TD Epcc

Oil & Gas Development
Company Limited
UCH-II GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

Tender for Design Engineering,
Procurement (Supply), Construction,
Installation/Erection, Pre-commissioning,
Commissioning & Start-up
TENDER ENQUIRY NO. PROC-FD/CB/PROJ(UCH-II)-1460/2010
VOLUME-2A
(PROCESS)
ENAR Petrotech Services (Pvt.) Ltd.

July, 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME 2A (PROCESS)
Specifications
4985-GA-8302-0
Process Selection Study
4985-GA-8301-0
Hydraulic Study
4985-A-1050-0
General Safety and Fire Protection
P&IDs
4985-PB-2101-0
LEGEND
4985-PB-2102-0
LEGEND
4985-PB-2103-3
Typical Wellhead 8 Flow line
4985-PB-2104-3
4985-PB-2105-3
4985-PB-2106-2
Typical 10 Receiver For 8 Flow line
4985-PB-2107-2
4985-PB-2108-2
4985-PB-2109-3
Gathering System Eastern Lobe
4985-PB-2110-3
Gathering System Central Lobe
4985-PB-2111-3
Gathering System Western Lobe
4985-PB-2112-3
Slug Catcher
4985-PB-2113-3
Condensate Water Separation
4985-PB-2114-2
Condensate Storage
4985-PB-2115-2
Condensate Loading Transfer
4985-PB-2116-3
Feed Heater Amine System
4985-PB-2117-3
Amine Inlet Filter Coalescer
4985-PB-2118-3
Amine Contactor
4985-PB-2119-3
Amine Outlet K.O
4985-PB-2120-3
Rich Amine Flush Drum
4985-PB-2121-2
Lean Rich Amine Exchanger and Booster Pumps
4985-PB-2122-3
Amine Regeneration and Reboiler
4985-PB-2123-2
Lean Amine Cooler
4985-PB-2124-2
Lean Amine Filters
4985-PB-2125-2
Lean Amine Circulation Pimps
4985-PB-2126-3
Amine Regeneration Ovhds System
4985-PB-2127-2
Amine Storage Tank
4985-PB-2128-2
Amine Sump
4985-PB-2129-3
Glycol Contactor & Ovhd Scrubber
1 of 3
4985-PB-2130-3
Glycol Regeneration -A Unit
4985-PB-2131-3
Glycol Regeneration-B Unit
4985-PB-2132-3
Sales Gas & Glycol Cooler
4985-PB-2133-3
Sales Gas Metering
4985-PB-2134-2
Drain System (Slop Vessel & Blow Case)
4985-PB-2135-2
Oil / Water Separation System (CPI Separator)
4985-PB-2136-2
Diesel System
4985-PB-2137-2
Fire Water Sprinkler System
4985-PB-2138-3
Fuel Gas System
4985-PB-2139-2
Flare and Incinerator Header
4985-PB-2140-2
Flare System
4985-PB-2141-2
Incinerator System
4985-PB-2142A-2
Hot Oil System
4985-PB-2142B-2
Hot Oil System
4985-PB-2143-2
Corrosion Inhibitor Mixing
4985-PB-2144-2
Corrosion Inhibitor Injection Pack (Manifolds)
4985-PB-2145-2
Methanol Corrosion Inhibitor Pack Manifold
4985-PB-2146-2
Instrument Air System
4985-PB-2147-2
Wellhead Utility Gas Package
4985-PB-2148-1
Produced Water Treatment Package
4985-PB-2149-1
Inert Gas Package
4985-PB-2150-0
Glycol Storage and Sump
4985-PB-2151-0
Raw Gas Cooler
4985-PB-2152-1
Raw Gas K.O Drum
4985-PB-2153-0
Water Treatment Package
4985-PB-2154-0
Raw Water Storage
4985-PB-2161-0
Gas Pipeline Delivery Station (Scraper Launcher)
4985-PB-2162-0
Gas Pipeline Delivery Station (Scraper Receiver)
4985-PB-2163-1
Gas Pipeline Delivery Station (New Filters)
4985-PB-2164-1
Gas Pipeline Delivery Station (New Metering)
4985-PB-2165-0
Gas Pipeline
Collection)
2 of 3
Delivery
Station
(Condensate
PFDs
4985-B-1501-2
Well head facility and sphere launcher/receiver
4985-B-1502-2
Gas gathering system
4985-B-1503-2
Slug Catcher and condensate water separator
4985-B-1504-2
Condensate Storage
4985-B-1505-2
H2S Removal System
4985-B-1506-2
Amine Regeneration System
4985-B-1507-2
Amine Storage Tank
4985-B-1508-2
Amine Sump
4985-B-1509-2
Dehydration Unit
4985-B-1510-2
Dehydration Unit
4985-B-1511-2
Sales Gas Metering
4985-B-1512-2
Flare & Incinerator System
4985-B-1513-2
Fuel Gas System
4985-B-1514-2
Instrument Air System/Plant Air system
4985-B-1515A
Hot Oil System
4985-B-1515B
Hot Oil System
4985-B-1516-2
Diesel System
4985-B-1517-0
Raw gas cooler and raw gas K.O drum
4985-B-1518-1
Fire Water System
4985-B-1519-2
Drain System (Slop Vessel & Blow Case)
(Sheet 1 of 2)
4985-B-1519-2
Oil / Water Separation System (CPI Separator)
(Sheet 2 of 2)
4985-B-1520-0
Glycol Storage and Glycol Sump vessel
4985-B-1521-0
Corrosion inhibitor Mixing System
4985-B-1522-0
Raw Water storage
4985-B-1523-0
Raw Water Treatment Package
4985-B-1524-0
Inert Gas package
3 of 3
Job No. 14 4985

Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302
Page 1 of 58
Rev. 0
PROCESS SELECTION STUDY (PHASE-1)
Project : UCH-II Gas Field Development Project
Client : Oil & Gas Development Company Limited
Prepared by
Checked by
Approved by
Revised by
2
1
: AI
: MHQ/FS
: NMC
: DF
Issued for Re-Bidding

Issued for Review & Approval
06-07-2010
15-06-2010
Issued for Bidding
02-03-009
Rev.
Description of Revision
Date
Revised Page Nos.
Process Selection Study (Phase 1)

UCH-II Gas Development Project
CONTENTS
SR.NO.
DESCRIPTION
PAGE
NO.
1.0
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 3
2.0
BASIS OF PROCESS DESIGN ............................................................... 3
3.0
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS .............................................................. 9
4.0
METHODOLOGY & APPROACH...................................................... 10
5.0
SELECTION OF ACID GAS REMOVAL PROCESS ....................... 10
6.0
DEHYDRATION PROCESSES ............................................................ 43
7.0
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION & RECOMMENDATIONS ........ 50
LIST OF ANNEXURE
ANNEXURE I
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM AND MATERIAL BALANCE OF

TYPICAL AMINE SYSTEM
ANNEXURE II
INEOS GAS/SPEC SS SOLVENT
ANNEXURE III
HUNTSMAN JEFFTREAT MP SOLVENT
ANNEXURE IV
UOP AMINE GUARD PROCESS AND REFERENCE LIST
ANNEXURE V
REFERENCE LIST OF EMRE FLEXORB PROCESS
ANNEXURE VI
SHELL SULFINOL PROCESS AND REFERENCE LIST
ANNEXURE VII
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM AND MATERIAL BALANCE OF

GLYCOL DEHYDRATION PROCESS
UCH II Gas Field Development Project
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 2 of 58

1.0
INTRODUCTION
Oil and Gas Development Company Limited OGDCL is intending to implement
UCH expansion project. As per plans the raw gas around 300 MMSCFD from fifteen
production wells of UCH will be transported to a new gas processing facility. The
new plant is located adjacent to an existing plant consisting two trains with
processing capacity of 150 MMSCFD each.
OGDCL commissioned ENAR Petrotech Services (Pvt.) Limited (ENAR) for

carrying out Front-End Engineering & Design (FEED) Study of UCH II Gas
Development Project.
The first phase of the project was to select a process for the treatment of gas. The
basic requirement of the treatment system is to very selectively remove H2S to
pipeline specification meeting the overall heating value of 45050 BTU/SCF. The
process need to be selective for H2S.
This report covers the Phase-I of the assignment encompassing the issues for alternate
gas treatment processes, considering process capabilities, process limitations and give
recommendations for the process to be adopted for processing UCH-II.
2.0
BASIS OF PROCESS DESIGN
2.1
PLANT DEFINITION
UCH gas field is located in the Baluchistan province of Pakistan some 50 km

North West of Dera Murad Jamali
Type of Plant
Natural Gas Treatment &

Processing.
Location Of Plant
Plant is located approximately

65Km form the Village of Jhatpat
Baluchistan
Capacity of Plant
150 x 2 MMSCFD
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 3 of 58

A basic/general flow scheme given in (Figure2.1) highlighting the sequence of the

equipment and units used to treat the gas for this field. This sequence is primarily as
same as existing plant. The sequence is as follows.
Individual Wellhead Flow lines
Gathering of Flow lines
Slug-Catcher
Gas Turbine
Acid Gas Removal Plant (Gas Circuit)
Dehydration Plant (Gas Circuit)
Sales Gas Transmission Line (Gas Circuit)
Flash Stabilization (Liquid Circuit)
Condensate to Storage (Liquid Circuit)
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 4 of 58

Figure 2.1
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 5 of 58

The above is to show the main steps involved and does not cover complete equipment
list.
Multiple-phase flow, predominantly gas comes out of wells and gathered at central
processing plant. The mixed gas is then separated in a slug catcher (3-phase
separator). The gas then passes through acid gas removal plant and dehydration plant.
This treated gas is then transported through 120 km transmission line to a Power
Plant.
To establish a design pressure figure required for gas treatment units, preliminary
pressure drop calculation for the 120 km sales gas transmission line having 26" dia
have been made. This can be optimized during design stage.
2.2
DESIGN CONDITION
Wellhead flowing pressure
1000 psig
Wellhead & bottom hole temperature
105 F
Hydrocarbon liquid flow rate
181 STB/day
Produced water flow rate
1232 STB/day
Feed Gas Flow rate
306 MMSCFD
Condensate Gas Ratio
0.59 STB/MMSCF
H2S Contents
1000 ppm
CO2 Contents
40.73 Vol%
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 6 of 58

2.3
BASIS OF DESIGN
The UCH gas reservoir is composed of three lobes namely Eastern, Central and
Western lobe with generally different gas compositions and thus BTU content. Gas
production collected from all the three lobes via individual flow line will be
commingled and delivered to H2S removal plant. As per OGDCL advice the
compositional analysis mentioned in Design Approval Document of existing plant
has been used for Heat and Material Balance of new plant. The detailed composition
of all individual lobes is presented hereunder
Gas
Western Lobe
Central Lobe
Eastern Lobe
Mol %
Mol %
Mol %
H2S
0.08
0.02
0.06
CO2
43.25
43.22
21.87
N2
23.82
19.60
7.89
C1
26.74
30.87
62.21
C2
0.66
0.75
1.88
C3
0.24
0.28
0.51
iC4
0.06
0..07
0.13
nC4
0.06
0.08
0.13
iC5
0.04
0.03
0.10
nC5
0.02
0.01
0.07
C6+
0.75
0.79
0.87
Water
4.28
4.28
4.28
Component
The design is based on the mixture analysis obtained after mixing the gas from three
lobes in the proportion mentioned below:
EASTERN LOBE
21.0%
WESTERN LOBE
42.9%
CENTRAL LOBE
36.1%
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 7 of 58

However the gas analysis obtained by blending of three lobes having different
heating value are presented hereunder
Component
H2S
CO2
N2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
C6
Water
2.4
Vol %
0.10
40.73
19.84
37.58
1.00
0.32
0.08
0.08
0.04
0.02
0.05
0.16
UTILITIES/OFFSET DATA (RAW WATER)
Availability
Pat Feeder canal is available in

the area, preference will be given
for air cooling
2.5
LOCAL CONDITIONS
Site Elevation
Approx. 272.2ft above sea level
Climate Conditions
Dry Plain land
Ambient Temperatures
Minimum 24.8F,
Maximum 131F
Relative Humidity
Summer 20% to 60%

Winter
Earthquake Zone
45% to 90%
The region in which UCH gas

field is located did not experience
any Earth Quake
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 8 of 58

3.0
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
3.1
CONDENSATE
There is no vapour pressure specification given, however, the condensate will be
stabilized to atmospheric pressure (true vapour pressure of 14.7 psia) suitable for
transport by road tanker.
3.2
SALES GAS SPECIFICATION

The gas processing criteria is governed by the UCH Power Plant. The required
specifications are as follows:
Purity
Be commercially free from materials and dust or other solid

or liquid matter, waxes, gums and gum-forming
constituents which might cause interference with the proper
operation of the Specified Facilities, and
Hydrocarbon
Dew-point
Have a Hydrocarbon Dew-point which at any pressure up

to and including the Delivery Pressure does not exceed
thirty (30) degree Fahrenheit; and
Water Content
Have a water content not greater than seven (7) pounds per
million standard cubic feet; and
Total Sulphur
Contain not more than three decimal five (3.5) grains of

total Sulphur per 100 standard cubic feet; and
Hydrogen
Sulphide
Contain not more than one decimal zero (1.0) grains of

Hydrogen Sulphide per 100 standard cubic feet; and
Carbon Dioxide
Contain a maximum of thirty four 34% mole percent of

Carbon Dioxide, and
Oxygen
Contain a maximum of zero decimal two (0.2) mole percent

of Oxygen; and
Gross Calorific
Value
Have Gross Calorific Value not less than four hundred and
fifty (450-500) Btu per standard cubic feet
Temperature
Have a temperature, which is not more than one hundred

and twenty (120) degree Fahrenheit.
Pressure
Up to 450 psi at delivery point.
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 9 of 58

4.0
METHODOLOGY & APPROACH

There are several proprietary and non proprietary processes for acid gas removal and
dehydration system. For non-proprietary processes such as Amine, and Glycol
conceptual flow schemes were developed and in-house simulations were carried out
however for proprietary processes data package was developed and sent to the
vendors. The Vendor information was checked based on available open literature and
finally rationalized with the Vendor.
5.0
SELECTION OF ACID GAS REMOVAL PROCESS
5.1
GENERAL GROUP OF ACID GAS REMOVAL METHODS

The major contaminants to be removed from gas streams are H2S and CO2 which are
referred to as acid gases. Since they are indeed acids, it could be expected that a
reaction with a base or alkaline material would remove them from the gas stream. An
additional method of removal would be solubilizing the acid gases in a solvent that
has a limited solubility for the carrier gas. The adsorption of acid gas on solids is yet
another method of removal. As a review, the main technologies are:
5.1.1 CHEMICAL SOLVENTS (LIQUID) REGENERATIVE
In order for a solvent to be regenerative it should be weak base that reacts with the
weak acid components (H2S and CO2) too yield a soluble salt that can be broken
with heat. Acid stronger than carbonic acid will require excessive energy for
regeneration. The alkanolammines (MEA, DEA, DIPA, DGA and MDEA) are typical
of the weak base utilized in this group.
5.1.2 CHEMICAL SOLVENTS (LIQUID) NON-REGENERATIVE
In recent years this non-regenerative technology has been used successfully in a class
of chemicals called H2S scavengers. As the name suggests, the processes are
selective to H2S and show low propensity for removal of CO2. The scavengers are
primarily used to treat small quantity gas streams with small levels of H2S; gas
streams that would not be economically treated by a standard amine unit. This process
was therefore considered for evaluation.
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 10 of 58

