Chapter 34 Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics

Conceptual Problems
1 [SSM] The quantized character of electromagnetic radiation is observed by (a) the Young double-slit experiment, (b) diffraction of light by a small aperture, (c) the photoelectric effect, (d) the J. J. Thomson cathode-ray experiment. Determine the Concept The Young double-slit experiment and the diffraction of light by a small aperture demonstrated the wave nature of electromagnetic radiation. J. J. Thomsons experiment showed that the rays of a cathode-ray tube were deflected by electric and magnetic fields and therefore must consist of electrically charged particles. Only the photoelectric effect requires an explanation based on the quantization of electromagnetic radiation. (c ) is correct. 2 Two monochromatic light sources, A and B, emit the same number of photons per second. The wavelength of A is A = 400 nm, and the wavelength of B is B = 600 nm. The power radiated by source B (a) is equal to the power of source A, (b) is less than the power of source A, (c) is greater than the power of source A, (d) cannot be compared to the power from source A using the available data.
B

Determine the Concept Since the power radiated by a source is the energy radiated per unit area and per unit time, it is directly proportional to the energy. The energy radiated varies inversely with the wavelength ( E = hc ); i.e., the longer the wavelength, the less energy is associated with the electromagnetic radiation. (b ) is correct. 3 [SSM] The work function of a surface is . The threshold wavelength for emission of photoelectrons from the surface is equal to (a) hc/, (b) /hf, (c) hf/, (d) none of above. Determine the Concept The work function is equal to the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the material. A photon that has that energy also has the threshold wavelength required for photoemission. Thus, hf = . In addition, c = f . It follows that hc t = , so t = hc and 1

(a )

is correct.

Chapter 34

4 When light of wavelength 1 is incident on a certain photoelectric cathode, no electrons are emitted, no matter how intense the incident light is. Yet, when light of wavelength 2 < 1 is incident, electrons are emitted, even when the incident light has low intensity. Explain this observation. Determine the Concept We can use Einsteins photoelectric equation to explain this observation. Einsteins photoelectric equation is: K max = hf where , called the work function, is a characteristic of the particular metal.
hc

Because f = c/:

K max =
hc

hc <

Were given that when light of wavelength 1 is incident on a certain photoelectric cathode; no electrons are emitted independently of the intensity of the incident light. Hence, we can conclude that: When light of wavelength 2 < 1 is incident, electrons are emitted, electrons are emitted independently of the intensity of the incident light. Hence, we can conclude that:

< 0

hc

> 0

hc

>

Thus, photons with wavelengths greater than the threshold wavelength t = c f t , where ft is the threshold frequency, do not have enough energy to eject an electron from the metal. 5 True or false:

(a) The wavelength of an electrons matter wave varies inversely with the momentum of the electron. (b) Electrons can undergo diffraction. (c) Neutrons can undergo diffraction. (a) True. The de Broglie wavelength of an electron is given by = h p . (b) True (c) True

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics

6 If the wavelength of an electron is equal to the wavelength of a proton, then (a) the speed of the proton is greater than the speed of the electron, (b) the speeds of the proton and the electron are equal, (c) the speed of the proton is less than the speed of the electron, (d) the energy of the proton is greater than the energy of the electron, (e) Both (a) and (d) are correct. Determine the Concept If the de Broglie wavelengths of an electron and a proton are equal, their momenta must be equal. Because mp > me, vp < ve. (c ) is correct. 7 A proton and an electron have equal kinetic energies. It follows that the wavelength of the proton is (a) greater than the wavelength of the electron, (b) equal to the wavelength of the electron, (c) less than the wavelength of the electron. Determine the Concept The kinetic energy of a particle can be expressed, in terms of its momentum, as K = p 2 2m . We can use the equality of the kinetic energies and the fact that me < mp to determine the relative sizes of their de Broglie wavelengths. Express the equality of the kinetic energies of the proton and electron in terms of their momenta and masses: Use the de Broglie relation for the wavelength of matter waves to obtain: Because me < mp:
2 pp

2mp

pe2 2me

h2 h2 mp 2 = me 2 = p e 2mp 2 2me 2 p e

2 < 2 and e > p p e

and

(c )

is correct.

8 The parameter x is the position of a particle, <x> is the expectation value of x, and P(x) is the probability density function. Can the expectation value of x ever equal a value of x for which P(x) is zero? If yes, give a specific example. If no, explain why not. Determine the Concept Yes. Consider a particle in a one-dimensional box of length L that is on the x axis on the interval 0 <x L. The wave function for a particle in the n = 2 state (the lowest state above the ground state) is given x 2 by 2 ( x ) = sin 2 (see Figure 31-13). The expectation value of x is L/2 L L and P(L/2) = 0 (see Figure 31-14).

Chapter 34

9 It was once believed that if two identical experiments are done on identical systems under the same conditions, the results must be identical. Explain how this statement can be modified so that it is consistent with quantum physics. Determine the Concept According to quantum theory, the average value of many measurements of the same quantity will yield the expectation value of that quantity. However, any single measurement may differ from the expectation value. 10 A six-sided die has the numeral 1 painted on three sides and the numeral 2 painted on the other three sides. (a) What is the probability of a 1 coming up when the die is thrown? (b) What is the expectation value of the numeral that comes up when the die is thrown? (c) What is the expectation value of the cube of the numeral that comes up when the die is thrown? Determine the Concept The probability of a particular event occurring is the number of ways that event can occur divided by the number of possible outcomes. The expectation value, on the other hand, is the average value of the experimental results. (a) Find the probability of a 1 coming up when the die is thrown: (b) Find the average value of a large number of throws of the die: (c) The expectation value of the cube of the numeral that comes up when the die is thrown is:

P(1) =

3 1 = 6 2

n =

3 1 + 3 2 = 1 .5 6

3 13 + 3 2 3 n = = 4.5 6

Estimation and Approximation

11 [SSM] During an advanced physics lab, students use X rays to measure the Compton wavelength, C. The students obtain the following wavelength shifts 2 1 as a function of scattering angle :

2 1

45 75 90 135 180 0.647 pm 1.67 pm 2.45 pm 3.98 pm 4.95 pm

Use their data to estimate the value for the Compton wavelength. Compare this number with the accepted value.

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics

Picture the Problem From the Compton-scattering equation we have 2 1 = C (1 cos ) , where C = h mec is the Compton wavelength. Note that this equation is of the form y = mx + b provided we let y = 2 1 and x = 1 cos. Thus, we can linearize the Compton equation by plotting = 2 1 as a function of 1 cos . The slope of the resulting graph will yield an experimental value for the Compton wavelength. (a) The spreadsheet solution is shown below. The formulas used to calculate the quantities in the columns are as follows: Cell Formula/Content Algebraic Form A3 45 (deg) B3 1 cos(A3*PI()/180) 1 cos C3 6.47E^13 = 2 1

(deg) 45 75 90 135 180

1 cos 0.293 0.741 1.000 1.707 2.000

21
6.47E13 1.67E12 2.45E12 3.98E12 4.95E12

The following graph was plotted from the data shown in the above table. Excels Add Trendline was used to fit a linear function to the data and to determine the regression constants.
6.0E-12 5.0E-12 4.0E-12
, m

= a(1 cos) + b

a = 2.48 10 12 m b = 1.03 10 13 m

3.0E-12 2.0E-12 1.0E-12 0.0E+00 0.0 0.5 1.0

1 cos

1.5

2.0

Chapter 34

From the trend line we note that the experimental value for the Compton wavelength C,exp is: The Compton wavelength is given by: Substitute numerical values and evaluate C: Express the percent difference between C and C,exp:

C,exp = 2.48 pm

C =

h hc = me c me c 2

C =

1240 eV nm = 2.43 pm 5.11 10 5 eV

% diff = =

C,exp exp C,exp = 1 exp exp

2.48 pm 1 2% 2.43 pm

12 Students in a physics lab are trying to determine the value of Plancks constant h, using a photoelectric apparatus similar to the one shown in Figure 342. The students are using a heliumneon laser that has a tunable wavelength as the light source. The data that the students obtain for the maximum electron kinetic energies are

Kmax

544 nm 594 nm 604 nm 612 nm 633 nm 0.360 eV 0.199 eV 0.156 eV 0.117 eV 0.062 eV

(a) Using a spreadsheet program or graphing calculator, plot Kmax versus light frequency. (b) Use the graph to estimate the value of Plancks constant. (Note: You may wish to use a feature of your spreadsheet program or graphing calculator to obtain the best straight-line fit to the data.) (c) Compare your result with the accepted value for Plancks constant. Picture the Problem From Einsteins photoelectric equation we have K max = hf , which is of the form y = mx + b , where the slope is h and the Kmaxintercept is the work function. Hence we should plot a graph of Kmax versus f in order to obtain a straight line whose slope will be an experimental value for Plancks constant. (a) The spreadsheet solution is shown below. The formulas used to calculate the quantities in the columns are as follows: Cell Formula/Content Algebraic Form A3 544 (nm) B3 0.36 Kmax (eV)

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics C3 D3 E3 A3*10^19 3*10^8/C3 B3*1.6*10^19

(m) c/
Kmax (J) f = c/ (Hz) 5.51E+14 5.05E+14 4.97E+14 4.90E+14 4.74E+14 Kmax (J) 5.76E20 3.18E20 2.50E20 1.87E20 9.92E21

