screen?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Cleaning of the screens with grain alcohol solvent.

Prolonged storage in low humidity environment will cause crystals to hydrolyze.
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation
Contamination with nickel as little as one part per million will create after glow
problems.

59. Allowable radiation exposure will be more on:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Whole body
Feet and ankles
Skin of whole body
Cannot say unless type of source is also known

60. Which of the following radiation doses will have no detectable clinical effects?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

100 rems.
200 rems.
400 rems
All of the above will have detectable clinical effect.
None of the above will have detectable clinical effect.

Maximum Allowable Radiation Exposure

per Calendar Quarter (in REM)
Description or Location
Whole Body, head & Trunk, Active Blood forming
organs, Lens of eyes or gonads
Hands and wrists, feet and ankies
Skin of whole body

REM Allowed
1.25
18.75
7.5

TABLE
Lead

Steel
TVL
cm

HVL
CM

TVL
cm

Concrete
HVL
TVL
cm
cm

Source

RHM

HVL
cm

Ir-192

0.5

0.5

1.63

1.55

5.1

4.8

15.7

Co-60

1.28

1.25

4.1

2.2

7.4

7.0

23

Radiographic Equivalent Factors

MAGNESIUM
ALUMINUM
TITANIUM
STEEL
COPPER
ZINC
BRASS
LEAD

50

100

0.6
1.0

0.6
1.0
8.0
12.0
18.0

X-RAYS KV
150
220 400
0.05
0.12
0.63
1.0
1.6
1.4
1.4
14.0

0.08
0.18
0.71
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.3
12.0

0.71
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.3

1000

2000

0.9
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
5.0

0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.2
2.5

GAMMA RAYS
Ir 192 CE-137 CO-60
0.22
0.34
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
4.0

RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING LEVEL III

(TESTING OF WELDS)
PROCEDURE WRITING

0.22
0.24
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
3.2

0.22
0.34
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
2.3

Based on the attached R.T. Procedure-RS2, write a detailed instruction sheet for
radiography of circumferential butt welds in process piping for following sizes:
(1) 2 Sch 80 (O.D. = 2.375 W.T. = 0.218)
(2) 6 Sch 120 (O.D. = 6.625 and W.T. = 0.560)
It has further been agreed that:
(1) Only X-ray will be used.
(2) 120KV shall be used for thickness upto 6 mm. And 250 kV shall be used for
thickness more than 6mm.
(3) Penetrameter shall be DIN Type.
(4) Film density shall be 1.6 minimum and 3.8 max.
(5) Density variation in area of interest shall not be more than 0.8.
Other requirements as shown in the procedure shall apply.
Make suitable assumption if data given is not sufficient.

RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING PROCEDURE RS-2

1.1 WELD TYPE TO BE TESTED
(a) Circumferential butt joints in piles, process piping, jacket legs and other
tubular.
(b) Longitudinal butt welds in case of piles and legs and wherever required.
(c) Plate to plate butt welds
(d) Web to web butts in case of splices in beams.
1.2 MATERIAL AND THICKNESS RANGE
Process Piping:

Thickness
5mm to 25.4mm

ASTM-106 Gr.B.

Plates:

6mm to 12mm

I.S.-226

Tubulars:

16mm and more

ASTM-436/IS 2062/API 2H

1.3 CODE FOR PROCEDURE AND INSPECTION

Based on AWS D1.1 and ANSI B.31.3 (Process piping)
1.4 RADIATION SOURCE
1.4.1 a) Gamma rays:
Ir-192 for thickness 6mm to 63mm.CO-60
for thickness > 63 mm.
The source size should be lesser that 2mm. Square
to minimize un sharpness.

1.4.2 b) X-ray:

Wherever placement and adjustment of Xray equipment is possible. X-ray at suitable

KV rating shall be used for thinner section
less than 8 mm.

1.5 FILM SELECTION

Radiographs shall be made using a suitable film, so that atleast minimum
radiographic quality required is obtained. The selection is to be based uoin type
of source used and the material thickness.

