Walker4 ISM Ch31

Chapter 31: Atomic Physics
Answers to Even-Numbered Conceptual Questions

2.
There are many such reasons, but perhaps the most important is that orbiting electrons in Rutherfords
model would radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, with the result that atoms would collapse
in a very small amount of time.
4.
The observation that alpha particles are sometimes reversed in direction when they strike a thin gold foil led
to the idea that there must be a great concentration of positive charge and mass within an atom. This became
the nucleus in Rutherfords model.
6.
In principle, there are an infinite number of spectral lines in any given series. The lines become more closely
spaced as one moves higher in the series, which makes them hard to distinguish in practice.
8.
(a) There is no upper limit to the wavelength of lines in the spectrum of hydrogen. The reason is that the
wavelength is inversely proportional to the energy difference between successive energy levels. The spacing
between these levels goes to zero as one moves to higher levels, and therefore the corresponding
wavelengths go to infinity. (b) There is a lower limit to the wavelength, however, because there is an upper
limit of 13.6 eV to the energy difference between any two energy levels.
10.
All of these questions can be answered by referring to Figure 31-17 and Table 31-3. (a) Not allowed; there is
no d subshell in the n = 2 shell. (b) Not allowed for two reasons. First, there is no p subshell in the n = 1 shell.
Second, a p subshell cannot hold seven electrons. (c) Allowed. (d) Not allowed; the n = 4 shell does not have
a g subshell.
12.
No. Atoms in their ground states can emit no radiation. Even if an electron dropped from a highly excited
state to the ground state in one of these atoms, the result would not be an X-ray. The reason is that the
binding energy of these atoms is simply much lower than the energy of a typical X-ray photon.
Solutions to Problems and Conceptual Exercises

1.
Picture the Problem: In this problem we are given the radius of the nucleus and radius of the atom and want to
calculate the fraction of the volume occupied by the nucleus.
Strategy: To find the fraction of the volume occupied by the nucleus, divide the volume of the nucleus by the volume
of the atom. Assume the nucleus and atoms are both spheres.
3
Solution: 1. Write the ratio of volumes in terms of the radius:
Vnucleus 43 rn 3 rn
= 4 3 =
Vatom
ra
3 ra
2. Insert the given radii:
Vnucleus 0.50 1015 m

16
=
= 8.4 10
11
Vatom
5.3
10
m
Insight: Most of the mass of the atom is contained in the nucleus, but it accounts for a tiny portion of the total volume.
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31 1
James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

2.
Picture the Problem: A model of an atom is constructed by using a baseball to represent the nucleus.
Strategy: In the previous problem we were told that the diameter of a hydrogen nucleus is 1.0 1015 m and that the
electron is typically found about 5.3 10 11 m from the nucleus. Use these values to calculate the ratio of the diameter
of the nucleus to the radius of the atom, and then use the ratio to find the model electrons distance from the center of
the baseball.
Solution: 1. Set the ratio of the nucleus to atom
equal to the ratio of the baseball to the new electron
distance and solve for the electron distance:
d nucleus d baseball
=
ratom
relectron
2. Insert the given distances:
7.3 10 2 m
11
relectron =
( 5.3 10 m ) = 3.9 km
15
1.00
10
m
d
relectron = baseball
d nucleus
ratom
Insight: If the nucleus were the size of a baseball, the atom would be the size of a small town.
3.
Picture the Problem: An alpha particle of charge 2e is brought from infinity to the surface of a copper nucleus.
Strategy: Let the initial configuration correspond to the alpha particle at rest and infinitely far from the nucleus, and let
the final configuration correspond to the alpha particle at rest at a distance of one nuclear radius. The work required to
bring the alpha particle near the nucleus is the nonconservative work Wnc = Ef Ei (equation 8-9), but because the
kinetic energy is zero in both configurations, Wnc = U . Use equation 20-8 to solve for the change in potential energy.
2
kq q
k ( 2e )( 29e ) 58ke
Wnc = U = 0 0 =
=
r
r
r
Solution: 1. (a) Find the work required to bring

an alpha particle from infinity to a distance r:
2. Insert the constants and set the distance
equal to half the diameter of the nucleus:
W=
58 ( 8.99 109 N m 2 C 2 )(1.60 10 19 C )

1
2
( 4.8 10
15
m)
= 5.6 pJ
Insight: The energy may seem small, but it is equivalent to 35 MeV, over 68 times the rest energy of an electron!
4.
Picture the Problem: The image shows an alpha particle

approaching a gold nucleus with an initial kinetic energy of
3.0 MeV. The alpha particle comes to rest at a distance d from
the gold nucleus when all of the kinetic energy has been
converted to electric potential energy.
Strategy: Set the initial kinetic energy equal to the potential
energy at the point d, using equation 20-8. Solve the resulting
equation for the distance d.
Solution: 1. Set the initial kinetic energy
equal to the final potential energy:
K=
kqQ
d
2. Solve for the separation distance:
d=
kqQ k (2e)(79e) 158ke 2

=
=
K
K
K
3. Insert the given data and constants:
d=
158 ( 8.99 109 N m 2 C 2 )(1.60 10 19 C )
( 3.0 10
eV )(1.60 10 19 J/eV )
= 76 fm
Insight: Because the alpha particle moves away from the nucleus without colliding, this experiment verifies that the
gold nucleus has a radius smaller than 76 fm.
31 2
5.
Picture the Problem: The image shows several of the Balmer series spectral lines. We
want to calculate the wavelength of the line corresponding to n = 17.
Strategy: Use equation 31-1 to calculate the wavelength, setting n = 17.
1
Solution: 1. Solve equation 31-1

for the inverse of the wavelength:
2. Insert the numerical values:
3. Invert the result to obtain :
1 1
= R 2 2
2 n
1
1
= (1.097 107 m 1 ) 2 2 = 0.2705 107 m 1
2
17
1
= 3.697 107 m = 369.7 nm
0.2705 107 m 1
Insight: This wavelength is in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum.
6.
Picture the Problem: The Balmer series corresponds to transitions in atomic hydrogen that terminate at n = 2.
Strategy: We want to find the smallest value of n for which the wavelength is less than 400 nm. Set the wavelength in
equation 31-1 equal to 400 nm and solve for the value of n. Because n must be an integer, round the solution up to the
next integer.
Solution: 1. Set the wavelength
equation to 400 nm in eq. 31-1:
2. Solve for the value of n:
1
1 1
= R 2 2
400 nm
2 n
1
1
1
1
1
=
=
= 0.0221
n 2 22 ( 400 nm ) R 4 ( 400 109 m )(1.097 107 m 1 )
n=
3. Round n to the next highest integer:
1
= 6.7
0.0221
n= 7
Insight: As a check that we have the correct answer, note that the Balmer wavelength for n = 6 is 410 nm, and is 397
nm for n = 7. Thus n = 7 is the smallest value of n for which the wavelength is less than 400 nm.
7.
Picture the Problem: The image shows the energy levels for the three longest wavelength
transitions in the Lyman series.
Strategy: Use equation 31-2 to calculate the appropriate wavelengths. For the Lyman series
set n = 1. The longest wavelengths correspond to the smallest values of n. Therefore, set n
equal to 2, 3, and 4 to obtain the longest wavelengths.
1
Solution: 1. Set n = 1 in eq. 31-2

and solve for the wavelength:
2. Set n = 2:
2 =
(1.097 10 m )(1 1 2 )
3. Set n = 3:
3 =
(1.097 10 m )(1 1 3 )
4. Set n = 4:
4 =
(1.097 10 m )(1 1 4 )
R 1 2
n
= 121.5 nm
= 102.6 nm
= 97.23 nm
Insight: All three of these wavelengths lie in the ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
31 3
8.
Picture the Problem: The image shows the energy levels for the three longest wavelength
transitions in the Paschen series.
Strategy: Use equation 31-2 to calculate the appropriate wavelengths. For the Paschen series
set n = 3. The longest wavelengths correspond to the smallest values of n. Therefore, set n
equal to 4, 5, and 6 to obtain the longest wavelengths.
1
Solution: 1. Set n = 3 in eq. 31-2

and solve for the wavelength:
2. Set n = 4:
4 =
1 1
R 2 2
3 n
1
(1.097 10 m ) 312 412

7
3. Set n = 5:
5 =
4. Set n = 6:
6 =
(1.097 107 m1 ) 312 512

1
(1.097 10 m ) 312 612

7
= 1875 nm
= 1282 nm
= 1094 nm
Insight: All three of these wavelengths lie in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
9.
Picture the Problem: The image shows two electron transitions in hydrogen. The transition
at lower right is a member of the Lyman series, and the transition at upper left is in the
Paschen series. We want to calculate the longest wavelength in the Lyman series and the
shortest wavelength in the Paschen series.
Strategy: The longest wavelength in a series has the smallest change in energy. In the
Lyman series this corresponds to the transition n = 2 to n = 1. The shortest wavelength in a
series has the largest energy transition. In the Paschen series this transition corresponds
to n = to n = 3. Use equation 31-2 to calculate the corresponding wavelengths.
Solution: 1. (a) Calculate the longest
wavelength in the Lyman series:
2 =
2. (b) Calculate the shortest

wavelength in the Paschen series:
1
212
1
12
1
1
32
= 121.5 nm
= 820.4 nm
Insight: The longest wavelength in the Lyman series is ultraviolet while the shortest in the Paschen is infrared. Visible
light is therefore not possible from either series.
10. Picture the Problem: The figure shows the transitions the lead to the longest and shortest
wavelengths in the Brackett (n = 4), Paschen (n = 3), and Balmer (n = 2) series. We want to
know if the Brackett and Paschen series overlap and if the Paschen and Balmer series overlap.
Strategy: For each of the series calculate the longest and shortest wavelengths using equation
31-2. The longest wavelength occurs for n = n + 1. The shortest wavelength occurs for n = .
Compare the ranges between series to determine if they overlap.
Solution: 1. (a) Solve eq. 31-2
for the wavelength:
1
1
2
2
n n
= (1.097 107 m -1 )
31 4
= (1.097 107 m -1 )
3. Calculate the longest wavelength

in the Brackett series (n = 4, n = 5):
= (1.097 107 m -1 )
4. Write Brackett series range:
1459 nm < Brackett < 4051 nm
5. Calculate the shortest wavelength

in the Paschen series (n = 3, n = ):
= (1.097 107 m -1 )

in the Paschen series (n = 3, n = 4):
= (1.097 107 m -1 )
7. Write Paschen series range, and

compare with the Brackett series:
820.4 nm < Paschen < 1875 nm
1 1
= 1459 nm
2
4

in the Brackett series (n = 4, n = ):
1 1
2 = 4051 nm
2
4 5
1 1
= 820.4 nm
2
3
1
1 1
2 = 1875 nm
2
3 4
The Brackett and Paschen series overlap.

1
8 (b). Calculate the shortest wavelength

in the Balmer series (n = 2, n = ):
1 1
= (1.097 107 m -1 ) 2 = 364.6 nm
2

in the Balmer series (n = 2, n = 3):
1 1
= (1.097 107 m -1 ) 2 2 = 656.3 nm
2 3
10. Write Balmer series range, and

compare with the Paschen series:
364.6 nm < Balmer < 656.3 nm
The Paschen and Balmer series do not overlap.