(nm) 544 594 604 612 633

Kmax (eV) 0.36 0.199 0.156 0.117 0.062

(m) 5.44E07 5.94E07 6.04E07 6.12E07 6.33E07

The following graph was plotted from the data shown in the above table. Excels Add Trendline was used to fit a linear function to the data and to determine the regression constants.
7.E-20

6.E-20

K max = af + b a = 6.19 10 34 J s b = 2.83 10 19 J

5.E-20

K max (J)

4.E-20

3.E-20

2.E-20

1.E-20

0.E+00 4.6E+14

4.8E+14

5.0E+14

5.2E+14

5.4E+14

5.6E+14

f (Hz)

(b) From the trend line we note that the experimental value for Plancks constant is: (c) Express the percent difference between hexp and h:

hexp = 6.19 1034 J s

% diff =

h hexp

h h 34 6.19 10 J s = 1 6 .6 % 6.63 10 34 J s

= 1

hexp

Chapter 34

13 The cathode that was used by the students in the experiment described in Problem 12 is constructed from one of the following metals: Metals Tungsten Silver Potassium Cesium Work function 4.58 eV 2.4 eV 2.1 eV 1.9 eV Determine which metal composes the cathode by using the same data given in Problem 12. (a) Using a spreadsheet program or graphing calculator, plot Kmax versus frequency. (b) Use the graph to estimate the value of the work function based on the students data. (Note: You may wish to use a feature of your spreadsheet program or graphing calculator to obtain the best straight-line fit to the data.) (c) Which metal was most likely used for the cathode in their experiment? Picture the Problem From Einsteins photoelectric equation we have K max = hf , which is of the form y = mx + b , where the slope is h and the Kmax-intercept is the work function. Hence we should plot a graph of Kmax versus f in order to obtain a straight line whose intercept will be an experimental value for the work function. (a) The spreadsheet solution is shown below. The formulas used to calculate the quantities in the columns are as follows: Cell Formula/Content Algebraic Form A3 544 (nm) B3 0.36 Kmax (eV) C3 A3*10^19 (m) D3 3*10^8/C3 c/ E3 B3*1.6*10^19 Kmax (J) Kmax (nm) (eV) 544 0.36 594 0.199 604 0.156 612 0.117 633 0.062

(m) 5.44E07 5.94E07 6.04E07 6.12E07 6.33E07

f = c/ (Hz) 5.51E+14 5.05E+14 4.97E+14 4.90E+14 4.74E+14

Kmax (J) 5.76E20 3.18E20 2.50E20 1.87E20 9.92E21

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics The following graph was plotted from the data shown in the above table. Excels Add Trendline was used to fit a linear function to the data and to determine the regression constants.
7.E-20

6.E-20

K max = af + b a = 6.19 10 34 J s b = 2.83 10 19 J

5.E-20

K max (J)

4.E-20

3.E-20

2.E-20

1.E-20

0.E+00 4.6E+14

4.8E+14

5.0E+14

5.2E+14

5.4E+14

5.6E+14

f (Hz)

(b) From the trend line we note that the experimental value for the work function is:

exp = 2.83 10 19 J
= 1.77 eV

1eV 1.602 10 19 J

(c) The value of exp = 1.77 eV is closest to the work function for cesium .

The Particle Nature of Light: Photons

14 Find the photon energy in electron volts for light of wavelength (a) 450 nm, (b) 550 nm, and (c) 650 nm. Picture the Problem We can use E = hc/ to find the photon energy when we are given the wavelength of the radiation. (a) Express the photon energy as a function of wavelength and evaluate E for = 450 nm: (b) For = 550 nm:
E= hc

1240 eV nm = 2.76 eV 450 nm

E=

1240 eV nm = 2.25 eV 550 nm

10

Chapter 34
E= 1240 eV nm = 1.91 eV 650 nm

(c) For = 650 nm:

15 Find the photon energy in electron volts for an electromagnetic wave of frequency (a) 100 MHz in the FM radio band and (b) 900 kHz in the AM radio band. Picture the Problem We can find the photon energy for an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency f from E = hf where h is Plancks constant. (a) For f = 100 MHz: E = hf = 6.626 10 34 J s 100 10 6 s 1 1eV = 6.626 10 26 J 1.602 10 19 J = 4.14 10 7 eV (b) For f = 900 kHz: E = hf = 6.626 10 34 J s 900 10 3 s 1 1eV = 5.963 10 28 J 1.602 10 19 J = 3.72 10 9 eV 16 What are the frequencies of photons that have the following energies (a) 1.00 eV, (b) 1.00 keV, and (c) 1.00 MeV? Picture the Problem The energy of a photon, in terms of its frequency, is given by E=hf. (a) Express the frequency of a photon in terms of its energy and evaluate f for E = 1.00 eV: (b) For E = 1.00 keV:
f = 1.00 eV E = h 4.136 10 15 eV s

)(

)(

= 2.42 1014 Hz
f =

1.00 keV 4.136 10 15 eV s

= 2.42 1017 Hz

(c) For E = 1.00 MeV:

f =

1.00 MeV 4.136 10 15 eV s

= 2.42 10 20 Hz

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics

11

17 Find the photon energy in electron volts if the wavelength is (a) 0.100 nm (about 1 atomic diameter) and (b) 1.00 fm (1 fm = 1015 m, about 1 nuclear diameter). Picture the Problem We can use E = hc/ to find the photon energy when we are given the wavelength of the radiation. The energy of a photon as a function of its wavelength is given by: (a) Substitute numerical values and evaluate E for = 0.100 nm: (b) Substitute numerical values and evaluate E for =1.00 fm = 1.00 106 nm:
E= hc

1240 eV nm = 12.4 keV 0.100 nm 1240 eV nm = 1.24 GeV 1.00 10 6 nm

E=

E=

18 The wavelength of red light emitted by a 3.00-mW heliumneon laser is 633 nm. If the diameter of the laser beam is 1.00 mm, what is the density of photons in the beam? Assume that the intensity is uniformly distributed across the beam. Picture the Problem We can express the density of photons in the beam as the number of photons per unit volume. The number of photons per unit volume is, in turn, the ratio of the power of the laser to the energy of the photons and the volume occupied by the photons emitted in one second is the product of the crosssectional area of the beam and the speed at which the photons travel, i.e., the speed of light. Express the density of photons in the beam as a function of the number of photons emitted per second and the volume occupied by those photons: Relate the number of photons emitted per second to the power of the laser and the energy of the photons: Express the volume containing the photons emitted in one second as a function of the cross sectional area of the beam:

N V

N=

P P = E hc

V = Ac

12

Chapter 34
P P 4 P = 2 2 = 2 hc A hc 4 d hc 2 d 2

Substitute for N and V and simplify to obtain:

where d is the diameter of the laser beam. Substitute numerical values and evaluate :

(6.626 10

4(3.00 mW )(633 nm )
34

J s 2.998 10 m/s (1.00 mm )

8 2

)(

= 4.06 1013 m 3

19 [SSM] Lasers used in a telecommunications network typically produce light that has a wavelength near 1.55 m. How many photons per second are being transmitted if such a laser has an output power of 2.50 mW? Picture the Problem The number of photons per second is the ratio of the power of the laser to the energy of the photons. Relate the number of photons emitted per second to the power of the laser and the energy of the photons: Substitute numerical values and evaluate N:
N= P P P = = E hc hc

N=

(6.626 10

(2.50 mW )(1.55 m )
34

J s 2.998 10 8 m/s

)(

= 1.95 1016 s 1

The Photoelectric Effect

20 The work function for tungsten is 4.58 eV. (a) Find the threshold frequency and wavelength for the photoelectric effect to occur when monochromatic electromagnetic radiation is incident on the surface of a sample of tungsten. Find the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons if the wavelength of the incident light is (b) 200 nm and (c) 250 nm. Picture the Problem The threshold wavelength and frequency for emission of photoelectrons is related to the work function of a metal through = hf t = hc t . hc We can use Einsteins photoelectric equation K max = to find the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons for the given wavelengths of the incident light.