5.1.3 PHYSICAL SOLVENTS
The physical solvents depend upon a high acid gas partial pressure for solubility, with
subsequent pressure reduction for regeneration. Energy requirements for these
processes are reduced. Heat of regeneration is not necessarily required. Absorbed
acid gases are released by simple pressure reduction. These processes are also
effective when total reduced sulphur removal is required (mercaptans, COS, etc) as
they have greater affinity for these species than generic amines.
5.1.4 CHEMICAL / PHYSICAL SOLVENTS
This group of solvents resulted from the use of both chemical and physical solvents in
the same solution in order to use the better characteristics of both. These processes
are definitely more effective at high acid gas partial pressures.
5.1.5 SOLID GAS TREATING PROCESS (CHEMICAL)
Solids such as hydrated metal oxides may be dispersed on an inert support for contact
with the gas stream containing H2S. Metal carbonates form much slower than metal
sulfides under the same conditions, thus providing a high degree of selectivity for
H2S.
5.1.6 SOLID GAS TREATING PROCESS (NON-CHEMICAL)
Molecular sieves with uniform and well-defined pore openings can be utilized in acid
gas removal as well as dehydration of gas stream. The adsorbed acid gas can be
regenerated with heated stripping gas. Normally, H2S affects the binder of a standard
molecular sieve causing product breakage, so special acid-resistant sieves need to be
used in sour gas applications.
5.1.7 MEMBRANE GAS TREATING PROCESSES
Membrane differs from molecular sieves in that sieves allow the carrier gas to pass
through while retraining the acid gas. Membrane, on the other hand, separates the
acid gas from the carrier gas by allowing the acid gas to pass through the membrane.
The recovery of a concentrated acid gas stream at low energy cost is thus possible
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 11 of 58

5.1.8 DIRECT CONVERSION PROCESSES
These processes fall into either regions between gas sweetening and sulphur recovery.
The H2S in the inlet gas is converted directly to elemental sulphur by the reaction of
the acid gas with an iron chelate solution. This process uses a dilute water solution of
iron, which is held in solution by organic chelating agents. The iron in solution
oxidizes the H2S to sulphur. The sulphur is settled out of the solution filter pressed
and recovered for potential sale, which the circulating solution is regenerated with air
and sent back to the absorber. The process does not remove CO2, COS, CS2 or
mercaptans.
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 12 of 58

CLASSIFICATION OF GAS SWEETENING PROCESSES
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 13 of 58

5.2
LIQUID CHEMICAL SOLVENTS
5.2.1 Regenerative Liquid Chemical Solvents

In regenerative chemical solvent process following process can be considered.
Generic Solvent
o MDEA
o MDEA with mixture of primary solvent
Proprietary / Formulated Solvent
o Gas Spec INEOS Solvent
o Huntsman Jefftreat Solvent
o Dow Solvent
o aMDEA of BASF Chemical Company
Proprietary Technology
o UOP Amine Guard Process
o EMRE Flexsorb Process
o Catacarb Process of A.G. Eickmeyer
5.2.1.1 Generic Solvent
Generic MDEA
Generic MDEA was used by ENAR to simulate the plant but due to high
Partial pressure of acid gases this solvent is not suitable for UCH application.
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 14 of 58

MDEA with Mixture of Primary Solvent
MDEA with mixture of primary solvent was used by ENAR to simulate the plants main
parameters considered are:
Major Parameters
Inlet flow
150 MMSCFD
MDEA conc.
48 wt.%
DEA conc.
2 wt.%
Rich loading
0.45 lb-mol of acid gas/lb-mol of MDEA
Circulation rate
4400 gpm
Reboiler duty
95 MMBtu/hr
Solvent losses
0.02 gpm
Chemical solvent processes use an aqueous solution of a weak base to chemically react
with and absorb the acid gas component from the natural gas stream. The absorption
occurs as a result of the driving force of the partial pressure from the gas to the liquid.
The reactions involved are reversible by changing the system temperature or pressure, or
both. Therefore, the aqueous base solution can be regenerated and thus circulated in a
continuous cycle. A typical Amine System is shown in Figure5.2
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 15 of 58

Figure 5.2
TYPICAL AMINE SWEETENING SYSTEM
The sour gas enters the system through an inlet scrubber to remove any entrained water
or hydrocarbon liquids. Then the gas enters the bottom of the amine absorber and flows
counter-current to the amine solution. The absorber can be either a trayed or packed
tower. An outlet scrubber is included to recover entrained amines from the sweet gas.
The amine solution leaves the bottom of the absorber carrying with it the acid gases.
This solution containing the CO2 and H2S is referred to as the rich solvent. From the
absorber the rich solvent is flashed to a flash tank to remove almost all the dissolved
hydrocarbon gases and entrained hydrocarbon condensates. A small percentage of the
acid gases will also flash to the vapour phase in this vessel.
Process Flow Diagram and material balance of the system are attached as Annexure I.
From the flash tank the rich amine proceeds through a charcoal filter for hydrocarbon
removal and then through a sock filter to remove any solid particles. The rich amine then
passes to amine/amine exchanger. This exchanger recovers some of the sensible heat
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 16 of 58

from the lean amine stream to decrease the heat duty on the amine re-boiler. The heated
rich amine then enters the amine-stripping tower where heat from the re-boiler breaks
the bonds between the amines and acid gases. The acid gases are removed overhead and
lean amine is removed from the bottom of the stripper. The hot lean amine proceeds to
the amine/amine exchanger and then to additional coolers to lower its temperature. The
cooled lean amine is then pumped up to the absorber pressure and enters the top of the
absorber. As the amine solution flows down the absorber it absorbs the acid gases. The
rich amine is then removed at the bottom of the tower and the cycle is repeated.
5.2.1.2 Proprietary/Formulated Solvent

Gas Spec INEOS Solvent
GAS/SPEC' SS specialty amine is formulated for use in applications where selective

removal of H2S from gas streams is required. GAS/SPEC SS not only removes H2S to
lower levels than MDEA (Methyldiethanolamine) alone, but also improves CO2 slip.
Increased selectivity for H2S over CO2 allows the plant to increase treating capacity.
The Gas Spec claims that the unique property of their solvent provides good result in
application where MDEA cannot achieve the required H2S specification
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
1.05
Viscosity
34 cP @ 104 F
Boiling point
360 F
Freezing Point (50Wt %)
-8.5 F
Freezing Point (100Wt %)
-8.5 F
Latent heat of Vaporization
200 Btu/lb
Flash Point (Cleveland Open Cup)
295 F
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 17 of 58

Services Offered
INEOS offers following services to their customers,

INEOS Perform the Simulation of the plant at client request.
Troubleshooting consultancy.
On site start-up and optimization.
Solvent analysis and interpretation.
Major Parameters
Important parameters of INEOS (SS Solvent) process are;
Inlet flow
150 MMSCFD
Treated Gas H2S content
2.2 ppmv
Treated Gas CO2 content
32 vol%
Amine Circulation rate
2200 gpm
Rich loading
Re-boiler duty
123.56 MMBtu/hr
Condenser Duty
39.95 MMBtu/hr
Solvent cost
0.91 US$ /lb
Major Equipment Details

EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION
HEIGHT
DIAMETER
ft (T/T)
ft
Amine Absorber
30
12.5
Amine Stripper
50
11.5
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 18 of 58

Utility Estimates
The INEOS solvent requires the following utilities for operation

- Heating medium steam (or heat transfer fluid).
- Water for solvent dilution and make up water, the water should be oxygen free
and steam condensate of equivalent quality.
- Cooling water for lean solvent trim cooling before entering the absorber.
- Electricity
- Nitrogen or oxygen free blanket gas for solvent storage.
UTILITY
ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION
Net Heating Duty
123.56 MMBtu/hr
Net Cooling Duty
39.95 MMBtu/hr
Electricity
970 kW
Water make up
11.3 gpm
Details of GAS/SPEC SS solvent are attached as Annexure II

Huntsman Jefftreat MP
According to the supplier it is a Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) based solvent

formulated to provide deep removal of CO2 from gas stream. This solvent allows deep
CO2 removal with greater acid gas loading capacity superior chemical stability even at
high temperatures corrosion protection and longer product life under severe operating
conditions.
HUNTSMAN claims that this solvent can be used for gas and liquid treating application.
It should be considered as an alternative for applications which currently use first
generation primary or secondary alkanolamines such as MEA and DEA to remove CO2.
Solvent should also be considered for applications which currently use MDEA or
formulated MDEA solvents, but required deeper CO2 removal.
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 19 of 58

The supplier also claims that their solvent has higher reaction rates with CO2 than
diethanolamione based formulated DEA solvent .Rapid reaction with CO2 allows
Jefftreat MP solvent to achieve very deep CO2 removal while retaining the
characteristics of allowing deep regeneration.
This solvent should be considered mainly for application in which H2S is not present
for applications in which the mole ratios of CO2 to H2S in the untreated gas is very high.
Huntsman recommends that JEFFTREAT MP solvent be used in concentrations of 40 to
50 wt. % for optimum process efficiency.
Physical Properties:
Specific Gravity
1.04 @ 20C
Viscosity
36.8 cst@ 100 F
Boiling point
477 F
Freezing Point (98 wt%)
-5.8 F
Flash Point (PMCC)
240 F
Services Offered
Huntsmans Gas Treating Team offering following services to its customer,

-
Assistance with initial process.
Start-up assistance.
Training programs.
Plant operational troubleshooting.
Solution analysis and interpretation.
Major Parameters
Important parameters of HUNTSMAN JEFFTREAT Solvent process are
0.68 ppm
33.35 %
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 20 of 58

1767 gpm
Rich loading
Reboiler duty
121.2 MMBtu/hr
Condenser Duty
38.8 MMBtu/hr
Solvent cost
1.723 US$/lb

HEIGHT
ft (T/T)
DIAMETER
ft
Amine Absorber
46
12
Amine Stripper
46
14
Utility Estimates
The Huntsman Solvent requires the following utilities for operation

and steam condensate or equivalent quality.
- Electricity
UTILITY
ESTIMATED
CONSUMPTION/TRAIN
Net Heating Duty
121.2 MMBtu/hr
Net Cooling Duty
38.82 MMBtu/hr
Electricity
Water make up
General details of Jefftreat MP solvent are attached as Annexure III

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DOW Chemical Company
Dow Gas Treating Products & Services provides solutions for a wide variety of
applications. In the range of amine solvents Dow Chemical Company offers:
UCARSOL amine solvents for gas treating amine systems
UCARSOL AP 802 is specific for bulk CO2 removal in natural gas. It is effective
both in sweet and sour streams. The corrosivity of rich UCARSOL AP 802 is also
lower than generic solvents. It gives optimum performance when used as 50%
aqueous solution.
Dow did not provide any data for evaluation of UCARSOL AP 82 solvent.
However, their solvent is similar to other proprietary solvents and offer similar
services.
BASF Chemical Company

BASF is a leading producer of ethanolamine with 40 years of experience.
The BASF quality products for gas treatment include:
MEA (MONOETHANOLAMINE) is routinely used for CO2 removal in a

refineries and flue gas treatment.
DEA (DIETHANOLAMINE) is primarily used in refineries and natural gas

applications for CO2 and H2S removal.
DIPA (DIISOPROPANOLAMINE) is employed in refineries for H2S removal.
aMDEA (METHYDIETHANOLMINE) has highly selective H2S absorption

capabilities. The selective solvent characteristics are applied in refineries and for
sales gas production from H2S containing natural gas.
ENAR contacted BASF chemical company for advising the best suited process in
order to achieve our required specification and our required condition.
BASF has said that the solution for UCH case is out of their solvent scope due to
high partial pressure of CO2
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5.2.1.3 Proprietary Technology
UOP Amine Guard Process
Amine Guard process is a thermally regenerated cyclic solvent process that uses a
high concentration alkanolamine solution with patented, metal-passivating
corrosion inhibitor to remove and /or recover CO2.
The licensor claims that Amine Guard process uses increased amine concentration
optimized CO2 solution loading, decreased solvent circulation, reduced re-boiler
duty and expanded processing capacity for CO2 removal compared with
conventional amine technologies. The inhibitor maintenance equipment is easy to
fabricate and operate and the equipment can be added during normal operation.
The inhibitors are packed in water proof bags to facilitate handling and eliminate
operator exposure.
Major Parameters
Important parameters of UOP Amine Guard process are;
Inlet flow
40.94 %
5.7 ppm
1998 gpm
Reboiler duty
140 MMBtu/hr
Condenser Duty
58 MMBtu/hr
Solvent losses
0.044 gpm
Cost of Solvent
2.041 US$ /lb
License fees
650,000 US$
150 MMSCFD
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HEIGHT
DIAMETER
ft (T/T)
ft
Amine Absorber
48
11
Amine Stripper
76
10.25
Utility Estimates
The UOP Amine Guard Process requires the following utilities for operation
- Electricity
UTILITY
ESTIMATED
CONSUMPTION/TRAIN
Net Heating Duty
140 MMBtu/hr
Net Cooling Duty
58 MMBtu/hr
Electricity
Water make up
1960 kW
7 gpm
The general details of UOP AMINE GUARD process and reference list are attached as
Annexure I.
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EMRE Flexsorb Process
Exxon Mobile Research Engineering (EMRE) has developed and commercialized the
flexsorb SE solvent and process is based on severely hindered amine to meet these
processing objectives. This amine is specifically tailored to provide high capacity for
absorbing H2S selectively in the presence of high concentrations of CO2.
EMRE claims that the discovery of H2S selective amines was the result of Exxon
Mobils studies of the fundamentals of reaction of H2S and CO2 with amines. It started
with study of the tertiary amines and led to the concept of severely hindered amines. The
reaction of CO2 with water is very slow. The reaction of CO2 with the common primary
and secondary alkanolamines is fast due to the formation of carbamate ions. Tertiary
and severely hindered amines react by catalyzing the reaction of CO2 to bicarbonate
ions. Their reaction rate constant is at least an order of magnitude lower than that of the
unhindered primary and secondary amines. The FLEXSORB SE amine, a severely
hindered secondary amine, has a lower reaction rate constant. Amine basicity controls
the H2S capacity and the best selectivity is attained at short contact times. Therefore,
chemistry and kinetics teach that, for commercial absorbers, the best selectivity is
achieved for short contact times, low amine concentration and low operating
temperature.
The design of the absorber for selective H2S removal is therefore a compromise of
selectivity and H2S cleanup. The remainder of the design for a unit for selective H2S
removal is similar to the design of conventional amine units.
Services Offered
The EMRE Team is offering following services to his customer,

Onsite process management.
Start-up assistance.
Plant operational troubleshooting.
Solution analysis and interpretation.
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Major Parameters
Important parameters of EMRE Flexorb process are;
Inlet flow
150 MMSCFD
34 vol %
<10ppmv
Amine Circulation rate:
1850 gpm
Rich loading
Re-boiler Duty
148 MMBtu/hr
Condenser Duty
74 MMBtu/hr
Cost of solvent
1,675,000 US$ (total solvent for 150 MMSCFD)
License fees
500,000 US$

EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION HEIGHT ft (T/T)
DIAMETER ft
Amine Absorber
48
Amine Stripper
70
14
Utility Consumption
The EMRE Flexsorb Process requires the following utilities for operation
- Electricity
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UTILITY
ESTIMATED
CONSUMPTION/TRAIN
Net Heating Duty
148 MMBTU/hr
Reference list of EMRE Flexorb process is attached as Annexure V
Catacarb Process
The CATACARB Process was invented and developed by A.G. Eickmeyer. As an

employee of Stanolind Oil & Gas Co. and J.F. Pritchard & Co. in the 1940's and
50's, he became familiar with the Hot Potassium Carbonate (HPC) process being
developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines.
The licensor claims that this process required substantially less heat than the
Amine processes, but absorption / de-absorption rates were slow. In addition, the
equipment was too large, and the solution was sometimes corrosive.
Catacarb has been contacted to provide their technology for Uch gas plant but they
have not replied. However, generally most of the solvents are related to ammonia
plant rather than sour gas treating. Therefore, the process was not pursued further.
5.2.2
Non Regenerable Liquid and Solid Processes (Batch Process /Scavengers)
Scavengers are primarily used in the removal of small quantities of H2S from low
quantity feed gas streams (generally less than 200 ppmv). Removal of H2S
reduces corrosion in downstream equipment and allows producers to meet pipeline

specification for maximum allowable H2S to content (4 16 ppmv). Capital investments
are also much lower than for a simple amine plant.
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Figure 5.2.2
Batch Process Using Liquid H2S Scavenging Agent
Considering the size of project this scheme was not considered for evaluation.
5.3
PHYSICAL SOLVENT PROCESSES
Acid gas removal by physical solvents is based on physical absorption of the acid gas
components. The solubility of a gas in any liquid is relatively low, therefore, a high sour
gas partial pressure is required, i.e. the higher the partial pressure of the sour gas, the
more readily it is adsorbed in the solvent, to achieve adequate acid gas loading and
removal. Thus, physical solvent processes are generally limited to applications requiring
bulk removal where the
acid gas partial pressures are high, greater than 50 psi. Due to a decrease in solubility of
the acid gases with increasing temperature, the adsorption is generally carried out at
lower temperatures and sometimes requires refrigeration for optimum design Solvent
regeneration is usually accomplished by flashing at lower pressure with only moderate
heat input. The lower heat requirements for solvent regeneration are due to the relatively
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low heat of absorption. The basic process flow scheme of the process is described in
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.3
Physical Solvent Process
Physical solvent processes are most effective when:
The partial pressure of the acid gas in the feed is greater than 50 psi.
The heavy hydrocarbon concentration in the feed gas is low.
Bulk acid gas removal is required.
Some H2S selectivity is desired.