Material thickness Radiation Source

< 12mm

X-ray 120 KV
X-ray 150 KV
Gamma ray
X-ray
X-ray
Gamma ray
Gamma ray

12mm
To
25mm
> 25mm
1.6

TECHNIQUE

1.6.1

a) Panoramic

Film
Speed
High
Medium
Low
High
High
Medium
Medium

Trade Name/Brand
Agfa gavert D-10 or equivalent
D7, Cronex NDT-65 or equivalent
D-4, NDT-55 or equivalent.
D-10, NDT-75 equivalent
D-7, NDT - 65 or equivalent
D-7, NDT- 65 or equivalent
D-7, NDT-65 or equivalent

Circumferential butt welds in tubulars > or = 10 shall be allowed to be

radiographed by this technique wherever possible. In this technique, the radiographic
source is kept at the centre of the tubular. The entire weld length shall be divided in equal
segments depending upon the standard size of film cassette or READY-Pack available.
Films shall be adjusted to have atleast 1 overlap on each side.
In a full panoramic exposure atleast 3 penetrameters shall be used. Spaced at roughly 1/3
of the circumference apart.
In case the panoramic exposure does not cover the entire weld then atleast one
penetrameter shall be used for each quadrant of the weld being radiographed.
Penetrameter shall be placed on the side nearest to the source (wherever possible).
1.6.1.2 b) DIRECTIONAL EXPOSURE
This technique is applied for longitudinal butt welds in plates. It involves
radiographing a certain length of weld at a one time directing the penetrating
radiation towards it. This may be done with collimator wherever possible to
minimize interference by scattered radiation. This also reduces the physiological
risks to the operators involved in radiography.
The length of film exposed in any single exposure thus depends upon source to
film distance (SFD) and the standard film length/cassettes available.
The basic idea is that the distance traversed by the penetrating radiation through
the medium being subjected to radiography at the edge of the segment should
not be greater than 1.1 times that at the centre of the segment.
Two penetrameters shall be used one at each end of the exposed length of the
film placed on the side nearest to the source of the radiation. Normal SFD for 25
mm. Thick plate and 300 mm length is 350 mm.

1.6.2.1 b) DOUBLE WALL EXPOSURE- SINGLE IMAGE VIEWING

This technique may be followed for tubulars with outside diameter greater than
2-1/2 (65mm). The radiographic examination shall be done by viewing single
image only. The source shall be located touching the outer side of weld on the
side opposite to the location of the film. By this method only one image is
obtained on the film. The number of exposures required may be as per the chart
A:
CHART-A
NO OF EXPOUSURES FOR DIFFERENT SIZES
SIZE OF THE TUBULAR
2 Sch. 80
2 Sch. 160
2 Sch.80
3 Sch. 160 or XX 5
4 Sch. 40
6 Sch. 40
6 Sch. 80,120,160
8 Sch. 20
8 Sch. 120
10 Sch. 120

MIN NO. OF EXPOSURES

(DOUBLE WALL)
3
4
3
4
3
3
4
3
4
4

All piping with wall thickness less than or equal to schedule 80 may be
radiographed in 3 segments.
In any case there shall be atleast one penetrameter kept at each end of any
individual exposure.
In case of 2 I.D. lines, only one penetrameter may be allowed (if DIN type is
used) because of the fact that the area covered by film is very small.
For structural joints radiographs may be taken by dividing the joint into three
equal segments, each to be radiographed with separate exposure.
1.6.2.2 DOUBLE WALL DOUBLE IMAGE (Non-overlapping images)
Piping with nominal inside dia. <3 may be radiographed by this technique.
Inthis technique, the radiation passes through two walls and the weld in both
walls in viewed for acceptance in a single exposure.
The radiation beam shall be offset from the plance of weld at an angle sufficient
to separate the images of the source side and film side portion of the weld, so

that there is no overlap of the areas to be interpreted. This is shown in fig.no.1

X = offset. D = source to film distance.
The penetrameter, X and d should be adjusted so that there is no image
overlap and the full image comes well within the area of the film kept for
exposure.
For such radiography the full radiographic inspection may be done by two
exposure taken 90 deg. apart.
1.6.2.3 DOUBLE WALL DOUBLE IMAGE (overlapping images)
This technique may be used as an alternative to 1.6.2.2. In this case the beam is
in the same plane as the weld. (i.e. X = 0).
The shadow of the source side weld overlaps that of the film side. When such a
technique is used atleast three exposures shall be made at 60 deg. to each other
to cover the full weld joint.
2) GENERAL
2.1 PENETRAMETER
The radiography shall be performed with a technique of sufficient
sensitivity to display the penetrameter image and specified hole or wire which
are essential indications of image quality. The radiograph shall display the
identifying numbers of the penetrameter.
DIN penetrameter should be placed with wires covering the welds and
ASME/ASTM penetrameter should be kept on the parent plate parallel to the
weld edge.
In case the weld width is more than the length of the wire and if while placing
the penetrameter numbers cover a portion of weld the upper portion of the
penetrameter viz. DIN 62 FE may be removed from the penetrameter to avoid
interference. However they may not be done for the lower identification number
which indicate the size range (e.g. 6 ISO 12, 10 ISO 16, etc.).
For single wall exposures, the penetrameter shall be placed on the source side
wherever accessible.
For double wall double image technique a source side penetrameter is to beused.
When the film density of the two adjacent regions varies more than 15% or
+30% from the side on which the penetrameter is kept and additional

