LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)

WHAT TO EXPECT
FOCUS:

Professional Education

Facilitating Learning
LET Competencies:
1.
Analyze the cognitive, metacognitive, motivational and socio-cultural
factors that affect learning
2.
Organize the learning environment that promotes fairness regardless of
culture, family background and gender, responsive to learners needs and
difficulties
PREPARED BY:

Aggarao, Marivilla Lydia B.

PART I: Content Update

Basic Concepts
Schema - Prior knowledge
Principle - Universal truths/facts
Theory
Public pronouncement of what a scientist or an independent/group of minds that have done
something and is subject for further studies/research.
Concepts/propositions that help to describe and explain observations that one has made.
Learning
- involves acquisition of new elements of knowledge, skills, beliefs and specific behavior
- may mean one or
more of all these things:
the act of gaining knowledge (to learn something), the knowledge gained by virtue of that act
(that which is known) the process of gaining knowledge (learning how). -Banner and
Cannon, 1997
LEARNING - It is an ongoing process of continued adaptation to our environment,
assimilation of new information and accommodation of new input to fit prior knowledge.
Adaptation - to become adjusted to new or different conditions
Assimilation - to make or become similar; to become absorbed, as knowledge
Accommodation - to settle; reconcile, adapt, adjust
Learning
- is characterized by:
a change in behavior or the capacity to change ones behavior in the future
a relatively permanent observable/demonstrable change in the behavior of a person as a
result of interaction of the environment
occurring through practice or experience
it is not being the same as thinking as its focus is on manifest behavior rather than simply
on
thoughts
Principles/Conditions of Learning
1. Learning is an active, continuous process: it involves more than acquiring information.

2. Styles and rates of learning vary: learners may be auditory, visual, or tactile/kinesthetic.
3. Readiness affects motivation and desire to learn.
4. Learning is very effective when there is immediate application of what is being taught.
5. Life experiences influence learning.
6. Learning is facilitated when learners have knowledge of their progress towards a goal.
7. Repetition (practice) helps perfect learning.
8. Principle of effect: learning is strengthened when accompanied by satisfying feeling.
9. Principle of primacy: what is taught must be taught right at the first time.
10. Principle of intensity: teaching requires provision of vivid, exciting learning of experiences.
11. Principle of recency: the things most recently learned are the best remembered.

Learning Theories
They are sets of conjectures and hypothesis that explain the process of learning or how learning
takes place
Conjectures -to conclude or suppose from incomplete evidence; guess; an indecisive opinion
Hypothesis - a set of assumptions, provisionally accepted as a basis of reasoning or unsupported
or ill supported theory
A. Behaviorism/Associative Learning Theory
It operates on a principle of Stimulus-Response
Prefers to concentrate on actual behavior
Ivan Petrovich PavlovsClassical Conditioning
Classical means in the established manner
Individual learns when a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an
unconditioned stimulus until a neutral stimulus evokes a conditioned response.

Feature of Classical Conditioning

1. Stimulus Generalization a
process by which the conditioned
response transfers to other stimuli that
is similar to the original conditioned
stimulus.
Ex. stern teacher
2. Discrimination a process by which one
learns not to respond to similar stimuli in an
identical manner because of previous
experiences.
3. Extinction a process by which a
conditioned response is lost.
Ex. anxiousness

Classroom Implications

A child should be convinced that not

all teachers in school are bad or
anything that associates to school
matters are bad.

Help the child to distinguish the

difference between two or three
identical stimuli or to discriminate
their distinct differences.
Fear of anxiety towards a terror
teacher gradually vanishes if in the
succeeding days you experience
pleasant treatment with the teacher.

Classroom Application
Relate learning activities with pleasant events.
Build positive associations between teaching and learning activities.
Edward Lee Thorndikes Connectionism
Connectionism means learning by selecting and connecting
Thorndike Theory of Learning
Classroom Implications
1. Multiple response variation of
A child tries multiple responses to
responses that would lead to conclusion or
solve a certain problem.
arrival of an answer
2. Law of Set and Attitude attitude means
Giving of homework, advanced
disposition, pre-judgment, and prior
reading affects learning
instruction/experience affects towards a
given task.