These processes are economically attractive because they do not necessarily require
much energy input to regenerate the solvent. Regeneration can be accomplished via:
A simple series of pressure reduction steps (multi-stage flashing)
Low temperature regeneration with an inert stripping gas
Heating and stripping with steam / solvent vapours.
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In general, physical solvents are also recommended in applications where removal of

other sulphur species is required since they can remove COS, CS2 and mercaptans.
Unfortunately, physical solvents also have a high affinity for heavier hydrocarbons
(especially true for aromatics and unsaturated hydrocarbons), resulting in high
hydrocarbon contents in the acid gas stream and subsequent hydrocarbon losses from the
treated gas stream.
To enhance absorption of acid gases the processes operate at ambient or sub-ambient
conditions.
The following characteristics are expected from a physical solvent:
Low vapour pressure at operating temperature (reduce solvent losses)
Primary gas stream constituents should have minimal solubility in solvent
Low viscosity even at low operating temperature (decrease pumping costs)
Low solubility for water (increase acid gas carrying capacity)
Should not degrade under normal operating conditions
Should not react chemically with any gas stream component
Should be non corrosive to the common metals
Should be readily available at a reasonable cost.

Some physical solvents processes are;
SELEXOL PROCESS
FLUOR PROCESS
RECTISOL PROCESS
PURISOL PROCESS
5.3.1 DOW Selexol Solvent
This process is licensed by UOP. Natural gas containing large amount of CO2 and H2S
can be commercially treated using Selexol process .The process involve selective
absorption of the acid gas in selexol solvent (Polyethylene glycol Dimethyl ether) and
subsequent release at atmospheric pressure to repeat cycle.
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Dehydrated feed gas is contacted with the Selexol solvent at high pressure where the
acid gas is contacted with the Selexol solvent at high pressure where the acid gas is
absorbed, thereby treating the natural gas to pipe line specifications. The solubility of
acid gas in the solvent is proportional to partial pressure of acid gas in the feed gas. The
solvent has approximately seven times greater solubility for H2S than CO2, permitting
preferential absorption for H2S.Since no chemical reaction takes palace the heat load is
small .The small heat rise across the absorber is due to heat of solution.
Although the selectivity is high some hydrocarbon is also absorbed .The solvent
preferentially absorbs heavier hydrocarbons. For this reason lean gases are particularly
suited for the process .The solvent is regenerated by a series of flashes as the pressure is
reduced on the liquid. No re-boil heat is required for regeneration of the solvent
minimizing the plant utilities. The flash gases from the first flash are usually sufficiently
rich in hydrocarbon to justify recompressing and recycling back to absorber. The Plant
treating H2S may require additional stripping of the solvent.
ENAR contacted UOP to know the applicability of DOW SLEXOL solvent for
UCH Gas Treatment process but UOP declined to offer giving high hydrocarbon
absorption as reason for not offering their technology.
5.3.2 Flour Solvent
This process, patented by the Fluor Corporation, utilizes anhydrous propylene carbonate
as its solvent. The temperature of the lean solvent to the absorber is usually well below
ambient and some method of refrigerating the solvent is usually necessary. It is
primarily intended for the removal of carbon dioxide from high-pressure gas streams.
The fluor Process becomes competitive when the partial pressure of CO2 in the feed gas
is above 75 psi( 5 bar).
Propylene carbonate is non-corrosive and non-aqueous. Because only physical

absorption is involved, corrosion, erosion and fouling problems should be minimal.
FLUOR technology is limited to only 250 ppm of H2S.Expert from FLUOR advised
to consider MDEA process for UCH application.
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5.3.3
Rectisol Process
Developed by the Lurgi Company and Linde A.G. in Germany, this process involves the
use of methanol as the physical solvent. Because of the vapour pressure of methanol, the
process is normally applied at temperature ranging from 30oF to 100oF.
The
absorption is a 2-stage process with partially regenerated solvent being introduced at a

midpoint to the absorber and a fully regenerated solvent being introduced to the top tray
for final gas cleanup. This process is best suited where there are limited quantities of
ethane and heavier components.
5.3.4 Purisol Process
This process was also developed by Lurgi and licensed by the Ralph M.Parson
Company. The solvent used in this process is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), a high
boiling point liquid. This process has a high absorptivity for H2S and appears to have
selectivity between H2S and CO2.
ENAR also contacted Lurgi Company and Linde A.G. to know the performance of
their RECTISOL and PURISOL process over UCH gas composition but their
response was not received. We have assumed that they would not like to supply the
technology and were not contacted.
5.4
CHEMICAL / PHYSICAL SOLVENTS
By combining both a physical and chemical solvent, some vendors have developed
process that takes advantage of the benefits of both. The process with the longest track
record is the Sulfinol Process.
5.4.1 Sulfinol Process
The process, licensed by Shell, utilizes a hybrid solvent containing a physical solvent
(Sulfolane) and a chemical solvent (either MDEA [Sulfinol-M] or DIPA [Sulfinol-D]
and water. Sulfinol solvent is a mixture of water, amine and sulfolane. since the Sulfinol
solvent absorbs the acid gas by a combination of both physical mechanisms and
chemical reactions, the design relationship are very complex Design is done in house
under license from Shell.
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According to the supplier this process is a regenerative amine process for removal of
hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, carbonyl sulfide, mercaptans and organic
sulfide/disulfide from gas streams. The process was specifically developed for the
treatment of gas at elevated pressures; in particular natural gas. The addition of Sulfolane
increases the physical solubility in the solvent of the acid gas containment (H2S and
CO2) and this improves the efficiency of absorption process. The physical solubility of
mercaptans and organic sulphides / disulfides is also increased to a level whereby these
contaminants can be removed to low level.
Shell claims that the application of the Shell Sulfinol process technology ensures a
solvent that is robust to chemical degradation and therefore reduces operating problems
related to solvent quality and also purchaser allows independence of solvent supplier,
which ensures competitive solvent prices. Supplier also claims that their technology also
includes the application of high efficiently internals resulting in savings on contractor
costs and also their process is well-proven, reliable and robust process and their
accumulated operating experience of the last 30 years is built into each new design.
Services Offered
The Shell Team is offering following services to his customer,

-
Training programs.
- Design, procurement and construction support

- Onsite commissioning and optimisation support
Major Parameters
Important parameters of SHELL SULFINOL-M PROCESS are;

Inlet flow
150 MMSCFD
30.61 %
<10 ppmv
Solvent Circulation rate
1940 gpm
Rich loading:
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Reboiler duty:
84.4 MMBtu/hr
Condenser Duty
19.89 MMBtu/hr
Solvent losses
20-30 % of total inventory/year
Cost of Solvent
180,000 for 150 MMSCFD train
License fees
1,200,000 for 300 MMSCFD

HEIGHT
DIAMETER
ft (T/T)
ft
Amine Absorber
71.2
8.5
Amine Stripper
69
9.8
Utility Consumption
The SHELL SULFINOL-M POCESS requires the following utilities for operation:
- Electricity
UTILITY
ESTIMATED
CONSUMPTION/TRAIN
Net Heating Duty
85.37 MMBTU/hr
Electricity
1062 kW
Water make up
8.6 gpm
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General process details of SHELL SULFINOL-M process and reference list are attached
as Annexure VI
5.5
SOLID GAS TREATING PROCESS (CHEMICAL)
5.5.1 Sulfatreat Process
A fixed bed of solid particles can be used to remove acid gases through chemical
reactions. The iron sponge process, currently licensed by Connely-GPM Inc., is one of
the oldest solid bed H2S removal technologies with no interference by CO2
concentration. The SulfaTreat system is a more recent development using iron oxide on a
porous solid material. Unlike Iron Sponge, the SulfaTreat material is non-pyrophoric.
The SulfaTreat material has a higher capacity than Iron Sponge on a volumetric or mass
basis. However, the economic capacity (pounds of sulphur removed per dollar of
material) is somewhat lower than Iron Sponge. Generally SulfaTreat has a lower
pressure drop and it does not tend to bridge over. SulfaTreat beds are easier to change
out due to its particle size and shape. The uniform shape and size also allows for greater
utilization of capacity. Carryover of liquid hydrocarbon and methanol has minimal effect
on its hydrogen sulfide capacity. A typical solid bed system is shown in Figure5.6. In
solid bed absorption processes the gas stream must flow through a fixed bed of solid
particles that remove the acid gases and hold them in the bed. When the bed is saturated
with acid gases, the vessel must be removed from service and the bed regenerated or
replaced. Since the bed must be removed from service to be regenerated, some spare
capacity must be provided. The solid bed process uses the chemical reaction of ferric
oxide with H2S to sweeten gas stream. The reaction of H2S and ferric oxide produces
water and ferric sulfide as follows:
Fe2O3 + 3H2S
Fe2S3 + 3H2O
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Figure 5.6
Solid Bed Process For H2S Removal
The ferric oxide is impregnated on wood chips, which produces a solid bed with a large
ferric oxide surface area. Several grades of treated wood chips are available, based on
iron oxide content. The chips are contained in a vessel, and sour gas flows through the
bed and reacts with the ferric oxide. The ferric sulfide can be oxidized with air to
produce sulphur and regenerate the ferric oxide. The reaction for oxygen regeneration is
as follows:
2Fe2S3 + 3O2
S2 + 2O2
2Fe2O3 + 6S
2SO2
In some designs the solid bed may be operated with continuous regeneration by injecting
a small amount of air into the sour gas feed. In our case regeneration of bed either batchwise or continuous is not considered as it is uneconomical and if not properly controlled
may create an explosive mixture of air and gas.
Solid Bed absorption process is not economically viable due to high flow involved.
5.5.2 Johnson Matthey Catalyst
Johnson Matthey Catalysts manufacturers offer solid bed absorption process for
selectively removing H2S. They manufacture base and precious metal process catalysts,
fine chemicals and electrochemical products.
The Johnson Matthey catalysts company has refused to provide any catalytic
technology to meet UCH plant sales gas specification due to high sulphur content.
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5.6
SOLID GAS TREATING PROCESS (NON CHEMICAL)

The prime product that falls into this category is molecular sieves (alkali metal crystal
aluminosilicate). Molecular Sieves are a product with a defined pore diameter, set by the
predominant alkali metal in the crystal lattice.
Polar molecules are adsorbed in
preference to non-polar molecules. It is possible to treat an inlet stream on single mol

sieve that can simultaneously sweeten and dehydrate the gas.
A typical 2-tower adsorption system that will sweeten and dehydrate an inlet gas stream
consists of two beds of molecular sieves, one in regeneration while the other in
operation. Sour gas enters the plant from a scrubber or separator and flows down
through the molecular sieve in Bed-1. Sweetened gas leaves the bottom of Bed-1, and
leaves the unit. A small portion of the sweetened gas is taken through the regeneration
gas heater and then flows upward through the molecular sieve in Bed-2. As the bed is
heated, H2S is driven off the regenerating bed (usually as the high concentration peak)
and diverted to a flare, incinerator or supplemental amine unit. After 1 hour at a
maximum bed outlet temperature 9600oF (315oC), the heater is by passed and the
regenerating bed is then cooled to a temperature close to the normal inlet gas
temperature.
Several solid bed vendors have been contacted but no satisfactory response was
received from them and also very little references is available about the use of solid
bed for removing of large quantity of H2S.
5.7
MEMBRANE GAS TREATING PROCESSES

These processes employ a dense or finely porous membrane film that will preferentially
pass one component from a multi-component mixture, based on the solubility and
diffusivity of the various chemical species in the inlet gas through the permeable
membrane.
The membrane materials are generally of two types:
Cellulose acetate
Polysulfone
Membrane technology offers a number of advantages, which include:
Lower operating cost
Ease of operation
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Membrane technology has become a viable alternative for many CO2 removal
applications and offers the greatest potential in applications with high CO2 feed stream
concentration. In some cases, the combination of membrane technology with other
conventional processing technologies (amines) in a hybrid process may result in a
process that is more economical since it utilizes the strengths of each technology.
ENAR contacted following companies to offer membrane for UCH gas treatment
MEDAL Membrane Separation System
Membrane Technology And Research
Both companies refused to offer membrane and said that due to high sulphur
content their process are not economically viable for this application.
5.8
DIRECT CONVERSION PROCESS
These processes are generally used for the removal of small quantities of H2S from gas
streams and involve the direct conversion of H2S to sulphur. No significant amount of
CO2 is removed. The direct conversion processes are typically based on a processing
scheme using oxidation-reduction chemistry to oxidize the H2S to elemental sulphur in
an alkaline solution containing oxygen carriers, such as the Stretfort process. Also of
significant commercial interest are the LO-CAT and SulFerox process.
5.8.1 LO-CAT Process
LO-CAT most recently sold U.S. Filter, utilizes an iron content of 250-3000 ppm so a
higher circulation rate is generally required. The lower iron content also allows for the
potential of bacterial growth in the solution. A biocide is required to keep the bacteria in
check. The operating pH range is 8.0-8.5. The sulphur formed is in the 25-micron range
compared to 150 micron for the SulFerox Process. The major equipment consists of a
contacting device, oxidizer, settler filter and make-up pumps.
ENAR contacted G.L Energies for LOCAT Process. The company suggested that
due to high partial pressure of CO2 this process is not feasible.
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5.8.2 Sulifnt HP Process