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics (a) Express the threshold frequency in terms of the work function for tungsten and evaluate ft: Using c = f, express the threshold wavelength in terms of the threshold frequency and evaluate t: (b) Using Einsteins photoelectric equation, relate the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons to their wavelengths and evaluate Kmax:
ft =

13

4.58 eV 4.136 10 15 eV s

= 1.107 1015 Hz = 1.11 1015 Hz

t =

c 2.998 108 m/s = = 271 nm f t 1.107 1015 Hz hc

K max = E = hf = =

1240 eV nm 4.58 eV 200 nm

= 1.62 eV (c) Evaluate Kmax for = 250 nm:

K max =

1240 eV nm 4.58 eV 250 nm

= 0.380 eV

21 When monochromatic ultraviolet light that has a wavelength equal to 300 nm is incident on a sample of potassium, the emitted electrons have maximum kinetic energy of 2.03 eV. (a) What is the energy of an incident photon? (b) What is the work function for potassium? (c) What would be the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons if the incident electromagnetic radiation had a wavelength of 430 nm? (d) What is the maximum wavelength of incident electromagnetic radiation that will result in the photoelectric emission of electrons by a sample of potassium? Picture the Problem (a) We can use the Einstein equation for photon energy to find the energy of an incident photon. (b) and (c) We can use the photoelectric equation to relate the work function for potassium to the maximum energy of the photoelectrons. (d) The maximum wavelength of incident electromagnetic radiation that will result in the photoelectric emission of electrons can be found from t = hc . (a) Use the Einstein equation for photon energy to relate the energy of the incident photon to its wavelength:
E= hc =

1240 eV nm = 4.13 eV 300 nm

14

Chapter 34 K max = E

(b) Using Einsteins photoelectric equation, relate the work function for potassium to the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons: Solve for and evaluate :

= E K max = 4.13 eV 2.03 eV

= 2.10 eV

(c) Proceeding as in (b) with E = hc gives:

K max = =

hc

1240 eV nm 2.10 eV 430 nm

= 0.78 eV (d) Express the maximum wavelength as a function of potassiums work function and evaluate t:

t =

hc

1240 eV nm = 590 nm 2.10 eV

22 The maximum wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that will result in the photoelectric emission of electrons from a sample of silver is 262 nm. (a) Find the work function for silver. (b) Find the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons if the incident radiation has a wavelength of 175 nm. Picture the Problem (a) We can find the work function for silver using = hc t and (b) the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons using Einsteins photoelectric equation. (a) Express the work function for silver as a function of the maximum wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation that will result in photoelectric emission of electrons: Substitute numerical values and evaluate :

hc

1240 eV nm = 4.73 eV 262 nm

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics (b) Using Einsteins photoelectric equation, relate the work function for silver to the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons: Substitute numerical values and evaluate Kmax:
hc

15

K max = E =

K max =

1240 eV nm 4.73 eV 175 nm

= 2.36 eV

23 The work function for cesium is 1.90 eV. (a) Find the minimum frequency and maximum wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that will result in the photoelectric emission of electrons from a sample of cesium. Find the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons if the wavelength of the incident radiation is (b) 250 nm and (c) 350 nm. Picture the Problem We can find the minimum frequency and maximum wavelength for cesium using = hf t = hc t and the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons using Einsteins photoelectric equation. (a) Use the Einstein equation for photon energy to express the maximum wavelength for cesium: Substitute numerical values and evaluate t : Use c = f to find the maximum frequency:

t =

hc

1240 eV nm = 653 nm 1.90 eV

t =

ft =

2.998 108 m/s 653 nm

= 4.59 1014 Hz (b) Using Einsteins photoelectric equation, relate the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons to the wavelength of the incident light: Evaluating Kmax for = 250 nm gives:
K max = hc

K max =

1240 eV nm 1.90 eV 250 nm

= 3.06 eV

16

Chapter 34
K max =

(c) Proceed as in Part (b) with = 350 nm to obtain:

1240 eV nm 1.90 eV 350 nm

= 1.64 eV

24 When a surface is illuminated with electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 780 nm, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is 0.37 eV. What is the maximum kinetic energy if the surface is illuminated using radiation of wavelength 410 nm? Picture the Problem We can use Einsteins photoelectric equation to find the work function of this surface and then apply it a second time to find the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons when the surface is illuminated with light of wavelength 410 nm. Use Einsteins photoelectric equation to relate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons to their total energy and the work function of the surface: The work function of the surface is given by: Substitute numerical values and evaluate : Substitute for and in equation (1) and evaluate Kmax:
K max = hc

(1)

= E K max = =

hc

K max

1240 eV nm 0.37 eV = 1.22 eV 780 nm

K max =

1240 eV nm 1.22 eV 410 nm

= 1.80 eV

Compton Scattering
25 Find the shift in wavelength of photons scattered by free stationary electrons at = 60. (Assume that the electrons are initially moving with negligible speed and are virtually free of (unattached to) any atoms or molecules.) Picture the Problem We can calculate the shift in wavelength using the Compton h (1 cos ) . relationship = me c

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics The shift in wavelength is given by:
= h (1 cos ) me c

17

Substitute numerical values and evaluate : =

6.626 10 34 J s (1 cos60) = 1.2 pm 9.109 10 31 kg 2.998 108 m/s

)(

26 When photons are scattered by electrons in a carbon sample, the shift in wavelength is 0.33 pm. Find the scattering angle. (Assume that the electrons are initially moving with negligible speed and are virtually free of (unattached to) any atoms or molecules.) Picture the Problem We can calculate the scattering angle using the Compton h relationship = (1 cos ) . me c Using the Compton scattering equation, relate the shift in wavelength to the scattering angle: Solving for yields:
= h (1 cos ) me c

= cos 1 1

me c h

Substitute numerical values and evaluate :

= cos 1 1

(9.109 10

kg 2.998 108 m/s (0.33 pm ) = 30 34 6.626 10 J s

31

)(

27 The photons in a monochromatic beam are scattered by electrons. The wavelength of the photons that are scattered at an angle of 135 with the direction of the incident photon beam is 2.3 percent less than the wavelength of the incident photons. What is the wavelength of the incident photons? Picture the Problem We can calculate the shift in wavelength using the Compton h relationship = (1 cos ) . me c Express the wavelength of the incident photons in terms of the fractional change in wavelength:
= 0.023 = 0.023

18

Chapter 34
= h (1 cos ) me c

Using the Compton scattering equation, relate the shift in wavelength to the scattering angle: Substituting for yields:

h (1 cos ) 0.023me c

Substitute numerical values and evaluate :

6.626 10 34 J s (1 cos135) = 0.18 nm (0.023) 9.109 10 31 kg 2.998 108 m/s

)(

28 Compton used photons of wavelength 0.0711 nm. (a) What is the energy of one of these photons? (b) What is the wavelength of the photons scattered in the direction opposite to the direction of the incident photons? (c) What is the energy of the photon scattered in this direction? Picture the Problem We can use the Einstein equation for photon energy to find the energy of both the incident and scattered photon and the Compton scattering equation to find the wavelength of the scattered photon. (a) Use the Einstein equation for photon energy to obtain: (b) Express the wavelength of the scattered photon in terms of its prescattering wavelength and the shift in its wavelength during scattering:
E= hc = 1240 eV nm = 17.4 keV 0.0711 nm h (1 cos ) me c

2 = 1 + = 1 +

Substitute numerical values and evaluate 2:

2 = 0.0711nm +

6.626 10 34 J s (1 cos180) = 0.0760 nm 9.109 10 31 kg 2.998 108 m/s

)(

(c) Use the Einstein equation for photon energy to obtain:

E=

hc

1240 eV nm = 16.3 keV 0.0760 nm

29 For the photons used by Compton (see Problem 28), find the momentum of the incident photon and the momentum of the photon scattered in the direction opposite to the direction of the incident photons. Use the

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics conservation of momentum to find the momentum of the recoil electron in this case.

19

Picture the Problem Compton used X rays of wavelength 71.1 pm. Let the direction the incident photon (and the recoiling electron) is moving be the positive direction. We can use p = h/ to find the momentum of the incident photon and the conservation of momentum to find its momentum after colliding with the electron. Use the expression for the momentum of a photon to find the momentum of Comptons photons: p1 = h = 6.626 10 34 J s 71.1pm

= 9.32 10 24 kg m/s

Using the Compton scattering equation, relate the shift in wavelength to the scattering angle:

2 = 1 + C (1 cos )

Substitute numerical values and evaluate 2:

2 = 71.1 pm + (2.43 10 12 m )(1 cos180) = 76.0 pm

Apply conservation of momentum to obtain: Substitute for p1 and p2 and evaluate pe: p1 = pe p2 pe = p1 p2

pe = 9.32 10

24

6.626 10 34 J s = 1.80 10 23 kg m/s kg m/s 76.0 pm

30 A beam of photons have a wavelength equal to 6.00 pm is scattered by electrons initially at rest. A photon in the beam is scattered in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the incident beam. (a) What is the change in wavelength of the photon? (b) What is the kinetic energy of the electron? Picture the Problem We can calculate the shift in wavelength using the Compton h (1 cos ) = C (1 cos ) and use conservation of energy to relationship = me c find the kinetic energy of the scattered electron.

20

Chapter 34 = C (1 cos )

(a) Use the Compton scattering equation to find the change in wavelength of the photon:

= 2.43 10 12 m (1 cos90)

= 2.43 pm
Ee = hc hc

(b) Use conservation of energy to relate the change in the kinetic energy of the electron to the energies of the incident and scattered photon: Find the wavelength of the scattered photon: Substitute numerical values and evaluate the kinetic energy of the electron (equal to the change in its energy since it was stationary prior to the collision with the photon):

2 = 1 + = 6.00 pm + 2.43 pm
= 8.43 pm

1 1 Ee = 1240 eV nm 6.00 pm 8.43 pm = 60 keV

Electrons and Matter Waves

31 An electron is moving at 2.5 105 m/s. Find the electrons de Broglie wavelength. Picture the Problem We can use its definition to find the de Broglie wavelength of this electron.

Use its definition to express the de Broglie wavelength of the electron in terms of its momentum: Substitute numerical values and evaluate :

h h = p me v

6.626 10 34 J s (9.109 10 31 kg )(2.5 105 m/s)

= 2.9 nm
32 An electron has a wavelength of 200 nm. Find (a) the magnitude of its momentum and (b) its kinetic energy.

