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    Biology Form 4 Notes Chapter 3

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    MSK
    The document discusses the movement of substances across the plasma membrane in cells. It covers several key points: 1) Substances must move across the membrane for cells to obtain nutrients, remove waste, and maintain internal conditions. The membrane is selectively permeable due to its fluid-mosaic structure of phospholipids and proteins. 2) Movement occurs through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Passive processes move substances down concentration gradients while active transport moves them against gradients using cellular energy. 3) Osmosis and tonicity are important for plants, where water movement in and out of cells by osmosis allows for wilting or preservation through osmotic solutions like salt

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    Biology Form 4 Notes Chapter 3

    Uploaded by

    MSK
    285 views8 pages
    The document discusses the movement of substances across the plasma membrane in cells. It covers several key points: 1) Substances must move across the membrane for cells to obtain nutrients, remove waste, and maintain internal conditions. The membrane is selectively permeable due to its fluid-mosaic structure of phospholipids and proteins. 2) Movement occurs through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Passive processes move substances down concentration gradients while active transport moves them against gradients using cellular energy. 3) Osmosis and tonicity are important for plants, where water movement in and out of cells by osmosis allows for wilting or preservation through osmotic solutions like salt

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    The document discusses the movement of substances across the plasma membrane in cells. It covers several key points: 1) Substances must move across the membrane for cells to obtain nutrients, remove waste, and maintain internal conditions. The membrane is selectively permeable due to its fluid-mosaic structure of phospholipids and proteins. 2) Movement occurs through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Passive processes move substances down concentration gradients while active transport moves them against gradients using cellular energy. 3) Osmosis and tonicity are important for plants, where water movement in and out of cells by osmosis allows for wilting or preservation through osmotic solutions like salt

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    285 views8 pages

    Biology Form 4 Notes Chapter 3

    Uploaded by

    MSK
    The document discusses the movement of substances across the plasma membrane in cells. It covers several key points: 1) Substances must move across the membrane for cells to obtain nutrients, remove waste, and maintain internal conditions. The membrane is selectively permeable due to its fluid-mosaic structure of phospholipids and proteins. 2) Movement occurs through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Passive processes move substances down concentration gradients while active transport moves them against gradients using cellular energy. 3) Osmosis and tonicity are important for plants, where water movement in and out of cells by osmosis allows for wilting or preservation through osmotic solutions like salt

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 8

    BIOLOGY FORM 4 NOTES CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ARCOSS

    THE PLASMA MEMBRANE


    CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ARCOSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
    3.1 MOVEMENT ARCOSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
    3.1.1
    The need for the movement of substances across the plasma
    membrane:
    Living cell Life processes
    (a) To obtain nutrients, water and gases
    (b) To excrete metabolic waste
    (c) To maintain a suitable PH and ionic concentration within the cell for
    enzyme activity.
    Qs: state the substances required by living cells?
    3.1.2

    The structure of the plasma membrane


    1. It is called Fluid-mosaic model, introduced by Singer and Nicolson in
    1972.
    2. Plasma membranes are composed mainly of phospholipids and proteins.
    3. The phospholipids molecules arrange themselves in a layer of two
    molecules thick which is called phospholipids bilayer.
    4. Each phospholipid molecule has a polar head that gives it the hydrophilic
    property (like water) and a pair of non-polar fatty acid tails gives it the
    hydrophobic property (dislike water).
    5. The phospholipids bilayer acts as barrier which isolates the two sides of
    the membranes.
    6. Phospholipids bilayer also contains cholesterol that helps to stabilize and
    strengthen the plasma membrane, making it more flexible but less
    permeable to water soluble substances.
    7. Transport proteins regulate the movement of the water soluble molecules
    and ions through the plasma membrane.
    8. There are two types of Transport proteins, i.e. channel proteins and carrier
    proteins.
    9. The channel proteins have pore to allow particular molecules or ions to
    across the plasma membrane; the carrier proteins act as carrier to take
    up specific molecules on one side of the plasma membrane and release
    them on the other side.
    10. Why the plasma membrane model is called the Fluid-mosaic model?
    a. The phospholipids bilayer, proteins and other components are not
    rigid or static, this causes the membrane to have a fluid
    characteristic
    b. The protein molecules float about in the phospholipids bilayer to
    form a mosaic pattern.

    3.1.3

    The permeability of the plasma membrane

    1.
    The plasma membrane is semi-permeable or selectively permeable. This
    means that some substances can move across the membrane freely while others
    cannot.
    2.
    Two factors that determine whether a molecule can pass through the plasma
    membrane or not: the size and the polarity of the molecules.
    3.
    Lipid-soluble molecules such as fatty acids and glycerol can pass through
    phospholipids bilayer freely.
    4.
    Non-polar molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can move through the
    phospholipids bilayer with ease.
    5.
    Small water-soluble molecules and ions pass through phospholipids bilayer by
    pore proteins.
    6.
    Large water-soluble molecules such as glucose and amino cannot pass through
    phospholipids bilayer but carry by carrier proteins.

    3.1.4
    The movement of substances across the plasma membrane:
    Passive Transport

    1.

