Tool Angles

The tool is wedge shape object of hard material.
It is usually made from

H.S.S. Beside H.S.S. machine tool is also made from High Carbon Steel,
Satellite, Ceramics, Diamond, Abrasive, etc. The main requirement of tool
material is hardness. It must be hard enough to resist cutting forces
applied on work piece. Hot hardness, wear resistance, Toughness,
Thermal conductivity, & specific heat, coefficient of friction, are other
requirement of tool material. All these properties should be high.
We discuss about tool material in another thread very soon.
Classification of cutting tools
A] According to number of cutting edge.
1. Single point cutting tool

It is simplest from of cutting tool & it have only one cutting edge.
Examples shear tools, lathe tools, planer tools, boring tolls etc.
1. Multi point cutting tool

In this two or more single point cutting tools arranged together as a unit.
The rate of machining is more & surface finish is also better in this case.
Example- milling cutter, drills, brooches, grinding wheels, abrasive sticks
etc.
B] According to motion
1. Linear motion tools lathe tools, brooches

2. Rotary motion tools milling cutters, grinding wheels
3. Linear & rotary motion tools drills, taps, etc.
Single point cutting tool geometry
The single point cutting tool mainly consist of tool shank & cutting part
called point. The point of cutting tool is bounded by cutting face, end
flank, side/ main flank, & base. The chip slide along the face.
The side / main cutting edge ab is formed by intersecting of face & side /
main flank
The end cutting edge ac is formed by the intersection of end flank &
base.
The point a which the intersection of end cutting edge & side cutting
edge is called nose
Mainly the chip cuts by side cutting edge.
Terminology of single point cutting tool
1. Shank It is main body of tool. The shank used to grippesd in tool

holder.
2. Flank The surface or surface below the adjacent of the cutting
edge is called flank of the tool.
3. Face It is top surface of the tool along which the chips slides.
4. Base It is actually a bearing surface of the tool when it is held in
tool holder or clamped directly in a tool post.
5. Heel It is the intersection of the flank & base of the tool. It is
curved portion at the bottom of the tool.
6. Nose It is the point where side cutting edge & base cutting edge
intersect.
7. Cutting edge It is the edge on face of the tool which removes
the material from workpiece. The cutting edges are side cutting
edge (major cutting edge) & end cutting edge ( minor cutting edge)
8. Tool angles-Tool angles have great importance. The tool with
proper angle, reduce breaking of tool, cut metal more efficiently,
generate less heat.
9. Noise radius It provide long life & good surface finish sharp point
on nose is highly stressed, & leaves grooves in the path of
cut.Longer nose radius produce chatter.
Tool angles
Tool angles
1. Side cutting edge angle (C[SUB]s[/SUB]) (lead angle )

It is the angle between side cutting edge & side of tool flank.
The complementary angle of the side cutting edge is called Approach
angle.
With lager side cutting edge angle the chips produced will be thinner &
wider which will distribute the cutting forces & heat produced more over
cutting edge.
On other hand greater the component for force tending to separate the
work & tool. This causes chatter.
1. End cutting edge angle (C[SUB]e[/SUB])

This is the angle between end cutting edge & line normal to tool shank.
It satisfactory value is 80 to 150.
This is denoted by C[SUB]e[/SUB]
Function Provide clearance or relief to trailing end of cutting edge.
It prevent rubbing or drag between machined surface & the trailing port
of cutting edge.
1. Back rack/ Front rake / Top rake angle ([SUB]b[/SUB])

It is the angle between face of tool & plane parallel to base.
It is denoted by [SUB]b[/SUB]
1. Side rake angle ([SUB]s[/SUB])

It is angle between face of tool & the shank of the tool.
It is denoted by [SUB]s[/SUB]
1. Front clearance angle / End relief angles

The angle between front surface of the tool & line normal to base of the
tool is known as a front clearance angle
It avoid rubbing of workpiece against tool.
1. Side clearance /relief angle