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics

Picture the Problem We can find the momentum of the electron from the de 1.226 nm , where K is in eV. Broglie equation and its kinetic energy from = K

21

(a) Use the de Broglie relation to express the momentum of the electron:

6.626 10 34 J s p= = 200 nm h = 3.31 10 27 kg m/s

(b) Use the electron wavelength equation to relate the electrons wavelength to its kinetic energy: Solving for K gives:

1.226 nm K

1.226 eV1 2 nm K = 200 nm = 3.76 10 5 eV

33 An electron, a proton, and an alpha particle each have a kinetic energy of 150 keV. Find (a) the magnitudes of their momenta and (b) their de Broglie wavelengths. Picture the Problem The momenta of these particles can be found from their kinetic energies. The values for the electron, however, are only approximately correct because at the given energy the speed of the electron is a significant fraction of the speed of light. The solution presented is valid only in the nonrelativistic limit v << c. The de Broglie wavelengths of the particles are given by = h/p.

(a) The momentum of a particle p, in terms of its kinetic energy K, is given by:

p = 2mK

Substitute numerical values and evaluate pe: 1.602 10 19 C pe = 2me K = 2(9.109 10 31 kg )150 keV eV = 2.092 10 22 N s = 2.09 10 22 N s

22

Chapter 34

Substitute numerical values and evaluate pp: 1.602 10 19 C pp = 2mp K = 2(1.673 10 27 kg )150 keV eV = 8.967 10 21 N s = 8.97 10 21 N s Substitute numerical values and evaluate p: 1.66110 27 kg 1.602 10 19 C 150 keV p = 2m K = 2 4 u u eV = 1.787 10 20 N s = 1.79 10 20 N s (b) The de Broglie wavelengths of the particles are given by: Substitute numerical values in equation (1) and evaluate e:

h p h 6.626 10 34 J s = pe 2.092 10 21 N s

(1)

e =

= 3.17 pm Substitute numerical values in equation (1) and evaluate p:

p =

h 6.626 10 34 J s = pp 8.967 10 21 N s

= 73.9 fm Substitute numerical values in equation (1) and evaluate :

h 6.63 10 34 J s = = p 1.79 10 20 N s = 37.0 fm

34 A neutron in a reactor has kinetic energy of approximately 0.020 eV. Calculate the wavelength of this neutron. Picture the Problem The wavelength associated with a particle of mass m and 1240 eV nm . kinetic energy K is given by = 2mc 2 K

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics Substituting numerical values yields:

35

23

1240 eV nm = 0.20 nm 2(940 MeV )(0.020 eV )

Find the wavelength of a proton that has a kinetic energy of 2.00 MeV.

Picture the Problem The wavelength associated with a particle of mass m and 1240 eV nm . kinetic energy K is given by = 2mc 2 K

Substituting numerical values yields:

1240 eV nm 2(938 MeV )(2.00 MeV )

= 20.2 fm
36 What is the kinetic energy of a proton whose wavelength is (a) 1.00 nm and (b) 1.00 fm?

) for the 2mc 2 K kinetic energy of the proton and use the rest energy of a proton mc2 = 938 MeV to simplify our computation. Solving Equation 34-15 for the kinetic energy of the proton gives: (a) Substitute numerical values and evaluate K for = 1.00 nm:
K=

Picture the Problem We can solve Equation 34-15 ( =

1240 eV nm

(1240 eV nm )2
2mc 2 2

(1240 eV nm )2 K= 2 2(938 MeV )(1.00 nm )

= 0.820 meV

(b) Evaluate K for = 1.00 fm:

K=

(1240 eV nm )2 2 2(938 MeV )(1.00 fm )

= 820 MeV
37 The kinetic energy of the electrons in the electron beam in a run of Davisson and Germers experiment was 54 eV. Calculate the wavelength of the electrons in the beam. Picture the Problem If K is in electron volts, the wavelength of a particle is 1.226 nm provided K is in eV. given by = K

24

Chapter 34

Evaluate for K = 54 eV:

1.226 1.226 nm = nm = 0.17 nm K 54

38 The distance between Li+ and Cl ions in a LiCl crystal is 0.257 nm. Find the energy of electrons that have a wavelength equal to this spacing. Picture the Problem We can use =

1.226 nm , where K is in eV, to find the K energy of electrons whose wavelength is .

Relate the wavelength of the electrons to their kinetic energy: Solving for K yields:

1.226 nm K
2

1.226 nm eV1 2 K =

Substituting numerical values and evaluating K gives:

1.226 nm eV1 2 K = 0.257 nm = 22.8 eV

39 [SSM] An electron microscope uses electrons that have energies equal to 70 keV. Find the wavelength of these electrons. Picture the Problem We can approximate the wavelength of 70-keV electrons 1.226 nm , where K is in eV. This solution is, however, only using = K approximately correct because at the given energy the speed of the electron is a significant fraction of the speed of light. The solution presented is valid only in the non-relativistic limit v << c.

Relate the wavelength of the electrons to their kinetic energy: Substitute numerical values and evaluate :

=
=

1.23 nm K
1.226 70 10 3 eV nm = 4.6 pm

40 What is the de Broglie wavelength of a neutron that has a speed of 1.00 106 m/s? Picture the Problem We can use its definition to calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a neutron with speed 106 m/s.

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics Use its definition to express the de Broglie wavelength of the neutron: Substitute numerical values and evaluate n:

25

n =

h h = pn mn vn

n =

6.626 10 34 J s (1.675 10 27 kg )(1.00 106 m/s)

= 0.396 pm

A Particle in a Box
41 (a) Find the energy of the ground state (n = 1) and the first two excited states of a neutron in a one-dimensional box of length L = 1.00 1015 m = 1.00 fm (about the diameter of an atomic nucleus). Make an energy-level diagram for this system. Calculate the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation emitted when the neutron makes a transition from (b) n = 2 to n = 1, (c) n = 3 to n = 2, and (d) n = 3 to n = 1.

h2 and 8mL2 the energies of the excited states using En = n 2 E1 . The wavelength of the
Picture the Problem We can find the ground-state energy using E1 =

electromagnetic radiation emitted when the neutron transitions from one state to hc ). another is given by the Einstein equation for photon energy ( E = (a) Express the ground-state energy: h2 E1 = 8mn L2

Substitute numerical values and evaluate E1:

E1

(6.626 10 J s ) = 8(1.6749 10 kg )(1.00 10

34
2

27

15

1eV = 204.53 MeV 19 m 1.602 10 J

= 205 MeV

Find the energies of the first two excited states:

E 2 = 2 2 E1 = 4(204.53 MeV ) = 818 MeV and E3 = 3 2 E1 = 9(204.53 MeV ) = 1.84 GeV

26

Chapter 34
E E1
25 n 5

The energy-level diagram for this system is shown to the right:

16

9 4 1 0

3 2 1

(b) Relate the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted during a neutron transition to the energy released in the transition: For the n = 2 to n = 1 transition: Substitute numerical values and evaluate 21:

hc 1240 eV nm = E E

E = E2 E1 = 4 E1 E1 = 3E1

21 =

1240 eV nm 1240 eV nm = 3E1 3(204.53 MeV )

= 2.02 fm

(c) For the n = 3 to n = 2 transition: Substitute numerical values and evaluate 32:

E = E3 E2 = 9 E1 4 E1 = 5 E1

32 =

1240 eV nm 1240 eV nm = 5 E1 5(204.53 MeV )

= 1.21 fm

(d) For the n = 3 to n = 1 transition: Substitute numerical values and evaluate 31:

E = E3 E1 = 9 E1 E1 = 8E1

31 =

1240 eV nm 1240 eV nm = 8 E1 8(204.53 MeV )

= 0.758 fm

(a) Find the energy of the ground state (n = 1) and the first two excited 42 states of a neutron in a one-dimensional box of length 0.200 nm (about the diameter of a H2 molecule). Calculate the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation emitted when the neutron makes a transition from (b) n = 2 to n = 1, (c) n = 3 to n = 2, and (d) n = 3 to n = 1.

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics

27

h2 and Picture the Problem We can find the ground-state energy using E1 = 8mL2 the energies of the excited states using En = n 2 E1 . The wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted when the neutron transitions from one state to hc ). another is given by the Einstein equation for photon energy ( E = (a) Express the ground-state energy: E1 = h2 8mn L2

Substitute numerical values and evaluate E1: E1 = 8(1.6749 10

(6.626 10
27

1 eV = 5.1133 meV = 5.11 meV 19 kg )(0.200 nm ) 1.602 10 J

2

34

J s)

Find the energies of the first two excited states:

E 2 = 2 2 E1 = 4(5.1133 meV ) = 20.5 meV and E3 = 3 2 E1 = 9(5.1133 meV) = 46.0 meV

(b) Relate the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted during a neutron transition to the energy released in the transition: For the n = 2 to n = 1 transition: Substitute numerical values and evaluate 21:

hc 1240 eV nm = E E

E = E2 E1 = 4 E1 E1 = 3E1

21 =

1240 eV nm 1240 eV nm = 3E1 3(5.1133 meV )

= 80.8 m

(c) For the n = 3 to n = 2 transition: Substitute numerical values and evaluate 32:

E = E3 E2 = 9 E1 4 E1 = 5 E1

3 2 =

1240 eV nm 1240 eV nm = 5 E1 5(5.1133 meV )

= 48.5 m

28

Chapter 34 E = E3 E1 = 9 E1 E1 = 8E1

(d) For the n = 3 to n = 1 transition: Substitute numerical values and evaluate 31:

31 =

1240 eV nm 1240 eV nm = 8 E1 8(5.1133 meV )

= 30.3 m

Calculating Probabilities and Expectation Values

43 A particle is in the ground state of a one-dimensional box that has length L. (The box has one end at the origin and the other end on the positive x axis.) Determine the probability of finding the particle in the interval of length 3 x = 0.002L and centered at (a) 1 x = L, (b) x = 1 L, and (c) x = 4 L. (Because x 4 2 is very small you need not do any integration.) Picture the Problem The probability of finding the particle in some range x is 2 dx . The interval x = 0.002L is so small that we can neglect the variation in (x) and just compute 2x.