Insight: The Lyman and Balmer series are the only ones that do not overlap with any other series.
11. Picture the Problem: Suppose the mass of the electron were magically doubled.
Strategy: The ionization energy of hydrogen depends upon the energy of the n = 1 orbit. Equation 31-8 indicates that
the magnitude of that energy is linearly proportional to the mass of the electron. This result follows from equation 31-5,
where we see that the radius of an electrons orbit is inversely proportional to the mass, and from equation 31-6, where
we see that the speed of the electron is independent of its mass. Use these relationships to answer the question.
Solution: 1. (a) Referring to equation 31-8, we can see that the total (negative) energy of the electron would double
with its mass, as would the energy required to ionize the atom. We conclude that if the mass of the electron were
magically doubled, the ionization energy of hydrogen would increase.
2. (b) The best explanation is I. The ionization energy would increase because the increased mass would mean the
electron would orbit closer to the nucleus and would require more energy to move to infinity. Statements II and III are
each false.
Insight: Statement III is false because the force holding the electron in orbit is the electrical force, not the gravitational
force, so the mass does not cancel out of the equations.
31 5
12. Picture the Problem: Three atoms or ions have a single electron orbiting the nucleus: (A) neutral hydrogen in the state
n = 2; (B) singly ionized helium in the state n = 1; and (C) doubly ionized lithium in the state n = 3.
Strategy: The Bohr model can be used to describe atoms or ions that have a single electron. Use the expression
2
h2
rn = 2
n (equation 31-7) to determine the ranking of the Bohr radii.
2
4 mk Ze
Solution: Noting that the radius of Bohr orbits is proportional to n 2 Z , we find that for atom (A), n = 2 and Z = 1, so
n 2 Z = 22 1 = 4. For atom (B) n 2 Z = 12 2 = 1 2, and for atom (C) n 2 Z = 32 3 = 3. We conclude that B < C < A.
Insight: For each energy state n the orbit radii get progressively smaller as Z increases because the electron is more
tightly bound to the nucleus as the amount of positive charge in the nucleus increases.
13. Picture the Problem: Three atoms or ions have a single electron orbiting the nucleus: (A) neutral hydrogen in the state
n = 3; (B) singly ionized helium in the state n = 2; and (C) doubly ionized lithium in the state n = 1.
Strategy: The Bohr model can be used to describe atoms or ions that have a single electron. Use the expression
Z2
En = (13.6 eV ) 2 (equation 31-9) to determine the ranking of the Bohr energies.
n
Solution: Noting that the radius of Bohr orbits is proportional to ( Z 2 n 2 ) , we find that for atom (A), n = 3 and
Z = 1, so ( Z n ) = (1 3) = 1 9. For atom (B) ( Z n ) = ( 2 2 ) = 1, and for atom (C)

2
( Z n ) = ( 3 1) = 9. Recall that a small negative energy is greater than a large negative energy, so C < B < A.
2
Insight: For each energy state n the energy becomes progressively more negative as Z increases because the electron is
more tightly bound to the larger amount of positive charge in the nucleus.
14. Picture the Problem: An electron in the n = 1 Bohr orbit has the kinetic energy K1.
Strategy: Use the expressions in the derivation leading to equation 31-8 to note that E =
keZ 2
= K . Use this
2r
relationship and the fact that En 1 n 2 to determine the relationship between K2 and K1.
Solution: We can see from the derivation leading up to equation 318 that the kinetic energy of a Bohr orbit is equal to
minus one times the total energy of the orbit; that is, K = E . In addition, recall that E is proportional to 1 n 2 .
Therefore, the kinetic energy of an electron in the n = 2 Bohr orbit is K 2 =
1
4
K1 .
Insight: We can also find the answer by means of a ratio:

2
2
K 2 E2 ( 13.6 eV ) n2 n12 1
1
1
=
=
=
= =
K 2 = K1
K1 E1 ( 13.6 eV ) n12 n22 2
4
4
15. Picture the Problem: The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom can be used to predict the speed of an electron in any
quantum state.
Strategy: The speed of the electron can be written in terms of known constants using equation 31-6. Set n = 3 and
divide the result by the speed of light.
Solution: 1. Divide eq. 31-6
by the speed of light:
vn 2 ke 2
=
c
nhc
2. Set n = 2 and insert known constants:
9
2
2
19
v2 2 ( 8.99 10 N m /C )(1.60 10 C )
=
= 2.42 103
c
( 3) ( 3.00 108 m/s )( 6.63 10 34 J s )
2
Insight: The speed is much less than the speed of light, so that the effects of relativity on the energy and the momentum
can be neglected.
31 6
16. Picture the Problem: The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom can be used to calculate the force between the proton and
electron.
Strategy: Use Coulombs Law (equation 19-5) to calculate the attractive force between the proton and electron. The
separation distance is given by the radius of the first Bohr orbit, r1 = 5.29 1011 m (equation 31-5).
9
2
2
19
ke 2 ( 8.99 10 N m / C )(1.60 10 C )
F= 2 =
= 8.22 108 N
2
11
ri
5.29
10
m
(
)
2
Solution: Solve Coulombs Law

for the force on the electron:
Insight: This force creates a centripetal acceleration of 9.02 1022 m/s 2 for the electron, which keeps it in orbit around
the proton.
17. Picture the Problem: An amount of energy equal to the binding energy of the electron must be added to a hydrogen
atom in order to ionize it.
Strategy: The Bohr model can be used to determine the binding energy of an electron in any quantum state. The energy
necessary is equal to the energy difference between n = and the n = 5 Bohr orbits. Use equation 31-9 to calculate the
binding energy:
13.6 eV
Ebinding = E E4 = 0
= 0.544 eV
52
Solution: Use equation 31-9 to find Ebinding :
Insight: Ionizing a hydrogen atom from the ground state requires 13.6 eV, significantly more than that required to
ionize from the n = 5 state. However, the excitation of the atom to the n = 5 state from the ground state requires
13.6 eV 0.544 eV = 13.1 eV.
18. Picture the Problem: The energy of the electron is determined by its Bohr orbit. To switch between orbits, a photon
with energy equal to the difference in orbital energies must be absorbed by the electron.
Strategy: Set the energy of the absorbed photon equal to the change in electron energies between the n = 2 and n = 6
orbits. The orbit energies are given by equation 31-9.
1 1
E = E5 E2 = ( 13.6 eV ) 2 2
6 2
Solution: Use equation 31-9 to find E :
= 3.02 eV
Insight: This energy corresponds to a photon of wavelength 410 nm, in the violet portion of the visible spectrum.
19. Picture the Problem: An electron in the nth Bohr orbit has the potential energy Un.
Strategy: Use the expressions in the derivation leading to equation 31-8 to note that E =
keZ 2
= 2U . Use this
2r
relationship and the fact that En 1 n 2 to determine the relationship between Un and Un+1.
Solution: We can see from the derivation leading up to equation 318 that the potential energy of a Bohr orbit is equal
to two times the total energy of the orbit; that is, U = 2 E . In addition, recall that E is proportional to 1 n 2 . Therefore,
2
n
the potential energy of an electron in the n +1 Bohr orbit is U n +1 =
Un .
n +1
Insight: We can also find the answer by means of a ratio:

U n +1 2 En +1 ( 13.6 eV ) ( n + 1)
n2
=
=
=
=
2
2
Un
2 En
( 13.6 eV ) n
( n + 1)
2
n
U n +1 =
Un
n +1
31 7
20. Picture the Problem: The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom can be used to calculate the linear momentum and the
angular momentum for an electron in the n = 3 state.
Strategy: Calculate the linear momentum of the electron by multiplying the electron mass by its velocity in the n = 3
state, where the velocity is given by equation 31-6. Calculate the angular momentum by multiplying the linear
momentum by the orbital radius, which is given by equation 31-5.
Solution: 1. (a) Multiply the
mass by the orbital velocity:
2. Set n = 3 and solve for
the linear momentum:
2 ke 2
pn = mvn = m
nh
p3 =
2 ( 9.11 10 31 kg )( 8.99 109 N m 2 C 2 )(1.60 10 19 C )
3 ( 6.63 10 34 J s )
= 6.62 1025 kg m/s
3. (b) Multiply the orbital

radius by the momentum:
h 2 n 2 2 mke 2
Ln = rn pn = 2
2
4 mke nh
4. Set n = 3 and solve for

the angular momentum:
L3 =
hn
=
2
3h 3(6.63 10 34 J s)
=
= 3.17 1034 J s
2
2
Insight: Note that the linear momentum varies inversely with n, but the angular momentum increases linearly with n.
21. Picture the Problem: The Bohr model can be used to calculate the kinetic energy, potential energy, and total energy of
an electron in the n = 3 state of the hydrogen atom.
Strategy: Calculate the kinetic energy of the electron, K = 12 mv 2 , where the velocity in the n = 3 state is given by
equation 31-6. Calculate the potential energy, U = ke 2 r , using the orbital radius given by equation 31-5. Sum the
potential and kinetic energies to calculate the total energy.
Solution: 1. (a) Find the
speed of the electron:
9
2
2
19
2 ke 2 2 ( 8.99 10 N m /C )(1.60 10 C )
=
v3 =
nh
( 3) ( 6.63 10 34 J s )
= 7.270 105 m/s
2. Calculate the kinetic energy:
K 3 = 12 mv 2 =
1
2
( 9.1110
31
kg )( 7.270 105 m/s )
1 eV
= 2.408 10 19 J
= 1.51 eV
19
1.602 10 J
3. (b) Write the potential energy

in terms of the Bohr radius:
4. Calculate the potential energy for n = 3:
Un =
U3
ke 2
ke 2
= 2
rn
n r1
(8.99 10
=
N m 2 / C 2 )(1.60 10 19 C )
32 ( 5.29 10 11 m )
1 eV
= 1.89 10 19 J
= 3.02 eV
19
1.602 10 J
3. (c) Sum the kinetic and potential energies:
E3 = K 3 + U 3 = 1.51 eV 3.02 eV = 1.51 eV
Insight: Note that the total energy is the negative of the kinetic energy. If you write the kinetic energy and potential
energy in terms of fundamental constants, you will find that U n = 2 K n and En = K n .
31 8
22. Picture the Problem: When energy is added to an electron in the n = 3 orbit, it will jump to a higher orbit. We want to
calculate the final energy level attained when 1.23 eV is added to such an electron.
Strategy: Calculate the energy in the n = 3 orbit using equation 31-9 (with Z = 1). Add the 1.23 eV to the result to
calculate the energy of the final orbit. Then use equation 31-9 to find the value of n in the final state of the electron.
13.6 eV
= 1.51 eV
32
Solution: 1. Calculate the

energy of the n = 3 orbit:
E3 =
2. Calculate the final energy level:
En = E3 + E = 1.51 eV + 1.23 eV = 0.281 eV
3. Solve for the quantum number n:
En =
13.6 eV
n2
n=
13.6 eV
=
En
13.6 eV
= 7
0.281 eV
Insight: If the electron were to now spontaneously drop back down to its ground state, it would give off an ultraviolet
photon that has energy E = 0.281 eV ( 13.6 eV ) = 13.3 eV and wavelength 93.1 nm.
23. Picture the Problem: The Bohn model can be used to find the values of n for the initial and final states of a hydrogen
atom when the wavelength of the emitted photon is known.
Strategy: Use equation 31-2 to relate the emitted wavelength to the initial and final states. Only one combination of
states will correspond to the emitted wavelength. We could find these states by trial and error. However, because a
wavelength of 656 nm falls within the visible spectrum, and only the Balmer series overlaps the visible spectrum, we
know that nf = 2. Insert nf = 2 into equation 31-2 and solve for ni.
12
Solution: 1. Solve equation 31-2 for ni:
1
1
1
1
= R 2 2 ni = 2
nf ni
nf R
2. Insert the wavelength and nf = 2:
ni = 2
2 ( 656 10 9 m )(1.097 107 m 1 )
3. Write the transition:
The transition is ni = 3 nf = 2
12
=3
Insight: This problem could have been solved by trying different values for the initial and final states. However, we
simplified the problem by noting the wavelength ranges of the different series in the hydrogen spectrum.
24. Picture the Problem: An electron in a hydrogen atom absorbs a photon and jumps from the n = 3 to the n = 5 state
according to the Bohr model of the atom. Another electron absorbs a photon and jumps from the n = 5 to the n = 7 state.
Strategy: We want to calculate the energy of the photon that will cause these transitions. The energy of the absorbed
photon must be equal to the difference in the energies of the two electron states. Calculate the difference in energy
levels using equation 31-9 (with Z = 1).
1
1
13.6 eV 13.6 eV
= 13.6 eV 2 2
2
2
nf
ni
ni nf
Solution: 1. (a) Calculate change in energy:
E = Ef Ei =
2. Set ni = 3 and nf = 5:
1 1
E35 = 13.6 eV 2 2
3 5
= 0.967 eV
3. (b) The energy of the photon would be less than that found in part (a) because the energy levels that correspond to
higher values of n are spaced more closely together (see Figure 31-8) so that the energy difference must be smaller.
4. (c) Set ni = 5 and nf = 7:
1 1
E57 = 13.6 eV 2 2
5 7
= 0.266 eV
Insight: The energy difference between levels rapidly decreases as n increases (see equation 31-9 and Figure 31-8).
31 9
25. Picture the Problem: The problem lists four transitions in a hydrogen atom. The Bohr model can be used to find the
transitions that correspond to the emission or absorption of photons with the largest and shortest wavelengths.
Strategy: Use equation 31-2 to calculate the wavelength associated with each transition. From the resulting
wavelengths determine the transition with the longest wavelength and the transition with the shortest wavelength. The
atom will lose energy any time the electron falls to an orbit of smaller n.
1
1
= (1.097 10 m ) 2 2
n
ni
f
Solution: 1. Solve equation 31-2