penetrameter shall be used in the other region. Thus, sensitivity in both the
region will be obtained.
SELECTION OF THE PENETRAMETER
Wherever ASME penetrameter will be used table T-262.2 and T-272 in ASME
Sec. V will be used as a guideline for the selection.
Whenever DIN penetrameters are to be used the following shall be applied for
the thickness range being inspected.
SINGLE WALL THICKNESS
< 8 MM
8 MM TO 33 MM
>33 MM. TO 50 MM.
> 50 MM.

% SENSITIVITY REQUIRED
3%
2%
1.5%
1%

For the lowest range a default in terms of the sensitivity (for gama radiography)
may be waived at the discretion of inspector, in case the weld image appears
clear enough. This waiver clause is added after considering the fact that due to
the limited radiation spectrum of the radioactive isotope the sensitivity obtained
is inherently lower than that obtainable by wide range X-ray spectrum.
2.2 IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS
Every radiograph shall have an unmistakable identification number which
shall be unique for the particular job being tested. Such information to be
provided should include weld joint number, welders identification of sequential
number of the radiograph (so that they may be arranged chronologically).
These may appear as radiographic images on the screen in which case lead
numbers and/or letters may be placed between the film cassettes and the work
piece. If for some reason this is not done then the number may be inscribed on
to the film by using sharp edge/point.
In any case the information desired shall not obscure the area of interest
which may include the entire weld and atleast 1 cms. On either edge of the weld.
2.3 LOCATION MARKERS
Location markers shall be used on the specimen for demonstrating that the
whole area requiring inspection has been covered. The image of these location
markers for the co-ordination of the part with the film shall appear on the film
without interfering with the interpretation with such an arrangement that it is
evident that complete coverage is obtained. These marker positions shall be

marked on the parts and the position of the markers shall be maintained on the
part during the radiography.
Atleast two location marker shall be visible on each radiograph to identify the
area or part being examined. For consecutive radiograph, one marker must be
common to adjacent radiograph so that it is evident that the requisite coverage
has been given.
2.4 RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY
The transmitted film density at the area of interest shall be 1.8min. for
single film viewing for radiograph taken by X-ray source and 2.0 min for radiographs
taken with gama ray source. The max. density should be 3.0 (This is subjected to the
capacity of the illuminator which is being used. However the maximum density to be
viewed shall not exceed 4.0).
2.5 MEASURING FILM DENSITY
This may be done by (1) METHOD OF COMPARISON
(2) USAGE OF DENSITOME
In (1) the density of the area of interest is matched t0 compared with that of
a density strip (provided by established film manufacturers) which
shows the films of different densities.
In (2) the densitometer is first set to zero at the illuminator intensity at the
viewing point. The density reading is read off by keeping its photo
cell linked sensor behind the film which is kept on the illuminator.
Once the densitometers original reading is set the intensity of light in the
illuminator must not be changed.
2.6 GEOMETRICAL UNSHARPNESS
The geometrical unsharpness shall not exceed 0.5 mm for material thickness
upto 2.
2.7 WELD PREPARATION
Weld surface irregularities shall be removed to such an extent that the resulting
radiographic image due to such irregularities cannot mask or be confused with
the image of any discontinuity.
All radiographs shall be free from fogging (in the area of interest).