    SIMPLE DIFFUSION

    (a) Definition: The movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher


    concentration to a region of lower concentration, thus going down a concentration
    gradient until an equilibrium is achieved.

    (b) Factors affecting the rate of diffusion:


    (i)

    Surface area between the two region:

    --- the larger the surface area, the higher the rate of diffusion
    (ii)

    Distances over which diffusion occurs:

    --- the shorter the distance over which diffusion occurs, the higher the rate of the
    diffusion across it.
    (iii) Concentration gradient:
    --- the greater the difference in concentration between two regions, the higher the
    rate of diffusion.
    (iv) Size and nature of the particles:
    --- smaller particles diffuses faster than larger particles.
    (v) Temperature:
    --- at higher temperatures, the particles have more kinetic energy to diffuse in
    higher rate.

    (c) Example: Gaseous exchange in the alveoli and blood capillaries.

    2.

    OSMOSIS

    (a) Definition: The movement of water molecules from a region of low solute
    concentration to a region of high solute concentration (going down the
    concentration gradient of water) through semi-permeable membrane.

    (b) Osmosis is the diffusion of water only and NOT the substances that dissolved in
    water.

    (c) Example: Absorption of water by root hairs in a plant

    SIMILARITIES IN SIMPLE DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS

    DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SIMPLE DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS


    SIMPLE DIFFUSION

    1.

    OSMOSIS

    FACILITATED DIFUSSION

    (a) Definition: The movement of hdydrophilic molecules or ions across the plasma
    membrane with the help of transport proteins.

    (b) Channel proteins provide a functional pore in membrane for the diffusion of
    ions.

    (c) Carrier proteins pick up amino acids, glucose or small protein on one side and
    release them on the other side. The relationship between the carrier protein and the

    transport molecules is specific. For example, glucose molecules can only combine
    with carrier proteins which are specific for glucose. This is because the carrier
    proteins have binding sides that can combine reversibly with specific molecules
    only.

    (d) Example: Absorption of digested food in the villus

    (e) The mechanism of facilitated diffusion with the aid of a carrier protein.

    3.1.2
    The movement of substances across the plasma membrane:
    Active Transport

    1.
    Definition: The movement of molecules or ions from a region of lower
    concentration to a region of higher concentration (against the concentration
    gradient) across the plasma membrane, with the use of cellular energy.

    2.
    Active transport requires the use of carrier proteins and cellular energy to
    transport molecules against the concentration gradient.

    3.

    Active transport can only take place in living organism.

    4.

    Example: Intake of mineral salts and ions by root hairs of a plant.

    The mechanism of active transport for sodium ions.

    SIMILARITIES IN PASSIVE TRANSPORT AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT

    DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PASSIVE TRANSPORT AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT


    PASSIVE TRANSPORT

    ACTIVE TRANSPORT

    3.1
    MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IN
    EVERYDAY LIFE.

    3.2.1

    Hypotonic, Isotonic and Hypertonic

    1.
    When a cell is surrounded by an external solution that is more dilute than the
    cytoplasm fluid or vacuole, the external solution is said to be hypotonic to the cell.
    A cell in hypotonic solution will gain water by osmosis.

    2.
    When a cell is surrounded by an external solution that is more
    concentrate than the cytoplasm fluid or vacuole, the external solution is said to
    be hypertonic to the cell. A cell in hypertonic solution will lose water by osmosis.

    3.
    When a cell is surrounded by an external solution that has the same
    concentrationas the cytoplasm fluid or vacuole, the external solution is said to
    be isotonic to the cell. A cell in isotonic solution will not gain or lose water by
    osmosis.

    3.2.2

    1.

    The effects and application of osmosis in everyday life

    Wilting in plants

    (a) Excessive use of fertilizers

    Excessive fertilizers which dissolve in the soil water make the soil water more
    concentrate than and hypertonic to the cell sap pf plant roots.
    -

    Water diffuses from the cell sap into the soil by osmosis.

    The plasmolysed cells become flaccid and cause the plant to wilt.

    The plant will eventually die if water is not supply immediately.

    (b) Shortage of water in soil


    As the soil dries up, the remaining soil water becomes more concentrated and
    hypertonic to the cell sap pf plant roots.
    -

    The plant loses water by osmosis, causing it to wilt.

    2.

    Food preservation

    Food can be preserved by using salt, vinegar and sugar.

    These preservatives make the surrounding solution hypertonic to content of


    the food
    The hypertonic solution causes water to leave the food by osmosis and the
    preservatives to enter the cell sap.
    The dehydrated condition of the food prevents the growth of bacteria and fungi
    which can spoil the food.

    3.2
    APPRECIATING THE MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE
    PLASMA MEMBRANE

    1.
    The movement of substances across the plasma membrane in a control
    manner is important for the survival of the cell, because the plasma membrane:
    (a) act as gatekeeper, regulating what goes in and out of the cell;
    (b) act as barrier between the contents of the cell and the surrounding
    environment.

    2.

    How to maintain the proper functioning of plasma membrane?

    (a) we need to take good care of our food and water intake
    (b) drinking sufficient water to hydrate body cells as regulate the osmotic pressure
    of the blood.

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