for the wavelength:
2. Set ni = 2, nf = 6:
3. Set ni = 2, nf = 8:
4. Set ni = 7, nf = 8:
5. Set ni = 6, nf = 2:
-1
(i)
1 1
= (1.097 10 m ) 2 2
6 2
( ii )
1 1
= (1.097 10 m ) 2 2
8 2
( iii )
1 1
= (1.097 10 m ) 2 2
8 7
( iv )
1 1
= (1.097 10 m ) 2 2
2 6
= 410.2 nm
-1
= 388.9 nm
-1
= 19.06 m
-1
-1
= 410.2 nm
6. (a) Transition (iii) ni = 7 nf = 8 has the longest wavelength of 19.06 m.

7. (b) Transition (ii) ni = 2 nf = 8 has the shortest wavelength of 388.9 nm.
8. (c) Transition (iv) ni = 6 nf = 2 is the only one in which n decreases and the atom loses energy.
Insight: Instead of calculating each wavelength, we could have determined the shortest and longest wavelengths from
the energy levels. Transition (iii) is between two large sequential levels, so it would correspond to the longest
wavelength. Transitions (i), (ii), and (iv) all start or end in the n = 2 level. Because transition (ii) has the largest change
in the quantum number n, it will correspond to the shortest wavelength.
26. Picture the Problem: The electron in a hydrogen atom is replaced by a muon, which has the same charge, but has a
mass that is 207 times heavier than the electron. The Bohr theory can be used to calculate how the increased mass will
affect the orbital radius of the electron and the wavelengths of light emitted in the Balmer series.
Strategy: Replace the mass of the electron in equation 31-5 with the mass of a muon to calculate the radius of
muonium. In equation 31-10 we see that the constant R is proportional to the mass of the electron. Therefore, the
Rydberg constant for muonium is R = 207 R. Use this fact to solve equation 31-10 for the longest wavelength in the
Balmer series of muonium. The longest wavelength corresponds to the transition n = 3 n = 2 .
r =
Solution: 1. (a) Calculate the radius of muonium:
h2
h2
1
=
=
r1
2
2
2
2
207
4 m ke
4 ( 207 me ) ke
1
( 5.29 1011 m ) = 2.56 1013 m
207
2. (b) The wavelengths in the Balmer series of muonium will be less than those for hydrogen because the wavelength is
inversely proportional to the Rydberg constant R, which is proportional to the particles mass.
1
3. (c) Calculate the longest wavelength:
1
1
= ( 207 R ) 2 2
n
n
1 1
= 207 (1.097 107 m -1 ) 2 2 = 3.17 nm
2 3
Insight: The longest wavelength in the Balmer series of hydrogen is 656 nm, which is in the visible spectrum. The
Balmer series of muonium lies in the X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
31 10
27. Picture the Problem: Doubly ionized lithium has a single electron orbiting a nucleus of charge +3e. We want to
calculate the radius of the n = 4 orbit and the energy difference between the n = 4 and n = 5 energy levels.
Strategy: Use equation 31-7 to write the radius in terms of the Bohr radius and the nuclear charge, Z. Calculate the
difference in energy levels for hydrogen by using equation 31-9 with Z = 1, and for Li2+ by using Z = 3.
Solution: 1. (a) Write equation 31-7 in terms of r1:
rn =
2. Set n = 4 and Z = 3:
r4 =
n2 r
n2 h2
n2
h2
=
= 1
2
2
2
2
Z 4 mke
Z
4 mkZe
16 ( 5.29 10 11 m )
3
= 2.83 1010 m
3. (b) The energy required to raise an electron from the n = 4 state to the n = 5 state in Li 2 + is greater than that for
hydrogen because the force on the electron due to the three protons in the Li 2 + nucleus is stronger than that due to the
single proton in the hydrogen nucleus.
1
1
EH = Enf Eni = (13.6 eV ) Z 2 2 2
n
n
i
f
1
1
2
= (13.6 eV )(1) 2 2 = 0.306 eV

4 5
4. (c) Calculate the energy difference for hydrogen:
ELi = Z 2 EH = ( 3) ( 0.306 eV ) = 2.75 eV

2
5. Calculate the energy difference for Li2+:
Insight: The energy levels for lithium are Z2 = 9 times larger in magnitude than the levels for hydrogen because the
orbits are smaller by a factor of Z and the charge of the nucleus is larger by a factor of Z. Inserting the two Zs into the
equation for total energy results in a multiplicative factor of Z2 (see equation 31-8).
28. Picture the Problem: A triply ionized beryllium atom has a nucleus of charge +4e that is orbited by a single electron.
The Bohr model can be used to calculate the shortest wavelength in the Lyman series and the binding energy for Be3+.
Strategy: The wavelength of light emitted from an electron transition is inversely proportional to the difference
between the initial and final energy levels (equation 31-10). From equation 31-9 we see that the energy levels of a
hydrogen-like atom are equal to the energy levels in the hydrogen atom multiplied by the square of the nuclear charge Z.
To find the wavelengths of the spectrum of Be3+, multiply the Rydberg constant in equation 31-2 by Z2 = 42. The
shortest wavelength in the Lyman series (n = 1) occurs when n , so insert these values for n and n. The ionization
energy is the absolute value of the ground state energy. Use equation 31-9 to calculate the ionization energy.
1
1
2
2
n n
Solution: 1. (a) Multiply the Rydberg constant in

equation 31-2 by Z2 and solve for the wavelength:
= RZ 2
2. Insert n = 1 and n = and calculate :
1 1
= (1.097 107 m -1 )( 42 ) = 5.697 nm
1
3. (b) Set n = 1 in equation 31-9:
E = Z 2 (13.6 eV ) = 42 (13.6 eV ) = 218 eV
Insight: The energy needed to remove the last electron from a Be3+ ion is 16 times greater than the energy required to
remove the electron from a hydrogen atom.
31 11
29. Picture the Problem: An electron in the n = 2 orbit of a hydrogen atom remains in this orbit for 108 s before dropping
down to the n = 1 orbit. The Bohr model can be used to find the time required to complete one orbit and the number of
orbits completed before dropping to the lower orbit.
Strategy: The time required to complete one orbit is the circumference of the orbit divided by the speed. Write the
circumference as 2 times the radius that is given by equation 31-5. Divide the circumference by the velocity that is
given in equation 31-6 to calculate the time. Calculate the number of orbits by dividing the lifetime of the orbit by the
time to complete one orbit.
Solution: 1. (a) Set the time for one orbit
equal to the circumference divided by the
velocity, where vn is given by equation 31-6:
t=
2. Write the radius in terms of the

Bohr orbit and insert the constants:
t=
=
Cn 2 rn
2 rn
4 2 mrn2
=
=
=
vn
vn
nh
nh
2 mrn
4 2 m ( r1n 2 )
nh
4
( 9.1110
4 2 mr12 n3
h
31
kg )( 5.29 1011 m ) ( 2 )
2
6.626 1034 J s
t = 1.22 1015 s = 1.22 fs

108 s
= 8 106 orbits
1.22 10 15 s
3. (b) Divide the orbit lifetime

by the period of one orbit:
Insight: Even though the lifetime of the orbit is only 10 ns, the electron is able to complete about 8 million revolutions
in that time.
30. Picture the Problem: The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom can be used to correlate the kinetic energy of the electron
with the quantum number n.
Strategy: Write the kinetic energy in terms of the electron mass and orbital speed (given by equation 31-6) and solve
for the quantum number n. Repeat for the next higher orbit by replacing n with n + 1 in the kinetic energy equation.
Solution: 1. (a) Write the kinetic
energy using equation 31-6 for vn:
1
1 2 ke 2
K n = mvn2 = m
2
2 nh
2. Solve for the orbit number:
n=
=
ke 2
h
2m
Kn
( 8.99 109 N m 2 C2 )(1.60 1019 C )

6.63 1034 J s
2 ( 9.11 1031 kg )
1.35 1019 J
= 4
3. (b) The kinetic energy will decrease as the electron moves to a higher orbit because K is inversely proportional to n.
2
4. (c) Replace n with n + 1:
K n +1 = 12 mvn2+1 =
5. Set n = 4 to solve for the kinetic

energy of the n + 1 = 5 orbit:
K5 =
2
2
1 2 ke 2 n 1 2 ke 2 n
m
m
=
=

Kn
2 ( n + 1) h n + 1 2 nh n + 1
42
16
K 4 = (1.35 1019 J ) = 0.864 1019 J = 0.544 eV
25
52
Insight: Because the kinetic energy is always the negative of the total energy in a Bohr orbit, the orbit number could
have equivalently been solved using the absolute value of equation 31-9: n =
13.6 eV 1.602 10 19 J
= 4.
1 eV
1.35 1019 J
31 12
31. Picture the Problem: The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom can be used to correlate the potential energy of the
electron with the quantum number n.
Strategy: Write the electrostatic potential energy of the atom (equation 20-8) in terms of the Bohr radius. Solve the
resulting equation for the orbit number. To calculate the potential of the next higher orbit, replace n by n + 1 in the
potential energy equation.
Solution: 1. (a) Insert the Bohr
radius into equation 20-8:
2. Solve for the orbit number:
Un =
n=
ke 2
ke 2
= 2
rn
n r1
ke2
=
rU
1 n
( 8.99 109 N m 2 / C 2 )(1.60 1019 C )
( 5.29 10
11
m )( 1.20 1019 J )
= 6
3. (b) If n increases, the potential energy will become a smaller negative number and thus increase. This is because
positive work is done on the electron to move it farther away from the nucleus.
4. (c) Set n = 7 in the
potential energy equation:
(8.99 109 N m2 / C2 )(1.60 1019 C )

ke 2
U7 =
=
r7
7 2 ( 5.29 1011 m )
= 0.888 1019 J = 0.555 eV
Insight: The potential energy is equal to twice the total energy, so the orbit number could also have been found by
using equation 31-9.
32. Picture the Problem: As two hydrogen atoms collide head-on, their kinetic energies are converted into the internal
energy required to boost each electron into the n = 3 quantum state.
Strategy: If the two atoms have the same speed but are traveling in opposite directions before the collision, their net
momentum is zero. The entire kinetic energy of each atom in the collision can be used to excite that atom to the n = 3
state. Use equation 31-9 to calculate the difference in energies between the ground (n = 1) and second excited state
(n = 3). Set the kinetic energy of the atom equal to this energy difference and solve for the speed of the atom.
Solution: 1. Solve equation 31-9 for the
energy necessary to excite the atom:
1 1
E = E2 E1 = 13.6 eV 2 2
3 1
19
1.60 10 J
18
= 12.1 eV
= 1.94 10 J
eV
2. Set the change in energy equal to the