2.8 Processing defects, water marks, scratches, finger prints etc. shall be
controlled to a minimum and only such film defects which are readily
visible on the surface of film may be condoned.
2.9 SCREENS
Lead intensifying screens shall be used in direct contact with both
sides of the film. These screens shall be atleast 0.1 mm thick. The front an
dback screens may be of the same thickness, but if the loss of details due to back
scattered radiation is to be avoided a higher thickness back screen is to be used
(Alternatively lead sheets may used to cover such films from back side as which
are likely to be affected). In such cases the two different screens shall be
indicated by printing Front and Back on each respectively.
The screens shall be free from wrinkles, dirt, grease and scratches.
3.0 FILM PROCESSING
Manual processing is done with the following:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

Developer tank
Stop bath
Fixer
Running water tank
Wetting agent Pan/Tank

The film is observed under a safe light, which will not photographically affect
the film while developing is in progress. After visually verifying that the film is
adequate developed (which essentially requires some experience in the field)
which should take normally between 3-1/2 and 5-1/2 minutes at a temperature
between 23 and 25 deg. C. The film is transferred to stop bath to halt the
developing action and later to the fixer so that the image is fixed.
After holding for about 5 minutes it may be kept in a running water bath for
about 5-10 minutes then kept in a wetting agent pan to ensure that the water will
not stick to it while drying. Film drying cabinet may be used in urgent cases.
Use of the film drying cabinet may be done in urgent cases. This may be
resorted to only if parameters do not change in large volume of work.
4.0 PERSONNEL EVALUATING RADIOGRAPHS:
The personnel employed for interpretation of radiographs shall be certified to
atleast Level-II or certified for carrying our interpretation of weld radiographs.
They should have adequate knowledge of welding processes and welding related
defects.

5.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA:

5.1 Cracks & lack of fusion :

None permitted

5.2 Lack of Penetration

None permitted in Process Piping.

For structural members, this condition may
be permitted provided that the through
thickness density in the questionable area
does not exceed the density in parent plate.

5.3 Linear discontinuities Permissible :

Thickness
(mm.)
(T)
Less than 6 mm
6 mm. To 28 mm.
Greater than 28 mm.

Max. length of single

Discount
(L)
2 mm
2/3 T
19 mm.

Cumulative in any 6T
length of inspected weld
(L.c.)
6 mm
2T
38 mm.

The minimum separation required for two discontinuities to be classified as

separate shall be equal to twice the largest dimension of the larger of the
discontinuities.

5.4 Rounded indications (width less than 3 X Length)

Thickness
(mm.)
(T)
Less than 6 mm
6 mm. To 25 mm.
Greater than 25 mm.

Max. length of single

Discount
(L)
2 mm
T/4
6 mm.

Cumulative in any 6T
length of inspected weld
(L.c.)
6 mm
T
25 mm.

The minimum separation required for two rounded indications to be classified as

separate shall be the largest dimension of the larger of the two indications.

RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING LEVEL III

(TESTING OF WELDS)
1. A butt weld has thickness=25mm. DIN IQIs are used for the radiograph. The
diameter of the thinnest wire seen as an image on the radiograph is 1.0 mm. The
radiograph is:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Acceptable
Not acceptable.
To be taken up with Agfa D4 film only
Meant to be radiographed only by gama rays.

2. A butt weld has thickness = 6 mm. It is radiographed with a DIN IQI. The
radiograph shows the wire of 0.15mm diameter clearly visible. Your interpretation of
this case is:
A.
B.
C.
D.

The radiograph is acceptable.

The radiograph is not of acceptable quality
The thickness of the weld is not covered by the specification.
This radiograph should be taken by X-ray.

3. This film density as measured through the penetrameter on a radiograph is 2.5. There
are two different thicknesses of test plate involved. On the thicker side density is 2.0
and on thinner side it is 2.20. Which of the following statements is applicable?
A. The radiograph meets the density requirement.
B. The job should be radiographed again with one penetrameter on each branch
of the plate.
C. The radiograph is not acceptable as per ASME Sec. VIII.
D. Density variations are not covered in the procedure.
4. A job has thickness = 25 mm. It is to be radiographed. Which of the following is
applicable?
A.
B.
C.
D.

The film must be exposed by gama ray on D-4 only.

X-ray must be used provided that NDT-65 film only is used.
X-ray must be used with NDT-65 o D-7 film only.
Either X-ray or gama rays may be used with either D-7 or equivalent film.

5. For a pipe of 2 O.D., radiographs are taken by the Double wall technique with nonoverlapping images. The minimum number of exposures required as per the
procedure to cover the entire weld is:
A. Three-120 deg. apart.
B. Two-90 deg. apart.

C. Four-90 deg. apart.

D. None of the above.
6. For lower thicknesses of test material, the sensitivity criteria are:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Less stringent that for higher thickness.

The same as those for higher thickness
More stringent that those for higher thickness
Representative of the film quality.