This process is licensed by Prosernat IFP Group of Company. Prosernat claims that they
supplies equipment and technologies to the oil and gas industry for more than 25 years
with above 300 industrial references and has developed its expertise in field phase
separation and gas treatment and also in some specific refinery applications.
The schematic of sulfint process is explained Figure 5.8.2 The H2S containing gas is
contacted with the aqueous, iron based, catalytic redox solution. The redox solution
absorbs H2S, converts it into solid elemental sulphur and is then regenerated by contact
with air. Sulfint HP operates at ambient temperature and can remove H2S down to very
low levels (1 ppm vol or below if needed).
In Sulfint HP the redox solution is filtered under high pressure to remove the sulphur just
after having been in contact with the gas. According to the supplier this key
improvement avoids the foaming/plugging problems usually encountered with other
redox processes.
FIGURE 5.8.2
PROSERNAT SULFINT HP PROCESS
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It may be noted that after detailed evaluation and exchange of several comments
the licensor has confirmed that Sulfint HP,redox technology for the selective
removal and conversion of H2S is not applicable due to high partial pressure of CO2
in the treated gas. They have no other process available for required purpose.
5.8.3 Crystatech CrystaSulf
CrystaSulf is a non-aqueous sulphur recovery technology that can be used for direct
treatment of gas streams containing H2S. The CrystaSulf solvent components are highboiling organics in which sulphur has a high solubility. The solvents catalyze the
reaction of H2S with S02 to form elemental sulphur that remains dissolved in the solvent
until removed via crystallization and filtration.
The Crystatech claims that their process represents a breakthrough in small- and
medium-scale sulphur removal applications. CrystaSulf can directly treat sour natural
gas at pressure, thus providing one-step treatment, an industry goal that has proved
elusive in the past.
Typical process flow scheme of Crystasulf process is shown in Figure 5.8.3 Sour gas is
heated before entering the absorber where it contacts the lean Crystasulf solution where
H2S reacts with dissolved S02 to form dissolved sulphur. Lean solution flow rates are
typically 20-50 gpm/LT/D (gpm per long ton of sulphur removed per day). Sweet gas
exits the absorber at 140-150F. Gas exiting the absorber passes through a solution
recovery cooler and separator to recover vaporized solution components.
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FIGURE 5.8.3
Rich solution flows from the absorber bottom to a flash vessel. The small amount of
sweet flash gas is produced from the flash tank. This flash gas is recycled to the absorber
to eliminate gas shrinkage. Liquid exiting the flash tank is sent to a crystallizer where its
temperature is reduced to 105F, causing sulphur to crystallize from solution. The excess
solution overflows the crystallizer via a weir and flows by gravity to a heated solution
surge tank. Lean solvent in the surge tank is heated and then pumped back to the
absorber
As the slurry density increases, a batch filtration process is initiated, and a slipstream of
the slurry from the bottom of the crystallizer is sent to a filter with a small positive
displacement pump. The slurry is 15-20 wt% solids and flows from the crystallizer to an
indexing-belt pressure filter. Filtrate is sent to the surge tank. The elemental sulphur cake
contains particles of approximately 50-1000 ~m diameter. The sulphur will be rinsed
with a wash solvent followed by water to
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remove solution components from the sulphur product. The produced sulphur is
nominally 90+ ~/0 ~sulphur wet basis and 98+ wt% sulphur dry basis. The
crystallization section is the only place where solid sulphur is present.
Reacted SO2 is replenished by burning sulphur in a sulphur burner system. The SO2laden gas stream is sent to the SO2 absorber, where the circulating lean solution contacts
the gas stream and removes the SO2 and converts it into a stable intermediate form. The
SO2-rich solution then returns to the main CrystaSulf loop.
A small portion of the inlet H2S may be converted to salt by-products during operation
of the process. Accumulated salts (if they develop) can be removed from the bulk
CrystaSulf solvent using a proprietary removal process, which operates on a small
slipstream of CrystaSulf solution. The salts removal process operates intermittently.
Salts from the salts tank are captured in a sock filter. The sock filter is periodically
cleaned with water, which causes the salts to dissolve into the water, and the resulting
salt water (sulphates) is blown down as necessary. The salts and water blow down
stream will be disposed of with the other wastewater streams produced on site.
Major Parameters
The key parameters of Crystasulf Process are as follows:
Inlet flow
Sulphur recovered
11.2 LTPD
Estimated packaged equipment cost

and license fee
11.4 Milliion US$
Main Circulation Pump flow rate
559 gpm
300 MMSCFD
< 10 ppmv
Utility Consumption
The utility requirements for the Crystatech Crystasulf Process include:

- Heating medium steam
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- Cooling medium water

- Electricity
UTILITY
ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION
Total Heating Duty
24.23 MMBtu/hr
Total Cooling Duty
4.47 MMBtu/hr
Electricity
435.5 kW
Crystasulf is a new process requiring quite high solvent circulation rate. No

reference plants have been available. Also the sulphur produces is not in sellable
form. Therefore, the process was not short listed for evaluation.
6.0
DEHYDRATION PROCESSES
The important technologies available for the reduction of water content in the gas
streams are
Glycol Dehydration Process
Solid Bed Dehydration
For Glycol Dehydration process in-house calculation has been carried out while for Solid
Bed dehydration and Hybrid process different vendors have been contacted the detailed
description of the evaluation process are summarized below.
6.1
GLYCOL DEHYDRATION
Simulation based on Tri Ethylene Glycol Solvent has been done by ENAR and
simulation results are attached as Annexure VII
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Major Parameters
The important considerations of the simulation are;
- Inlet flow
150 MMSCFD
- Water Content (Inlet)
110-125 lb/MMSCF
- Water Content (Outlet)
7 lb/MMSCF
- TEG Circulation rate
28 gpm
- Re-boiler duty
2 MMBtu/hr
- Reboiler temperature
399 F
- TEG losses
0.06 gal/MMSCF
Glycol dehydration is an absorption process, where the water vapour in the gas stream
becomes dissolved in a relatively pure glycol liquid solvent stream. The water can be
easily boiled out of the glycol by the addition of heat. This step is called
regeneration and enables the glycol to be recovered for reuse in absorbing addition
water with minimal loss of glycol.
A typical glycol process is shown in Figure- 6.1. The wet gas enters the bottom of the
contactor and contacts the richest glycol containing water in solution just before the
glycol leaves the column. The gas encounters leaner and leaner glycol as it rises through
the contactor.
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 44 of 58

Figure 6.1
Glycol Process For Dehydration
At each successive tray the leaner glycol is able to absorb additional amounts of water
vapour from the gas. The counter-current flow in the contactor makes it possible for the
gas to transfer a significant amount of water to the glycol and still approach equilibrium
with the leanest glycol concentration. The glycol will absorb heavy hydrocarbon liquids
present in the gas stream. Thus, before the gas enters the contactor it should pass through
a separate inlet gas scrubber to remove liquid and solid impurities that may carry over
from upstream vessels or condense in lines leading from the vessels.
Dry gas from the top of the gas/glycol contactor flows through an external gas/glycol
heat exchanger. This cools the incoming dry glycol to increase its absorption capacity
and decrease its tendency to flash in the contactor and be lost to the dry gas. In some
system, the gas passes over a glycol-cooling coil inside the contactor instead of the
external gas/glycol heat exchanger.
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 45 of 58

The rich or wet glycol from the base of the contactor passes through a reflux
condensers to the glycol/glycol pre-heater where the rich glycol is heated by the hot lean
glycol. After heating, the glycol flows to a low pressure separator where the entrained
gas and any liquid hydrocarbons present are removed. The gas from the
glycol/condensate separator can be used for fuel gas.
The wet glycol from the separator flows through a sock filter to remove solids and a
charcoal filter to absorb small amounts of hydrocarbons that may build up in the
circulating glycol.
The glycol then flows through the glycol/glycol heat exchanger to the still column
mounted on the regenerator, which operates at essentially atmospheric pressure. As the
glycol falls through the packing in the still column, it is heated by the vapours being
boiled off the liquids in the re-boiler. The falling liquid gets hotter and hotter. The gas
flashing from this liquid is mostly water vapour with a small amount of glycol. Thus, as
the liquid falls through the packing it becomes leaner and leaner in water. Before the
vapours leave the top of the still they encounter the reflux condenser, where the cold rich
glycol from the contactor cools them, condensing the glycol vapours and approximately
25 to 50% of the rising water vapour. This develops a reflux liquid stream, which
reduces the glycol losses to atmosphere to almost zero.
The water vapour exiting the top of the still contains a small amount of volatile hydrocarbons and is normally vented to atmosphere at a safe location.
The lean glycol flows from the re-boiler to a surge tank, which could be constructed as
an integral part of the re-boiler. The surge tank must be large enough to allow for
thermal expansion of the glycol and to allow for reasonable time between additions of
glycol. The lean glycol from the atmospheric surge tank is then pumped back to the
contactor to complete the cycle.
6.1.1 Cost Estimates
6.1.1.1 Capital Cost Estimate (CAPEX)
The total supply cost of glycol dehydration plant is 2.533 Million US$
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 46 of 58

6.1.1.2 Operating Cost Estimate (OPEX)
The operating cost of Glycol Dehydration Plant has also been estimated based on the
information provided by vendors and in house data. The annual operating cost for 150
MMSCFD glycol dehydration plant is as follows.
6.2
Make up Glycol cost
13100 US$/yr
Fuel gas for reboiler and stripping gas
Electricity for pump circulation
33600 US$/yr
1200 US$/yr
SOLID BED DEHYDRATION PROCESS
There are several solid desiccants which posses the physical characteristic to adsorb
water form natural gas. These desiccants generally are used in dehydration systems
consisting of two or more towers and associated regeneration equipment. There are
several solid desiccants which posses the physical characteristic to adsorb water form
natural gas. These desiccants generally are used in dehydration systems consisting of
two or more towers and associated regeneration equipment. One tower is on-stream
adsorbing water from the gas while the other tower is being regenerated and cooled. The
towers are switched before the on-stream tower becomes water saturated Schematic of
solid bed dehydration is given in Figure 6.2
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 47 of 58

Figure 6.2
Solid Desiccant Process For Dehydration
The continuous process requires two (or more) vessels with one on-line removing water
while the other is being regenerated. Generally a bed is designed to be on-line in
adsorption for 8 to 24 hours. When the bed is taken off-line, the water is removed by
heating the bed. The regeneration gas used to heat the bed is usually a slipstream of dry
process gas. The regeneration gas is returned to the process after it has been cooled and
the free water removed.
Gas flow during adsorption is typically down flow. This allows higher gas velocities
(thus smaller diameter towers) since bed fluidization is avoided. Regeneration gas flow
is up flow during the heating cycle. In that way, any residual water left on the desiccant
will be at the top of the bed and will not affect the effluent dew-point when adsorption is
resumed. In addition up flow heating helps to strip any contaminants from the top of the
bed extending desiccant life. Regeneration gas flow during the cooling cycle may be up
flow if the gas is completely free of water.
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 48 of 58

6.2.1 Cost Estimates
6.2.1.1 Capital Cost Estimate (CAPEX)
The total supply cost of Solid Bed Dehydration system is 4.225 Million US$
6.2.1.2 Operating Cost Estimate (OPEX)
The operating cost for solid bed dehydration process has also been estimated based on
the information provided by vendors and in house data. The annual operating cost for
150 MMSCFD solid desiccant dehydration plant is as follows.
Desiccant
Electricity for regeneration gas compressor
Fuel gas for regeneration reboiler
76500 US$/yr
2100 US$/yr
43500 US$/yr
Major Parameters
The important parameters of the Solid Bed Dehydration Process (for 150 MMSCFD feed
gas) are;
-
Inlet flow
Water Content (Inlet)
100 lb/MMSCF
Water Content (Outlet)
6.9 lb/MMSCF
Exit gas dew point
30.5 F
Regeneration duty
2.25 MMBtu/hr
Heat of desorption
1400 Btu/lb water
Quantity of desiccant per tower
7587.5 L for Sorbead WS
Design capacity of desiccant
5.76 %
Adsorption cycle time
14 hr
Regeneration and cooling cycle time
7 hr
150 MMSCFD
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 49 of 58

7.0
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION & RECOMMENDATIONS

In this section of the report detail comparative analysis of those processes has been
carried out which meet the required UCH gas specification The analysis identifies the
advantages and disadvantages of each process with the objective of recommending
appropriate process for the proposed gas treatment system of UCH Gas Field.
7.1
ACID GAS REMOVAL PROCESSES
From the detailed description of Acid Gas removal processes and further M/S ENAR
several correspondence with some technology licensor it is concluded that only
following acid gas removal processes should be taken into account for UCH plant gas
treatment.
Generic Solvent
o MDEA with mixture of primary solvent
Proprietary/ Formulated Solvent

o Gas Spec INEOUS Solvent
o Huntsman Jefftreat Solvent
o Dows Solvent
Proprietary Techonolgy
o UOP Amine Guard Process
o EMRE Flexsorb Process
Chemical / Physical Solvents

o
Sulfinol process
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 50 of 58

7.1.1 Comparison of selected processes

Detailed comparison of selected processes has been carried out for the selection of
appropriate process. This comparison is based on following considerations
Treated Gas BTU content
Lean Amine Circulation
Rich Amine loading
Regenerator Reboiler Duty
Regenerator Condenser Duty
Size of Plant
Ease of Operation and Maintenance
Technical Support Availability
The elaborated evaluation table is presented hereunder.
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 51 of 58

COMPARISON TABLE
Technical Comparison of Different Processes For Acid Gas Removal
Generic MDEA
Huntsman MDEA
Ineos Gas Spec SS
Dow
Shell Sulfinol-M
UOP Amine Guard
Flexsorb (EMRE)
Crystasulf
INLET CONDITION
TEMP (F)
105
100
105
105
105.08
105
105
80
PRESSURE (PSIG)
790
786
785.3
790
826.14
800
800
800
FLOW (MMSCFD)
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
300
TREATED GAS
TEMP (F)
120
132
119.3
120
109.4
110
N/P
N/P
PRESSURE (PSIG)
783
776.6
784.3
788
820.6
795.3
N/P
N/P
FLOW (MMSCFD)
135.4
133.57
130.5
139.5
126.9
127.16
N/P
300
MOL. WEIGHT
28.71
28.7716
28.14
29.15
27.8
NA
N/P
N/P
CO2 CONTENT LBMOLES/H
5117.2
4892.07
4581.64
5568.8
4271.6
5716.54
N/P
N/P
H2S CONTENT LB-MOLES/H
0.04
39.79
0.03
0.0348
0.139
0.08
N/P
BTU/SCF
460
450-500
11.2 LTPD
CIRCULATION
LEAN AMINE CIRCULATION (gpm)
10 ppmv
Sulphur Recovered
1770
1800
2200
1800
1617
1998
1850
MOLE OF H2S/MOLE OF SOLVENT
4.50E-03
0.005
0.0054
0.005
2.98E-03
N/P
N/P
MOLE OF CO2/MOLE OF SOLVENT
0.44
0.580
0.4531
0.301
0.44
N/P
N/P
RICH AMINE LOADING
LEAN AMINE LOADING

TEMP (F) OF SOLVENT TO INLET ABSORBER
110
110
110
110
109.4
N/P
N/P
TEMP (F) OF SOLVENT TO OUTLET ABSORBER
143
153.82
155
143
186.8
N/P
N/P
MAKEUP
N/P
0.012 gpm
0.012
N/P
20-30% of total
0.044 gpm
N/P
132
96
inventory / yr
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION
_
ABSORBER
DIA (INCH)
114
LENGTH (FT)
30
46
NO OF TRAYS
20
144
150
123.6/90
102
30
N/P
71.2
48
48
10
4 /packed column
25
14
Packed Column
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 52 of 58

