4.

(a)

When 3-bromo-2,3-dimethylpentane, (CH3)2CHCBr(CH3)CH2CH3, reacts with

aqueous potassium hydroxide, an alcohol is formed.
(i)

Name the type of reaction taking place and give the role of the reagent.
Type of reaction ...............................................................................................
Role of reagent .................................................................................................

(ii)

Outline a mechanism for the reaction, showing clearly the structure of the
alcohol formed.

(5)

(b)

When 3-bromo-2,3-dimethylpentane reacts with ethanolic potassium hydroxide, three

structurally isomeric alkenes are formed.
(i)

Name the type of reaction taking place and give the role of the reagent.
Type of reaction ...............................................................................................
Role of reagent .................................................................................................

(ii)

One of the reaction products is 2,3-dimethylpent-2-ene.

Give the structure of this alkene and outline a mechanism for its formation.
Structure of alkene

Mechanism

(iii)

Give the structures and names of the other two alkenes which are also formed.
Structure of second alkene

Name .................................................................................................................

Structure of third alkene

Name .................................................................................................................
(10)
(Total 15 marks)

5.

Bromoethane, CH3CH2Br, reacts with sodium hydroxide in an elimination reaction to

form ethene.
(i)

Outline a mechanism for this elimination reaction.

(ii)

Suggest one reason why this method for making ethene is not used in industry.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 4 marks)

6.

Consider the following scheme of reactions.

Reaction 1
H 2 C=CH 2
ethene

Reaction 3

C 2 H 4O
epoxyethane

Reaction 4

HOCH 2 CH 2 OH
ethane-1,2-diol

HBr

Reaction 2
CH 3 CH 2 Br
bromoethane

Reaction 5

CH 3 CH 2 NH 2
Q

CH 3 CH2 CN
P

In Reactions 2 and 5, bromoethane undergoes nucleophilic substitution.

(i)

Identify a reagent for Reaction 2. Name the organic product, P.

Reagent for Reaction 2 .....................................................................................
Name of product P

(ii)

.........................................................................................

Identify a reagent for Reaction 5. Name the organic product, Q.

Reagent for Reaction 5 ..................................................................................
Name of product Q .........................................................................................

(iii)

Outline a mechanism for Reaction 5.

(8)
(Total 8 marks)

7.

(a)

Draw the structure of 2-bromo-3-methylbutane.

(1)

(b)

(i)

Draw the structure of methylbut-2-ene.

(ii)

Methylbut-2-ene is formed when 2-bromo-3-methylbutane is treated with

ethanolic potassium hydroxide. Name and outline the mechanism for this
reaction.
Name of mechanism .........................................................................................
Mechanism

(5)

(c)

Name the isomer of methylbut-2-ene which is also formed when 2-bromo-3methylbutane is treated with ethanolic potassium hydroxide.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

8.

When 2-chloropropane reacts with sodium hydroxide, two different reactions occur.
Each reaction produces a different organic product.
Reaction 1

CH 3

CH 3

NaOH

CH3

Cl
Reaction 2

CH 3

CH

CH3

+ NaCl

CH2

+ NaCl

OH
CH 3

NaOH

CH3

CH

H2 O

Cl

(i)

Outline a mechanism for Reaction 1 and state the role of the hydroxide ion in
this reaction.
Mechanism

Role of the hydroxide ion .................................................................................

(ii)

Outline a mechanism for Reaction 2 and state the role of the hydroxide ion in
this reaction.
Mechanism

Role of the hydroxide ion .................................................................................

(7)
(Total 7 marks)

9.

(a)

A substitution reaction occurs when 2-bromopropane reacts with aqueous sodium

hydroxide.
(i)

Draw the structure of the organic product of this reaction and give its name.
Structure

Name ...........................................................................................................
(ii)

Name and outline the mechanism for this reaction.

Name of mechanism ......................................................................................
Mechanism

(5)

(b)

Under different conditions, 2-bromopropane reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce

propene.
(i)

Name the mechanism for this reaction.

......................................................................................................................

(ii)

State the role of sodium hydroxide in this reaction.

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

10.

Consider the following reaction scheme.