3. Law of Readiness interfering with oral

directed behavior causes frustration, causing
someone to do something they do not want to
do is also frustrating.
a. When someone is ready to perform
some act, to do is satisfying.
b. When someone is ready to perform
some act, not to do is annoying.
c. When someone is not ready to
perform some act and is forced to do,
it is annoying.
4. Law of Exercise the organism learns by
doing and forgets by not doing.
a. Law of use connections between
stimulus and response are
strengthened as they are used.
b. Law of disuse connections between
a stimulus and response are weakened
when practice is discontinued.
5. Law of Effect reward increases the
strength of a connection whereas punishment
does nothing.

Asking a child to write the alphabets

when he/she did not learn the basic
strokes of writing gets frustrated and
annoyed.

Practice makes perfect

Provide varied enhancement
activities/exercises, seatwork.

Praise students achievements;

encourage those low performing
students to do better.

Classroom Application
Do not force the child to go to school if he/she is not yet ready. Indications of readiness:
sustained interest, improved performance (Ex. Writing, reading)
Practice what has been learned
Consider individual differences.
Burrhus Frederic Skinners Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement
Operant Conditioning - using pleasant or unpleasant consequences to control the occurrence of
behavior.
Reinforcers any consequence that strengthen a behavior
Primary reinforcer related to basic needs. Ex. food
Secondary reinforcer value of something is acquired when associated with
primary reinforcer. Ex. money to buy food
Positive reinforcer consequence given to strengthen a behavior
Negative reinforcer release from an unpleasant situation to strengthen
behavior.
Reinforcement it is a key element to explain why and how learning occurs.
Verbal praise, encouragement
Physical touch, pats, hugs
Non-verbal smiles, winks, warm looks
Activity games, enjoyments
Token points, stars

 Consumable cookies
Punishment any unpleasant consequence to weaken a behavior
Classroom Application
Teachers may use pleasant or unpleasant consequence to control the occurrence of behavior
Act on a situation right away. Be sure to make students understand why they are being reinforced
or punished
B. Cognitive and Metacognition
Main focus is on memory (the storage and retrieval of information)
Prefer to concentrate on analyzing cognitive processes
Believe in the non-observable behavior
Basic Concepts:
1. Perception - a persons interpretation of stimuli.
2. Encoding putting information in memory
3. Storage changing the format of new information as it is being stored in memory
4. Rehearsal mental repetition of information
5. Dual Coding holds the complex networks or verbal representations and images to promote
long term retention.
6. Retrieval finding information previously stored in memory; recalling
Meaningful learning occurs when new experiences are related to what a learner already
knows.
May occur through:
reception
rote learning
discovery learning
David Ausubels Meaningful Reception Theory
Meaningful learning occurs when new experiences are related to what a learner already
knows.
May occur through:
reception
rote learning
discovery learning

Two Dimensions of Learning Processes:

The first dimension relates to the two ways
by which knowledge to be learned is made
available to the learner

The second dimension relates to the two

ways by which the learner incorporate
new information into his existing cognitive
structure

1. Meaningful Reception Learning

2. Rote Reception Learning

3. Meaningful Discovery Learning

4. Rote Discovery Learning

Meaningful Reception Learning

material is presented to the learner in a well-organized/final form and relates it to his/her
existing knowledge
Rote Reception Learning
material is presented to the learner in a well-organized/final form and is memorized
Meaningful Discovery Learning
learner arrives at the solution to a problem or other outcome independently and relates it to
his/her existing knowledge.
Rote Discovery Learning
the solution is arrived at independently but is committed to memory
Classroom Application
Teachers to take note that before actual learning is expected, the teachers may use advance
organizers