MATERIAL
OTHER SPECIFIICATION
SS
Nutter trays with 2'
spacing
SS
N/P
1.5" metal Pall rings
N/P
30" tray spacing/
CS
3mm SS cladding

_
AMINE STRIPER
DIA (INCH)
132
168
138
162/119
118
124
168
HEIGHT (FT)
58
46
50
N/P
69
76
70
18
20
19.8
20
28
NO OF TRAYS
MATERIAL
OTHER SPECIFIICATION
SS
Nutter trays With 2'
spacing
20
SS
20/packed column
N/P
30" tray spacing/
CS
3mm SS cladding
above
_
_
5th tray below solvent
DUTY OF EQUIPMENT
REBOILER DUTY
MMBTU/H
95.8
121.21
123.56
90.4
84.36
139.5
148
36.2
38.82
39.95
35.5
19
57.7
74
77.2
58.72
74.47
69.34
55.88
59.2
65
43.3
75.15
67.05
50.64
24.59
73.9
75
N/P
1.723 US$/lb
0.907 US$/lb
N/P
180000 EURO for
2.041 $ / lb
N/P
REFLUX CONDENSER
MMBTU/H
LEAN/RICH EXCHANGER
MMBTU/H
AMINE COOLER
MMBTU/H
COSTS
SOLVENT COST
150 MMSCFD
LISCENSE FEE
N/P
No license fee
No license fee
N/P
120000 EURO for

300 MMSCFD
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 53 of 58
2119947 $/yr for 300

MMSCFD
650000 US$
500000 US$
N/P

7.1.2
Conclusion
The above short listed processes have been compared as follows:
Generic Solvent
Pure MDEA solvent would not work due to high partial pressure of CO2. Rich amine
loading in generic MDEA is high which results in excessive corrosion of downstream
equipment of absorber and further unavailability of technical support is a major issue.
The mixture of tertiary and some primary or secondary solvent was tried. The rich
loading has to be kept low to avoid corrosion which results in higher circulation. Since
the solvent is non-proprietary, no supplier will offer any technical services. Considering a
large plant it is required that the solvent should be backed with technical support.
Proprietary Formulated Solvent
Formulated MDEA of JEFFTREAT and INEOS and DOW meet the required
specification of H2S content and heating value. The companies do not disclose the
composition of the solvent. The three solvents are all formulated with the addition of
promoter for selective H2S removal. Rich amine loading is somewhat high but due to the
presence of some proprietary corrosion inhibitor and antifoaming agent, supplier claims
that their solvents are robust and less corrosive. Many reference plants are available and
vendors and suppliers offer guarantee and complete technical assistance. The solvents
have also been tried in the existing plant and except for some initial problem they
performed reasonably well.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF SELECTED SOLVENTS
Parameter
HUNTSMAN
INEOS
DOW
Lean Amine
circulation
1767 gpm
2200 gpm
1800 gpm
Rich Amine
Loading
0.586 lbmol acid

gas/lbmol Amine
0.4586 lbmol acid

gas/lbmol Amine
0.306 lbmol acid

gas/lbmol Amine
Regenerator
Reboiler duty
121.2 MMBtu/hr
123.56 MMBtu/hr
90.4 MMBtu/hr
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 54 of 58

Proprietary Technology
For proprietary technology, two processes have been considered i.e. UOP Amine Guard
and EMRE Flexorb. Both processes are proprietary. The data is not optimized and the
duties and flows are more than that using proprietary solvent. These processes require
high capital investment. Utility consumption is also high and few plants are available
using their process.
Parameter
UOP AMINE GUARD
EMRE FLEXORB
Treated gas CO2 content
40.94 vol%
34 vol%
Lean Amine circulation
1998 gpm
1850 gpm
Regenerator Reboiler duty
139.5 MMBtu/hr
148 MMBtu/hr
Regenerator Condenser duty
74 MMBtu/hr
35.5 MMBtu/hr
Size of Amine Absorber
48 ft LT (T/T) 11 ft ID
Size of Amine Stripper
76 ft LT (T/T) 10.3 ft ID
License fees
650,000 US$
500,000 US$
OGDCL will have to get the plant designed by the companies involved and the solvent
supply will be from the technology companies. Thus, OGDCL will be dependent on a
single supplier which could pose supply and other administrative problems.
Chemical/Physical Solvent
The technology supplier Shell is world renowned. It offers Shell Sulfinol Process for this
project. The solvent circulation rate in Shell Sulfinol Process is somewhat lower than
other processes. Heating and cooling duties are also low. Use of SHELL technology
allows client independence of solvent supplier which ensures competitive solvent prices.
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 55 of 58

Reference plants of Shell Sulfinol are also available. However, no plant treats such a
high level of CO2.
7.1.3
Recommendation
The detailed comparison of different gas sweetening processes shows that formulated
amine processes of HUNTSMAN, INEOS, DOW and SHELL appears competitive. We
recommend that formulated amine processes are good for UCH application. However,
The plant designed should have enough flexibility to handle any of the above
recommended solvents with minimum changes in the plant, so that OGDCL will have the
provision to change the solvent in future. In addition, following parameters will have to
be considered during the design of acid gas removal unit for UCH II plant.
Design should include a coalescer filter in between inlet separator and contactor
tower.
Install a mechanical filter before and after charcoal filter.
10 micron absolute cartridges filter to be used before carbon bed. Spare filter should
also be provided.
Carbon bed should have carbon pores compatible with MDEA solvent and should be
8x30 mesh granular activated carbon.
100% stand by mechanical filter should be provided at downstream of carbon bed.
The Amine flash drum should be sized for 15 20 min. residence time and provided
with skimming facility.
Regenerated amine should be stripped to low level.
Post weld heat treatment is recommended for all carbon steel equipment including
piping exposed to amine.
Heat stable salts removal facility shall be included in the design.
Following metallurgy should be considered in the design of the different parts of

plant.
Rich / Lean HEX

Carbon Bed
Regenerator
Re-boiler
Pump
Rich Amine Piping
Tubes SS
Internals SS
Internal SS
Tubes SS
Impeller SS
SS
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 56 of 58

7.2
Velocity of the fluid in carbon steel piping should be limited to 3 fps.
Install long radius elbow where required.
Prevent ingress of air by appropriate blanketing of Amine Surge Drum.
Antifoam and corrosion inhibitor should be compatible with the solution.
Water to be used for making Amine Solution should have good quality.
Following are general specification of the amine make up water. This should be
evaluated.
Total Dissolved Solids
<
Total Hardness
<
Chlorides
<
2 ppm
Sodium
<
3 ppm
Iron
<
10 ppm
100 ppm
3 grains/gallon
GAS DEHYDRATION PROCESSES

The detailed comparison glycol dehydration process and solid bed process are presented
hereunder;
Glycol
Solid Bed
Reliability
Most proven technology for gas Normally used for small units and
dehydration. Maximum number of for
very
low
dew
point
plants in Pakistan.
requirement. Not generally used
for pipeline specs. A very small
number of plants presently
operating in Pakistan.
Size
Single circulation rotary machine
Technical
Support
Availability
Several plants are present in A very few number of plants in

Pakistan and plenty of experience Pakistan. Vendor support would be
is available locally.
required.
Contamination
Glycol may be contaminated by Solid beds are very sensitive to

liquid hydrocarbon but this chance heavy oils and may be poisoned by
is very minimal.
them very easily.
Operating
Complexity
Simple to operate. Does not Generally switching valve are PLC

require elaborate instrument.
controlled
needs
proper
maintenance and spares. The
manpower required is small.
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
No rotary equipment is involved.
Sheet 57 of 58

7.2.1
Recommendation
After reviewing the above comparison of Glycol and Solid bed dehydration process we
understand that the Glycol Dehydration process is the best option for UCH application
due to the low CAPEX and OPEX and availability of technical support and further M/s
OGDCL previous experience of the operation of Glycol Dehydration Plant.
Doc. No. 4985-GA-8302-0
Sheet 58 of 58
Volume-2A (Process)
Annexure-I
Process Flow Diagram and Material
Balance of Typical Amine System
Volume-2A (Process)
Annexure-II
INEOS/Gas SPEC SS Solvent
Volume-2A (Process)
Annexure-III
HUNTSMAN JEFFTREAT MP Solvent
Volume-2A (Process)
Annexure-IV
UOP Amine Guard Process and
Reference List
Volume-2A (Process)
Annexure-V
Reference List of EMRE FLEXORB
Process
Volume-2A (Process)
Annexure-VI
Shell Sulfinol Process and Reference List
Volume-2A (Process)
Annexure-VII
Process Flow Diagram and Material
Balance of Glycol Dehydration Process
Volume-2A (Process)
Annexure-A
Raw Water Analysis
Volume-2A (Process)
Annexure-B
Condensate Analysis
Volume-2A (Process)
Annexure-C
Gas Wells Data
Volume-2A (Process)
Annexure-D
NEQS Data
REGISTERED No. M-302

L. 7646
The Gazette
of Pakistan
EXTRAORDINARY
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY
ISLAMABD, THURSDAY, AUGUST 10, 2000
PART-II
Statutory Notification (S.R.O)
GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND

RURAL DEVELOPMENT
NOTIFICATION
Islamabad, the 8th August 2000
S.R.O. 549 (I)/2000.___ In exercise of the powers conferred under clause (c) of
sub-section (1) of section of 6 of the Pakistan environmental Protection Act. 1997 (XXXIV of
1997), the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, with the prior approval of the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Council, is pleased to direct that the following further amendments
shall be made in its Notification No. S.R.O. 742(I)/93, dated the 24th August, 1993, namely: ___
In the aforesaid Notification, in paragraph 2._____
(1289)
[4138(2000)/Ex.GAZ]
Price : Rs. 5.00
1290
(1)
THE GAZETTE OF PAKISTAN, EXTRA, AUGUST 10, 2000
[PART-II]
for Annex, I the following shall be substituted, namely:_____

Annex-I
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS FOR MUNICIPAL AND

LIQUID INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS (mg/I,
UNLESS OTHERWISE DEFINED)
S. No.
Parameter
Existing
Standards
Revised
Standards
Into
Inland
Waters
Into
Sewage
Treatment (5)
Into
Sea ( )
1.
Temperature or
Temperature Increase *
pH value (H+) .
Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD)5 at 200C (1)
Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD) (1) .. .
Total Suspended Solids
(TSS) .. .
Total Dissolved Solids
(TDS)
Oil and Grease
Phenolic compounds (as
phenol)
Chloride (as C1- )
400C
3oC
3oC
3oC
6-10
6-9
6-9
6-9
80
80
250
80**
150
150
400
400
150
3500
200
3500
400
3500
200
3500
10
10
10
10
0.1
1000
0.1
1000
0.3
1000
0.3
SC***
20
2
20
10
1.0
20
10
1.0
20
10
1.0
20
600
1.0
40
0.15
600
1.0
40
0.15
1000
1.0
40
0.15
SC***
1.0
40
0.15
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Fluoride (as F- )
Cyanide (as CN-) total ..
An-ionic detergents (as
MBAS) (2)
Sulphate (SO42-)
Sulphide (S2-)
Ammonia (NH3)
Pesticides (3)
PART-II] THE GAZETTE OF PAKISTAN, EXTRA, AUGUST 10, 2000
1
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
2
Cadmium (4) .. .
Chromium (trivalent
and hexavalent (4).. .
Cooper (4) .. .
Lead (4) .. .
Mercury (4) .. .
Selenium (4)
Nickel (4) .. .
Silver (4)
Total toxic metals .. .
Zinc .. .
Arsenic (4) .. .
Barium (4) .. .
Iron .. .
Manganese .. .
Boron (4) .. .
Chlorine .. .
1291
0.1
1.0
0.1
1.0
0.1
1.0
0.1
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.01
0.5
1.0
1.0
2.0
5.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.5
6.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.01
0.5
1.0
1.0
2.0
5.0
1.0
1.5
8.0
1.5
6.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.01
0.5
1.0
1.0
2.0
5.0
1.0
1.5
8.0
1.5
6.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.01
0.5
1.0
1.0
2.0
5.0
1.0
1.5
8.0
1.5
6.0
1.0
Explanations:
1. Assuming minimum dilution 1:10 on discharge, lower ratio would attract
progressively stringent standards to be determined by the Federal Environmental
Protection Agency. By 1:10 dilution means, for example that for each one cubic
meter of treated effluent, the recipient water body should have 10 cubic meter of
water for dilution of this effluent.
2. Methylene Blue Active Substances; assuming surfactant as biodegradable.
3. Pesticides include herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides.
4. Subject to total toxic metals discharge should not exceed level given at S. N. 25.
5. Applicable only when and where sewage treatment is operational and BOD5=80mg/I
is achieved by the sewage treatment system.
1292
6.
Provided discharge is not at shore and not within 10 miles of mangrove or other
important estuaries.
The effluent should not result in temperature increase of more than 30C at the
edge of the zone where initial mixing and dilution take place in the receiving
body. In case zone is not defined, use 100 meters from the point of discharge.
**
The value for industry is 200 mg/I

Discharge concentration at or below sea concentration (SC).
Note:______ 1.
Dilution of liquid effluents to bring them to the NEQS limiting values is

not permissible through fresh water mixing with the effluent before
discharging into the environment.
2.
The concentration of pollutants in water being used will be substracted

from the effluent for calculating the NEQS limits and
(2)
for Annex-II the following shall be substituted, namely:____
Annex-II
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS FOR
INDUSTRIAL GASEOUS EMISSION (mg/Nm3, UNLESS
OTHERWISE DEFINED).
S. No.
Parameter
1
1.
Smoke
2.
Particulate malter
(1)
Source of Emission
3
Smoke opacity not to
exceed
Hydrogen
Chloride
Revised
Standards
4
40% or 2
Ringlemann Scale
5
40% or 2
Ringlemann Scale
or equivalent
smoke number
300
500
200
300
500
300
500
500
400
400
(a) Boilers and

Furnaces
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Oil fired
Coal fired
Cement Kilns
(b) Grinding, crushing,

Clinker coolers and
Related processes,
Metallurgical
Processes,
converter, blast
furnaces and
cupolas.
3.
Existing
Standards
Any
1
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
2
Chlorine
Hydrogen Fluoride
Hydrogen Sulphide
Sulphur Oxides (2) (3)
Carbon Monoxide
Lead
Mercury
Cadmium
Arsenic
Copper
Antimony
Zinc
Oxides of Nitrogen
(3)
3
Any
Any
Any
Sulfuric
acid/Sulphonic
acid plants
Other Plants
except power
Plants operating
on oil and coal
Any
Any
Any
Any
Any
Any
Any
Any
Nitric acid
manufacturing
unit.
1293
150
150
10
150
150
10
400
1700
800
50
10
20
20
50
20
200
800
50
10
20
20
50
20
200
400
3000
400
-
400
600
1200
Other plants
except power
plants operating
on oil or coal:
Gas fired
Oil fired
Coal fired
Explanations:1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron
or more.
2. Based on 1 percent Sulphur content in fuel oil. Higher content of
Sulphur will case standards to be pro-rated.
3. In respect of emissions of Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen oxides, the
power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to
National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified above,
comply with the following standards:-
1294 THE GAZETTE OF PAKISTAN, EXTRA, AUGUST 10, 2000

A.
PART-II]
Sulphur Dioxide
Sulphur Dioxide Background levels Micro-gram per cubic meter (ug/m3) Standards.
Background Air
Quality (SO2
Basis)
Annual
Average
Max.
24-hours
Interval
Criterion I
Max. SO2
Emission
(Tons per Day
Per Plant)
Criterion II
Max. Allowable
ground level
increment to
ambient (ug/m3)
(One year Average)
Unpolluted
Moderately
Polluted*
Low
High
Very Polluted**
<50
<200
500
50
50
100
>100
200
400
>400
500
100
100
50
10
10
* For intermediate values between 50 and 100 ug/m3 linear interpolations should be used. **
No projects with Sulphur dioxide emissions will be recommended.
B. Nitrogen Oxide
Ambient air concentrations of Nitrogen oxides, expressed as NOx should not be exceed the
following:Annual Arithmetic Mean
100ug/m3
(0.05 ppm)
Emission level for stationary source discharge before missing with the atmosphere,
should be maintained as follows:For fuel fired steam generators as Nanogram (100-gram) per joule of heat input:
Liquid fossil fuel
Solid fossil fuel ..
Lignite fossil fuel
Note:-
130
300
260
Dilution of gaseous emissions to bring them to the NEQS limiting value is not
permissible through excess air mixing blowing before emitting into the
environment.
[File No. 14(3)/98-TO-PEPC.]