CH 3 CH = CH 2
propene

Reaction 1

Reaction 2

CH 3 CHBrCH3
2-bromopropane

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 Br
1-bromopropane
(a minor product)

Reaction 3

CH3 CH(OH)CH 3
propan-2-ol

(a)

Give a suitable reagent and state the essential conditions required for Reaction 3.
Reagent .......
Conditions ......
(2)

(b)

The reagent used for Reaction 3 can also be used to convert 2-bromopropane into
propene. State the different conditions needed for this reaction.
......................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

11.

Compound X, (CH3)2CHCN, can be formed from a haloalkane, C3H7Br.

(i)

Name compound X.
...........................................................................................................................

(ii)

Give the reagent and conditions necessary to form X from C3H7Br.

Reagent..............................................................................................................
Conditions..........................................................................................................

(iii)

Name and outline the mechanism for this reaction, showing clearly the structure
of C3H7Br.
Name of mechanism..........................................................................................

Mechanism

(7)
(Total 7 marks)

12.

(a)

The equation below shows the reaction of 2-bromopropane with an excess of

ammonia.
CH3CHBrCH3 + 2NH3 CH3CH(NH2)CH3 + NH4Br
Name and outline the mechanism involved.
Name of mechanism ...............................................................................................
Mechanism

(5)

(b)

When 2-bromopropane is heated with ethanolic potassium hydroxide, an elimination

reaction occurs. State the role of potassium hydroxide and outline a mechanism for
this reaction.
Role of potassium hydroxide ...................................................................................
Mechanism

(5)
(Total 10 marks)

13.

Classify the following reaction.

C3H7Br + KOH C3H6 + KBr + H2O
...............................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 1 mark)

14.

(i)

Give the structural formula and name of the organic product of the reaction
between CH3CH2CH2CH2Br and potassium cyanide.
Structural formula.............................................................................................
Name.................................................................................................................

(ii)

Name and outline the mechanism involved in this reaction.

Name.................................................................................................................
Mechanism

(iii)

Suggest why CH3CH2CH2CH2F reacts less rapidly than CH3CH2CH2CH2Br

with potassium cyanide.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 6 marks)

15.

(a)

Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction of 2-bromo-2-methylpropane with

ethanolic potassium hydroxide to form the alkene 2-methylpropene, (CH3)2C=CH2
Name of mechanism ..................................................................................................
Mechanism

(4)

(b)

When 2-bromo-2-methylpropane reacts with aqueous potassium hydroxide,

2-methylpropan-2-ol is formed as shown by the following equation.
CH3
H3C

CH 3
CH 3

KOH

H3C

Br

CH 3

KBr

OH

State the role of the hydroxide ions in this reaction.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when CH3CH2CH2CH2Br reacts with an
excess of ammonia. Name the organic product of this reaction.
Equation ......................................................................................................................
Name of product ..........................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

16.

Alkenes can be made in the laboratory from halogenoalkanes by heating them with a
suitable reagent. By a similar method, cyclohexene can be prepared from
bromocyclohexane.
(i)

Suggest the name of a suitable reagent and state an essential condition, other
than heat, for this reaction, starting from bromocyclohexane.
Reagent .............................................................................................................
Condition ..........................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Using graphical formulae, write an equation for this reaction.

(2)

(iii)

Give the name of this type of reaction.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

17.

(a)

(i)

Write an equation for the reaction between 1-bromopropane and potassium

cyanide.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give the name of the type of mechanism involved in the reaction in (b)(i).
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Give the formula of the attacking species in (b) and state what feature of its structure
is responsible for its role.
Formula ..........................................................................................................
Structural feature ............................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

18.

Consider the following reaction in which an alkene is formed from a haloalkane.

CH 3 CHBrCH 2 CH 3 KOH

(a)

heat
CH 3 CH CHCH 3 KBr H 2 O
ethanol solvent but 2 ene

Name the haloalkane used in this reaction.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Name and outline a mechanism for this reaction.

Name of mechanism ....................................................................................................

Mechanism

(4)
(Total 5 marks)

19.

(a)

The reaction of chloromethane with chlorine to form trichloromethane is a free radical

substitution involving several propagation steps.
(i)

Write an overall equation for this reaction.