Jerome Bruners Discovery Learning Theory or

Inquiry Method/Theory of Instruction
Posits that learning is more meaningful to learners when they have the opportunity to discover on
their own the relationships among the concepts or to actively search for a solution to a problem
An approach to instruction through which students interact with their environment by exploring
and manipulating objects, wrestling with questions and controversies or performing experiments.
The idea is that students are more likely to remember concepts they discover on their own.
Calls his view of learning instrumental conceptualism
Scaffolding
Classroom Application
Teachers must strive to see a problem as the learner sees it and provide information that is
consistent with learners perspective.
Wolfgang Kohlers Insight Learning/Problem Solving Theory
Insight the capacity to discern the true nature of situation
- imaginative power to see into and understand immediately
Gaining insight is a gradual process of exploring, analyzing, and structuring
perception until a solution is arrived at.
The more intelligent a person and the more experiences he has, the more capable he will be for
gaining insight.
Held that animals and human beings are capable of seeing relationships between objects and
events and act accordingly to achieve their needs.
The power of looking into relationships involved in a problem and in coming up with a solution

Classroom Application
Allow students to go through trial and error method especially in doing laboratory experiments
and in solving mathematical equations
Teachers should help students in gaining insights by giving/presenting activities/situations to do
so, they will be able to solve their problems.
Jean Piagets Cognitive Constructivism
It emphasizes the active role of the learner in building understanding and making sense of
information.
It is about how the individual learner understands things, in terms of developmental
stages and learning styles
Two major parts:
1. Ages what children can and cannot understand at different ages
2. Stages how children develop cognitive abilities through developmental stages
Developmental Stages - it is a distinct period in the life cycle characterized by a particular sets
of abilities, motives, behavior and emotion that occur together and form a coherent pattern.
Classroom Application
Consider the developmental stages and learning styles of learners in presenting ideas
Teachers should provide necessary resources and rich environment filled with interesting things
to explore, thus become active instructor of their own knowledge
Richard Atkinsons and Richard Shiffrins Information Processing Theory
The individual learns when the human mind takes in information (encoding), performs
operation in it, stores the information (storage), and retrieves it when needed (retrieval)
Memory the ability to store information so that it can be used at a later time.
Stages of Human Memory
1. Sensory Memory utilizes sense organs such as visual, auditory; lasts less than a second
Ex. color, shape, blowing of horn
2. Short Term Memory (STM) selected by attention; lasts up to 13-30 seconds
Ex. telephone number
3. Long Term Memory (LTM) lasting retention of information

- Minutes to lifetime
- Information on The LTM, if not rehearsed, can be forgotten through
trace decay
Three components:
Episodic Memory associated with our recall of particular times and places and a storage place
for many personal experiences.
Procedural Memory refers to knowing how as opposed to knowing that
Semantic Memory knowledge of general facts, principles and concepts that are not connected
to particular times and places.Organized in networks of connected ideas or relationships referred
grouped under larger more generic categories.

Forgetting
To be unable to recall (something previously known) to the mind
Causes of Forgetting
1. Retrieval Failure- forgetting is due to inability to recall the information.
2. Decay Theory information stored in LTM gradually fades when it is not used.
3. Interference Theory forgetting in LTM is due to the influence of other learning
Retention- the ability to recall or recognize what has been learned or experienced.
Interference the act or an instance of hindering, obstructing or impeding.
Classroom Application
Hold learners attention in all cognitive tasks.
Assist learner to assess materials considered most important to learn
Employ interesting rehearsal activities
Organize information to be learned
Robert Gagnes Cumulative Learning
Learning skills are hierarchically arranged
Progression from stimulus-response associations to concepts, principles and problem solving.
7 Levels of Learning

1. Signal Learning involuntary responses are learned

Ex. hot surface touched
2. Stimulus-response Learning voluntary responses are learned.
Ex. Getting ready to move at the sound of a fire alarm
3. Chaining/Motor two or more separate motor/verbal responses maybe
combined or chained to develop a more complex shell
Ex. house + wife = housewife
4. Discrimination Learning learner selects a response which applies to
stimuli.
Ex. sound of fire engine is different from other sounds/sirens
5. Concept Learning involves classifying and organizing perceptions to
gain meaningful concepts
Ex. Concept of triangle, discriminate triangle from other shapes and
deduce commonality among different shapes
6. Principle Learning (Rule Learning) involves combining and relating
concepts to form rules
Ex. Equilateral triangles are similar in shapes
7. Problem Solving considered the most complex condition: involves
applying rules to appropriate problem situations
Ex. Solving mathematical problems using a given formula (find the area
of a square A = 1xW)
Teaching for Transfer (Gagne)
Transfer to convey or cause to pass from
one place, person or things to another; direct
(a person) elsewhere for help or information.
Transfer of Learning
Types:
1. Lateral transfer occurs when the individual is able to perform a new task about the
same level. (e.g. solving word problems given in text and later solving a similar problem
on the board)
2. Vertical transfer occurs when the individual is able to learn more advanced/complex
skills (e.g. being able to add and multiply; being able to read and write)