HAFIZ ABDULAH AWAN
DEPUTY SECRETARY (ADMN)
PRINTED BY THE MANAGER, PRINTING CORPORATION OF PAKISTAN, PRESS
ISLAMABAD. PUBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS,
KARACHI.
Job No. 14 4985

Doc. No. 4985-GA-8301
Page 1 of 23
Rev. 0
HYDRAULIC STUDY REPORT

FOR
FLOW LINES & TRANSPORT LINE
Project
: UCH-II Gas Field Development Project
Client
: Oil
Prepared by
Checked by
Approved by
Revised by
2
1
& Gas Development Company Limited
: AI
: MHQ/FS
: NMC
: DF

06-07-2010
15-06-2010
Issued for Bidding
02-03-009
Rev.
Date
Revised Page Nos.
Hydraulic Analysis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR. NO.
DESCRIPTION
PAGE NO.
1.0
INTRODUCTION
2.0
HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS FOR FLOW LINES
2.1
Length of Flow Lines
2.2
Flow Rates
2.3
Grouping of Well Head
2.4
Gas Composition
2.5
Heat Transfer Data
2.6
Flow Line Profile
2.7
Computational Method & Software
2.8
Fitting in Flow Lines & Manifold
2.9
Effect of Flow Rate on Pressure Drop
FLOW LINE SIZING
3.1
Flow Line from K-02
3.2
Flow Line from K-03
3.3
Flow Line from K-06
3.4
Flow Line from K-07
10
3.5
Flow Line from K-08
11
3.6
Flow Line from K-09
12
3.7
Flow Line from K-10
13
3.8
Flow Line from K-11
14
3.9
Flow Line from K-12
15
3.10
Flow Line from K-13
16
3.11
Flow Line from K-14
17
3.12
Flow Line from K-15
18
3.13
Flow Line from K-16
19
3.14
Flow Line from K-17
20
3.15
Flow Line from K-18
21
4.0
CONCLUSION
22
5.0
HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF GAS TRANSPORT PIPELINE
23
3.0
ANNEXURE & APPENDICES
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 2 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
1.0
INTRODUCTION
OGDCL intends to develop the field by installing all the surface facilities
including gas gathering pipeline network, gas purification plant, gas
commissioning system and gas transport pipeline etc. 15 wells will be drilled
for the complete development of UCH-II field. All the wells will produce gas
having different BTU value.
As a part of the feed package, Hydraulic Analysis of the gas flow lines from
well site to the gathering system at Plant and Transport Pipeline have been
carried out for establishing the line sizes of flow lines and transport pipeline.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 3 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
2.0
HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS FOR FLOW LINES

Hydraulic Analysis of flow lines have been carried out using HYSYS EXTENSION
PIPESYS software and is based on the following design data;
2.1
Length of Flow Lines

Lengths of flow lines from various wells to proposed plant site as provided by
OGDCL are as under: Well No.
2.2
Length of Flow line

( KM )
K-02
9.25
K-03
11.33
K-06
14.76
K-07
19.95
K-08
19.73
K-09
17.19
K-10
11.69
K-11
4.08
K-12
6.13
K-13
2.70
K-14
2.20
K-15
4.87
K-16
7.51
K-17
5.56
K-18
4.57
Flow Rates
Following maximum flow rates are considered for sizing of flow lines;
Well No.
4985-GA-8301
Flow Rate
( MMSCFD )
K-02
20.8
K-03
20.8
K-06
9.9
K-07
19.8
K-08
19.8
Rev.0
Sheet 4 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
2.3
K-09
16.7
K-10
18.8
K-11
20.5
K-12
20.8
K-13
17.8
K-14
20.6
K-15
16.2
K-16
20.8
K-17
17.9
K-18
17.9
Grouping of Well Head.

Western Zone Wells (Low BTU )
There are six (6) wells in the western zone, the gases produced from these
wells are lean, but have high percentage of CO2.The gas from the wells in
classified as Low Btu gas .These gases are combined in one header termed as
Western Lobe. The Wells which are included in this zone are; K-02, K-10, K-12,
K-13, K-15, K-16
Central Zone Wells ( Medium BTU )
There are five (5) wells in the central zone, the gases produced from these
wells are lean, but have higher methane percentage, but have same CO2
percentage as that of low BTU well. The gas of these wells is combined in
separate header termed as Central Lobe The Wells which are included in
this zone are; K-03, K-11,K-14, K-17, K-18
Eastern Zone Wells ( High BTU )
There are four (4) wells in eastern zone; these gases have higher percentage
of methane. The gas of these wells is combined in separate header termed as
Eastern Lobe. The Wells which are included in this zone are; K-06, K-07, K-08,
K-09.
2.4
Gas Composition
For the purpose of hydraulic analysis the gas composition has been taken
from Will Bros fluid flow study for UCH-I Gas Gathering System as tabulated
below.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 5 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
Please note that the gas composition data provided in the Appendix VIII of
the ITB, do not produce the liquid and therefore can not be used for the
purpose of hydraulic analysis.
TABLE-1
Components
Western Lobes
Central Lobes
Eastern Lobe
0.0218
0.0218
0.0602
CO2
43.2177
43.2177
21.8686
N2
19.6078
19.6078
7.8923
C1
30.8688
30.8688
62.2084
C2
0.7484
0.7484
1.8849
C3
0.2825
0.2825
0.0.5118
iC4
0.0683
0.0683
0.1284
nC4
0.0822
0.0.0822
0.1329
iC5
0.0288
0.0.0288
0.0952
nC5
0.0075
0.0075
0.0.0685
C6
0.4082
0.4082
0.4937
C7
0.0173
0.0173
0.0172
C8
0.0173
0.0173
0.0172
C9+
0.2927
0.2927
0.2927
H2O
4.2768
4.2768
4.2765
H2S
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 6 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
2.5
Heat Transfer Data

Soil conductivity
0.5 Btu/hr.ft.F
Pipe conductivity
28 Btu/hr.ft.F
Overall heat transfer coefficients :

2.6
0.393 Btu/hr.ft.F
Flowline Profile
The straight lines have been considered for estimation of pressure drop and
velocities. EPCC contractor shall verify line size after considering ground
profiles at detail engineering stage.
2.7
Computational Method and Software

The HYSYS extension PIPESYS has been used for the calculation of line sizes,
pressure drop associated with the line. The vertical up flow regime established
form Govier and Aziz and frictional losses are established form Aziz Govier and
Fogarasi. The vertical down flow regime has been established form Beggs and
Brill Reviand frictional losses were computed form Beggs and Brill model.
2.8
Fittings in Flowlines and Manifold

The pressure drop across the flow lines includes pressure drop across the flow
control valve and associated orifice plate, one ball valves, flow line scraper
launcher and an expander downstream of the choke valve. This also includes
pressure drop in the manifold area, which includes elbows, branches to the
main header, single check valve and ball valve.
2.9
Effect of Flowrate on Pressure Drop

For varying wellhead pressures and flow rates predicted from the wells,
pressure drops across the flow lines will considerably vary. In order to maintain
the pressure upstream of trunk line, pressure drop across the choke valves will
have to be changed by the operating personnel considering the wellhead
pressures.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 7 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.0
FLOW LINE SIZING
3.1
Flow line from K-02

The K-02 well is located in Western Lobe and 9.25 Km away from the new
plant site the maximum flow of 20.8 MMSCFD will be achieved in September
2026.
Pressure drop has been calculated for 8, 10 and 12 dia line sizes and the
result is tabulated below.
Pressure drop
in 8 flow Line
Psi
Pressure drop
10 flow line
Psi
Pressure drop
12 flow line
Psi
34
14
08
Erosional Velocity
The actual velocities of mixture in the flow lines have been compared with
erosional velocities as per API-14E. It is observed that mixture velocities are low
enough when compared with erosional velocities. The comparison is
presented hereunder:
Flowline of K-02
Average Mixture Velocity (ft/s)
Erosional Velocity (ft/s)
In 8 Flow
line
7.01
35.23
In 10 Flow
line
4.25
34.81
In 12 flow
line
3.056
34.78
Flow Pattern expected

Following flow Pattern is expected for 8, 10,and 12 Flowline options.
Flow Pattern Expected Flow Pattern Expected
in 8 Line
in 10 Line
WAVE
WAVE, INTERMITTENT
Flow Pattern Expected

in 12 Line
WAVE, INTERMITTENT
Selected Line Size

Based upon the afore-going result of hydraulic analysis line size 10 Dia has
been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 8 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.2
Flowline from K-03

The K-03 well is located in Central Lobe and 11.33 Km away from the new
plant site the maximum flow of 20.8 MMSCFD will be achieved in May 2024
Pressure drop has been calculated for 8, 10 and 12 Dia line sizes and the
result is tabulated below:
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop in 8
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
flowline
in 10 flow Line
12 flow line
Psi
Psi
Psi
40
15
08
Erosional Velocity
The actual velocities of mixture in the flowlines are compared with erosional
velocities as per API-14E. It is observed that mixture velocities are low enough
when compared with erosional velocities. The comparison is presented
hereunder:
In 8 Flow
Flowline of K-03
In 10
In 12
Flowline
Flowline
7.0
4.4
3.16
35.67
35.2
35.39
line

Following flow Pattern is expected for, 8, 10, 12 Flowline options.

in 8 Line

in 10 Line
in 12 Line
Froth
Froth
Froth
Wave
Wave
Wave
Selected Line Size

been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 9 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.3
Flow line from K-06

The K-06 well is located in Eastern Lobe and 14.76 Km away from the new
plant site the maximum flow of 9.9 MMSCFD will be achieved in March 2020
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop in 8
flowline Psi
Pressure drop in 10
flow Line Psi
Pressure drop in
12 flow line Psi
13
08
06
Erosional Velocity
hereunder:
In 8 Flow
Flowline of K-06
line
In 10
In 12
Flowline
Flowline
3.18
2.01
1.402
39.5
39.5
39

Following flow Pattern is expected for 8, 10, and 12 Flowline options.
in 8 Line
in 10 Line
in 12 Line
Annular Mist
Froth, Straightfied
Slug
Wave, Intermittent
Wave
Wave, Intermittent
Selected Line Size

been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 10 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.4
Flow Line K-07

plant site the maximum flow of 19.8 MMSCFD will be achieved in November
2021.
Pressure drop has been calculated for 8,10 and 12 dia line sizes and the
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
in 8 flowline
in 10 flow Line
12 flow line
Psi
Psi
Psi
51
18
09
Erosional Velocity
hereunder:
Flowline of K-07
In 8 Flow
line
In 10
In 12
Flowline
flowline
7.1
4.3
3.07
41.6
41.6
40.9

Flow Pattern Expected Flow Pattern Expected Flow Pattern Expected
in 8 Line
in 10 Line
in 12 Line
WAVE
WAVE
WAVE
Selected Line Size

been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 11 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.5
Flow line from K-08

2021.
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
in 8 flowline
in 10 flow Line
12 flow line
Psi
Psi
Psi
51
20
06
Erosional Velocity
hereunder:
In 8 Flow
Flowline of K-08
line
In 10
In 12
Flowline
flowline
6.48
4.39
2.85
39.4
41.13
39.8

Flow Pattern Expected Flow Pattern Expected Flow Pattern Expected in
in 8 Line
in 10 Line
12 Line
Wave
Froth, Wave
Intermittent, Wave
Selected Line Size

been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 12 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.6
Flowline for K-09

2021.
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
in 8 flowline
in 10 flow Line
12 flow line
Psi
Psi
Psi
33
13
08
Erosional Velocity
hereunder:
In 8 Flow
Flowline of K-09
In 10
In 12
Flowline
flowline
5.9
3.69
2.56
41.35
41
42.11
line


in 8 Line

in 10 Line
in 12 Line
Froth, Wave
Froth, Wave
Froth, Wave
Selected Line Size

been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 13 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.7
Flow line from K-10

plant site the maximum flow of 18.8 MMSCFD will be achieved in July2026:
Pressure Drop has been calculated for 8, 10 and 12 dia line sizes and the
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
in 8 flowline
in 10 flow Line
12 flow line
Psi
Psi
Psi
26
10
05
Erosional Velocity
hereunder:
Flowline of K-10
In 8 Flow
line
In 10
In 12
Flowline
flowline
6.3
2.771
35.0
34.8
34.8

Flow Pattern Expected Flow Pattern
in 8 Line
in 10 Line
WAVE
Expected Flow Pattern Expected

in 12 Line
WAVE
Wave,
Intermittent,
Ann-Mist
Selected Line Size
been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 14 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.8
Flow Line from K-11

The K-11 well is located in Central Lobe and 4.08 Km away from the new plant
site the maximum flow of 20.5 MMSCFD will be achieved in May 2024.
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop in 8
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
flowline
in 10 flow Line
12 flow line
Psi
Psi
Psi
14
06
05
Erosional Velocity
hereunder:
In 8 Flow
Flowline of K-11
line
In 10
In 12
Flowline
flowline
6.43
4.07
2.85
34.7
34.64
34.6

8 Line
in 10 Line
12 Line
Froth, Wave
Wave, Froth
Froth,
Wave,
Annular
Mist
Selected Line Size
been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 15 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.9
Flow Line from K-12

site the maximum flow of 20.8 MMSCFD will be achieved in September 2026
Pressure drop has been calculated for 8, 10 and 12 Dia line sizes and result
is tabulated below:
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop in 8
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
flowline
in 10 flow Line
12 flow line
Psi
Psi
Psi
34
11
Erosional Velocity
hereunder:
In 8 Flow
Flowline of K-12
line
In 10
In 12
Flowline
flowline
8.2
4.37
3.0
35
34.52
34.5

in 8 Line
in 10 Line
12 Line
Froth Wave
Wave,
Intermittent, Wave, Intermittent
Annr Mist
Selected Line Size
been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 16 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.10
Flow Line from K-13

2025.
is tabulated below:
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
in 8 flowline
in 10 flowline
12 flowline
Psi
Psi
Psi
13
Erosional Velocity
hereunder:
Flowline of K-13
In 8
In 10
In 12
Flowline
Flowline
Flowline
6.52
3.59
35
34.0


in 8 Line
in 10 Line
12 Line
Wave,Ann-Mist
Wave,Annular
Mist,Intermit
Selected Line Size

been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 17 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.11
Flow Line from K-14

site the maximum flow of 20.06 MMSCFD will be achieved in May 2024.
is tabulated below:
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
in 8 flowline Psi
in 10 flow Line Psi
12 flow line Psi
09
05
04
Erosional Velocity
hereunder:
In 8
In 10
In 12
Flowline
Flowline
Flowline
6.49
4.11
2.8
34.37
34.35
34.39
Flowline of K-14

in 8 Line
in 10 Line
12 Line
Wave, Froth
Wave, Froth
Wave, Froth
Selected Line Size

been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 18 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.12
Flow Line from K-15