kinetic energy and solve for the speed:
K = 12 mv 2 = E
v=
2 E
=
m
2 (1.94 1018 J )
1.674 1027 kg
= 4.81 104 m/s = 48.1 km/s
Insight: This speed is much greater than the room temperature rms speed of 1.92 km/s for atoms in a hydrogen (H2)
gas. For this reason, almost all hydrogen atoms are typically found in their ground state at room temperature.
31 13
33. Picture the Problem: When an electron jumps from the n to the n 1 orbit in a hydrogen atom, it emits a photon of a
specific frequency. The electron also orbits the nucleus in a Bohr orbit with given frequency.
Strategy: The photon frequency is the speed of light divided by the photon wavelength. Use equation 31-10 to write the
wavelength in terms of the known constants and variables. The electron orbit frequency is the electron speed divided by
the circumference of the orbit. Use the electron speed given by equation 31-6 and the Bohr orbit given by equation 31-5
to calculate the electron orbit frequency. The n-dependence of the frequency of the emitted photon consists of the
difference between two fractions. Combine these fractions and take the limit for large n. Substitute this back into the
photon frequency and compare with the orbital frequency.
Solution: 1. (a) Use equation 31-10 to
write the frequency emitted as an electron
jumps to the next lower orbit (n 1):
2 2 mk 2 e 4
1
f photon = c =
h3
2. (b) Set the orbit frequency equal to the

orbit speed divided by the circumference:
f electron
2 ke 2
nh
v
1
4 2 mk 2 e 4
= = n =
=
T 2 rn
n3 h3
n2 h2
2 2
2
4 mke
( n 1)
2
1 n ( n 1)
n 2 n 2 + 2n 1
=
=
2
2
n
n 2 ( n 2 2n + 1)
n 2 ( n 1)
2
3. (c) Write the n-dependence of the

photon frequency as a single fraction:
2n 1
n 2n 3 + n 2
4
2n 1
lim 4
3
2
n 2n + n
4. Take the limit as n becomes large:
5. Substitute the limit into the

photon frequency equation:
lim f photon =
1
1
2
2
( n 1) n
2
= 3
n
2 2 mk 2 e 4 2 4 2 mk 2 e4
= f electron
3=
h3
n 3 h3
n
For very large n, the frequency of the emitted photon is

the same as that of the electrons orbital motion.
Insight: For small values of n, the orbital frequency is greater than the frequency of the emitted photon.
34. Picture the Problem: The de Broglie wavelengths of electrons in two different Bohr orbits are compared.
Strategy: Note that one de Broglie wavelength fits around the circumference of the n = 1 orbit, but two de Broglie
wavelengths fit around the circumference of the n = 2 orbit.
Solution: 1. (a) The de Broglie wavelength of an electron in the n = 2 Bohr orbit is greater than the wavelength of an
electron in the n = 1 orbit. First, the n = 2 Bohr orbit has a circumference that is 4 times greater than that of the n = 1
orbit. Second, two de Broglie wavelengths fit into the n = 2 orbit, compared to one in the n = 1 orbit. Combining these
results, we see that the de Broglie wavelength in the n = 2 orbit is twice as long as that in the n = 1 orbit.
2. (b) The best explanation is I. The de Broglie wavelength in the nth state is 2r/n, where r is proportional to n2.
Therefore, the wavelength increases with increasing n, and is greater for n = 2 than for n = 1. Statement I ignores the
increase in r with increasing n, and statement III ignores the fact that the de Broglie wavelength also depends on v.
Insight: In a similar fashion, the de Broglie wavelength of an n = 4 electron is twice as long as the de Broglie
wavelength for an n = 2 electron.
31 14
35. Picture the Problem: The Bohr model can be used to calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron in the ground
state of a hydrogen atom.
Strategy: The de Broglie wavelength is given in equation 30-16 in terms of the electron momentum. Write the
momentum as the product of mass and velocity, and substitute the velocity as given by equation 31-4.
Solution: 1. Write the de Broglie wavelength
in terms of the velocity in the nth orbit:
n = h pn = h mvn
2. Write the velocity using equation 31-4:
n =
2 rn
h
=
m ( nh 2 mrn )
n
3. Set n = 1:
1 =
2 r1
= 2 ( 5.29 10 11 m ) = 0.332 nm
1
Insight: Equation 31-5 indicates that the radius is proportional to the square of n. So in general, n = n 1 .
36. Picture the Problem: An electron in the nth state of a hydrogen atom has a corresponding de Broglie wavelength.
Strategy: The de Broglie wavelength is given in equation 30-16 in terms of the electron momentum. Write the
momentum as the product of mass and velocity, with the velocity given by equation 31-6.
Solution: 1. Write the de Broglie wavelength
in terms of the velocity in the nth state:
n =
2. Write the velocity using equation 31-6:
n =
h
h
=
pn mvn
h
m ( 2 ke2 nh )
nh 2
2 mke 2
Insight: In general, the de Broglie wavelength is n times the ground state wavelength, or n = n 1 = n ( 0.332 nm ) .
37. Picture the Problem: The image shows the de Broglie wavelength associated with a certain
Bohr orbit for a hydrogen atom.
Strategy: There are five wavelengths contained in the orbit shown in the figure, so we
conclude the electron is in the n = 5 state. Use equation 31-5 to calculate the radius of the
n = 5 orbit.
rn = n 2 r1
Solution: Calculate the radius for n = 5:
r5 = 52 ( 5.29 10 11 m ) = 1.32 nm
Insight: The de Broglie wavelength is proportional to the orbit number, and the number of wavelengths contained in the
circumference is equal to the orbit number. These two facts require the radius to be proportional to n2.
38. Picture the Problem: An electron that has a de Broglie wavelength equal to the size of an atom (51011 m = 0.5 ) or
the size of a nucleus (1015 m = 1 fm) has a definite momentum and a corresponding kinetic energy.
Strategy: Write the kinetic energy as K = p 2 2m and use equation 30-16 to write the momentum in terms of the de
Broglie wavelength.
2
Solution: 1. (a) Solve for the kinetic energy

in terms of the de Broglie wavelength:
K=
2. Insert a wavelength of 0.5 :
( 6.63 10 J s )
K=
2 ( 9.11 10 kg )( 0.5 10
p2
1 h
h2
=
=

2m 2m
2m 2
2
34
15
3. (b) Insert a wavelength of 10
31
m:
K=
( 6.63 10
2 ( 9.11 10
31
34
J s)
kg )(10
10
15
m)
m)
1 eV
= 0.6 keV
19
1.60
10
J
1 eV
= 2 1012 eV
19
1.60
10
J
Insight: Note that the energies on a nuclear scale are much greater than those on the atomic scale.
31 15
39. Picture the Problem: The quantum mechanical model of the atom restricts the values of
5.
that are allowed when n =
Strategy: Equation 31-11 states that the allowed orbital angular momentum quantum numbers are:
= 0, 1, 2, , (n 1) . Insert n = 5 and write out the possible quantum numbers.
= 0, 1, 2, , (5 1) = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Solution: Set n = 5 in equation 31-11:
Insight: There is always the same number of allowed orbital angular momentum quantum states as the principal
quantum number.
40. Picture the Problem: The quantum mechanical model of the atom restricts the values of m that are allowed for n = 4.
Strategy: Equation 31-13 gives the allowed values for the magnetic quantum number:
m = , + 1, + 2, , 1, 0, 1, , 2, 1, . Equation 31-11 states that the maximum value of
than n. Find the maximum value of and use it to determine the possible values of m .
Solution: 1. Calculate the maximum value of
max
is one less
= n 1 = 4 1 = 3
2. Write out the possible values of m .
m = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3
3. Count how many states are possible:
There are 7 possible values of m .
Insight: In general, there are ( 2n 1) possible values of m for any given value of n.
41. Picture the Problem: The quantum mechanical model of the atom relates the orbital angular momentum L to the
quantum number .
Strategy: Equation 31-12 gives the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum in terms of
into this equation for L and calculate the integer , if it exists.
Solution: 1. (a) Solve equation 31-12 for
L=
+ 1) ( h / 2 ) = 6 ( h / 2 )
(
2. (b) Repeat for L = 15 ( h 2 ) :
L=
L=
L=
+ 1) = 15
no solution exists
+ 1) = 30
=5
+ 1) ( h / 2 ) = 36 ( h / 2 )
(
Insight: Not all values of L are possible because
=2
+ 1) ( h / 2 ) = 30 ( h / 2 )
(
4. (d) Repeat for L = 36 ( h 2 ) :
+ 1) = 6
+ 1) ( h / 2 ) = 15 ( h / 2 )
(
3. (c) Repeat for L = 30 ( h 2 ) :
. Insert the given values
+ 1) = 36
no solution exists
is limited to integer values.
42. Picture the Problem: Hydrogen atom 1 is in the 4f state and hydrogen atom 2 is in the 5d state. The energy and orbital
angular momentum of each are described by the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
Strategy: Use equation 31-9 to calculate the energy in the 4f state, where n = 4. Use equation 31-12 to calculate the
orbital angular momentum, where = 3 corresponds to the subshell f. To compare the energies of atoms 1 and 2,
compare their principal quantum numbers. To compare the orbital angular momenta, compare their subshells.
Solution: 1. (a) Set n = 4 in equation 31-9:
E4 =
(13.6 eV )
42
= 0.850 eV
31 16
2. (b) Set
= 3 in equation 31-12:
L=
3 ( 4 ) ( 6.63 1034 J s )
h
+ 1)
=
= 3.66 1034 J s
2
2
3. (c) The energy in atom 2 is greater than the energy in atom 1, because an n = 5 state is farther from the nucleus and
has a smaller negative energy.
4. (d) The orbital angular momentum in atom 1 is greater than the orbital angular momentum in atom 2, because
for an f sublevel and = 2 for a d sublevel.
=3
Insight: The principle quantum number (or shell number) determines the energy of the electron and the subshell
determines the orbital angular momentum.
43. Picture the Problem: The quantum mechanical model of the atom relates the orbital angular momentum to the
quantum number and the minimum possible n.
Strategy: Use equation 31-12 to solve for the orbital quantum number and then use equation 31-11 to find the
minimum value of the principal quantum number n. Use equation 31-9 and n to determine the energy of the atom.
Solution: 1. (a) Insert the given value of L into equation

31-12 and solve for the orbital quantum number:
+ 1) ( h / 2 ) = 10 57 ( h / 2 )
+ 1) = 5700 = 75 ( 76 )
= 75
2. (b) Use equation 31-11 to find the minimum value of n:
Insight: To find the value of the integer , where
between
and
+ 1 because
<
= n 1 n =
E76 =
3. (c) Calculate the energy for n = 76:
max
13.6 eV
( 76 )
max
+ 1 = 75 + 1 = 76
= 0.00235 eV = 2.35 meV
+ 1) = X , it is simplest to take the square root of X. The result lies
+ 1) < ( + 1) . Find the integer immediately below

2
X and multiply it by the
integer above to verify that the product is X. An alternative approach is to apply the quadratic formula to find
44. Picture the Problem: The quantum mechanical model of the atom relates the energy E and the maximum orbital
angular momentum L to the quantum numbers n, , m , and ms .
Strategy: Use equation 31-9 and the given energy to calculate the principal quantum number. For a given value of
there are 2 + 1 possible values of m , and for each value of m there are 2 possible values of ms . Thus, there are
2 ( 2 + 1) states in each
sublevel. Set the number of states equal to 18 and solve for . Insert the orbital quantum
number into equation 31-12 to calculate the orbital angular momentum. Finally, subtract one from
number of possible states.
13.6 eV
n2
Solution: 1. (a) Solve equation 31-9 for n:
En =
2. (b) Find the
18 = 2 ( 2 + 1)
3. Insert
that corresponds to 18 states:
= 4 into equation 31-12:
4. (c) Calculate the number of states for
L=
n=
=
13.6 eV
= 5
0.544 eV
1 18
1 = 4
2 2
4 ( 5 ) ( 6.63 1034 J s )
2
and calculate the
= 4.72 1034 J s
# of states = 2 ( 2 + 1) = 2 ( 2 3 + 1) = 14
= 3:
Insight: Note that the orbital angular quantum number

equation 31-11.
is less than the principal quantum number n, as required by
31 17
45. Picture the Problem: The quantum mechanical model of the atom relates the orbital angular momentum L to the
quantum numbers and m .
Strategy: According to equation 31-13, the maximum magnetic quantum number is equal to the orbital angular
momentum quantum number, m ,max = . Use the given values for the maximum magnetic quantum number to calculate
the ratio of orbital angular momenta from equation 31-12.