............................................................................................................................

(ii)

What is meant by the term propagation step?

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

(iii)

Write an equation for a propagation step in which chloromethane reacts.

............................................................................................................................

(iv)

Write an equation for a propagation step in which trichloromethane is formed.

............................................................................................................................
(4)

(b)

Write an equation and outline a mechanism for the reaction of chloromethane with an
excess of ammonia.
Equation .....................................................................................................................
Mechanism

(5)
(Total 9 marks)

20.

When a mixture of chlorine with an excess of methane is irradiated with ultraviolet

light, a reaction occurs with chloromethane as the main organic product.
Write an equation and a mechanism for the formation of chloromethane.
(5)
(Total 5marks)

21.

Ethene can be converted into a variety of useful products as illustrated below.

CH 3 CH 2 OH
ethanol
Reaction 1
acid catalyst
H 2 C CH 2
ethene
Reaction 2
Ag catalyst

Reaction 3
HBr

O
H 2C
CH 2
epoxyethane
Reaction 4
OH OH
H 2 C CH 2
compound X
(b)

CH 3 CH 2 Br
bromoethane
Reaction 5
CH 3 CH 2 NH 2
ethylamine

Give a reagent for reaction 5.

(1)
(Total 1 mark)

22.

Consider the following scheme of reactions for making ethane-1,2-diol from ethene by two
different routes.
Reaction 2
BrCH 2 CH 2 Br
X
Reaction 1

HOCH 2 CH 2 Br
Y

Br 2

NaOH(aq)

H 2 C CH 2
ethene

Reaction 3

HOCH 2 CH 2 OH
ethane-1,2-diol
H 2O

Reaction 4

Reaction 5

O
H 2C

CH 2
Z

Name and outline a mechanism for Reaction 3. Explain why compound Y is

susceptible to attack by hydroxide ions.
(4)
(Total 4 marks)

23.

Ethene is an important starting point for the manufacture of plastics and pharmaceutical
chemicals. Most of the ethene used by industry is produced by the thermal cracking of ethane
obtained from North Sea gas (Reaction 1). It is also possible to make ethene either from
chloroethane (Reaction 2) or from ethanol (Reaction 3).
CH 3 CH 2 Cl
chloroethane
Reaction 2
CH 3 CH 3
ethane

(a)

Reaction 1

H 2 C CH 2
ethene

Reaction 3

CH 3 CH 2 OH
ethanol

Give essential conditions and reagents for Reaction 2.

(2)

(b)

Name and outline a mechanism for Reaction 2. Suggest a reason why chloroethane is
not chosen by industry as a starting material to make ethene commercially.
(5)
(Total 7 marks)

24.

Reaction of 2-bromobutane with potassium hydroxide can produce two types of product
depending on the solvent used. In aqueous solution, the formation of an alcohol, E, is more
likely but in ethanolic solution the formation of alkenes is more likely.
(a)

For each type of product, name the type of reaction occurring and state the role of the
potassium hydroxide.
(4)

(b)

Name alcohol E and draw its structural formula. By reference to the structure of the
halogenoalkane, explain why the initial step in the mechanism of the reaction
producing the alcohol occurs.
(5)
(Total 9 marks)

25.

The structural formulae of compounds A, B, C and D, which are the four structural
isomers of molecular formula C4H9Cl, are given below.
CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl
CH3CH(Cl)CH2CH3
(CH3)2C(Cl)CH3
A
(i)

(CH3)2CHCH2Cl

Give the name of compound D.

(1)

(ii)

When refluxed with an alcoholic solution of KOH, compound B undergoes an

elimination reaction. Two structurally isomeric products are formed. Draw the
graphical formulae of these two structural isomers.
(2)

(iii)

Draw the graphical formula for the product of the reaction between compound
C and NaOH(aq). Give an outline of the mechanism involved in this reaction.
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

26.

In aqueous ethanolic alkali, 2-bromo-2-methylbutane undergoes either substitution or

elimination reactions to produce an alcohol or a mixture of two alkenes, respectively.
Give the structures and names of these three compounds. Account for the formation of
the various products by reference to the mechanisms of the reactions involved.
(14)