Classroom Application
Observe strictly sequence in teaching in terms of level of learning skills and capabilities
required.
Check students capabilities in each level before moving to the next level.
Make sure that pre-requisite learning is required before proceeding to the target level.
Kurt Lewins Field Theory

 Known for the terms: life space (reality, need, aspirations, desires, goals) and field
theory (forces-social environment; function of both the person and environment
Learning is more effective when it is an active rather than a passive process
Classroom Application
In a classroom for instance teachers must try to suit the goals of the activities of the lessons to
the learners needs along with his environment.
C. Socio-cultural
Concepts:
Learning involves participation in a community of practice
Society and culture affects learning
Social learners become involved in a community of practice, which embodies certain beliefs and
behaviors to be acquired; social interaction.
Culture and Learner Diversity
Relationship of culture and learning style affect students learning/achievement.
* students color, way of life vs. cultural values, beliefs and norms of schools
Teachers cultures
- teachers own cultural orientations impede successful learners guided by another
cultural orientation.

Albert Banduras Social / Observational Learning Theory

Known for his Bobo doll experiment
People learn through observation, simulation, modeling which means watching (observing),
another called a model and later imitating the models behavior.
Concentrates on the power of example
Models are classified as:
Real life exemplified by teachers, parents and significant others
Symbolic presented through oral/written symbols, e.g. books
Representational presented through audio-visual measures, e.g. films
Concepts in Social Learning Theory
1. Vicarious Learning learning is acquired from observing the consequences of others
behavior.
2. Self regulated Learning occurs when individuals observe, assess and judge their own
behavior against their own standards, and subsequently reward or punish themselves.
4 Phases of Observational Learning
1. Attention mere exposure does not ensure acquisition of behavior. Observer must attend to
recognize the distinctive features of the models response.
2. Retention reproduction of the desired behavior implies that student symbolically retains that
observed behavior

3. Motor Reproduction Process after observation, physical skills and coordination are needed
for reproduction of the behavior learned.
4. Motivation al Process although observer acquires and retains ability to perform the modeled
behavior, there will be no overt performance unless conditions are favorable
Classroom application:
Model desirable behaviors, making sure that the students are paying attention while doing so
Make sure that the students are physically capable of doing the modeled behavior and that they
know why they should demonstrate this behavior
Expose students to a variety of exemplary models
Situated Learning by Jean Lave and Wenger
Concepts
The nature of the situation impacts significantly on the process of learning.
Learning involves social relationships situations of co-participation.
Learning is in the relationships between people.
Learning does not belong to individual persons, but to the various conversations they share.
Classroom Application
Engage students in group activities/participatory works
Allow students to do/participate in community based activities
Relate teaching- learning to real life situations
UrieBrofenbrenners Ecological Systems Theory/Environmental Contexts
Learning is greatly affected by the kind of environment we are in.
Learners are understood within the context of their environment.
These environmental contexts are interrelated.
Environmental Contexts: Major Levels
1. Microsystem innermost level
- contains the structure that has direct contact with child
2.Mesosystem connection between the structures of the childs microsystem
3.Exosystem 3rd level
- social system which the child does not function directly
4.Macrosystem outermost level
- values, customs, laws, beliefs and resources of a culture/society
5 . Chronosystem
If the relationships in the immediate microsystem break down, the child will not have the tools to
explore other parts of his environment resulting to behavioral deficiencies. Learning tends to
regress / slow down when the environment of the child is in turmoil