Solution: 1. (a) Because the maximum magnetic quantum number in state I is greater than that in state II,
than II and, therefore, LI is greater than LII .
2. (b) Calculate the ratio of orbital angular momenta,
using I = m ,I = 3 and II = m ,II = 2 :
LI
=
LII
(
II (
I
I
II
+ 1) ( h 2 )
+ 1) ( h 2 )
3 ( 3 + 1)
2 ( 2 + 1)
is greater
Insight: Use the expression below equation 31-13 to verify for yourself that the ratio LZ,I LZ,II = 3 2.
46. Picture the Problem: The quantum mechanical model of the atom stipulates the number of electrons that can occupy
each subshell and shell.
Strategy: Use the Pauli exclusion principle together with the quantum mechanical model of the atom to determine the
number of electrons that can occupy a given subshell.
Solution: 1. (a) The maximum number of electrons allowed in any given subshell depends only on the quantum number
( s, p, d ,...) , and not on the quantum number n ( K, L, M,...) . In the case of a p subshell, m can take on 3 values:
m = 0, 1. For each of these three values, ms can take on two values. Thus, 6 electrons can occupy the 2p subshell.
2. (b) Using the same reasoning as in part (a), 6 electrons can occupy the 3p subshell.
Insight: In a similar manner, any d subshell can hold a maximum of 10 electrons, regardless of the value of n.
Strategy: Use the Pauli exclusion principle together with the quantum mechanical model of the atom to determine the
number of electrons that can occupy a given subshell.
Solution: 1. (a) The maximum number of electrons allowed in any given subshell depends only on the quantum number
( s, p, d ,...) , and not on the quantum number n ( K, L, M,...) . In the case of a d subshell, m can take on 5 values:
m = 0, 1, 2. For each of these five values, ms can take on two values. Thus, 10 electrons can occupy the 3d
subshell.
2. (b) The n = 2 shell has an s subshell that can accommodate 2 electrons and a p subshell that can accommodate 6
electrons, for a total of 8 electrons that can occupy the n = 2 shell.
Insight: In a similar manner, any f subshell can hold a maximum of 14 electrons, regardless of the value of n.
Strategy: Add the exponents in the given configuration to determine the total number of electrons in the atom.
Solution: Adding the numbers in the exponents, we find that this atom has 2 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 1 = 13 electrons.
Insight: The configuration is a shorthand notation that makes it easy to indicate the arrangement of all electrons in an
atom.
31 18
49. Picture the Problem: The figure shows how the levels are filled for a carbon atom.
Strategy: A carbon atom has six protons (Z = 6) and six electrons. Start filling at
the n = 1 shell, for which there is only an s subshell. The 1s-subshell is filled with
two electrons. Then start filling the n = 2 shell. First fill the 2s subshell with two
electrons, and then place the remaining two electrons in the 2p subshell.
1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 2
Solution: Write out the configuration for carbon:
Insight: Table 31-4 gives the electronic configurations for the first 19 elements.
50. Picture the Problem: Each electron in a neon atom has a unique set of the four quantum numbers.
Strategy: Neon is a noble gas with ten electrons. The ten electrons will completely fill the n = 1 and n = 2 shells. Create
a table with a row for each electron. Start with the n = 1 shell. For this shell = 0 , m = 0, and ms = 12 . In the n = 2
shell, fill the 2s subshell first with
= 0 , m = 0, and ms = 12 . Then fill the 2p subshell with
= 1 , m = 1, 0,1 , and
ms = 12 .
electron
1s1
1s 2
Solution: 1. Fill in the 1s shell with two electrons:
2. Fill in the 2s shell with two electrons:
3. Fill in the 2p shell with six electrons:
ms
12
1
2
2s1
12
2s 2
1
2
2 p1
12
2 p2
1
2
2 p3
12
2 p4
1
2
2 p5
12
2 p6
1
2
Insight: Because the n = 2 shell is completely filled, neon is an inert gas.
51. Picture the Problem: The figure shows how the levels are filled for nitrogen.
Strategy: Nitrogen has seven protons (Z = 7) and seven electrons. Fill the 1s shell
with the first two electrons. Fill the 2s subshell with the next two electrons. Place
the last three electrons in the 2p subshell.
Solution: Write the electronic configuration for nitrogen:
1s 2 2s 2 2 p 3
Insight: The electronic configurations for the first 19 elements are given in Table 31-4.
31 19
52. Picture the Problem: Each electron in a 3s subshell has a unique set of the four quantum numbers.
Strategy: The 3s subshell has n = 3 and = 0. Since = 0, m = 0. The quantum number ms can take on values of 12 .
Write out the two possible sets of quantum numbers in tabular format.
n
Solution: Fill the 3s subshell with two electrons:
ms
12
1
2
Insight: The number of electrons in any s subshell is always 2, regardless of the principal quantum number.
53. Picture the Problem: Each electron in a 3p subshell has a unique set of the four quantum numbers.
Strategy: In the 3p subshell, n = 3, and
= 1. Because = 1, m can take on the values 1, 0, and 1, and ms can take
on the values of . Write out the six possible sets of quantum numbers in tabular format.
1
2
n
Solution: Write all six different combinations
for m and ms , where n = 3 and = 1:
ms
12
1
2
12
1
2
12
1
2
Insight: The number of electrons that can occupy p subshell is always 6, regardless of the principal quantum number.
31 20
54. Picture the Problem: Each electron in a magnesium atom has a unique set of the four quantum numbers.
Strategy: Magnesium has twelve electrons arranged in the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 (Table 31-4). Create a table
with a row for each electron. Start with the n = 1 shell. For this shell = 0 , m = 0, and ms = 12 . In the n = 2 shell, fill
the 2s subshell first with

numbers
= 0 , m = 0, and ms = 12 . Then fill the 2p subshell with six electrons with quantum
= 1 , m = 1, 0,1 , and ms = 12 . Finally, fill the 2s subshell with the last two electrons with quantum
numbers = 0 , m = 0, and ms = 12 .
n
Solution: 1. Fill the 1s shell with 2 electrons:
2. Fill the 2s subshell with 2 electrons:
3. Fill the 2p subshell with 6 electrons:
4. Fill the 3s subshell with the last 2 electrons:
ms
1s1
12
1s 2
1
2
2s1
12
2s 2
1
2
2 p1
12
2 p2
1
2
2 p3
12
2 p4
1
2
2 p5
12
2 p6
1
2
3s1
12
3s 2
1
2
Insight: If the atom were to have any additional electrons, they would begin to fill the 3p subshell.
55. Picture the Problem: The configuration of the outer 10 electrons for nickel is given.
Strategy: Nickel has 28 protons (Z = 28) and 28 electrons. The configuration of the outer 10 electrons is given as
3d 8 4 s 2 . Start filling the subshells beginning at 1s. Continue with the 2s, 2p, 3s, and 2p subshells until you have listed
18 electrons. Add the remaining 10 electrons in the given configuration. Each s subshell is filled with 2 electrons and
the p subshells are filled with six electrons.
Solution: 1. Write out the electronic configuration for the first 18 electrons:
1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6
2. Add the last ten electrons as specified:
1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 3d 8 4s 2
Insight: Note that the 4s subshell fills before the 3d shell is filled, because the 4s subshell has a lower energy (see
Figure 31-15).
31 21
56. Picture the Problem: Each electron in a shell n has a unique set of the four quantum numbers.
Strategy: For each , there are (2 + 1) values for m and two values for ms . Therefore for each there will be
2 (2 + 1) states possible. For each n, the values of range from 0 to n 1. For n = 2, sum the number of states possible
for = 0 and = 1. For n = 3, sum the states from n = 2 with the added states for = 2. For n = 4, sum the states from
n = 3 with the added states for = 3.
Solution: 1. (a) Sum the possible
states for = 0 and = 1:
total states ( n = 2 ) = 2 2 ( 0 ) + 1 + 2 2 (1) + 1 = 2 + 6 = 8
2. (b) Add the possible states for
= 2:
total states ( n = 3) = total states ( n = 2 ) + 2 2 ( 2 ) + 1 = 8 + 10 = 18
3. (c) Add the possible states for
= 3:
total states ( n = 4 ) = total states ( n = 3) + 2 2 ( 3) + 1 = 18 + 14 = 32
Insight: For each higher value of n, the number of possible states will increase because of the additional value of
57. Picture the Problem: Each electron in a shell n has a unique set of the four quantum numbers.
Strategy: The number of states in any subshell is equal to 2 (2 + 1) . In any shell the value of ranges from 0 to n 1.
Write the number of states as the sum of the states in each subshell for the entire range of subshells in each shell. Write
out this summation and note that the summation is related to the square of the principal quantum number.
n 1
n 1
=0
=0
Solution: 1. Write the total number of states in a shell

as the sum of the number of states in each subshell:
total states ( n ) = 2 ( 2 + 1) = 2 ( 2 + 1)
2. Write out the summation in detail:
total states ( n ) = 2 1 + 3 + 5 + + 2 ( n 1) + 1
= 2 1 + 3 + 5 + + ( 2n 1)
3. Note that the term in the brackets is equal to n2:
n 2 = 1 + 3 + 5 + + ( 2n 1)
4. Simplify the expression from step 2:
total states ( n ) = 2n 2
Insight: You can use this formula to verify the numbers of states found in Problem 56: total states ( 2 ) = 2 2 2 = 8 ,
total states ( 3) = 2 32 = 18, and total states ( 4 ) = 2 42 = 32.
31 22
58. Picture the Problem: Each of the 10 electrons in a 5d subshell has a unique set of the four quantum numbers.
Strategy: The 5d notation refers to the subshell for which n = 5 and = 2. The fact that = 2 means that the magnetic
quantum numbers m range from 2 to +2. For each m there are two states corresponding to ms = 12 . Use these facts
to write out the ten possible states in tabular format.