7. A pipe having O.D. = 20 inches and one inch thickness has girth weld which is
required to be 100% radiographed. The panoramic technique is employed. The weld
is covered by three panoramic technique is employed. The weld is covered by three
films of size = 4 X 19. 2% sensitivity is achieved and there is one penetrameter on
each radiograph. The radiographs do not have any rejectable indication and density
between 2.0 & 2.8. Which of the following statement is applicable:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Based on the radiographs joint is acceptable.

The job is to be radiographed again using longer films.
The penetrameter sensitivity could be improved
None of the above statements are applicable.

8. A welding procedure qualification test is conducted on a flat plate of thickness = 1

and length = 12. It is radiographed completely in one exposure on one film. A
source to film distance of -------- inches is adequate to meet the requirements of the
procedure.
A.
B.
C.
D.

14
12
20
24

9. A Radiograph is taken of a 1 thick pipe weld. Pipe O.D. is 12 and technique is

panoramic. Sensitivity and density requirements are achieved with DIN IQI. The
gama ray source was 2X2 mm. There was no rejectable indication evident on
radiograph. The surveyor did not accept the radiograph and asked for re-shot. What
is your opinion?
A. The surveyor was not justified
B. The surveyor was justified since the geometric unsharpness was beyond
permissible limit.
C. The sensitivity was achieved but the definition might have been poor.
D. None of the above statements is true.
10. A pipe of 48 O.D. & thick was radiographed for girth weld by panoramic exposure
covered in 16 equal segments identified as 0-1, 0-2,15-0. Segments 2-3, 3-4, 4-5,

7-8,9-10 & 10-11 had repair marked, attended and reshot taken with panoramic
exposure and IQI in 4-5&9-10 only. Resulting radiograph has acceptable density,
sensitivity and weld quality. Inspector did not accept radiograph. In your opinion:
A.
B.
C.
D.

The inspector is not justified in his stance.

The inspector is trying to show his own importance.
The inspector has instructions to slow down the production rate.
The inspector is justified.

11. In radiograph, tungsten inclusion will appear as:

A.
B.
C.
D.

White linear indications with branches.

Dark linear indications.
White spots.
White spots surrounded by black rings.

12. On a radiograph, white circular indications were observed on the area adjacent to the
weld. This could be due to:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Dirty developer.
Weld spatter.
Pitted plate.
Porosity in the weld.

13. In radiography of long pipe line radiographed using double wall single image
technique, penetrameters are placed on:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Source side.
Film side.
Either side.
On source side unless geometric unsharpness exceeds the permitted value,
then it can be placed on the film side.

14. Lack of penetration is a defect which can occur in:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Double sided welds in plates.

Single sided welds in plates.
Pipe welds.
All of the above.

15. A discontinuity is observed in the radiographic image of a weld. The discontinuity is

thin, linear, sharply distinct and has feathery branches. The description, most closely
indicates a:
A. Gross slag inclusion.
B. Segregation.

C. Crack.
D. Lack of penetration.
16. Which of the following is correct statement?
A. In a panoramic technique, we must take number of shots, superimpose them
on each other to get 3-D picture of the defect.
B. To ensure that lack of side wall fusion is clearly visible on the radiograph, we
must radiograph at an angle of 90 degrees to the plate surface.
C. While radiographing 1 thick plate for 2-2T sensitivity, essential penetrameter
hole size shall be 0.02.
D. None of above is correct statement.
17. While radiographing a butt weld in a rolled plate, which defect is not likely to be
detected?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Slag inclusions in the weld.

Cracks.
Laminations in the parent material.
All of the above defects will be easily detected.

18. A radiograph of a six mm. Thick stainless steel plate welded using high input GTAW
welding shows a few faint white and dark lines adjacent to each other. Reradiographs with increased KV did not show these lines. The indications were
probably due to:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Non-relevant indications
Valleys between weld passes.
Mottling.
Non-metallic inclusions

19. A weld radiograph shows globules. The joint preparation for this weld is most
probably:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Single V groove with back ship.

Single V groove without back chip.
Double V groove.
None of the joint preparation listed above can result in the weld having
globules.

20. Which of the figure given below is an illustration of the double wall single image.
(DWSI) technique?
A. A.
B. B.
C. C.
D. None of the above figures drawn below illustrates DWSI technique.