Classroom Application

School and teachers should work to support primary needs of the learner to create an
environment that welcomes and nurtures school home relationship through: parent-teacher
conferencing, home visitation, telephone brigade, family day
Lev Vygotskys Social Constructivism
It emphasizes how meaning and understanding grow out of social encounters.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - gap between actual and potential development
*Actual development what children can do on their own
* Potential development what children can do with help
Scaffolding
competent assistance or support through mediation of the environment (significant
others) in which cognitive, socio-emotional and behavioral development can occur.
Classroom Application
Engage students in group activities and let them share their schema on a particular subject within
the groups (small groups) and synthesize it in the big group
Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence refers to general mental ability of a person
- capacity to resolve problems or to fashion products that are valued in a more
cultural setting
Achievements refers to the previous learning of a person in a certain subject area.
Multiple Intelligence capacity of a person to possess and adapt two or more
intelligences.
Intelligence
Competence
Examples
1. Linguistic sensitivity to spoken
and written language

2.Logical/mathematical analyzes
problems logically, carry out
mathematical operations, and
investigate issues scientifically.
3. Musical skill in the performance,
composition and appreciation of
musical patterns.
4. Bodily kinesthetic using ones
whole body or body parts to solve
and convey ideas.

- Ability to learn
language
- Capacity to use
language to
accomplish certain
goals
- Ability to detect
patters, reason
deductively and think
logically.
- Capacity to
recognize and
compose musical
pitches, tones and
rhythms.
- Ability to use mental
abilities to coordinate
bodily movements.

Writers, poets,
lawyers, speakers

Scientists,
mathematicians

Musicians,
composers

Athletes, dancers

5. Spatial recognize and use

patterns of wide space and more
confined areas.
6. Interpersonal working
effectively with others.

7. Intrapersonal working
effectively with oneself

8. Naturalist appreciation of the

environment/nature.

Capacity to
understand, appreciate
and maximize the use
of spaces
- Capacity to
understand the
intentions, motivations
and desires of other
people.
- Capacity to
understand oneself,
appreciate ones
feelings, fears and
motivations
- Ability to recognize,
categorize and grow
upon certain features
of the environment

Engineers

Educators, sales
people, religious
counselors,
politicians

Nature lover,
environmentalist

Classroom Application
Make use of various activities which will address the different intelligences of your students in
the class (e.g. art activities to accommodate art inclined students, song writing for musically
inclined, etc)
Robert Sternberg Triarchic Intelligence (1988), focuses on three main components of
intelligence:
Practical intelligence--the ability to do well in informal and formal educational settings;
adapting to and shaping one's environment; street smarts.
Experiential intelligence--the ability to deal with novel situations; the ability to effectively
automate ways of dealing with novel situations so they are easily handled in the future; the
ability to think in novel ways.
Componential intelligence--the ability to process information effectively.Includes
metacognitive, executive, performance, and knowledge-acquisition components that help to steer
cognitive processes.
Classroom Application
Engage students in practical, experiential and classroom-based activities.
Daniel Golemans Emotional Intelligence
Highlights the role of emotion in the success or happiness of an individual which eventually
affects behavior or learning.
Classroom Application
Surface the emotions manifested by students in a certain situation. Dont suppress it.

William Glassers Control Theory

Behavior is inspired by what satisfies a persons want at any given time.
Classroom Application
Make schoolwork relevant to students basic human needs.
David Kolbs Learning Styles
Learning Styles are tools utilized by learners to cope and adjust to the learning environment
Four learning styles
Learning Styles
Educational Implications
1. Convergers rely on abstract
Teacher should provide learning
conceptualizing and experimenting
tasks that have specific answers
- they like to find specific, concrete
like numbers and figures/units.
answers and move quickly to solution
- unemotional, since they prefer to deal
with things rather than with people.
Ex. physical sciences and engineering
2. Assimilators rely most on abstract
Teacher should provide learning
conceptualizing and reflective
tasks that call for integration of
observation
materials/situational activities
- interested in theoretical concerns than
in applications.
Ex. research and planning
3. Divergers rely on concrete
Teacher should provide group
experience and active participation
activities since learners enjoy
- generate ideas and enjoy working with
working in groups.
people.
Ex. counseling and consulting
4. Accommodators rely on concrete
Teacher should provide learning
experience and active experimentation
tasks that call for hands-on
- risk taking, action oriented,
approach.
adoptable in new situations.
Ex. marketing, business, sales
Types of Learners
Types of Learners/Perceptual
Channel
1. Auditory learners prefer to learn
by listening/auditory perceptual
channel.