n
ms
5d 1
12
5d 2
1
2
5d 3
12
5d 4
1
2
5d 5
12
5d 6
1
2
5d 7
12
5d 8
1
2
5d 9
12
5d 10
1
2
Solution: Write out the states starting

with the lowest value of m :
Insight: Note that each set of quantum numbers is unique and that the 10 quantum numbers include all possible
combinations in the 5d subshell.
59. Picture the Problem: X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons bombard a metal target and remove an innershell electron from the target atom. An X-ray photon is emitted when an outer electron jumps down into the vacancy.
Strategy: Note the principles involved in the production of X-rays to answer the conceptual question.
Solution: 1. (a) The wavelength of characteristic X-rays depends only on the type of atom in the target, and not on the
energy of the incoming electrons. Therefore, the wavelength of the characteristic X-rays will stay the same.
2. (b) The best explanation is III. The wavelength of characteristic X-rays depends only on the material used in the
metal target, and does not change if the energy of incoming electrons is increased. Statements I and II are each false.
Insight: Increasing the energy of the incoming electrons will shift the peak of the Bremsstrahlung continuum to shorter
wavelengths, but the characteristic peaks will remain at the same wavelengths.
31 23
60. Picture the Problem: A high-energy photon is absorbed by a fluorescent material that later emits a low-energy photon.
Strategy: Use the relationship between energy and wavelength of a photon to answer the conceptual question.
Solution: The radiation that excites a fluorescent material is less than the wavelength of the radiation it emits (see
Figure 31-29, for example). Note that a smaller wavelength implies a higher frequency, and hence a higher energy for
the corresponding photon. This, in turn, is in agreement with the physical mechanism illustrated in Figure 31-28.
Insight: Fluorescent lamps use a coating to convert the ultraviolet 254-nm emission from a Hg-Ar discharge into the
white visible light that we see.
61. Picture the Problem: The image shows an electron in the n = 2 shell of nickel
dropping down to the n = 1 shell and producing a K photon.
Strategy: To find the wavelength of the K photon, start with the relationship
between the change in energy of an electron and the wavelength of the
corresponding photon, E = hf = hc . Use equation 31-14 to find the energy of
an electron in the K shell of nickel using Z = 28. Because the nucleus is partially
screened from the electron in the L shell by the single electron in the K shell,
calculate the energy of the electron in the L shell using equation 31-14 again, except
with n = 2. Use the energy difference to calculate the wavelength.
Solution: 1. Calculate the change in energy
between the n = 2 and n = 1 levels in nickel:
( 28 1)2 ( 28 1)2
E = EK EL = (13.6 eV )
= 7.44 keV
2
22
1
2. Solve the photon energy equation

for , noting that hc = 1240 eVnm:
E =
hc
hc 1240 eV nm
=
= 0.167 nm
7440 eV
E
Insight: This wavelength falls in the X-ray portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
62. Picture the Problem: The image shows an electron in the n = 2 shell of lead
dropping down to the n = 1 shell and producing a K photon.
Strategy: Use equation 31-14 to find the energy of an electron in the K shell of
lead using Z = 82. Because the nucleus is partially screened from the electron in the
L shell by the single electron in the K shell, calculate the energy of the electron in
the L shell using equation 31-14 again, except with n = 2. The difference between
the two energy levels is equal to the energy of the emitted K photon.
Solution: Calculate the change in energy
between the n = 2 and n = 1 levels in nickel:
( 82 1)2 ( 82 1)2
E = EK EL = (13.6 eV )
= 66.9 keV
2
22
1
Insight: The energy of the K photon increases as the square of the atomic number. Therefore, the energy of the K
photon for lead (66.9 keV) is much greater than the energy for the K photon of nickel (7.44 keV) found in Problem 61.
63. Picture the Problem: The image shows an electron in the L shell of iron dropping
down to the K shell and producing a K photon.
Strategy: The energy difference between the K and L shells is equal to the
difference in ionization energies of the two shells. Solve for the wavelength using
the relationship E = hf = hc and noting that hc = 1240 eVnm.
Solution: Solve for :
hc
1240 eV nm
=
= 0.195 nm
E 8500 eV 2125 eV
Insight: Because iron has a smaller atomic number than nickel, the wavelength of the K photon for iron (0.195 nm) is
longer than the K of nickel (0.167 nm) found in Problem 61.
31 24
64. Picture the Problem: The image shows an electron in the L shell dropping down to
the K shell producing a K photon with a wavelength of 0.0205 nm.
Strategy: Calculate the energy between the two shells using the relationship
E = hf = hc , and noting that hc = 1240 eVnm. Because the nucleus is
partially shielded from the electron in the L shell by the single electron in the K
shell, the change in energy of the dropping electron can be found using equation
31-9, where Z is replaced with Z 1, as in equation 31-14. Set the change in energy
equal to the energy of the photon and solve for Z.
1240 eV nm
= 60.5 keV
0.0205 nm
Solution: 1. Calculate the energy of

the photon from the wavelength:
E =
2. Set the energy equal to the

change in energy of the electron:
1
2 1
E = EL EK = ( 13.6 eV )( Z 1) 2 2
2 1
3. Solve for Z:
( Z 1)
hc
set
60.5 keV
60500 eV
= 5930
13.6 eV ( 34 )
Z 1 = 77 Z = 78
Insight: The result Z = 78 indicates that the element is platinum.
65. Picture the Problem: Electrons are accelerated through a potential difference. They then hit a platinum target where
some electrons collide with K shell electrons, knocking them out of the atom. In some atoms, an electron from the L
shell drops down to the K shell to fill the vacancy created by the missing electron, and a K photon is emitted.
Strategy: In order to produce a K X-ray, an electron in the K shell would have to be ejected from the atom by the
collision with the moving electron. The moving electron then must have an energy at least equal to the binding energy
of the K-shell electron. Use equation 31-14 to calculate the binding energy. To calculate the electric potential, divide the
energy by the charge of the electron (e).
( Z 1)
Solution: 1. (a) Set the minimum

kinetic energy equal to the binding
energy of the K-shell electron:
K min = EK = 13.6 eV
2. (b) Set the kinetic energy equal to

the change in potential energy in the
accelerator and solve for the potential:
qV = K min V =
= 13.6 eV ( 78 1) = 80.6 keV

2
K min 80.6 keV

=
= 80.6 kV
q
e
Insight: In addition to K photons, this process will also produce K and longer wavelength photons.
66. Picture the Problem: The image shows laser pulses directed toward the cornea during
photorefractive keratectomy. The wavelength of the light is 193 nm.
Strategy: Calculate the energy difference between the two levels by setting the energy
difference equal to the energy of the photon using the relationship E = hf = hc , noting
that hc = 1240 eVnm. Divide the total energy by the energy of each photon to calculate the
number of photons needed.
hc
1240 eV nm
= 6.44 eV
193 nm
Solution: 1. (a) Calculate the energy

of the photon from the wavelength:
E =
2. (b) Set the total energy equal to the energy

per photon times the number of photons
and solve for the number of photons:
Etotal = n Ephoton
n=
Etotal
1.88 10 13 J
=
= 1.83 105 photons
18
Ephoton 1.029 10 J
Insight: The photons from the laser interact with the molecules of the cornea, heating them rapidly and vaporizing them
off the surface. The procedure changes the shape of the cornea to correct the persons vision.
31 25
67. Picture the Problem: A hydrogen atom makes the following three transitions: (A) ni = 5, nf = 2; (B) ni = 7, nf = 2 ;
(C) ni = 7, nf = 6 .
Strategy: The energy of the photon that is released when an atom makes a transition from a higher level orbit to a lower
level orbit is equal to the energy difference between the two states. Use the Bohr model to predict the energies of the
photons released by the given transitions and then use E = hf (equation 30-4) and f = c (equation 25-4) to rank the
frequencies and wavelengths of the photons.
1
1
Solution: 1. (a) Using E = (13.6 eV ) 2 2 (equation 31-10) we can find the energies of the photons are EA =
nf ni
2.86 eV, EB = 3.12 eV, and EC = 0.100 eV. Because is inversely proportional to f and therefore inversely proportional
to E, we conclude that the ranking of the wavelengths is B < A < C.
2. (b) Because f is proportional to E, the ranking of the frequencies is C < A < B.

Insight: The larger the jump between energy levels, the bluer the emitted photon.
68. Picture the Problem: An electron is in the ground state orbit of hydrogen.
Strategy: The energy of the ground level orbit of hydrogen is 13.6 eV (equation 31-9). Use this fact to predict the
highest energy photon that could be absorbed without dissociating the electron from the proton, and then find the energy
required to make the smallest jump possible when a photon is absorbed by a hydrogen atom in its ground state. Such a
transition corresponds to ni = 1 to ni = 2. Use equation 31-10 to find the energy of such a photon.
Solution: 1. (a) The highest possible energy level that does not dissociate the hydrogen atom corresponds to n = , or
an energy of zero. The energy of the ground level orbit of hydrogen is 13.6 eV (equation 31-9), so the highest energy
photon this system can absorb is 13.6 eV.
1
1
2. (b) Using E = (13.6 eV ) 2 2 (equation 31-10) we can find that the lowest energy photon that a hydrogen
n
n
f
i
1 1
atom in its ground level orbit can absorb is E = (13.6 eV ) 2 2 = 10.2 eV .
1 2
Insight: These two photons are each in the ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The 10.2 eV photon has
a wavelength of 121.6 nm and the 13.6 eV photon has a wavelength of 91.2 nm.
69. Picture the Problem: The electronic configuration of a particular carbon atom is 1s 2 2 s 2 2 p1 3s1 .
Strategy: Compare this configuration with the configuration of the ground level of carbon presented in Table 31-4.
Solution: The electronic configuration of a carbon atom in its ground energy level is 1s 2 2s 2 2 p 2 (Table 31-4). We can
see that the carbon atom presented in this question is in an excited state, because there is room for more electrons in the
2p subshell, but instead, this electron is in the 3s subshell. Because the energy of the 3s subshell is greater than that of
the 2p subshell, this atom has more energy than it would have in its ground state.
Insight: The energies of various shells and subshells are depicted in Figure 31-18, which can be used to predict the
lowest energy (ground) level configuration for most of the atoms in the periodic table.
70. Picture the Problem: The electronic configuration of a particular potassium atom is 1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 3d 1 .
Strategy: Compare this configuration with the configuration of the ground level of potassium presented in Table 31-4.
Solution: The electronic configuration of a potassium atom in its ground energy level is 1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 4s1
(Table 31-4). We can see that the potassium atom presented in this question is in an excited state, because the 3d1 orbit
of the outermost electron has a higher energy than the 4s1 orbit of the ground level (see Figure 31-18).
31 26
71. Picture the Problem: The ionization energy of an atom is the minimum energy required to dissociate an electron from
the atom and leave the atom as a positively charged ion.
Strategy: Compare the energies of the outermost electrons of sodium and lithium. The electron with the lower (more
negative) energy would be more difficult to remove from the atom and require a higher ionization energy.
Solution: The outermost electron in sodium is in a higher energy level than the outermost electron of lithium.
Therefore, we expect the ionization energy of sodium to be less than that of lithium.
72. Picture the Problem: A photon with sufficient energy will ionize a hydrogen atom in its ground state.
Strategy: A photon incident on a hydrogen atom will ionize the atom if the energy of the photon is greater than the
ionization energy of the atom. To find the minimum frequency, set the energy of the photon (equation 30-4) equal to the
binding energy of hydrogen (equation 31-9) and solve for the frequency.
Solution: 1. Set Ephoton = Ebinding :
E = hf = E1 = 13.6 eV
2. Solve for the frequency:
f =
13.6 eV (1.60 10 19 J/eV )