This formed by the side surface of the tool with a plane normal to the
base of the tool.
It avoid rubbing between flank & workpiece when tool is fed
longitudinally.
1. Lip angle / cutting angle

It is the angle between face & flank. Longer lip angle stronger will be
cutting edge. This angle is maximum when clearance & rake angle are
minimum. Lager lip angle allows high depth of cut, high cutting speed,
work on hard material. It increase tool life & transfer heat fastly.
More images for better understanding.
Designation of cutting tool / Tool signature

Tool signature is the description of the cutting part of the tool. There are two
system for tool signature.
1. Machine reference system (or American Standard Association system)

(ASA)
2. Tool reference system (or Orthogonal rake system) (ORS)
We discuss only reference system as it is widely used.
1. Machine reference system (or American Standard Association system)
(ASA)
In this system angles of the tool face are defined in two orthogonal planes,
parallel to the axis of the cutting tool & perpendicular to the axis of cutting
tool, both planes being perpendicular to the base of the tool.
So tool signature or tool designation under machine reference system is
given by [SUB]b[/SUB]-[SUB]s[/SUB]-Q[SUB]e[/SUB]-Q[SUB]s[/SUB]C[SUB]e[/SUB]-C[SUB]s[/SUB]-R
where
[SUB]b[/SUB]=Back rake angle
[SUB]s[/SUB]=side rake angle
Q[SUB]e[/SUB]= end cleance angle
Q[SUB]s[/SUB]= side clearance angle
C[SUB]e[/SUB]= end cutting edge angle
C[SUB]s[/SUB]= side cutting edge angle
R= nose radius.
#4Tool wear / Tool failure

After use of some time tool is subjected to wear.
Cause of tool wear
1. Interaction between tool & chip.

2. Cutting forces.
3. Temperature increase during cutting.
*Effect of tool wear
Tool wear changes tool shape, decrease efficacy. Tool wear induce loss of
dimensional accuracy, loss of surface finish. It increases power
consumption.
*Classification of tool wear
1. Flank wear
2. Crater wear on tool face
3. Chipping
4. Breakage
5. Loss of hardness at high temperature
1. Flank wear.
It occurs on flank. It is due to friction between newly machined wokpiece
surface & contact area of flank. The worn region at flank is called wear
land.
The width of wear land (hf) is account as a measure of wear & it is
determined by means of tool maker microscope.
Causes
1. Feed of brittle material is less than 0.15 mm/rev.

2. Abrasion by hard particles & inclusions in workpiece.
3. Abrasion by fragment of built up edge.
4. Shearing of micro welds between tool & work.
1. Crater wear
The small cavity is crated on the face of the tool. This small cavity is
called crater which develops at some distance from cutting edge.
Causes
1. Pressure of chips when it is slide over face of tool.

2. High temp at tool- chip interface. Some times it reaches to the
melting temperature.
3. Crater wear is more in case of continuous chips of ductile material.
4. Lack of lubrication.
5. Feed is less than 0.15 mm/rev.
6. Low cutting speed.

Tool Angles

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The tool is wedge shape object of hard material.

It is usually made from

1. Single point cutting tool

1. Multi point cutting tool

1. Linear motion tools lathe tools, brooches

Single point cutting tool geometry

Terminology of single point cutting tool

1. Shank It is main body of tool. The shank used to grippesd in tool

1. Side cutting edge angle (C[SUB]s[/SUB]) (lead angle )

1. End cutting edge angle (C[SUB]e[/SUB])

1. Back rack/ Front rake / Top rake angle ([SUB]b[/SUB])

1. Side rake angle ([SUB]s[/SUB])

1. Front clearance angle / End relief angles

1. Side clearance /relief angle

1. Lip angle / cutting angle

More images for better understanding.

Designation of cutting tool / Tool signature

1. Machine reference system (or American Standard Association system)

#4Tool wear / Tool failure

1. Interaction between tool & chip.

1. Feed of brittle material is less than 0.15 mm/rev.

1. Pressure of chips when it is slide over face of tool.

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