2022.
is tabulated below:
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
in 8 flowline
in 10 flow Line
12 flow line
Psi
Psi
Psi
14
06
04
Erosional Velocity
hereunder:
In 8
In 10
In 12
Flow line
Flowline
Flowline
5.287
3.35
2.38
34.48
34.46
34.48
Flowline of K-15

in 8 Line
in 10 Line
12 Line
Wave, Intermittent
Wave, Intermittent
Straightfied, Intermittent
Selected Line Size

been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 19 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.13
Flow Line from K-16

plant site the maximum flow of 20.8 MMSCFD will be achieved in May 2024.
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
in 8 flowline Psi
in 10 flow Line Psi
12 flow line Psi
27
11
Erosional Velocity
hereunder:
In 8 Flow
Flowline of K-16
line
In 10
In 12
Flowline
flowline
6.91
4.34
3.02
34.8
34.63
34.6

in 8 Line
Flow Pattern
in 10 Line
Annular Mist,Wave
Wave
Expected Flow Pattern Expected

in 12 Line
Annular Mist, Wave
Selected Line Size

been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 20 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.14
Flow Line from K-17

site the maximum flow of 17.9 MMSCFD will be achieved in March 2024.
Pressure Drop has been calculated for 8, 10 and 12 Dia line size and the
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
Pressure drop
in 8 flowline Psi
in 10 flowLine Psi
12 flowline Psi
16
07
Erosional Velocity
hereunder:
In 8
In 10
In 12
Flowline
Flowline
Flowline
5.60
3.69
2.581
34.2
34.8
35
Flowline of K-17

8 Line
in 10 Line
12 Line
Wave
Wave
Wave
Selected Line Size

been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 21 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
3.15
Flow Line from K-18

site the maximum flow of 20.8 MMSCFD will be achieved in March 2024.
Pressure Drop has been calculated for 8, 10 and 12 Dia line sizes and the
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop in 8
flowline
Pressure drop in 10
Pressure drop
flow Line Psi
12 flow line Psi
Psi
13
06
04
Erosional Velocity
hereunder:
Flowline of K-18
In 8 Flow
line
In 10
In 12
Flowline
flowline
5.68
3.672
2.5
34.48
34.76
34.7

In 8 Line
in 10 Line
12 Line
Wave
Wave
Wave
Selected Line Size

been selected.
4985-GA-8301
Rev.0
Sheet 22 of 24
Hydraulic Analysis
4.0
CONCLUSION
Following line sizes have been selected based on pressure drop and erosional
velocities. The summary of PIPESYS for selected lines are attached in
Annexure-1.
4985-GA-8301
Well No.
Line Size
(Selected)
Pressure Drop
(psi)
K-02
10
14
K-03
10
15
K-06
13
K-07
12
09
K-08
12
06
K-09
10
13
K-10
10
10
K-11
10
06
K-12
10
11
K-13
13
K-14
09
K-15
10
06
K-16
10
11
K-17
10
07
K-18
13
Rev.0
Sheet 23 of 24
Job No. 14-4985

Spec. No. 4985-A-1050
Page 1 of 20
Rev. 1
GENERAL SAFETY & FIRE PROTECTION
Project:
UCH-II Gas Field Development

Project
Client:
Oil & Gas Development Co. Ltd.
Prepared by:
Checked by:
Approved by:
Revised by:
2
11
0
Rev.
AI
FS
PR
DF

Issued For Bidding
06-07-2010
15-06-2010
14-07-2009
Date
Revised Page Nos.

General Safety & Fire Protection
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 3
GENERAL SAFETY & FIRE PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY....................................................................... 4
REGULATIONS, CODES & STANDARDS ....................................................................................................... 5

3.1 REGULATIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 5
3.2 INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM (IP) MODEL CODE OF SAFE PRACTICE IN PETROLEUM
INDUSTRY...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.3 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA)................................................................................ 5
3.4 AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API) .................................................................................................. 5
3.5 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION (BSI) .................................................................................................... 6
3.6 ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USERS ASSOCIATION (EEMUA) ....................................... 6
3.7 UK HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE......................................................................................................... 6
3.8 PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 6
PLANT LAYOUT CONSIDERATION................................................................................................................ 7

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM............................................................................................................................ 9

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
SEPARATION DISTANCES ............................................................................................................................... 7
EQUIPMENT .................................................................................................................................................... 7
BUILDINGS ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
LEAK SOURCES .............................................................................................................................................. 7
IGNITION SOURCES ........................................................................................................................................ 8
LIQUID SPILLS AND DRAINS .......................................................................................................................... 8
VENT STACK................................................................................................................................................... 8
FIRE & GAS DETECTION ............................................................................................................................... 9

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION .......................................................................................................................... 9
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION ........................................................................................................................... 9
PLANT AREA FIREFIGHTING FACILITIES ................................................................................................... 14
PORTABLE AND MOBILE FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS ............................................................ 15

6.1 PORTABLE EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................................................... 15
6.2 MOBILE EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................................... 15
PERSONNEL SAFETY AND PLANT SECURITY SYSTEMS ..................................................................... 16

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
PERSONNEL SAFETY EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................................... 16

FIREMANS SAFETY EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................ 16
NOISE CONTROL .......................................................................................................................................... 17
PLANT SECURITY ......................................................................................................................................... 18
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ................................................................................................................ 19

8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY .......................................................................................... 19
8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES .............................................................................................. 19
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Sheet 2 of 20

INTRODUCTION
This document describes the specification for general safety and fire
protection of the facility and personnel.
This Specification outlines the minimum requirements for Fire Protection
Systems, Personnel Safety and Plant Security Equipment for UCH-II Gas
Field Development Project.
This document also outlines the general safety and fire protection philosophy,
applicable codes, specifications and regulations and plant layout
considerations to be complied with.
The Contractor shall be responsible for the complete design, supply,
fabrication, installation and commissioning of all fire and gas detection and
fire protection systems and personnel safety and plant security equipment.
The Contractor shall carry out detailed calculations for water application rates,
pump sizes, fire main sizes and water storage capacity and submit to Company
for approval before fire protection equipment is placed on order or further
work is progressed on the detailed design of the system.
The Contractor shall be responsible for the supply of all fire fighting agents,
chemicals and appliances including, as appropriate, foam concentrate, charged
fire extinguishers etc. The quantities of the above items shall be sufficient for
all commissioning tests, initial charge and spares. The commissioning tests for
all firefighting systems shall be carried to the requirements of applicable
NFPA codes and operational tests of spray systems shall be performed to
check spray coverage, operation of control equipment and performance of
firewater pumps.
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Sheet 3 of 20

GENERAL SAFETY & FIRE PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY

The general safety and fire protection philosophy recognizes the following in
order of priority:
1)
2)
3)
Safeguarding of personnel
Safeguarding of the environment
Safeguarding of plant.
There are essentially two main methods of safeguarding against hazards from
the plant. The first is to reduce the possibility of loss of containment of
hazardous process fluids i.e. to prevent leaks, which could give rise to fire,
explosions or pollution. The second is to minimize the effects of loss of
containment and possible fires, explosions and spillages.
Possible loss of containment is minimized by control of the design,
construction and operating phases of the project. This control is achieved by
implementing QA and QC procedures during the design and construction
phases and by developing safe working practices and procedures and
enforcing their use by way of audits and ongoing training.
Minimizing the effect of loss of containment is achieved by the following
main means:
Providing a safe plant layout by separation of hazards (e.g. leak sources

from ignition sources), bunding and drainage of liquid storage areas and
by inclusion of adequate access and escape routes.
Fire/gas detection and shutdown/blowdown systems designed to isolate

and render safe sections of the plant involved in a hazardous occurrence.
Firefighting systems provided to extinguish fires or to protect (cool)

equipment adjacent to a fire to prevent it spreading.
For the development of plant layout the recommendations of codes, standards

and recent technical literature shall be used to set separation distances, tank
bunding requirements and access requirements. These codes and standards
have been derived from both theoretical analysis and industry practice. They
are listed in following sections of this document.
Essentially a manual intervention policy has been followed for defining fire
fighting system and equipment requirements. This means that site personnel
will carry out most fire fighting tasks, using mobile appliances in conjunction
with the fire main system. Fixed fire protection systems shall be proposed in
areas where there is a significant fire hazard and where manual firefighting
would be insufficient.
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Sheet 4 of 20

REGULATIONS, CODES & STANDARDS

The latest revisions of the following Regulations, Codes and Standards shall
be used for the detailed design and equipment specification for the Fire
Protection System and Safety Equipment. Where applicable, such regulations
and codes shall be used for equipment spacing and hazardous area drawings.
3.1
Regulations
3.2
Institute of Petroleum (IP) Model Code of Safe Practice in

Petroleum Industry
3.3
Part 1 Electrical
Part 3 Refining
Part 4 Drilling and Production - Onshore Operations
Part 6 Pipelines
Part 15 Area Classification
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
3.4
The Oil and Gas (Safety in Drilling and Production) Regulations.

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance.
Pakistan Petroleum Act.
NFPA 10
NFPA 11
NFPA 13
NFPA 14
NFPA 15
NFPA 16
System.
NFPA 20
NFPA 24
and their
Standard for Portable Fire Extinguisher

Low Expansion Foam/Combined Agent Systems
Standard for the Installation of Sprinkle Systems
Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems
Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection
Standard for the installation of Foam water Sprinkler Spray
Standard for the Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps
Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains
Appurtenances
NFPA 30
Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
NFPA 58
Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied
Petroleum Gases
NFPA 497 Recommended Practice for the classification of flammable
liquids, Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations of
Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas.
NFPA 1221 Standard for the installation, Maintenance, and use of
Emergency Services Communications Systems.
American Petroleum Institute (API)
RP 521
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Guide for Pressure Relieving and Depressuring Systems
Sheet 5 of 20

RP 2004
RP 2021
STD 2510
(LPG)
Publ 2510A
Operation of
Inspection for Fire Protection

Guide to Fighting Fire around Petroleum Storage Tanks.
Design and Construction of Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Installation
Fire Protection Considerations for the Design and
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Storage Facilities.
3.5
British Standards Institution (BSI)
3.6
Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association (EEMUA)
3.7
Publication No. 140: Noise Procedure Specification.
UK Health and Safety Executive
3.8
BS 5908: Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Chemical Plant

BS 422: Fire Protection Equipment.
EH 40/92 Occupational Exposure Limits 1992 (published annually).
Project Specifications
The approved Project Specifications shall be followed for piping systems, pipe
supports, instrumentation packages, electrical cabling, etc., as applicable.
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Sheet 6 of 20

PLANT LAYOUT CONSIDERATION
4.1
General
The main principles to be maintained in achieving a safe plant layout in
conjunction with an efficient and economically operable plant are:
Separation of plant and equipment areas

Safe dispersal of gas leaks
Confinement of liquid leaks and spills
Accessibility for firefighting and maintenance.
These principles are aimed at limiting the effects of a hazardous incident

(hydrocarbon gas/liquid release or fire) to the area of occurrence.
4.2
Separation Distances
Separation distances between plant areas or equipment items shall be in
conformance with:
4.3
industry codes and standards listed in Section 3.0

area classification requirements
findings and recommendations of hazard assessments
Equipment
Process and storage/loading areas shall be separated from each other and from
utility areas, thereby reducing large bore hydrocarbon pipework passing
through utility areas, as far as practicable.
Doors of scraper receivers shall point away from the plant, the area adjacent to
the doors shall be clear of hazardous equipment
4.4
Buildings
The control room shall be located and designed to protect personnel and
critical equipment located therein from the effects of potential blast
overpressure. This building should not have any windows on walls facing
process areas of the plant, or such windows should be of small size and of
blast resistant design. Two exits shall be provided from the control room.
The control room, emergency power generation and fire pump driver and
firewater storage tank areas shall be located in a non hazardous area.
4.5
Leak Sources
For process related equipment carrying hydrocarbons, the number of bolted
connections (flanges) and valves influences potential leak frequency. Welded
connections shall be employed as far as practicable, and number of valves
shall be minimized compatible with the required operations and maintenance
strategies.
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Sheet 7 of 20

4.6
Ignition Sources
Equipment and systems shall be specified for classified areas in accordance
with specified codes and standards. Spark ignition vehicle engines shall be
prohibited from the site.
4.7
Liquid Spills and Drains

The principal areas for liquid spills are the condensate storage tank and loading
areas. The condensate storage tank shall be completely surrounded by a bund
wall such that the bunded area can hold the liquid capacity of the tanks to
prevent running fires from tank leakage or rupture reaching non-related
equipment or roadways for emergency access (firefighting).
The storage tank shall be located above a raised foundation. This base shall be
graded so that liquid spills are drained away from the storage tanks.
Bunding and kerbing shall be provided to limit the spread of a hydrocarbon
liquid leak elsewhere in the plant where liquid leaks may occur (e.g. pig
receivers, condensate loading pumps, chemical injection pumps).
4.8
Vent Stack
The vent stack shall be surrounded by a sterile area, for safe disposal and by
accidental burning of surplus flammable vapors produced from the gas plant.
The stack and sterile area shall be located such that maximum thermal radiation
levels at ground level at the edge of the flare area are within permissible limits
for plant personnel, in accordance with API 521.
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Sheet 8 of 20

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
5.1
Fire & Gas Detection

The means of detection to be employed in the plant are:
Visual Detection
Fire Detectors
Flammable Gas Detectors
The systems to be installed should meet the following minimum requirements:
Reliability
Simplicity
Independence system
Cost effective On-line testing -
Minimum spurious actions

Maximum availability on demand
Autonomous operation independent of process control
Fitness for purpose
Required to ensure operations confidence.
The Fire and Gas system for the plant shall comprise of field detectors
monitoring areas of the plant for the presence of flammable concentrations of
gas as detailed in the specifications for ESD, Fire & Gas.
5.2
Passive Fire Protection

The fire rating of external boundaries of the control room, laboratory, workshop
and fire pump drivers or internal divisions and associated penetrations shall be
defined during detail design and shall be commensurate with fire risks and
segregation of fire zones.
All ESD valves and vessel relief valves shall be specified as fire safe to
appropriate BS standard or equivalent. Fire and gas detection instrument
cables shall be specified as flame resistant to appropriate I EC standard or
equivalent.
Wherever practicable, bunding, kerbing, sloping, drip trays and open drains
shall be designed to prevent liquid spills accumulating under process vessels.
During detail design, consideration shall be given to the provision of fire
proofing of process vessel seats in areas where leakage of flammable liquids
could accumulate.
5.3
Active Fire Protection