6.63 10 34 J s
= 3.28 1015 Hz
Insight: This wavelength falls in the ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
73. Picture the Problem: The temperature of atoms in a gas is related to the kinetic energy of the gas molecules. If the
temperature of hydrogen gas is high enough, the average kinetic energy would be sufficient to excite the atoms to the
n = 2 excited state during a collision.
Strategy: Use equation 31-9 to calculate the energy required to excite an electron to the first excited state by calculating
the difference in energies for the ground and excited states. Set this energy equal to the average kinetic energy of the
hydrogen gas (equation 17-12) and solve for the temperature.
1.60 1019 J
13.6 eV 13.6 eV
18
10.2
eV
= 1.63 10 J
12
22
1 eV
Solution: 1. Calculate the energy difference

between the n = 1 state and the n = 2 state:
E =
2. Set E = K av and solve for T:
K av = 32 kT T =
2 (1.63 1018 J )
2 K av
=
= 78, 700 K
3k
3 (1.38 1023 J/K )
Insight: This temperature is 13.6 times hotter than the temperature of the surface of the Sun (5800 K)!
31 27
74. Picture the Problem: The image shows a hydrogen atom initially at rest
with an electron in the n = 4 shell. The electron drops to the n = 2 shell
emitting a photon in the positive x-direction. The atom recoils and gains
momentum in the negative x-direction.
Strategy: Set the energy of the photon equal to the change in energy of the
electron as it jumps from the n = 4 to the n = 2 orbit. Calculate the change
in energy using equation 31-9. Use equation 30-11 to write the momentum
of the photon. Set the momentum of the photon equal to the momentum of
the atom and solve for the speed of the atom.
13.6 eV 13.6 eV
42
22
1.602 1019 J
19
= 2.55 eV
= 4.085 10 J
1 eV
Solution: 1. (a) Set the energy of the photon

equal to the change in energy of the electron:
Ephoton =
2. Calculate the momentum of the photon:
p=
E 4.085 1019 J
=
= 1.36 1027 kg m/s
c 3.00 108 m/s
3. (b) Set pphoton = patom and solve
v=
p 1.364 10 27 kg m/s
=
= 0.815 m/s
m
1.674 10 27 kg
for the recoil speed of the atom:
Insight: Because the photon has momentum, the atom must acquire an equal and opposite momentum for the net
momentum to remain zero. The recoil speed is very small, however, compared to vrms = 1930 m/s for hydrogen
molecules at room temperature.
75. Picture the Problem: The figure shows an electron jumping from the
n = 4 shell to the n = 2 shell of a hydrogen atom, which emits a photon
in the positive x-direction. To conserve momentum, the atom will recoil
in the negative x-direction.
Strategy: As a first approximation, assume that all of the energy from the
electron decay goes into the energy of the photon. Calculate the energy of
the photon from equation 31-9. Use equation 30-11 to write the momentum
of the photon. The momentum of the photon and the atom will be equal.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the atom from K = p 2 2m .
Solution: 1. (a) Set the energy of the photon
equal to the change in energy of the electron:
Ephoton =
2. (b) Calculate the momentum of the photon:
pphoton =
3. Set pphoton = patom and calculate
the kinetic energy of the atom:
13.6 eV 13.6 eV
= 2.55 eV
42
22
-19
E ( 2.55 eV ) (1.602 10 J/eV )
=
= 1.362 1027 kg m/s
c
3.00 108 m/s
27
p 2 (1.362 10 kg m/s )
KH =
=
= 5.55 10 28 J = 3.47 neV
2m
2 (1.674 1027 kg )
4. (c) By conservation of energy, the sum of the energies should be the same as the difference in energy between the
n = 4 and n = 2 states of hydrogen.
Insight: At the beginning of the problem we calculated the energy of the photon by assuming it was equal to the energy
difference between the two levels. This is a good approximation, as KH is only 1.4 107 % of the energy difference.
31 28
76. Picture the Problem: The image shows a laser pulse focused on a circular area
34 m in diameter. The pulse contains 2.75 mJ of energy and lasts 1.45 ns.
Strategy: We want to calculate the power per square meter in the pulse and the
energy absorbed by a molecule per pulse. Calculate the irradiance of the pulse by
dividing the energy per pulse by the time and area of the pulse. Set the energy
absorbed by a molecule equal to the energy of the pulse times the ratio of the
molecules cross-sectional area to the pulses cross-sectional area.
Solution: 1. (a) Divide the pulse
power by the cross-sectional area:
I=
4 ( 2.75 10 3 J )
P
E t
4E
=
=
=
A d 2 4 d 2 t ( 34.0 10 6 m )2 (1.45 10 9 s )
= 2.09 1015 W/m 2
2. (b) Calculate the beam energy

absorbed by a molecule:
Emol
2
d
A
d mol
4
= E mol = E
= E mol
2
Abeam
d beam 4
d beam
0.650 10 9 m
12
= ( 2.75 10 3 J )
= 1.005 10
6
34.0
10
m
1eV
J
19
1.60
10
J
Emol = 6.28 MeV
Insight: This energy is more than sufficient to disassociate molecules.
77. Picture the Problem: An electron in the ground state of hydrogen orbits the nucleus in a circle at constant speed.
Strategy: To calculate the time for one orbit, divide the circumference of the orbit ( 2 r1 ) by the orbit speed given in
equation 31-4. The current is the amount of charge passing a point per second. Calculate the current by dividing the
charge on the electron by the orbital period.
Solution: 1. (a) Divide the circumference by the velocity to calculate
the period of the electron orbit:
t=
4 2 ( 5.29 10 11 m ) ( 9.11 10 31 m )
2
2. (b) Divide the electron charge by

the period to calculate the current:
2 r1
4 2 r12 m
C
=
=
v h ( 2 mr1 )
h
I=
6.63 10 34 J s
= 1.52 1016 s
1.60 10 19 C
= 0.00105 A
1.52 10 16 s
Insight: Equation 22-11 shows that this current produces a magnetic field of 12.5 T at the nucleus.
78. Picture the Problem: The total energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit is the sum of the kinetic energy and the potential
energy.
Strategy: The kinetic energy of the electron can be obtained from equation 31-3, K = ke2 2r . The potential energy is
U = ke2 r (equation 20-8). The total energy is the sum of the potential and kinetic energies. Write an equation for the
total energy as the sum of potential and kinetic energies, and then calculate the potential and kinetic energies.
ke 2 ke2 ke 2
+
=
= K
2r
r
2r
Solution: 1. Sum the potential and kinetic energies:
E = K +U =
2. Solve the expression from step 1 for K:
K = E = ( 0.85 eV ) = 0.85 eV
3. Solve for the potential energy:
U = E K = ( 0.85 eV ) ( 0.85 eV ) = 1.70 eV
Insight: Some useful equations for describing the energy of a Bohr orbit are K = E and U = 2 E.
31 29
79. Picture the Problem: A singly ionized helium atom has one electron orbiting a nucleus of charge +2e. The Bohr model
can be used to predict the basic features of its emission spectrum.
Strategy: The shortest wavelength produced by a helium atom would be the transition from ni = to nf = 1. Use
equation 31-9 to calculate the energy of this transition. Then set that energy equal to the energy of the photon and
calculate the wavelength using E = hc , noting that hc = 1240 eVnm. To determine the transition that produces a
photon of wavelength 388.9 nm, calculate the energy of the photon, and then use equation 31-9 in a trial-and-error
approach to find the appropriate values of ni and nf.
Solution: 1. (a) Calculate E for
the transition from n = to n = 1.
E = ( 13.6 eV )
2. Calculate the wavelength:
3. (b) Calculate E for the

unknown transition:
E=
22
22
13.6
eV
= 54.4 eV
(
)
12
2
hc 1240 eV nm
=
= 22.8 nm
54.4 eV
E
hc
1240 eV nm
= 3.188 eV
388.9 nm
1
1
E = 3.188 eV = (13.6 eV ) ( 22 ) 2 2
nf ni
1
1
3.188 eV
=
= 0.0586
nf2 ni2 4 (13.6 eV )
4. Use equation 31-9 to write

E in terms of ni and nf:
ni = 16 and nf = 4
5. By trial and error find ni and nf:
Insight: Because there are two unknowns this solution must be solved by trial and error. A computer spreadsheet can
be used to quickly calculate E values for a wide range of ni and nf.
80. Picture the Problem: An atom consists of a nucleus of charge +Ze that is orbited by a single electron. When the
electron is in the n = 6 orbit, the orbital radius is 0.272 nm.
Strategy: We want to calculate the atomic number Z, and the energy of the n = 3 orbit. Use equation 31-7 to solve for
the atomic number from the radius of the n = 6 orbit. Then use equation 31-9 to calculate the energy in the n = 3 orbit.
rn =
Solution: 1. (a) Solve equation 31-7 for Z:
Z=
2. (b) Solve equation 31-9 for

the energy of the n = 3 orbit:
( 5.29 10
11
m)
Z
( 5.29 1011 m )
rn
E3 = ( 13.6 eV )
n2
n2 =
( 5.29 10
( 2.72 10
11
10
m)
m)
62 = 7
Z2
72
=
13.6
eV
= 74.0 eV
(
)
9
32
Insight: The atomic number Z = 7 indicates that the atom in question is nitrogen that is ionized six times, or N6+.
31 30
81. Picture the Problem: Figure 31-22 shows the K and K lines for
molybdenum. The K line is at approximately 0.065 nm.
Strategy: To find the wavelength of the K photon, set the electron
energy difference between the M and K shells equal to the energy of the
photon and solve for the wavelength using E = hf = hc . Note that
hc = 1.24 keVnm. The electron in the K shell will be partially shielded

from the nucleus by the other electron in the K shell, so use equation 319 to find its energy, except replace Z with Z 1, as in equation 31-14. In
the atoms excited state, the electron in the M shell is shielded from the
nucleus by the remaining electron in the K shell as well as the eight
electrons in the L shell. We can therefore use equation 31-9 to find the
energy level of the excited state, except replace Z with Z 9, in a manner
similar to that used in the derivation of equation 31-14.
( Z 1)
Solution: 1. Calculate the energy

when the electron is in the K shell:
EK = 13.6 eV
2. Calculate the energy when

the electron is in the M shell:
EM = 13.6 eV
3. Calculate the change in energy:
E = EK EM = 22.9 keV ( 1.65 keV ) = 21.2 keV
4. Set the change in energy equal to

the photon energy and solve for :
E =
hc
( Z 9)
32
= 13.6 eV ( 41) = 22.9 keV

2
12
= 13.6 eV
( 42 9 )
32
= 1.65 keV
hc 1.24 keV nm
=
= 0.0585 nm
E
21.2 keV
Insight: The observed wavelength is slightly higher than the estimated wavelength, implying that the difference
between the energy levels is not as large as estimated. Either the K shell is shielded by more than the one electron, or
the M shell is not fully shielded by all nine electrons, or a combination of the two. Attempting to apply the Bohr theory
to multielectron atoms such as molybdenum often leads to such inaccuracies.
82. Picture the Problem: When an electron drops from the M shell to the L shell, the atom will emit an L photon.
Strategy: To find the wavelength of the L wave, set the electron energy difference between the M and L shells equal to
the energy of the photon and solve for the wavelength using E = hf = hc . Note that hc = 1.24 keVnm. The
electron in the L shell will be partially shielded from the nucleus by the two electrons in the K shell, so use equation 319 to find its energy, except replace Z with Z 2, in a manner similar to that used in the derivation of equation 31-14. In
the atoms excited state, the electron in the M shell is shielded from the nucleus by the two electrons in the K shell as
well as the remaining seven electrons in the L shell. We can therefore use equation 31-9 to find the energy level of the
excited state, except replace Z with Z 9, in a manner similar to equation 31-14.
( Z 2)
EL = 13.6 eV
2. Calculate the energy in the M shell:
EM = 13.6 eV
3. Calculate the difference in energies:
E = EL EM = 5.44 keV ( 1.65 keV ) = 3.79 keV
4. Use the difference in energies

to calculate the wavelength:
22
= 13.6 eV
( 42 2 )
Solution: 1. Calculate the energy in the L shell:
= 5.44 keV
( 42 9 )
(Z 9) 2
= 13.6 eV
= 1.65 keV
2
3
9
2
hc 1.24 keV nm
=
= 0.327 nm
E
3.79 keV
Insight: The L line for molybdenum lies in the X-ray region, unlike the L line for hydrogen, which is in the visible.
31 31
83. Picture the Problem: The Pickering series of spectral lines is produced by singly ionized helium as electrons drop from
higher levels to the n = 4 level.
Strategy: Set the photon energy of a Pickering line equal to the change in energy of the singly ionized helium atom,
where the energy is given by equation 31-9. Solve the resulting equation for the constant C. To test the assertion that
even-numbered Pickering lines correspond to odd-numbered Balmer lines in the hydrogen spectrum, calculate the
wavelength of the n = 6 Pickering line and compare it with the wavelength of the n = 3 Balmer line.
Solution: 1. (a) Because the charge on the nucleus is greater for the ionized helium than it is for hydrogen, the energy
levels will be greater. The constant C is thus greater than R because the Rydberg constant is proportional to the energy.
hc
2. (b) Set the energy of the photon equal