Express the probability of finding the particle in the interval x: Express the wave function for a particle in the ground state: Substitute for 1 (x ) to obtain:

P = P(x )x = 2 ( x )x

1 (x ) =
P=

x 2 sin L L

2 2 x sin x L L 2 x = sin 2 (0.002 L ) L L x = 0.004 sin 2 L

(a) Evaluate P at x = 4L:

P(4 L ) = 0.004 sin 2

2

(4 L )
2L

= 0.004 sin (2 ) = 0
(b) Evaluate P at x = L/2: P(L 2 ) = 0.004 sin 2

2L = 0.004 sin 2 = 1 2

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics (c) Evaluate P at x = 3L/4:

3L P (3L 4 ) = 0.004 sin 2 4L 3 = 0.004 sin 2 = 0.002 4

29

44 A particle is in the second excited state (n = 3) of a one-dimensional box that has length L. (The box has one end at the origin and the other end on the positive x axis.) Determine the probability of finding the particle in the interval of length x = 0.002L and centered at (a) x = 1 L, (b) x = 1 L, and (c) x = 2 L. 3 2 3

(Because x is very small you need not do any integration.)

Picture the Problem The probability of finding the particle in some range dx is

2 dx . The interval x = 0.002L is so small that we can neglect the variation in (x) and just compute 2x.
Express the probability of finding the particle in the interval x: Express the wave function for a particle in its second excited state: Substitute for 2 ( x ) to obtain: P = P(x )x = 2 ( x )x

2 (x ) =

2 2x sin L L

P=

2 2 2x x sin L L 2 2x = sin 2 (0.002 L ) L L 2x = 0.004 sin 2 L

(a) Evaluate P at x = L/3:

2L P (L 3) = 0.004 sin 2 3L 2 = 0.004 sin 2 = 0.003 3 2L P (L 2 ) = 0.004 sin 2 2L = 0.004 sin 2 ( ) = 0

(b) Evaluate P at x = L/2:

30

Chapter 34
4L P (2 L 3) = 0.004 sin 2 3L 4 = 0.004 sin 2 = 0.003 3

(c) Evaluate P at x = 2L/3:

45 A particle is in the first excited (n = 2) state of a one-dimensional box that has length L. (The box has one end at the origin and the other end on the positive x axis.) Find (a) x and (b) x 2 . Picture the Problem Well use f ( x ) = f ( x ) 2 ( x ) dx with n (x ) =

nx 2 sin . L L

(a) Express (x) for the n = 2 state:

2 (x ) =
L

2 2x sin L L

Express x using the n = 2 wave function: Change variables by letting 2x . Then: = L Substitute to obtain:

x =
x=

2 x 2 2x sin dx L L 0

L L 2 , d = dx, dx = d 2 2 L and the limits on are 0 and 2.

2 L L x = sin 2 d L 0 2 2 = L 2 2
2

sin
0

d
2

Use a table of integrals to evaluate the integral:

L 2 sin 2 cos 2 x = 2 2 4 4 8 0 = L 2 1 1 L + = 2 2 8 8 2
L

(b) Express x 2 using the n = 2 wave function:

x2 =

2x2 2x sin 2 dx L L 0

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics Change variables as in (a) and substitute to obtain:
x
2

31

2 = L0

L 2 L d sin 2 2
2

L2 = 2 sin 2 d 3 4 0

Use a table of integrals to evaluate the integral: x

2

L2 3 2 1 L2 4 3 cos 2 = = sin 2 4 3 6 4 8 4 0 4 3 3 2 1 1 = L2 2 = 0.321L2 3 8

46 A particle in a one-dimensional box that has length L is in the first excited state (n = 2). (The box has one end at the origin and the other end on the positive x axis.) (a) Sketch 2(x) versus x for this state. (b) What is the expectation value <x> for this state? (c) What is the probability of finding the particle in some small region dx centered at x = L/2? (d) Are your answers for Part (b) and Part (c) contradictory? If not, explain why your answers are not contradictory. Picture the Problem Well use f ( x ) = f ( x ) 2 ( x ) dx with

n (x ) =

nx 2 2 sin . In Part (c) well use P( x ) = 2 ( x ) to determine the L L probability of finding the particle in some small region dx centered at x = L.

(a) Express the wave function for a particle in its first excited state: Square both sides of the equation to obtain: The graph of 2(x) as a function of x is shown to the right:

2 (x ) =
2 2 (x ) =

2 2x sin L L
2 2 2x sin L L

probability density

32

Chapter 34

(b) Express x using the n = 2 wave function: Change variables by letting 2x . Then: = L

x =
x=

2 x 2 2x sin dx L L 0

L , 2 2 d = dx, and L L dx = d 2 and the limits on are 0 and 2.

x = = 2 L 2 L 2 sin 2 d L0 L 2
2 2

Substitute in the expression for x to obtain:

sin
0

d
2

Using a table of integrals, evaluate the integral:

L 2 sin 2 cos 2 x = 8 0 2 2 4 4 = L 2 1 1 L + = 2 2 8 8 2
2 2x sin 2 L L

(c) Express P(x):

2 P(x ) = 2 (x ) =

Evaluate P(L/2):

2 L L 2 P = sin 2 L 2 2 L 2 = sin 2 = 0 L
L P dx = 0 2

Because P(L/2) = 0:

(d) The answers to Parts (b) and (c) are not contradictory. Part (b) states that the average value of measurements of the position of the particle will yield L/2 even though the probability that any one measurement of position will yield this value is zero.

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics

47 A particle of mass m has a wave function given by ( x ) = Ae , where A and a are positive constants. (a) Find the normalization constant A. (b) Calculate the probability of finding the particle in the region a x a.
x a

33

Picture the Problem We can find the constant A by applying the normalization

condition 2 (x ) dx = 1 and finding the value for A that satisfies this condition. As

soon as we have found the normalization constant, we can calculate the probability of the finding the particle in the region a x a using

P = 2 ( x ) dx .
a

(a) The normalization condition is:

(x ) dx = 1
2

Substitute (x ) = Ae

x a

(Ae
x

x a 2

) dx = 2 A e

2 x a

dx

From integral tables:

e
0

dx =

a dx = 2 A2 = aA2 = 1 2

Therefore:

2A

e
0

2 x a

Solving for A yields:

A=

1 a

(b) Express the normalized wave function: The probability of finding the particle in the region a x a is:

(x ) =
a

1 x e a
2

P =
a

(x ) dx = 2 1 e 2 x a dx
0

2 2 x a 2 e dx = 1 e = 0.865 a0

48 A one-dimensional box is on the x-axis in the region of 0 x L. A particle in this box is in its ground state. Calculate the probability that the particle will be found in the region (a) 0 < x < 1 L , (b) 0 < x < 1 L , and (c) 0 < x < 3 L . 2 3 4

34

Chapter 34

Picture the Problem The probability density for the particle in its ground state is 2 given by P (x ) = sin 2 x . Well evaluate the integral of P(x) between the limits L L specified in (a), (b), and (c).

Express P(x) for 0 < x < d:

2 P(x ) = sin 2 xdx L0 L

d

Change variables by letting = Then:

x.

x=

, d =
d
'

dx, and

dx =

Substitute to obtain:

2 L P ( x ) = sin 2 d L0 = sin
0

'

d
'

Use a table of integrals to evaluate

'

sin
0

d :

2 sin 2 P( x ) = 4 0 2

(1)

(a) Noting that the limits on are 0 and /2, evaluate equation (1) over the interval 0 < x < L:

P( x ) =

2 sin 2 4 2

=
0

2 4

= 0.500 2 sin 2 P(x ) = 2 4 0 2 sin 2 3 = 6 4 = 1 3 = 0.196 3 4

3

(b) Noting that the limits on are 0 and /3, evaluate equation (1) over the interval 0 < x < L/3:

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics (c) Noting that the limits on are 0 and 3/4, Evaluate equation (1) over the interval 0 < x < 3L/4: 2 sin 2 P( x ) = 2 4 =
3 4

35

2 3 sin 6 4 4 8 3 1 = + = 0.909 4 2

49 A one-dimensional box is on the x-axis in the region of 0 x L. A particle in this box is in its first excited state. Calculate the probability that the particle will be found in the region (a) 0 < x < 1 L, (b) 0 < x < 1 L, and 2 3
3 (c) 0 < x < 4 L.