Source

RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING LEVEL III

(TESTING OF CASTING/FORGINGS)
1. Smallest hole size in penetrameter No.5 is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

0.005 inch.
0.010 inch.
0.020 inch.
0.040 inch.
Not indicated.

2. A 1.0 inch thick aluminum casting is to be radiographed. How much KV will you
use?
A.
B.
C.
D.

140 KV
200 KV
300 KV
Any of the above can be used.

3. Location markers shall be placed on film side when radiographing spherical castings:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Whose convex side towards the source.

Whose concave side is towards the source and SOD is greater then inside radius.
Whose concave side is towards the source and SOD is less than inside radius.
Whose concave side is towards the source and SOD is equal to inside radius.

4. A 4.25 inch thick casting, which is to be later finishing machined to 3.75 inch is to
radiographed. The penetrameter selection should be based on thickness of:
A.
B.
C.
D.

4.25 inch.
4.00 inch.
3.75 inch.
3.6 inch.

5. Which radiographs will you refer for acceptance of radiographic defects in valve
body castings having thickness of 50 mm?
A.
B.
C.
D.

ASTM-E-446
ASTM-E-186
ASTM-E-280
Any of the above depending on severity level.

6. A 15mm long crack was observed in a 40 mm thick casting. This casting:

A. Is acceptable as severity level 4 casting.
B. Is acceptable as severity level 5 casting.

C. Is acceptable as severity level 5 casting provided nature of crack is proved to be

of minor nature by fracture machnics test.
D. Is not acceptable.
7. A severity level 2 casting showed shrinkage of level Cb-3 and no other defects. This
casting:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Is acceptable.
Is to be rejectable.
Is to be accepted provided the defect is in the mid zone.
It is accepted provided ASTM-E-186 reference radiograph is used for
compression.

8. A 125mm thick severity level 1 casting showed non-metallic inclusions of level B1.
This casating:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Is acceptable.
Is to be rejected.
Is to be accepted provided the defect is in the mid zone.
Is acceptable if agreed between the client and manufacturer.

9. A severity level 2 casting showed shrinkage of level Ca-3 and non metallic inclusion
of level B-2. This casting:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Is acceptable
Is to be rejected.
Is acceptable provided thickness is more than 115mm
Is acceptable provided defects are in the mid zone
Both C and D.

10. Which of the following defect is not acceptable under any circumstances for severity
level-3 casting?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Cracks.
Chaplets.
Iron chills.
Both B and C.

11. Table-4 of DIN 1690 part-2 is applicable to:

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

20 mm. Thick steel castings.

100 mm. Thick stainless steel castings.
350 mm. Thick steel castings.
All of the above.
None of the above.

12. Which of the following discontinuity is caused due to insufficient amount of molten
metal, when the casting is cooling?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Cracks.
Hot tears.
Shrinkage.
Mottling.

13. Which of the following discontinuities normally occur where a thin section joins a
thick section?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Shrinkage.
Hot tears.
Gas porosity.
Rat tails.

14. Radiograph shows indications which are dark, round spots with smooth borders.
Interpretation is:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Slag inclusion.
Porosity.
Shrinkage cavities.
Rat tails.

15. Radiograph shows indications which are dark irregular shaped spots with undefined
boundaries. This indicates:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Surface irregularities.
Hot tears.
Shrinkage.
Sand inclusions.

16. Radiograph shows indications which are appearing as dark spots of irregular shape
with defined smooth boundaries. This indicates:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Slag inclusion.
Porosity.
Infused chaplets.
Cracks.

17. Radiograph shows indications which are clearly defined intermittent or continuous
smooth dark lines. This indicates:
A. Hot lines.
B. Shrinkage.
C. Cracks.

D. Any of the above.

18. In radiograph unfinished inserts appear as:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Intermittent low density lines along the boundary of the insert.

Well defined dark lines along the boundary of the insert.
Intermittent dark lines with branches.
Infused inserts will not give any indication on the radiograph.

19. Mottling is observed in steel castings

A.
B.
C.
D.

Of thin section with large grain size.

Of thick section with fine grain size.
At junction of thick and thin section.
May disappear if radiograph is taken with lower KV.

20. A radiograph of steel casting shows an indication. It is not clear whether the
indication is hot tear or shrinkage. Hot tear is not permitted. What is your reaction?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Reject since it is suspected to be hot tear.

Carry out ultrasonic testing to confirm.
Grind the suspected area and carry out MPT to confirm.
Re-radiograph at higher KV to confirm.