Educational Implications/Learning
Preferences

Lecturing is the teaching

approach that works best for
them.
Songs/poems are useful and
effective learning tools.

2. Visual learners prefer print

materials/visual perceptual channel

3. Tactile learners like to

manipulate objects/tactile perceptual
channel

4. Kinesthetic or whole body

learners like to learn through
experiential activities/kinesthetic
perceptual channel.

Reading/responding to visual
cues, such as the chalkboard or
transparencies
Textbooks and pictures are
useful and effective learning
tools.
Hands-on or laboratory
methods of learning are most
appropriate for learners.
Tracing diagrams or using
texture examples.
Simulations, exploratory
activities and problem-solving
approach of teaching.
Pacing or dancing while
learning new material.

Part II
MOTIVATION
What is meant by Motivation?
An internal state or condition (sometimes described as a need, desire or want) that serves to
activate or energize behavior and give it direction.
Although motivation cannot be seen directly, it can be inferred from behavior we ordinarily refer
to as ability. Ability refers to what a person wants to do.
In order to do this effectively, it is necessary to understand that motivation comes in two forms.
Two Kinds of Motivation:
Extrinsic Motivation
When students work hard to win their parents favour, gain teachers praise or earn high grades;
their reasons for work and study lie primarily outside themselves.
- Is fuelled by the anticipation and expectation of some kind of payoff from an external source
Intrinsic Motivation
when students study because they enjoy the subject and desire to learn it, irrespective of the
praise won or grades earned; the reasons for learning reside primarily inside themselves
- Fuelled by ones own goal or ambitions
Principles of Motivation
The environment can be used to focus the students attention on what needs to be learned.
Incentives motivate learning

Internal motivation is longer lasting and more self directive than is external motivation, which
must be repeatedly reinforced by praise or concrete rewards.
Learning is most effective when an individual is ready to learn, that is when one want to know
something.
Motivation is enhanced by the way in which the instructional material is organized.
Theories of Motivation
1. Drive Theory (Clark Hull)
Drive is a condition of arousal on tension that motivates behavior
Drives most typically have been considered to involve
physiological survival needs; hunger, thirst, sleep, pain, sex.
A drive results from the activation of a need
Need a physiological deficiency that creates condition of
disequilibrium in the body
2.Self Efficacy (Albert Bandura)
Self efficacy it is the belief that one has capabilities to execute the courses of actions required
to manage prospective situations. Unlike efficacy, which is the power to produce an effect (in
essence competence) self efficacy is the belief (whether or not accurate) that one has the power
to produce that effect.
Self efficacy relates to a persons perception of his/her ability to reach a goal while, self
esteem relates to a persons sense of self worth.
3. Self Determination (E. Deci)
Self determination comes from the sense of autonomy that a person has when it comes to
things that he does and the choices he makes.
4. Theory of Achievement Motivation (Atkinson)
Motivation to perform is affected by two variables
Expectancy people must believe than they can accomplish a task, that is, they
should have expectancy about what they want to achieve.
Value they should place an importance or value in what they are doing.
5. Attribution Theory (B. Weiner)
Peoples various explanations for successes and failures their beliefs about what causes
attributions.
Dimensions underlying peoples attribution. People can explain events in many different ways.
For example, a tennis player may attribute his/her wins and successes in matches to things like
luck, health, effort, mood, strengths and weaknesses of his/her opponents, climate, his/her fans
etc.
TECHNIQUES IN MOTIVATING LEARNERS