to the energy level difference in He+:
3. Divide both sides by hc:
= Ei Ef =
C=
4. Set the constant equal to C:
( 13.6 eV ) Z 2 ( 13.6 eV ) Z 2
ni2
nf2
(13.6 eV ) Z 2 1
1
2 2
n
n
i
f
hc
(13.6 eV ) Z 2
hc
(13.6 eV ) (1.6 1019
( 6.63 10
34
J/eV ) ( 2 )
J s )( 3.00 108 m/s )
= 4.38 107 m 1
1 1
= ( 4.38 107 m 1 ) 2 2
4 6
7
= 6.58 10 m = 658 nm
1
5. Calculate for the n = 6 Pickering line:
6. Calculate for the n = 3 Balmer line:
7
1
= 0.152 10 m
1 1
= 1.097 107 m 1 2 2 = 0.152 107 m 1
2 3
= 658 nm
Insight: Note that the Pickering constant is equal to 4R. For each of the even Pickering lines, a factor of 1/4 can be
factored out of the equation shown in step 3, reducing it to the equation for Balmer lines.
84. Picture the Problem: The radius of a Bohr orbit is proportional to n2, and can in theory be infinitely large.
Strategy: Use equation 31-7 to calculate the energy level n of a hydrogen atom whose radius is at least 8 m. We can
then use equation 31-2 to find the wavelength of the radiation emitted when an electron in this orbit drops to the n 1
energy level.
Solution: 1. (a) Write equation 31-7 in terms of n:
rn = ( 5.29 1011 m ) n 2
2. Solve for n:
n=
3. (b) Calculate the wavelength when the

electron drops from n = 389 to n = 388:
1
1
= 1.097 107 m 1
2
2
388 389
rn
8.0 106 m
=
= 389
11
5.29 10 m
5.29 1011 m
1
= 0.374 m
= 2.67 m
4. (c) As n decreases, the energy levels become farther apart, and transitions between adjacent levels produce photons of
1
larger energy. Because
, the emitted wavelength is less than that found in part (b).
E
Insight: The wavelength emitted when the electron drops from n = 388 to n = 387 is 2.65 m. Wavelengths this long are
in the radio portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, just below the FM wavelength range.
31 32
85. Picture the Problem: The figure shows a charged particle moving perpendicular to
a magnetic field. The speed and radius of each allowed orbit are quantized if the
angular momentum about the center of the orbit is quantized.
Strategy: Write the radius of the orbit using equation 22-3, where the radius and
velocity are quantized. Multiply both sides of the equation by the radius. The
numerator of the right side of the equation is the angular momentum. Replace this
by n and take the square root of both sides of the equation to find the quantized
values for the allowed orbit radii. Finally, use equation 22-3 once again to find the
quantized values for the allowed orbit velocities.
Solution: 1. (a) Write equation 22-3 with
quantized values for radius and speed:
rn =
mvn
qB
2. Multiply both sides by rn and replace

the angular momentum mvn rn with n :
rn2 =
mvn rn n
=
qB
qB
3. Take the square root of both sides:
rn =
4. (b) Solve equation 22-3 for the velocity:
rn =
mvn
qB
vn =
rn qB qB n
1
nqB
=
=
m
m qB
m
n
qB
Insight: The energy of the electron is entirely kinetic energy, so the quantized energy levels can be determined from the
(classical) equation, En = K n = 12 mvn2 = nqB 2m . Note that the energy levels increase linearly with n, which means
that they are evenly spaced.

86. Picture the Problem: The image shows three matter waves, visualized as standing
waves on a string, for a particle that is confined within a one-dimensional box. The
momentum and energy of the particle are quantized.
Strategy: Use the de Broglie relation (equation 30-16) to write the momentum in
terms of the wavelength, and then use n = 2 L n (equation 14-13) to write the
wavelength in terms of the width of the box. The energy of the particle is purely
kinetic, so we can use the expression E = p 2 2m to find the quantized energy levels
for this particle.
h
Solution: 1. (a) Solve the de Broglie relation for p:
pn =
2. Write the wavelength using equation 14-13:
pn =
h
nh
where n = 1, 2, 3,
=
2L n 2L
3. (b) Write the energy in terms of the momentum:
En =
pn2
1 nh
=
2m 2m 2 L
h2
where n = 1, 2, 3,
= n2
2
8mL
Insight: The energy levels in the hydrogen atom decrease as 1/n2, whereas these energy levels increase as n2.
31 33
87. Picture the Problem: An electron in the nth Bohr orbit of hydrogen orbits the nucleus with a quantized speed and in a
circle of quantized radius.
Strategy: Set the period of the orbit equal to the circumference divided by the velocity, where the circumference is
2 rn . The radius is given by equation 31-5 and the velocity is given by equation 31-4.
Solution: 1. Divide the circumference by the velocity:
T=
Cn 2 rn
=
vn
vn
2. Use equation 31-4 for the velocity:
T=
2 rn
4 2 mrn 2
=
nh
( nh 2 mrn )
3. Write the radius using equation 31-5:
4 2 m n 2 h 2
h3
T=
= 2 2 4 n3 = T1 n3
2
2
nh 4 mke 4 mk e
Insight: The period increases linearly with n3 because the radius increases as n2 and the velocity decreases as 1/n. The
fundamental orbit period T1 = 1.521016 s = 152 attoseconds.
88. Picture the Problem: An argon laser emits 1.491019 photons per second, half with a wavelength of 488.0 nm and half
with a wavelength of 514.5 nm.
Strategy: The energy of a single photon can be calculated from the wavelength using the equation Ephoton = hf = hc .
Multiply the energy of a single photon by the rate (photons/second) produced by the laser to calculate the power output.
Solution: 1. Multiply the photon
energy by the emission rate:
n hc n488 hc n514
P = Ephoton =
t 488 t 514 t
hc 12 n hc 12 n
=
+
488 t 514 t
P=
2. Insert the numerical values:
P=
( 6.63 10
34
hc n 1
1
+
2 t 488 514
J s )( 3.00 108 m/s )
2
(1.49 10
19
s 1 )
1
1
488.0 10 9 m + 514.5 10 9 m = 5.92 W
Insight: Because the number of photons is the same in each case, the power output of the laser at 488.0 nm is greater
than the power output of the laser at 514.5 nm.
89. Picture the Problem: A laser emits 414.0-nm photons at a rate of 1.491019 photons per second.
Strategy: The energy of a single photon is inversely proportional to the wavelength. Use this fact to compare the power
output of this laser to that of the previous problem.
Solution: Because power is inversely proportional to the wavelength, and since 414.0 nm is less than either
488.0 nm or 514.5 nm, the power output of the second laser is greater than that of the first.
Insight: The short wavelength photons each deliver more energy than the long wavelength photons.
31 34
90. Picture the Problem: A laser emits 414.0-nm photons at a rate of 1.491019 photons per second.
Strategy: The energy of a single photon can be calculated from the wavelength using the equation Ephoton = hf = hc .
Multiply the energy of a single photon by the rate (photons/second) produced by the laser to calculate the power output.
Solution: Multiply the photon
energy by the emission rate:
n hc n
P = Ephoton =
t t
( 6.63 10
=
34
J s )( 3.00 108 m/s )
414.0 109 m
(1.49 10
19
s 1 ) = 7.16 W
Insight: As predicted, the power of the laser with the shorter wavelength was greater than the power output of the laser
with the longer wavelength.
91. Picture the Problem: A laser emits 514.5-nm photons when electrons jump from one quantum state to another.
Strategy: The energy of a single photon is determined by the difference between the two energy levels of the quantum
states involved in the transition. Use the relation E = h f to determine the difference between the two energy levels.
Solution: Calculate E :
E = h f =
hc
= 3.87 10 19
( 6.63 10
34
Js )( 3.00 108 m/s )
514.5 109 m
1 eV
J
= 2.42 eV
1.60 1019 J
Insight: The 514.5-nm photons appear as a blue-green color to the human eye.
92. Picture the Problem: An electron in the n = 2 Bohr orbit of hydrogen has an
associated de Broglie wavelength. The diagram indicates that two wavelengths fit
around the circumference of the orbit.
Strategy: To find the wavelength of this matter wave we simply calculate the
circumference of the n = 2 orbit, then divide by 2.
Solution 1. (a) The radius of the orbit increases as n2, but the number of
wavelengths in a circumference only increases as n. Therefore, the wavelength is
proportional to n. The wavelength 2 must be less than the wavelength 4.
C2 = 2 r2 = 2 ( r1 n 2 )
2. (b) Calculate the circumference of the n = 2 orbit:
= 2 ( 5.29 10 11 m ) 22 = 1.33 nm
3. Divide the circumference by n to find the wavelength:
2 =
C2 1.33 nm
=
= 0.665 nm
2
2
Insight: The wavelength increases linearly with n, so 4 = 2 2 . From a physical standpoint, the larger orbits
correspond to more potential energy and less kinetic energy, so we expect a smaller momentum and a larger de Broglie
wavelength to be associated with a larger orbit.
31 35
93. Picture the Problem: An electron in an allowed Bohr orbit of hydrogen has an
associated de Broglie wavelength such that n wavelengths fit around the
circumference of the orbit.
Strategy: Set the circumference 2 rn of the orbit equal to n wavelengths and solve
for n. The orbit radius rn = r1 n 2 (equation 31-5).

Solution: 1. (a) Write the circumference
in terms of the de Broglie wavelength:
Cn = n n = 2 rn
2. Substitute rn = r1 n 2 and solve for n:
n n = 2 n 2 ( 5.29 1011 m )
n=
3. (b) Find the radius from equation 31-5:
2 ( 5.29 1011 m )
3.99 109 m
2 ( 5.29 1011 m )
= 12
rn = ( 5.29 1011 m ) n 2 = ( 0.0529 nm )(12 ) = 7.62 nm

2
Insight: The radius can also be calculated by dividing the circumference n n by 2.
31 36

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Chapter 31: Atomic Physics

Answers to Even-Numbered Conceptual Questions

Solutions to Problems and Conceptual Exercises

Solution: 1. Write the ratio of volumes in terms of the radius:

2. Insert the given radii:

Vnucleus 0.50 1015 m

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

Chapter 31: Atomic Physics

2. Insert the given distances:

Solution: 1. (a) Find the work required to bring

58 ( 8.99 109 N m 2 C 2 )(1.60 10 19 C )

Picture the Problem: The image shows an alpha particle

2. Solve for the separation distance:

kqQ k (2e)(79e) 158ke 2

3. Insert the given data and constants:

158 ( 8.99 109 N m 2 C 2 )(1.60 10 19 C )

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

Chapter 31: Atomic Physics

Solution: 1. Solve equation 31-1

2. Insert the numerical values:

3. Invert the result to obtain :

Insight: This wavelength is in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum.

3. Round n to the next highest integer:

Solution: 1. Set n = 1 in eq. 31-2

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

Chapter 31: Atomic Physics

Solution: 1. Set n = 3 in eq. 31-2

(1.097 10 m ) 312 412

(1.097 107 m1 ) 312 512

(1.097 10 m ) 312 612

2. (b) Calculate the shortest

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

Chapter 31: Atomic Physics

3. Calculate the longest wavelength

4. Write Brackett series range:

1459 nm < Brackett < 4051 nm

5. Calculate the shortest wavelength

6. Calculate the shortest wavelength

7. Write Paschen series range, and

820.4 nm < Paschen < 1875 nm

2. Calculate the shortest wavelength

The Brackett and Paschen series overlap.

8 (b). Calculate the shortest wavelength

9. Calculate the shortest wavelength

10. Write Balmer series range, and

364.6 nm < Balmer < 656.3 nm

The Paschen and Balmer series do not overlap.

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

Chapter 31: Atomic Physics

Z = 1, so ( Z n ) = (1 3) = 1 9. For atom (B) ( Z n ) = ( 2 2 ) = 1, and for atom (C)

Therefore, the kinetic energy of an electron in the n = 2 Bohr orbit is K 2 =

Insight: We can also find the answer by means of a ratio:

2. Set n = 2 and insert known constants:

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition

Chapter 31: Atomic Physics

Solution: Solve Coulombs Law

Solution: Use equation 31-9 to find Ebinding :

Solution: Use equation 31-9 to find E :

Insight: We can also find the answer by means of a ratio:

James S. Walker, Physics, 4th Edition