Active fire protection shall be based upon recommended codes of practice in
particular with National Fire Protection Association Codes.
The primary means of controlling process gas fires shall be by the isolation of
inventory and blow-down of the affected area. It shall not be the intention of
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Sheet 9 of 20

fire protection to extinguish jet fires. Pool fires may be extinguished by the use
of firewater supplemented with Aqueous Film Forming Foam.
Fire protection, both active and passive, shall be considered in order to reduce,
as far as reasonably practicable, the risks presented by ignited material on the
facility. The objectives shall be to:
Extinguish fires.
Control the spread of a fire or fires.
Protect personnel from heat radiation.
Cool structures, pressurized inventories and buildings
Insulate structures, buildings and shutdown valves.
Reduce the risk to personnel, as far as reasonably practicable.
Active fire protection in process and utility areas shall be by any, or a
combination, of the following:
Fixed Water Spray System.
Oscillating and manual Fire Monitors.
Hydrants, hoses & nozzles.
Fixed Hose-reels.
Hand held or wheeled portable fire extinguishers.
Exact fire protection requirements to be determined by the Fire Risk Analysis.
Compressor/Generator enclosure fire protection shall be as recommended by
the manufacturer.
Control Room fire protection shall be by a proprietary inert gaseous
Extinguishing system. Normally unoccupied locations such as equipment
cabinets may be protected by CO2 total flood system. Hand held portable fire
extinguishers should supplement the protection of the area.
The camp compound area fire protection shall comprise hand extinguishers.
5.3.1 Fire Water
Site drainage shall be capable of evacuating the worst case firewater demand
plus a rainfall rate of " per hour for a combined total of 2 hours.
Fire Monitors
Manually initiated, self-actuating, oscillating Firewater Monitors shall be
installed on the fire ring-main to provide water jets for cooling purposes
in the event of a fire. Monitors shall be distributed along the main so that
a 100-ft. jet (in still air) can reach a fire anywhere in the Process Areas of
the Plant with sufficient choice to afford optimum protection for fire
fighters. Each branch feed pipe from the main to the monitor shall be
provided with a manual block valve to allow maintenance of the monitor.
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Sheet 10 of 20

Monitor pipework shall be arranged so that the operator can walk through
360 without stepping over the feed pipe. Monitors shall be designed to
discharge 6417 cu. ft/hr at 121 psig.
Fire Hydrants
Twin Fire Hydrants, each carrying two 2" pressure reducing hydrant
valves with instantaneous couplings, shall be located on the firewater
ring-main at a maximum spacing of 130ft. Therefore, complete with a
maximum of two off 72ft hoses, all areas requiring manually applied
firewater can have firewater brought to bear on a fire. Pressure reducing
hydrant valves shall be set to discharge at a maximum of 100 psig.
Nominal design stage flow-rate for Hydrants shall be 3000 cu.ft/hr. per
valve. Each hydrant shall have an equipment cabinet adjacent containing
the following items:
4 No. 72ft, 2" fire hoses with instantaneous couplings.
2 No. Jet-spray nozzles suitable for water discharge.
Hydrant standpipes, sized to permit a maximum water velocity of 15
ft/sec, shall be isolated from the firewater ring-main with manually
operated block valves to permit maintenance while retaining fire main
continuity.
Firewater Supply
Firewater derived from the Water Supply system shall be stored in
covered Firewater Storage Tank adjacent to the Fire Pumps in an area
with low risk from the effects of an incident involving explosion and fire.
The capacity shall be based on 6 hours supply for worst case fire
demand. Contractor can propose a single tank for Raw Water and Process
Water.
Firewater Distribution
A Carbon Steel Firewater Distribution system shall supply all areas of Plant.
An 8"nominal bore ringmain shall serve the Plant Area.
The main shall be routed with the following considerations:
Firewater from any hydrant located on it, complete with a

maximum of 2 No. 72ft hoses can be brought to bear on a fire in
any designated area of the Plant.
Firewater from any monitor located on it, together with an

estimated jet setting throw of 100ft in still air, can be brought to
bear on any designated area of the Plant.
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Sheet 11 of 20

To ensure the overall integrity of the Distribution system manually

operated locked open; block valves shall be located on the main. Any one
section of the main may be isolated, due to maintenance or an incident
involving explosion or fire, while retaining the capability of supplying
firewater to any part of the Plant. Under these circumstances, the main
would be reduced to single flow with acceptable maximum velocities of
up to 15 ft/sec.
Fire Pumps
Fire pumps shall be located in an area with low risk from the effect of an
incident involving explosion and fire. Where a residual risk of
impairment remains, the pumps shall be shielded from perceived risks by
use of screening or enclosure(s) suitable for the risk identified. Fire
pumps and drivers shall be protected from explosion and fire by means of
a wall designed and constructed to withstand the perceived risks.
There shall be two centrifugal type pumps (1 diesel & 1 electric driven)
each delivering 100% of design flow. The diesel pump(s) shall be located
to ensure that the air supply for combustion to the driver is drawn from
an area unlikely to ingest smoke from a fire.
Each pump system shall be supplied with the necessary instrumentation
and controls to allow fully automatic and/or manual operation. Pump
controls shall be arranged to ensure that pumps continue to run to failure,
fuel exhaustion or operation of the over-speed trip facility. A diesel day
tank for diesel engine driven pump shall enable continuous use for 24
hours. Pump suction inlets shall be provided with course mesh strainers
and located such that they are continuously primed, by the firewater
storage tanks, to assist pump N.S.P.H requirements.
The Ring-main shall be charged by electric jockey pump(s) of sufficient
flow rate and pressure to enable the use of any single hydrant outlet
without starting the duty Fire-pump.
Suitable screens shall be provided to protect the fire and jockey pumps
from sun/inclement weather.
5.3.2 Foam System
Fixed Systems
A Foam Top Pouring System shall be provided to protect the Condensate
Storage Tank.
Each Top Pourer Foam Maker Set shall incorporate generator, vapor seal
and pourer in a single unit.
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Sheet 12 of 20

The Fire Vehicle/Trailer shall supply foam solution
Portable System
Portable wheeled foam trolleys, intended to be for first response only,
shall be provided around the Plant to cool infrastructure and give a foam
blanket over any spillage within bunded areas.
Each trolley unit shall be supplied complete with the following
equipment:
One 2" diameter firewater supply hose fitted with an

instantaneous coupling for connection to a hydrant valve.
One 2" diameter firewater/foam discharge hose with foam

making branch pipe fitted.
One foam inductor with dip pipe feeding from bottom of tank.
The unit shall be of a robust construction with handles and wheels
suitable for storage and use in an exposed location on the Plant.
Suitable locations for foam units shall be identified and developed to
identify quantities and types of foam required.
5.3.3 Gaseous Extinguishing System
Fine Water gaseous extinguishing systems shall be installed in Power
Generation enclosures, switch rooms and in enclosed areas where heavy
concentrations of power cables are expected.
When providing areas such as control rooms with a gaseous extinguishing
system consideration shall be given to protecting only the floor voids and
cabinets.
The following shall be noted:
Halon shall not be used.
Proprietary suppressant inert gas shall be used as the Extinguishing where
there is a risk to personnel due to normal occupancy.
Carbon Dioxide is an asphyxiant and shall only be used where there is
minimal risk of personnel occupancy at the time of release.
Design of the system shall comply with BS 5306: Part 4, particularly clause
34.
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Preference for suppression gas shall be given to a non-toxic and

environmentally friendly type, (i.e. will not affect the ozone layer or contribute
to global warming). When selecting a gas, consideration shall be given to
availability in Pakistan and storage and maintenance requirements.
5.4
Plant Area Firefighting Facilities

The Plant Area firefighting facilities will include:
A firewater ring main encircling the plant area with hydrants provided at
approximately 196ft. spacing.
Fixed foam monitors or foam spray systems to extinguish and/or cover
liquid hydrocarbon spill fires.
Portable and mobile fire protection equipment as indicated in following
sections.
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Sheet 14 of 20

PORTABLE AND MOBILE FIRE PROTECTION

EQUIPMENTS
6.1
Portable Equipment
Water hoses with foam branch pipes, where appropriate, shall be provided for
firefighting.
Hose boxes containing portable fire fighting equipment such as fire water
hoses, water and foam branch pipes, foam compound pick-up tube assemblies
and foam compounds in containers, shall be installed adjacent to hydrant
points throughout the plant.
Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided, the Contractor shall nominate
size, quantity and specific location. As a minimum extinguishers shall be
provided as follows:
6.2
Foam
Adjacent to Prime Movers (Diesel Engines)

Condensate Pumps
CO2
Control
Room,
Laboratory,
Pressurized Water
Stores, Workshops
Switchgear,
Workshop,
Mobile Equipment
The Contractor shall provide a suitable Fire Truck / Trailers for use on the site.
Such Fire Truck will be a small four-wheel drive vehicle.
Supplier shall equip vehicle with:
Dry foam and CO2 portable extinguishers

A minimum of 10 by 20 litre foam containers
Fire hose and water/foam branches.
Supplier shall equip trailers with:
Fire hose and water/foam branches

Water/Foam monitors
Foam proportioning system.
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Sheet 15 of 20

PERSONNEL SAFETY AND PLANT SECURITY SYSTEMS
7.1
Personnel Safety Equipment

A stretcher, blanket and first aid box shall be provided in or adjacent to the
Control Room.
Eyewash and safety showers shall be provided in proximity to the control
room, battery storage area and at other locations in the plant where accidental
spillages of chemicals could occur.
Safety signs and notices shall be provided throughout the plant in accordance
with recognized codes and standards.
Walkways across pipes and working platforms on vessels and equipment shall
be provided with non-slip surfaces.
Hot surfaces (>158F) likely to be accessible by personnel, shall be lagged or
caged.
Portable flammable gas detectors shall be provided stored in the control room,
to enable personnel to check gas levels after failure of the gas detection system
or total shutdown of the plant, or where abnormal gas accumulations have
occurred, and to assure safety during maintenance/repair activities.
Two sets of personnel breathing apparatus and Two sets of firefighting suits
shall be provided, placed at suitable locations within the plant.
7.2
Firemans Safety Equipment

A wall mounted first-aid kit will be provided in the control room, this will suit
the number of people on the site and the risks present.
A cabinet holding the following equipment shall be installed at a suitable
location within the control room:
4 fire fighting safety helmets with face visors and neck skirts.
4 sets of protective clothing consisting of flame retardant jacket and overtrousers, gloves and flame- retardant safety boots.
8 battery operated hand lamps (approved for use within a Zone 1 Hazardous
Area) complete with rechargeable batteries and located in a wall-mounted
charger.
4 firemans axe c/w pouch and belt.
4 safety lines and harness.
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Sheet 16 of 20

2 sets of self-contained, 30-minute duration, breathing apparatus sets.

2 spare breathing apparatus air cylinders.
1 Air pump designed specifically to pressurize breathing apparatus
cylinders.
1 rescue stretcher. (Complete with restraining straps and integral lifting
frame).
2 portable fire monitors.
7.3
Noise Control
The following area noise limits generally shall be applied:
Area
Control Room, Laboratory
Workshop
All other work areas within the plant
Noise Limit dB (A)

60
70
90
If the 90 dB (A) limit cannot be achieved in certain areas (e.g. Power

Generation Area) these areas shall be designated as restricted and appropriate
warning signs posted. Personnel entering these areas should wear ear
protectors.
Under emergency conditions the maximum permissible noise levels may be
relaxed but shall not exceed 120 dB (A) in any work area.
To meet the above limits for personnel, a maximum sound pressure vessel
shall be specified for noise generated by equipment as follows:
85 dB (A) at a minimum distance of 1m from the equipment.

Reference: Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association
Publication No. 140 Noise Procedure Specification.
The flare tip shall be designed to ensure that under maximum design flare rate
conditions, noise levels will not exceed 90 dB (A) at the boundary fence of the
flare sterile area.
During detail design, the Contractor shall submit a Noise Control Report for
Company/Consultant approval
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Sheet 17 of 20

7.4
Plant Security
A security fence at least 7 ft. high shall be provided surrounding the Flare site
and shall be illuminated by plant security lighting. Plant shall be surrounded
by solid wall boundary. Fences and gates shall be constructed to a minimum
strength in accordance with recognized standards.
A security fence shall also be provided surrounding wellhead.
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Sheet 18 of 20

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
8.1
Environmental Protection Philosophy

The environmental protection philosophy for the plant provides for:
8.2
Controlled and safe disposal of solid and liquid wastes starting from the
construction period, to minimize environmental pollution.
Discouragement of third party encroachment on Plant and Wellhead
areas.
Discouragement of the storage of empty containers, such as chemical
Environmental Protection Measures

a)
Emissions
Emissions at the plant of produced hydrocarbons shall be eliminated
where practicable.
Vented gas from production streams shall be disposed of safely to the
atmosphere by venting through a suitably designed venting system.
b)
Wastes
All liquid discharges from equipment in the plant shall be routed to the
appropriate drains systems (hazardous open and closed, and nonhazardous open). Liquids from closed drains systems shall be collected
in the flare KO drum, and from that pumped to the produced water
treatment system.
Liquids from hazardous open drains systems shall be treated in a
treatment unit to a concentration not exceeding 30 ppm free oil
before disposal into evaporation pond.
Produced water from the process streams shall also be treated in
produced water treatment unit and filter to a concentration not exceeding
50 ppm free oil before disposal into re-injection well
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Sheet 19 of 20

MINIMUM FIRE FIGHTING FACILITIES TO BE PROVIDED
Water Storage
Firewater Pumps- Diesel Engine Driven

Firewater Pumps- Electric Motor Driven
Jockey Pumps Electric Motor Drive
Monitors Foam/Water
Hydrants (2 connection)
Foam Proportioning System
Foam Spray Nozzles
Foam Concentrate
Fire Extinguishers
Firewater Ring Main and Isolation
Valves
Firefighting Equipment Box (hoses,

nozzles, branch pipes)
Portable Foam Unit
Safety Equipment
Breathing Equipment
Firefighting Suits
Fire Trailer/Truck
API 650 Tank of C.S. Epoxy

Lined
1
1
2
As required
As required
1
As required
Inclusive of supply for 2 years
As required
x" N.B. 150 ANSI
As required (size to be
determined by contractor)
As required
As required
As required
4
1
8.2.1 Wellhead Flowlines

Manual depressurization facilities are to be provided downstream of each
wellhead choke valve so that the flowline can be depressured for maintenance.
Automatic blowdown facility is not provided.
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Sheet 20 of 20
Volume-2A (Process)
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS
Volume-2A (Process)
PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION

DIAGRAMS

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Oil & Gas Development

UCH-II GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

ENAR Petrotech Services (Pvt.) Ltd.

Process Selection Study

General Safety and Fire Protection

Typical Wellhead 8 Flow line

Typical Wellhead 10 Flow line

Typical Wellhead 12 Flow line

Typical 10 Receiver For 8 Flow line

Typical 12 Receiver For 10 Flow line

Typical 14 Receiver For 12 Flow line

Gathering System Eastern Lobe

Gathering System Central Lobe

Gathering System Western Lobe

Condensate Water Separation

Condensate Loading Transfer

Feed Heater Amine System

Amine Inlet Filter Coalescer

Amine Outlet K.O

Rich Amine Flush Drum

Lean Rich Amine Exchanger and Booster Pumps

Amine Regeneration and Reboiler

Lean Amine Cooler

Lean Amine Filters

Lean Amine Circulation Pimps

Amine Regeneration Ovhds System

Amine Storage Tank

Glycol Contactor & Ovhd Scrubber

Glycol Regeneration -A Unit

Glycol Regeneration-B Unit

Sales Gas & Glycol Cooler

Sales Gas Metering

Drain System (Slop Vessel & Blow Case)

Oil / Water Separation System (CPI Separator)

Fire Water Sprinkler System

Fuel Gas System

Flare and Incinerator Header

Hot Oil System

Hot Oil System

Corrosion Inhibitor Mixing

Corrosion Inhibitor Injection Pack (Manifolds)

Methanol Corrosion Inhibitor Pack Manifold

Instrument Air System

Wellhead Utility Gas Package

Produced Water Treatment Package

Inert Gas Package

Glycol Storage and Sump

Raw Gas Cooler

Raw Gas K.O Drum

Water Treatment Package

Raw Water Storage

Gas Pipeline Delivery Station (Scraper Launcher)

Gas Pipeline Delivery Station (Scraper Receiver)

Gas Pipeline Delivery Station (New Filters)