Picture the Problem The probability density for the particle in its first excited 2 2 state is given by P ( x ) = sin 2 x . Well evaluate the integral of P(x) between L L the limits specified in (a), (b), and (c).

Express P(x) for 0 < x < d:

P( x ) =

2 2 2 sin L xdx L0
d

Change variables by letting 2 = x . Then: L

L 2 dx, and , d = 2 L L dx = d 2 x= P(x ) = = 2 2 L sin 2 d L0 1

' '

Substitute to obtain:

sin
0

d
sin 2 4 0
'

Use a table of integrals to evaluate

'
2 sin d : 0

1 P( x ) =

(1)

(a) Noting that the limits on are 0 and , evaluate equation (1) over the interval 0 < x < L:

1 sin 2 1 P( x ) = = 2 4 0 2 = 0.500

36

Chapter 34 1 sin 2 P( x ) = 2 4 0 1 2 sin 4 3 = 6 4 = 1 3 2 + = 0.402 3 4

3 2
2 3

(b) Noting that the limits on are 0 and 2/3, evaluate equation (1) over the interval 0 < x < L/3:

(c) Noting that the limits on are 0 and 3/2, evaluate equation (1) over the interval 0 < x < 3L/4:

1 sin 2 P(x ) = 4 0 2 = 0.750

1 3 4

50 The classical probability distribution function for a particle in a onedimensional box on the x axis in the region 0 < x < L is given by P(x) = 1/L. Use this expression to show that x = 1 L and x 2 = 1 L2 for a classical particle in 2 3

the box.
Picture the Problem Classically, x = xP( x ) dx and x 2 = x 2 P ( x ) dx .

Evaluate x with P(x) = 1/L:

x2 x x = dx = = L 2L 0 0
L

1 2

Evaluate x 2 with P(x) = 1/L:

x3 x2 = dx = = L 3L 0 0
L

1 3

L2

A one-dimensional box is on the x-axis in the region of 0 x L. 51 (a) The wave functions for a particle in the box are given by 2 n x n (x ) = sin n = 1, 2, 3, . . . L L For a particle in the nth state, show that x = 1 L and x 2 = L2/3 L2/(2n22). 2 (b) Compare these expressions for x and x 2 , for n >> 1, with the expressions for x and x 2 for the classical distribution of Problem 50.
Picture the Problem Well use f ( x ) = f ( x ) 2 ( x ) dx with

n (x ) =

nx 2 sin to show that L L

L2 L2 L = 2 2. and x 2 = x = 3 2n 2

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics (a) Express x for a particle in the nth state: Change variables by letting = Then: Substitute to obtain:
nx . L

37

x =
0

2 x 2 nx sin dx L L

L n L , d = dx, dx = d n L n and the limits on are 0 and n. x=

x =

2 L

n sin
0
n

L d n

2L = 2 2 sin 2 d n 0

Use a table of integrals to evaluate the integral: 2 L 2 sin 2 cos 2 x = 2 2 4 8 0 n 4 =

n

2 L n 2 2 n sin 2n cos 2n 1 2 L n 2 2 1 1 + = 2 2 + 4 8 8 n 4 8 8 n 2 2 4 L = 2 Express x 2 for a particle in the nth state: Change variables by letting = Then: Substitute to obtain:
nx . L

x2 =
x=

2x2 nx sin 2 dx L L 0

L n L , d = dx, dx = d L n n and the limits on are 0 and n.

2 = L =

L L sin 2 d n n
n

2 L2 2 sin 2 d 3 3 n 0

38

Chapter 34

Use a table of integrals to evaluate the integral:

2

2 L2 3 2 1 cos 2 2 L2 n 3 3 n = 3 3 sin 2 = 3 3 n 6 4 8 4 0 n 6 4 = L2 L2 2 2 3 2n

(b) For large values of n the result agrees with the classical value of L2/3 given in Problem 50.
52

(a) Use a spreadsheet program or graphing calculator to plot x 2 as

a function of the quantum number n for the particle in the box described in Problem 48 and for values of n from 1 to 100. Assume L = 1.00 m for your graph. Refer to Problem 51. (b) Comment on the significance of any asymptotic limits that your graph shows.
Picture the Problem (a) From Problem 51 we have x =
L and 2

L2 L2 2 2 . A spreadsheet program was used to plot the following graph 3 2n 2 of <x > as a function of n. x2 =
0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 <x > 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics (b) As n , x

2

39

L2 3

53 The wave functions for a particle of mass m in a one-dimensional box of length L centered at the origin (so that the ends are at x = 1 L) are given by 2

(x ) =
and

2 n x cos L L

n = 1, 3, 5, 7, . . .

2 n x sin n = 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . L L Calculate x and x 2 for the ground state (n = 1).

(x ) =

Picture the Problem For the ground state, n = 1 and so well evaluate x 2 cos . f ( x ) = f ( x ) 2 ( x ) dx using 1 (x ) = L L

Because 12 ( x ) is an even function of x, x 12 ( x ) is an odd function of x. It follows that the integral of x 12 ( x ) between L/2 and L/2 is zero. Thus: Express x 2 :

x = 0 for all values of n.

2 2 2 = 2 x cos L xdx L L
L

L2

Change variables by letting = Then:

x
L

d L and the limits on are /2 and /2. x= dx, dx =

, d =

Substitute for x and dx to obtain:

x2 = =

2 L 2 L 2 cos d L 2 L2
2

cos 2 d

Use a trigonometric identity to rewrite the integrand:

= =

2 L2

(1 sin )d
2 2 2

2 2 2 L2 2 d 2 sin 2 d 3 2 2

40

Chapter 34

Evaluate the second integral by looking it up in the tables:

2

cos 2 2 L2 3 3 2 1 = 3 sin 2 3 6 4 8 4
2 L2 3 2 1 cos 2 = 3 + sin 2 + 4 8 6 4 = 2L 1 cos + 3 16 8 sin + 8 48
2 3 2

3 2

1 cos + sin + 48 16 8 8

2 L2 3 1 1 = 3 = L2 2 24 4 12 2
Remarks: The result differs from that of Example 34-8. Since we have shifted the origin by x = L/2, we could have arrived at the above result, without performing the integration, by subtracting (x)2 = L2/4 from x 2 . 54 Calculate <x> and <x2> for the first excited state (n = 2) of the box described in Problem 53. Picture the Problem For the first excited state, n = 2, and so well evaluate 2 2x sin . f ( x ) = f ( x ) 2 ( x ) dx using 2 (x ) = L L
2 Because 2 (x ) is an even function of 2 x, x 2 ( x ) is an odd function of x. It 2 follows that the integral of x 2 ( x ) between L/2 and L/2 is zero. Thus:

x = 0

Express x 2 :

x2 =
2x . L

2 2 2 2 2 x sin L xdx L L

L2

Change variables by letting = Then:

L 2 L , d = dx, dx = d 2 L 2 and the limits on are and . x=

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics Substitute to obtain:

x
2

41

2 L L = sin 2 d L 2 2 L2 = 2 sin 2 d 3 4

Evaluate the integral by looking it up in the tables:

x
2

cos 2 L2 3 2 1 = sin 2 3 4 8 4 6 4
=

cos 2 L2 3 2 1 3 4 8 sin 2 4 6 4
+

3 2

1 cos 2 sin 2 6 4 8 4

= =

L2 3 3 + 4 3 6 4 6 4 L2 3 1 1 = L2 2 3 4 3 2 12 8

Remarks: The result differs from that of Example 34-8. Since we have shifted the origin by x = L/2, we could have arrived at the above result, without performing the integration, by subtracting (x)2 = L2/4 from x 2 .

General Problems
55 [SSM] Photons in a uniform 4.00-cm-diameter light beam have wavelengths equal to 400 nm and the beam has an intensity of 100 W/m2. (a) What is the energy of each photon in the beam? (b) How much energy strikes an area of 1.00 cm2 perpendicular to the beam in 1 s? (c) How many photons strike this area in 1.00 s? Picture the Problem We can use the Einstein equation for photon energy to find the energy of each photon in the beam. The intensity of the energy incident on the surface is the ratio of the power delivered by the beam to its delivery time. Hence, we can express the energy incident on the surface in terms of the intensity of the beam.

42

Chapter 34
Ephoton = hf = hc

(a) Use the Einstein equation for photon energy to express the energy of each photon in the beam: Substitute numerical values and evaluate Ephoton:

E photon =

1240 eV nm = 3.100 eV 400 nm

= 3.10 eV

(b) Relate the energy incident on a surface of area A to the intensity of the beam: Substitute numerical values and evaluate E:

E = IAt

E = (100 W/m 2 )(1.00 10 4 m 2 )(1.00 s ) 1eV = 0.0100 J 1.602 10 19 J = 6.242 1016 eV = 6.24 1016 eV

(c) Express the number of photons striking this area in 1.00 s as the ratio of the total energy incident on the surface to the energy delivered by each photon:

N=

E Ephoton

6.242 1016 eV 3.100 eV

= 2.08 1016

56 A 1-g particle is moving with a speed of approximately 1 mm/s in a one-dimensional box that has a length equal to 1 cm. Calculate the approximate value of the quantum number n of the state occupied by the particle.

h2 . We can find 8mL2 n by solving this equation for n and substituting the particles kinetic energy for En.
Picture the Problem The particles nth-state energy is En = n 2

Express the energy of the particle when it is in its nth state: Express the energy (kinetic) of the particle: Substitute for En and simplify to obtain:

En = n 2

h2 L n = 8mEn 2 8mL h

En = 1 mv 2 2

n=

2mvL h

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics Substitute numerical values and evaluate n: 2(10 9 kg )(1 10 3 m/s )(10 2 m ) n= 6.626 10 34 J s 3 1019

43

57 (a) For the particle and box of Problem 56, find x and px, assuming that these uncertainties are given by x/L = 0.01 percent and px/px = 0.01 percent. (b) What is (xp x ) h ? Picture the Problem We can use the fact that the uncertainties are given by x/L = 0.01 percent and px/px = 0.01 percent to find x and p.