Challenge them - offer students opportunities to undertake real challenges. Encourage them to
take intellectual risks.
Build on strengths first - Opportunity to use their talents to achieve success.
Offer choices - offering choices develop ownership. When child makes decisions he/she is more
likely to accept ownership and control of the results.
Provide a secure environment which permits children to fail without penalty. Learning how to
deal with failure is critical for developing motivation and successful learning.
III. ACHIEVING LEARNING OUTCOMES
A. Definitions
- Learning outcomes specify what a learner is expected to know, understand or to
be able to do as a result of a learning process.
- Measuring learning outcomes provides information on what particular knowledge
(cognitive); skill or behavior (psychomotor and affective). Students have gained
after instruction is completed.
B. Importance
Communicate expectations to learners
Review curriculum and content
Design appropriate assessment
Evaluate the effectiveness of learning
C. Three learning domains (KSA)
C.1. Cognitive Learning Domain
development of knowledge and intellectual skills
- mental skills (knowledge)
Basic Concepts: Cognitive Learning
1.Fact something that is true, something that actually exists
2. Concept basically the main idea
3. Generalization the formation of a general notion by putting together general
concepts
4. Thinking rational; reasoning

Types of Thinking
1 Problem Solving process involved in the solution of a problem.

2. Critical Thinking
a. Careful and deliberate determination of whether to accept, reject, suspend
judgement on a claim
b. Reasonable reflective thinking that is focused in deciding whether to
believe or do

c. Comprises the mental processes, strategies and representations people

use to solve problems, make decisions, and learn new concepts
3. Creative Thinking
Involves the ability to produce new forms in an art or mechanics or to
solve problems by novel methods
Creativity consist in coming up with a new and relevant ideas
Creativity has two kinds
a. Cognitive involved in problem solving
b. Aesthetic relating to artistic creation
4. Metacognition
-meta after; beyond; higher
-cognition way of thinking; perceiving; knowing
Refers to the idea of knowing about knowing, involves the study of
how we think about our own thinking in order to develop strategies for
learning.
Is the capacity to monitor and regulate ones own thinking or mental
capacity.
From of thinking in which an individual develops an awareness of his
characteristics, attitudes, beliefs, and actions.
Principles in Achieving Cognitive Learning and Their Classroom
Implications
Content: Teach tacit heuristic knowledge as well as textbook
knowledge.
Situated Learning: Teach knowledge and skills that reflect the way
the knowledge will be useful in real life.
Modeling and Explaining: Show how a process unfolds and tell
reasons why it happens that way.
Coaching and Feedback: Pay personalized attention to performance,
coupled with appropriate hints, helps, and encouraging feedback.
Articulation and Reflection: make students think about and give
reasons for their actions/own performance.
Exploration: Encourage students to try out different strategies and
observe their effects.
Sequence: Proceed in an order from simple to complex, with
increasingly diversity.
C.2. Affective Learning Domain
(Krathwol)
- deals with attitudes, motivation, willingness to participate
- valuing what is being learned
- incorporating the values of a discipline as a way of life
- growth in feeling or emotional areas (attitude)
Basic Concepts: Affective Learning
Beliefs an accepting of something or someone as true or reliable without
asking for proof.

 Attitudes a particular feeling or way of thinking about something.

Values important and enduring beliefs or ideals shared by the members of
a culture about what is good or desirable and what is not.

Principles in Achieving the Development of Attitudes and Values and Their

Classroom Implications
Every interaction with children provides an opportunity to teach values.
Children learn about our values through daily interaction with us.
Children learn through our example
Children learn values through the way we do things as a family.
Children learn values and beliefs through their exposure to the larger
world.
Children learn values through our explanations of the world.
C.3 Psychomotor Learning Domain
(Anita J. Harrow)
Includes physical movement that involves coordination of the mind and body
Manual of physical skills
Basic Concepts: Psychomotor Learning
Capacity the facility or power to produce, perform or deploy.
Ability competence in an activity or occupation because of ones skill, training, or
other qualification.
Skill learned capacity to carry out predetermined results often with the minimum
outlay of time, energy, or both.
PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN ACHIEVING PSYCHOMOTOR LEARNING AND THEIR
CLASSROOM IMPLICATIONS
1. The psychomotor domain is best assessed in a face to face situation.
2. It focuses on performing sequences of motor activities to a specified level of
motor operations for a child of given age.
3. Learning materials and activities should involve the appropriate level of motor
capabilities.
4. Use teaching methods that actively involve students and present challenges.
5. Psychomotor learning is facilitated by providing activities or situations that
engage learners to perform.
Acknowledgement goes to various authors
/mlba