(a) Assuming that x/L = 0.01 percent, find x: Assuming that px/px = 0.01 percent, find p: (b) Evaluate (xp x ) h :

x = 10 4 (L ) = 10 4 10 2 m = 1 m
p x = 10 4 mv = 10 4 10 9 kg 10 3 m/s = 10 16 kg m/s
xp x (1 m )(10 16 kg m/s ) = h 6.626 10 34 J s = 2 1011

)(

58 In 1987, a laser at Los Alamos National Laboratory produced a flash that lasted 1 1012 s and had a power of 5 1015 W. Estimate the number of emitted photons, assuming they all had wavelengths equal to 400 nm. Picture the Problem We can estimate the number of emitted photons from the ratio of the total energy in the flash to the energy of a single photon.

Letting N be the number of emitted photons, express the ratio of the total energy in the flash to the energy of a single photon: Relate the energy in the flash to the power produced: Express the energy of a single photon as a function of its wavelength:

N=

E Ephoton

E = Pt

Ephoton =

hc

44

Chapter 34
N= P t hc

Substituting for E and Ephoton and simplifying gives:

Substitute numerical values and evaluate N: N=

(5 10 W )(1 10 s)(400 10 m ) (6.626 10 J s )(2.998 10 m/s)

15 12 9 34 8

1 10 22

59 You cannot see anything smaller than the wavelength of the wave used to make the observation. What is the minimum energy of an electron needed in an electron microscope to see an atom that has a diameter of about 0.1 nm? Picture the Problem We can use the electron wavelength equation =

1.23 nm, K

where K is in eV to find the minimum energy required to see an atom. Relate the energy of the electron to the size of an atom (the wavelength of the electron): Substitute numerical values and evaluate K: 1.23 1.23 eV1 2 nm = nm K = 2 K provided K is in eV.

(1.23 eV K=

nm ) 0.2 keV (0.1nm )2

12 2

60 A common flea that has a mass of 0.008 g can jump vertically as high as 20 cm. Estimate the de Broglie wavelength for the flea immediately after takeoff. Picture the Problem The fleas de Broglie wavelength is = h p , where p is the fleas momentum immediately after takeoff. We can use a constant acceleration equation to find the fleas speed and, hence, momentum immediately after takeoff.

Express the de Broglie wavelength of the flea immediately after takeoff: Using a constant acceleration equation, express the height the flea can jump as a function of its takeoff speed:

h h = p mv0

2 v 2 = v0 + 2ay

or, since v = 0 and a = g, v0 = 2 gy

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics Substitute to obtain:

45

h m 2 gy
6.626 10 34 J s
6

Substitute numerical values and evaluate :

(8 10

kg ) 2(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.2 m )

4 10 29 m

61 [SSM] A 100-W source radiates light of wavelength 600 nm uniformly in all directions. An eye that has been adapted to the dark has a 7-mmdiameter pupil and can detect the light if at least 20 photons per second enter the pupil. How far from the source can the light be detected under these rather extreme conditions? Picture the Problem We can relate the fraction of the photons entering the eye to ratio of the area of the pupil to the area of a sphere of radius R. We can find the number of photons emitted by the source from the rate at which it emits and the energy of each photon which we can find using the Einstein equation.

Letting r be the radius of the pupil, Nentering eye the number of photons per second entering the eye, and Nemitted the number of photons emitted by the source per second, express the fraction of the light energy entering the eye at a distance R from the source: Solving for R yields:

N entering eye N emitted

= =

Aeye 4R 2

r 2 4R 2

r2 = 4R 2

R=

r 2

N emitted N entering eye

(1)

Find the number of photons emitted by the source per second: Using the Einstein equation, express the energy of the photons: Substitute numerical values and evaluate Ephoton:

N emitted =

P Ephoton
hc

Ephoton =

1240 eV nm = 2.07 eV 600 nm

Ephoton =

46

Chapter 34
N emitted = 100 W

Substitute and evaluate Nemitted:

(2.07 eV )1.602 10 19

20

J eV

= 3.02 10 s 1

Substitute for Nemitted in equation (1) and evaluate R:

R=

3.5 mm 3.02 10 20 s 1 2 20 s 1

7 10 3 km

62 The diameter of the pupil of an eye under room-light conditions is approximately 5 mm. Find the intensity of light that has a wavelength equal to 600 nm so that 1 photon per second passes through the pupil. Picture the Problem The intensity of the light such that one photon per second passes through the pupil is the ratio of the energy of one photon to the product of the area of the pupil and time interval during which the photon passes through the pupil. Well use the Einstein equation to express the energy of the photon.

Use its definition to relate the intensity of the light to the energy of a 600-nm photon: Using the Einstein equation, express the energy of a 600-nm photon: Substitute for E1 photon to obtain:

I1 photon =

P E1 photon = A At
hc

E1 photon =

hc At

I1 photon =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate I1 photon:

I1 photon =

(1240 eV nm )(1.602 10 19 J/eV ) (600 nm ) (5 10 3 m )2 (1s )

4

2 10 14 W/m 2

63 A 100-W incandescent light bulb radiates 2.6 W of visible light uniformly in all directions. (a) Find the intensity of the light from the bulb at a distance of 1.5 m. (b) If the average wavelength of the visible light is 650 nm, and counting only those photons in the visible spectrum, find the number of photons per second that strike a surface that has an area equal to 1.0 cm2, is oriented so that the line to the bulb is perpendicular to the surface, and is a distance of 1.5 m from the bulb.

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics

47

Picture the Problem We can find the intensity at a distance of 1.5 m directly from its definition. The number of photons striking the surface each second can be found from the ratio of the energy incident on the surface to the energy of a 650-nm photon.

(a) Use its definition to express the intensity of the light as a function of distance from the light bulb: Substitute numerical data to obtain:

I=

P P = A 4R 2

I=

4 (1.5 m )

2.6 W

= 91.96 mW/m 2

= 92 mW/m 2 (b) Express the number of photons per second that strike the surface as the ratio of the energy incident on the surface to the energy of a 650-nm photon: Use the Einstein equation to express the energy of the 650-nm photons: Substituting for E yields:

N=

IA Ephoton

where A is the area of the surface.

E=

hc

IA hc

N=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate N:

N=

(91.96 mW/m )(1.0 10

2

m 2 (650 nm ) = 3.0 10 4 (1240 eV nm )1.602 10 19 J eV

4

64 When light of wavelength 1 is incident on the cathode of a photoelectric tube, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is 1.8 eV. If the wavelength is reduced to 1 1, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted 2 electrons is 5.5 eV. Find the work function of the cathode material. Picture the Problem The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is related to the frequency of the incident photons and the work function of the cathode material through the Einstein equation. We can apply this equation to the two sets of data and solve the resulting equations simultaneously for the work function.

48

Chapter 34

Using the Einstein equation, relate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons to the frequency of the incident photons and the work function of the cathode material: Substitute numerical values for the light of wavelength 1: Substitute numerical values for the light of wavelength 1 1 : 2 Solve equations (1) and (2) simultaneously for to obtain:

K max = hf = hc

1.8 eV =

hc

2hc

(1)

5.5 eV =

hc
1 2

(2)

= 1.9 eV

65 An incident photon of energy Ei undergoes Compton scattering at an angle of . Show that the energy Es of the scattered photon is given by

Es =

Ei 1 + Ei me c 2 (1 cos )

Picture the Problem We can use the Einstein equation to express the energy of the scattered photon in terms of its wavelength and the Compton scattering equation to relate this wavelength to the scattering angle and the pre-scattering wavelength.

Express the energy of the scattered photon Es as a function of their wavelength s: Express the wavelength of the scattered photon as a function of the scattering angle :

Es =

hc

s
h (1 cos ) + me c

s =

where is the wavelength of the incident photon.

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics Substitute for and simplify to obtain:
Es = hc h (1 cos ) + me c hc = 1+ = hc (1 cos ) me c 2

49

Ei E 1 + i 2 (1 cos ) m c e

66 A particle is confined to a one-dimensional box. While the particle makes a transition from the state n to the state n 1, radiation of 114.8 nm is emitted. While the particle makes the transition from the state n 1 to the state n 2, radiation of wavelength 147 nm is emitted. The ground-state energy of the particle is 1.2 eV. Determine n. Picture the Problem While we can work with either of the transitions described in the problem statement, well use the first transition in which radiation of wavelength 114.8 nm is emitted. We can express the energy released in the transition in terms of the difference between the energies in the two states and solve the resulting equation for n.

Express the energy of the emitted radiation as the particle goes from the nth to n 1 state: Express the energy of the particle in nth state: Express the energy of the particle in the n 1 state: Substitute for En and En1 and simplify to obtain:

E = En En 1

En = n 2 E1

En 1 = (n 1) E1
2

E = n 2 E1 (n 1) E1
2

= (2n 1)E1 = hc 1 + 2E1 2

hc

Solving for n yields:

n=

50

Chapter 34
n= 1240 eV nm 1 + = 5 2(114.8 nm )(1.2 eV ) 2

Substitute numerical values and evaluate n:

67 [SSM] The Pauli exclusion principle states that no more than one electron may occupy a particular quantum state at a time. Electrons intrinsically occupy two spin states. Therefore, if we wish to model an atom as a collection of electrons trapped in a one-dimensional box, no more than two electrons in the box can have the same value of the quantum number n. Calculate the energy that the most energetic electron(s) would have for the uranium atom that has an atomic number 92. Assume the box has a length of 0.050 nm and the electrons are in the lowest possible energy states. How does this energy compare to the rest energy of the electron? Picture the Problem We can use the expression for the energy of a particle in a well to find the energy of the most energetic electron in the uranium atom.

Relate the energy of an electron in the uranium atom to its quantum number n:

h2 En = n 2 8m L2 e

Substitute numerical values and evaluate E92:

(6.626 10 34 J s)2 1eV = 1.273 MeV E92 = (92) 2 19 31 8(9.109 10 kg )(0.050 nm ) 1.602 10 J
2

= 1.3 MeV
The rest energy of an electron is:

2 1eV me c 2 = 9.109 10 31 kg 2.998 108 m/s 1.602 10 19 J = 0.512 MeV

)(

Express the ratio of E92 to mec2:

E92 1.273 MeV = 2 .5 2 0.512 MeV me c

The energy of the most energetic electron is approximately 2.5 times the restenergy of an electron.
68 A beam of electrons that each have the same kinetic energy illuminates a pair of slits separated by a distance 54 nm. The beam forms bright and dark fringes on a screen located a distance 1.5 m beyond the two slits. The arrangement is otherwise identical to that used in the optical two-slit interference

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics

51

experiment described in Chapter 33 and in Figure 33-7 and the fringes have the appearance shown in Figure 34-18d. The bright fringes are found to be separated by a distance of 0.68 mm. What is the kinetic energy of the electrons in the beam?
Picture the Problem We can express the kinetic energy of an electron in the beam in terms of its momentum. We can use the de Broglie relationship to relate the electrons momentum to its wavelength and use the condition for constructive interference to find .
n =1 y

L r = d sin

n=0

Express the kinetic energy of an electron in terms of its momentum: Using the de Broglie relationship, relate the momentum of an electron to its wavelength: Substitute for p in equation (1) to obtain: The condition for constructive interference is:

K=
p=

p2 2m
h

(1)

K=

h2 2m2

(2)

d sin n where d is the slit separation and n = 0, 1, 2,

d sin = n =

For << 1, sin is also given by:

sin

y L

Substitute for sin to obtain:

dy nL

Substitute for in equation (2) to obtain:

n 2 L2 h 2 K= 2 2md 2 (y )

52

Chapter 34

Substitute numerical values (n = 1) and evaluate K:

(1)2 (1.5 m )2 (6.626 10 34 J s )2 1eV K= = 2 2 19 31 2(9.109 10 kg )(54 nm ) (0.68 mm ) 1.602 10 J

2.5 keV

69 When a surface is illuminated by light of wavelength , the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is 1.20 eV. If the wavelength = 0.800 is used, the maximum kinetic energy increases to 1.76 eV. For wavelength = 0.600, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is 2.676 eV. Determine the work function of the surface and the wavelength . Picture the Problem The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is related to the frequency of the incident photons and the work function of the illuminated surface through the Einstein equation. We can apply this equation to either set of data and solve the resulting equations simultaneously for the work function of the surface and the wavelength of the incident photons.

Using the Einstein equation, relate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons to the frequency of the incident photons and the work function of the cathode material: Substitute numerical values for the light of wavelength : Substitute numerical values for the light of wavelength : Solve these equations simultaneously for to obtain: Substitute in either of the equations and solve for :

K max = hf = hc

1.20 eV =

hc

1.76 eV =

hc hc = 0.800 '

= 1.04 eV = 554 nm

70 A simple pendulum has a length equal to 1.0 m and has a bob that has a mass equal to 0.30 kg. The energy of this oscillator is quantized, and the allowed values of the energy are given by En = (n + 1 )hf0 , where n is an integer 2

and f0 is the frequency of the pendulum. (a) Find n if the angular amplitude is 1.0. (b) Find n such that En+1 exceeds En by 0.010 percent.

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics

Picture the Problem The diagram shows the pendulum when its angular displacement is . The energy of the oscillator is equal to its initial potential energy mgh = mgL(1 cos). We can find n by equating this initial energy to En = (n + 1 )hf 0 and solving for n. 2

53

L cos

m h Ug = 0

(a) Express the nth-state energy as a function of the frequency of the pendulum: Because the small-amplitude frequency of the pendulum is given 1 g : by f 0 = 2 L The energy of the pendulum is also equal to its initial gravitational potential energy: Equating these expressions gives:

E n = (n + 1 )hf 0 2

E n = (n + 1 ) 2

h 2

g L

En = mgL(1 cos )

mgL(1 cos ) = (n + 1 ) 2

h 2

g L

Solving for n gives:

n=

2 m g L3 2 (1 cos ) 1 2 h

Substitute numerical values and evaluate n:

2 (0.30 kg ) 9.81 m/s 2 (1.0 m ) (1 cos1.0) 1 n= 2 6.626 10 34 J s
32

= 1.357 10 30 = 1.4 10 30

(b) Because En+1 exceeds En by 0.010 percent:

E n +1 E n = 1.0 10 4 En

54

Chapter 34

Substituting for En+1 and En gives:

(n + 1 + 1 )hf 0 (n + 1 )hf 0 2 2 1 (n + 2 )hf 0

or (n + 1 + 1 ) (n + 2
1 2

= 1.0 10 4

) = 1.0 10 4 (n + 1 ) 2

Solving for n yields:

n = 1.0 10 4 1 = 1.0 10 4 2

71 [SSM] (a) Show that for large n, the fractional difference in energy between state n and state n + 1 for a particle in a one-dimensional box is given approximately by (En +1 En )/ E n 2 / n (b) What is the approximate percentage energy difference between the states n1 = 1000 and n2 = 1001? (c) Comment on how this result is related to Bohrs correspondence principle. Picture the Problem We can use the fact that the energy of the nth state is related to the energy of the ground state according to En = n 2 E1 to express the fractional

change in energy in terms of n and then examine this ratio as n grows without bound. (a) Express the ratio (En + 1 En)/En:

En+1 En (n + 1) n 2 2n + 1 = = En n2 n2
2

=
for n >> 1. (b) Evaluate
E1001 E1000 : E1000

2 1 2 + 2 n n n

E1001 E1000 2 = 0. 2% 1000 E1000

(c) Classically, the energy is continuous. For very large values of n, the energy difference between adjacent levels is infinitesimal.
72 A mode-locked, titaniumsapphire laser has a wavelength of 850 nm and produces 100 million pulses of light each second. Each pulse has a duration of 125 femtoseconds (1 fs = 1015 s) and consists of 5 109 photons. What is the average power produced by the laser? Picture the Problem We can apply the definition of power in conjunction with the de Broglie equation for the energy of a photon to derive an expression for the average power produced by the laser.

Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics The average power produced by the laser is: Use the de Broglie equation to express the energy of the emitted photons:
P= E t Nhc

55

where N is number of photons in each pulse.

P= Nhc t

E = Nhf =

Substitute for E to obtain:

Substitute numerical values and evaluate P:

P=

(5 10 )(6.626 10
9

J s )(2.998 108 m/s ) 0.1 W (850 nm )(10 8 s )

34

Remarks: Note that the pulse length has no bearing on the solution. 73 This problem estimates the time lag in the photoelectric effect that is expected classically but not observed. Let the intensity of the incident radiation falling on an atom be 0.010 W/m2. (a) If the area presented by the atom is 0.010 nm2, find the energy per second falling on an atom. (b) If the work function is 2.0 eV, how long would it take for this much energy to fall on the atom if the radiation energy was distributed uniformly rather than in compact packets (photons)? Picture the Problem We can find the rate at which energy is delivered to the atom using the definitions of power and intensity. We can also use the definition of power to determine how much time is required for an amount of energy equal to the work function to fall on one atom.

(a) Relate the energy per second (power) falling on an atom to the intensity of the incident radiation: Substitute numerical values and evaluate P:

P=

E = IA t

P = 0.010 W/m 2 0.010 10 18 m 2 J 1eV = 10 22 s 1.602 10 19 J = 6.242 10 4 eV/s = 6.2 10 4 eV/s

)(

56

Chapter 34
t = E = P P

(b) Classically:

Substitute numerical values and evaluate t:

t =

2.0 eV = 3204 s 6.242 10 4 eV/s

53 min